Articles | Volume 22, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8739-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8739-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 07 Jul 2022
| 07 Jul 2022
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated, nitrated and oxygenated derivatives in the atmosphere over the Mediterranean and Middle East seas
Marco Wietzoreck
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Marios Kyprianou
Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Siddika Celik
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
John N. Crowley
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Frank Drewnick
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
Philipp Eger
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Nils Friedrich
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Minas Iakovides
Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
Petr Kukučka
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Jan Kuta
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Barbora Nežiková
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Petra Pokorná
Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical
Process Fundamentals, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, Czech
Republic
Petra Přibylová
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Roman Prokeš
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
Roland Rohloff
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Ivan Tadic
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Sebastian Tauer
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Jake Wilson
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Hartwig Harder
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Jos Lelieveld
Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Ulrich Pöschl
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
Euripides G. Stephanou
Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
55128 Mainz, Germany
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
Related authors
No articles found.
Timothy J. Wallington, Markus Ammann, John N. Crowley, Hartmut Herrmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Abdelwahid Mellouki, and Jürgen Troe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6579–6592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6579-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6579-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated alkanes, alkenes, and oxygenated compounds play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. This article, the ninth in the series, presents kinetic and photochemical data sheets evaluated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Task Group on Atmospheric Chemical Kinetic Data Evaluation. It covers the gas-phase reactions (with HO radicals, NO3 radicals, and ozone) and photolysis of halogenated organic compounds. These data are important for atmospheric models.
Zhiqiang Zhang, Hyun Gu Kang, Ulrich Pöschl, and Thomas Berkemeier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2564, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2564, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation in the atmosphere has long been a scientific conundrum because nanoparticle growth rates are less dependent on condensable vapor concentration than expected. We have developed a new multiphase chemical kinetics model that reconciles observational data from field measurements and chamber experiments. We uncover an effective buffering of particle growth rates through antagonistic effects concerning particle phase state and shifts in volatility distributions.
Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Simone T. Andersen, Patrick Dewald, Jan Schuladen, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2487, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2487, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We built a small instrument to measure the air-borne molecules NO₃ and N₂O₅. These originate mostly from human-made nitrogen oxide emissions and are important for nighttime chemistry and air quality. Our instrument is lightweight and sensitive, detecting these molecules at levels below one part per trillion. Tests in the laboratory and during a field study show its ability to accurately measure these trace gases. Here, we present the design of the instrument and discuss its performance.
Hannah Klebach, Martin Heinritzi, Katharina Kaiser, Lisa Beck, Samuel Ruhl, Samira Atabakhsh, Nirvan Bhattacharyya, Lucía Caudillo-Plath, Philipp Joppe, Thomas Klimach, Peter Lloyd, Mira Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Sarah Richter, Douglas M. Russell, Johannes Schneider, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, and Joachim Curtius
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2191, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2191, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Marine atmospheric aerosols remain a major uncertainty in climate models. We report gas and particle phase measurements of two important aerosol forming vapours, sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid in the Indo-Pacific. We find that the latter typically dominates over sulfuric acid and contributes significantly to free tropospheric aerosol. Deep convection transports the precursor of both acids to the upper troposphere, providing a key aerosol source in the pristine remote Pacific Ocean.
Chenjie Yu, Paola Formenti, Joel F. de Brito, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bergé, Hichem Bouzidi, Mathieu Cazaunau, Manuela Cirtog, Claudia Di Biagio, Ludovico Di Antonio, Cécile Gaimoz, Franck Maisonneuve, Pascal Zapf, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, John N. Crowley, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Cyrielle Denjean, Olivier Garrouste, Jean-Claude Etienne, Huihui Wu, James D. Allan, Dantong Liu, Yangzhou Wu, Christopher Cantrell, and Vincent Michoud
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5313–5332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5313-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5313-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We presented a field measurement in a Paris suburban forest region to characterise the impacts of photochemical aging process on aerosol physical chemical properties. Photochemical production of organic aerosols increased forest fine particle mass and significantly enhanced absorption of short-wavelength sunlight. This study highlights the critical need to incorporate light absorbing carbonaceous particles formation mechanisms into models to accurately simulate their direct radiative impacts.
