Articles | Volume 21, issue 19 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021
                    © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021
                    © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Characterization of non-refractory (NR) PM1 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Kraków, Poland
Anna K. Tobler
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Alicja Skiba
                                            Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and
Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland
                                        
                                    Francesco Canonaco
                                            Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Griša Močnik
                                            Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana,
Slovenia
                                        
                                    
                                            Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica,
Ajdovščina, Slovenia
                                        
                                    Pragati Rai
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Gang Chen
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Jakub Bartyzel
                                            Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and
Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland
                                        
                                    Miroslaw Zimnoch
                                            Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and
Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland
                                        
                                    Katarzyna Styszko
                                            Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
                                        
                                    Jaroslaw Nęcki
                                            Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and
Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland
                                        
                                    Markus Furger
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Kazimierz Różański
                                            Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and
Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków,
Poland
                                        
                                    Urs Baltensperger
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Jay G. Slowik
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Andre S. H. Prevot
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen, Switzerland
                                        
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Latest update: 30 Oct 2025
Short summary
                    Kraków is among the cities with the highest particulate matter levels within Europe. We conducted long-term and highly time-resolved measurements of the chemical composition of submicron particlulate matter (PM1). Combined with advanced source apportionment techniques, which allow for time-dependent factor profiles, our results elucidate that traffic and residential heating (biomass burning and coal combustion) as well as oxygenated organic aerosol are the key PM sources in Kraków.
                    Kraków is among the cities with the highest particulate matter levels within Europe. We...
                    
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