Articles | Volume 21, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021
Research article
 | 
07 Oct 2021
Research article |  | 07 Oct 2021

Characterization of non-refractory (NR) PM1 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Kraków, Poland

Anna K. Tobler, Alicja Skiba, Francesco Canonaco, Griša Močnik, Pragati Rai, Gang Chen, Jakub Bartyzel, Miroslaw Zimnoch, Katarzyna Styszko, Jaroslaw Nęcki, Markus Furger, Kazimierz Różański, Urs Baltensperger, Jay G. Slowik, and Andre S. H. Prevot

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Cited articles

Canonaco, F., Crippa, M., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3649–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3649-2013, 2013. 
Canonaco, F., Tobler, A., Chen, G., Sosedova, Y., Slowik, J. G., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., El Haddad, I., Crippa, M., Huang, R.-J., Furger, M., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: A new method for long-term source apportionment with time-dependent factor profiles and uncertainty assessment using SoFi Pro: application to 1 year of organic aerosol data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 923–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-923-2021, 2021. 
Chen, G., Sosedova, Y., Canonaco, F., Fröhlich, R., Tobler, A., Vlachou, A., Daellenbach, K. R., Bozzetti, C., Hueglin, C., Graf, P., Baltensperger, U., Slowik, J. G., El Haddad, I., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Time dependent source apportionment of submicron organic aerosol for a rural site in an alpine valley using a rolling PMF window, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1263, in review, 2020. 
Chiou, K. Y. and Manuel, O. K.: Tellurium and selenium in aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20, 987–991, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00152a003, 1986. 
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Short summary
Kraków is among the cities with the highest particulate matter levels within Europe. We conducted long-term and highly time-resolved measurements of the chemical composition of submicron particlulate matter (PM1). Combined with advanced source apportionment techniques, which allow for time-dependent factor profiles, our results elucidate that traffic and residential heating (biomass burning and coal combustion) as well as oxygenated organic aerosol are the key PM sources in Kraków.
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