Bruno B. Meller, Marco A. Franco, Rafael Valiati, Christopher Pöhlker, Luiz A. T. Machado, Florian Ditas, Leslie A. Kremper, Subha S. Raj, Cleo Q. Dias-Júnior, Flávio A. F. D'Oliveira, Luciana V. Rizzo, Ulrich Pöschl, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 4885–4899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4885-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4885-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols are tiny particles that help clouds form and influence the climate. In the Amazon, clear events of new aerosol particle formation are rare, making it difficult to explain their origin. Using ten years of measurements, we discovered a subtle but frequent process called Quiet New Particle Formation. This hidden mechanism slowly produces and grows small particles and is responsible for nearly half of the smallest aerosols observed during the wet season.
Andries-Jan de Vries, Steven B. Feldstein, Jake W. Casselman, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Jos Lelieveld, and Daniela I. V. Domeisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1569, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1569, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation in the arid Middle East experiences large year-to-year variations with direct relevance to droughts and floods. This study quantifies the influence of ENSO on Middle East precipitation variability at local and regional scales during the cool season. Three mechanisms contribute to precipitation anomalies: a meridional shift in the subtropical jet, a barotropic Rossby wave response in the extratropics, and a baroclinic response in the regional tropical circulation.
Ashmi Mishra, Steven Lelieveld, Matteo Krüger, Steven J. Campbell, Deepchandra Srivastava, Grazia M. Lanzafame, Sophie Tomaz, Olivier Favez, Nicolas Bonnaire, Franco Lucarelli, Laurent Y. Alleman, Gaëlle Uzu, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Gang I. Chen, David C. Green, Max Priestman, Anja H. Tremper, Alexandre Barth, Markus Kalberer, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe, Gerhard Lammel, Ulrich Pöschl, Pourya Shahpoury, Alexandre Albinet, and Thomas Berkemeier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-566, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-566, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we develop and apply a kinetic model that estimates oxidative potential (OP) based on particulate matter (PM) composition. The model consolidates a large set of laboratory data from different OP assays in the presence of organic molecules, metals, and quinones. We applied the model to field data of PM composition and OP and found good agreement across three sites. The model analysis indicates that OP is mainly driven by organic molecules and copper.
Yihan Zou, Jianzhong Ma, Ningwei Liu, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, Yunjia Li, Siyang Cheng, Xiangdong Zheng, Andrea Pozzer, and Jos Lelieveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-499, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-499, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our EMAC simulations including the ozone-source-tracing technique show strong seasonal and daily variability in the contributions of ozone from various stratospheric and tropospheric sources to surface ozone over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Stratospheric contribution is highest in spring. Tropospheric sources from Central Asia, West Asia and Europe cause a summertime maximum over the northern TP. South and Southeast Asian sources lead to peaks in the southern and central TP during the pre-monsoon.
Anna Martin, Klaus Klingmüller, Benedikt Steil, Sergey Gromov, Yu-Ri Lee, Dong Yeong Chang, Nic Surawski, Jos Lelieveld, Sujong Jeong, and Andrea Pozzer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-371, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-371, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a new model simulating soil uptake of methane and hydrogen from the atmosphere. Coupled to an atmospheric chemistry and land surface model, it accounts for weather and soil conditions. Our results match observations, showing accurate removal depending on soil properties, temperature, moisture, and atmospheric conditions. This work improves the model’s ability to represent natural cycles of methane and hydrogen.
Elie Bimenyimana, Jean Sciare, Michael Pikridas, Konstantina Oikonomou, Minas Iakovides, Emily Vasiliadou, Chrysanthos Savvides, and Nikos Mihalopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1605–1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1605-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1605-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term (2015–2023) source apportionment analysis reveals that reduction in PM10 concentration levels from traffic in Cypriot cities is completely offset by the concomitant increase of uncontrolled PM from local sources (road dust resuspension, and domestic wood burning), along with rising Middle East PM from fossil fuel emissions. This poses a major challenge for Cyprus to comply with the stricter PM10 limits set by the new EU air quality directive.
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Laura Wüst, Jan Schuladen, Frank Drewnick, Friederike Fachinger, Thorsten Hoffmann, and John N. Crowley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-157, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed and tested an instrument that quantitatively detects particulate nitrate. Gas-phase reactive nitrogen species are denuded using an active-carbon surface and particle nitrate is converted to NO2, which is detected using cavity-ringdown-spectroscopy. Key to accurate measurement of particulate nitrate is drying of the sampled air. Excellent agreement with an aerosol-mass-spectrometer indicates that the instrument detects both organic and inorganic nitrate particle mass accurately.
Flossie Brown, Colette L. Heald, Allison Steiner, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Carolina de A. Monteiro, Hartwig Harder, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Denisi H. Hall, and Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-161, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-161, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The environment inside a forest canopy is often not represented in large atmospheric models. This study uses a detailed canopy model to understand trace gas emissions and chemistry within the Amazon rainforest. We show escape of trace gases from the canopy to the atmosphere can depend on turbulence and vary over the day, which is currently not included in atmospheric models. We show that the atmospheric composition above the Amazon and within the canopy is strongly affected by forest fires.
Nic Surawski, Benedikt Steil, Christoph Brühl, Sergey Gromov, Klaus Klingmüller, Anna Martin, Andrea Pozzer, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 911–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-911-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-911-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen usage will likely increase to achieve net zero emission targets. We undertook calculations with an Earth system model using a high-performance computer to explore hydrogen atmospheric dynamics. Simulations with our model yielded highly accurate results at global scale. Correctly representing hydroxyl radicals in the model is a critical requirement for predicting hydrogen concentrations well. Our hydrogen budget is also in very good agreement with bottom-up literature estimates.
Denis Leppla, Stefanie Hildmann, Nora Zannoni, Leslie A. Kremper, Bruna A. Holanda, Jonathan Williams, Christopher Pöhlker, Stefan Wolff, Marta Sà, Maria Christina Solci, Ulrich Pöschl, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 365–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-365-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-365-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of organic particles in the Amazon rainforest was investigated to understand how biogenic and human emissions influence the atmosphere in this unique ecosystem. Seasonal patterns were found where wet seasons were dominated by biogenic compounds from natural sources while dry seasons showed increased fire-related pollutants. These findings reveal how emissions, fires and long-range transport affect atmospheric chemistry, with implications for climate models.
Sebastian Brill, Björn Nillius, Jan-David Förster, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Dennis Geis, Christian Gurk, Thomas Kenntner, Thomas Klimach, Mark Lamneck, Rafael Valiati, Bettina Weber, Stefan Wolff, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 101–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-101-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-101-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Highly resolved vertical profiles are crucial for understanding ecosystem–atmosphere interactions. We developed the robotic lift (RoLi) as a platform for vertical profile measurements at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in the central Amazon basin. First results reveal spatiotemporal patterns in temperature, humidity, fog, and aerosol profiles, proving RoLi's technical capability to resolve the diel interplay of convectively mixed daytime and stable stratified nighttime conditions.
Jianzhong Ma, Bin Chen, Qianshan He, Xiaolu Yan, Gaili Wang, Siyang Cheng, Benedikt Steil, Christoph Brühl, Andrea Pozzer, and Jos Lelieveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5587, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5587, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use the EMAC model to study the efficiency and effectiveness of the deep convective transport of CO, NH3 and SO2 from the PBL into the ASMA. We find that in contrast to CO and NH3, the SO2 enhancements within the ASMA are very weak, and there is even a decrease in SO2 over the southern Tibetan Plateau. The partitioning into the clouds and subsequent removal by wet deposition over South Asia is more effective for SO2 than NH3 at reducing their amounts reaching the Tibetan Plateau and the ASMA.
Christoph Brühl, Matthias Kohl, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 18697–18718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18697-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18697-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations with a comprehensive chemistry-climate model show that organic aerosol from recent major forest fires strongly enhances heterogeneous ozone depletion by chlorine in the middle and high latitude lower stratosphere, supported by satellite observations. This sunlight-absorbing, self-lofting aerosol perturbs the radiation budget and stratospheric dynamics differently from major volcanic eruptions, which are also included in this study.
Jianqiang Zhu, Guo Li, Uwe Kuhn, Bruno Backes Meller, Christopher Pöhlker, Paulo Artaxo, Ulrich Pöschl, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17667–17684, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17667-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17667-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The manuscript reports unique measurements of sub-40 nm particles and ions, especially those smaller than 10 nm, in the Amazon from December 2022 to January 2023. A large number of sub-3 nm particles and naturally charged ions were present in the Amazonia boundary layer, and they showed a clear diurnal variation. The research will contribute to a better understanding of atmospheric processes in the pristine environment.
Laurence C. Windell, Saliou Mbengue, Petra Pokorná, Jaroslav Schwarz, André S. H. Prévôt, Manousos I. Manousakas, Stefanos Papagiannis, Jakub Ondráček, Roman Prokeš, and Vladimir Ždímal
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7021–7038, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7021-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7021-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we compare the two most widely used online XRF monitors for ambient elemental analysis, the Xact625i and PX-375. We found strong correlations between the online instruments and the reference method (better so for the Xact625i), while in terms of absolute concentrations, some elements were over- and underestimated. Overall, we determined both instruments can be used as powerful tools to produce high-time resolution elemental data for use in air quality monitoring.
Johanna M. Schüttler, Giovanni Pugliese, Joseph Byron, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, Carolina de A. Monteiro, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5530, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measured how Amazon rainforest soils release and uptake compounds commonly produced by plants across seasons, including the severe 2023 El Niño drought. Soils took up isoprene most in the afternoon of dry seasons, while emissions of very reactive sesquiterpenes peaked during the drought. Removing the leaf litter changed which compounds transferred to and from the soil. These soil exchanges, though small compared to the canopy, can shape air chemistry near the ground and influence soil biota.
Linda Ort, Andrea Pozzer, Peter Hoor, Florian Obersteiner, Andreas Zahn, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Jeff Peischl, Róisín Commane, Bruce Daube, Ilann Bourgeois, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14987–15007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14987-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14987-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the role of lightning emissions on the O3–CO ratio in the northern subtropics. We used in situ observations and a global circulation model to show an effect of up to 40 % onto the subtropical O3–CO ratio by tropical air masses transported via the Hadley cell. This influence of lightning emissions and its photochemistry has a global effect on trace and greenhouse gases and needs to be considered for global chemical distributions.
Rafael Valiati, Bruno B. Meller, Marco A. Franco, Luciana V. Rizzo, Luiz A. T. Machado, Sebastian Brill, Bruna A. Holanda, Leslie A. Kremper, Subha S. Raj, Samara Carbone, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Fernando G. Morais, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrich Pöschl, Christopher Pöhlker, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14923–14944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14923-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14923-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the different aerosol populations that are commonly observed in the central Amazon. Vertical gradients of aerosol optical and chemical properties were evaluated on different atmospheric conditions, and showed distinct characteristics of these particles. Intercontinental transport events bring to the region particles with a contrasting chemical composition, while vertical transport processes influence the aerosol properties by promoting the development of coating and aging.
Barbara Ervens, Ken S. Carslaw, Thomas Koop, and Ulrich Pöschl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13903–13952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13903-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13903-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Over 25 years, the European Geosciences Union (EGU) has demonstrated the success, viability and benefits of interactive open-access (OA) publishing with public peer review in its journals, its publishing platform EGUsphere and virtual compilations. The article summarizes the evolution of the EGU/Copernicus publications and of OA publishing with interactive public peer review at large by placing the EGU/Copernicus publications in the context of current and future global open science.
Benjamin Weyland, Simon Rosanka, Domenico Taraborrelli, Birger Bohn, Andreas Zahn, Florian Obersteiner, Eric Förster, Mariano Mertens, Patrick Jöckel, Helmut Ziereis, Katharina Kaiser, Horst Fischer, John N. Crowley, Nijing Wang, Achim Edtbauer, Jonathan Williams, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, John P. Burrows, Flora Kluge, Meike Rotermund, Andre Butz, and Klaus Pfeilsticker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5085, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5085, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The destruction by sunlight of nitrous acid (HONO) produces the so-called detergent of the atmosphere. HONO has been measured in concentrations which exceed predictions based on known chemistry for decades. Several reactions have been proposed which may explain this excess HONO. This study reports on airborne measurements of HONO; the observations exceed predictions and form a C-shaped profile in the troposphere. Together with a host of other measurements, various reactions are investigated.
Hanna Wiedenhaus, Roland Schrödner, Ralf Wolke, Marie L. Luttkus, Shubhi Arora, Laurent Poulain, Radek Lhotka, Petr Vodička, Jaroslav Schwarz, Petra Pokorna, Jakub Ondráček, Vladimir Ždímal, Hartmut Herrmann, and Ina Tegen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12893–12922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines winter air quality in central Europe, focusing on the impact of domestic heating. Using a chemical transport model and measurements, it was found that the model underestimated organic particle concentrations. This was due to an underestimation of gases from domestic heating that form secondary organic particles. Improving the model by increasing these emissions and the particle formation led to better results, demonstrating the important role of heating emissions in winter.
Matteo Krüger, Tommaso Galeazzo, Ivan Eremets, Bertil Schmidt, Ulrich Pöschl, Manabu Shiraiwa, and Thomas Berkemeier
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7357–7371, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7357-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7357-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work uses machine learning to predict saturation vapor pressures of atmospherically-relevant organic compounds, crucial for partitioning of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We introduce a new method using graph convolutional neural networks, in which molecular graphs enable the model to capture molecular connectivity better than with non-structural embeddings. The method shows strong agreement with experimentally determined vapor pressures, and outperforms existing estimation methods.
Lasse Moormann, Friederike Fachinger, Frank Drewnick, and Holger Tost
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3862, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3862, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We examine boundary layer (BL) processes during summer rain in Germany, focusing on air mass exchange and precipitation effects. Using drone and ground observations, and ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) model data, we link delayed BL breakup and weak vertical mixing to aerosol formation and chemical processes. ICON predicts mixing layer height under stable conditions but underestimates it during cold pool events, enhancing understanding of frontal weather scenarios and atmospheric changes.
Ludovic Mayer, Lisa Melymuk, Adela Holubová Šmejkalová, Jiři Kalina, Petr Kukučka, Jakub Martiník, Petra Přibylová, Petr Šenk, Pourya Shahpoury, and Gerhard Lammel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12467–12482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12467-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12467-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored pesticides in the air at a rural site in the Czech Republic. Older pesticides, banned decades ago, are still found due to their release from soils, especially in summer. While levels of many have declined over time, some show new emissions from local or distant sources. Newer pesticides peaked during application seasons but declined after bans, though traces lingered. These findings highlight the lasting impacts of pesticide use and the importance of regulations.
Xurong Wang, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Zhenqi Luo, Benedikt Steil, Andrea Pozzer, Jos Lelieveld, and Vlassis A. Karydis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10559–10586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10559-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10559-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) is an abundant alkaline gas and key precursor in particulate matter formation. While SO2 and NOx emissions have decreased, global NH3 emissions are stable or rising. This study investigates NH3 emission impacts on size-resolved aerosol composition and acidity using the EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) model, analyzing three emission schemes. Sulfate–nitrate–ammonium aerosols in fine-mode sizes are most sensitive to NH3 changes. Regional responses vary. NH3 buffers aerosol acidity, mitigating pH shifts.
Ryan Vella, Sergey Gromov, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Laura Stecher, Matthias Kohl, Samuel Ruhl, Holger Tost, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9885–9904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9885-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9885-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines the impact of replacing forests with farmland and grazing areas on atmospheric composition. Using a global climate–chemistry model, we found that deforestation reduces biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), increases farming emissions, and shifts ozone chemistry. These changes result in a slight cooling effect on the climate. Restoring natural vegetation could reverse some of these effects.
Simone T. Andersen, Rolf Sander, Patrick Dewald, Laura Wüst, Tobias Seubert, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Alexandre Kukui, Vincent Michoud, Manuela Cirtog, Mathieu Cazaunau, Astrid Bauville, Hichem Bouzidi, Paola Formenti, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Christopher Cantrell, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5893–5909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements and modelling of reactive nitrogen gases observed in a suburban temperate forest in Rambouillet, France, circa 50 km southwest of Paris in 2022 indicate that the biosphere rapidly scavenges organic nitrates of mixed biogenic and anthropogenic origin, resulting in short lifetimes for, for example, alkyl nitrates and peroxy nitrates.
Laura Wüst, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1943–1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1943-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1943-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Detection of NO2 via cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) after thermal dissociation (TD) of alkyl and peroxy nitrates can be used to detect total atmospheric organic nitrates originating from the interaction between biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides of anthropogenic origin. Here we present an improved TD-CRDS technique that avoids systematic bias resulting from secondary chemistry in the heated inlets and that can be deployed in regions with strong biogenic emissions.
Lasse Moormann, Thomas Böttger, Philipp Schuhmann, Luis Valero, Friederike Fachinger, and Frank Drewnick
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1441–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1441-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The drone-based Flying Laboratory FLab was developed to simultaneously measure aerosol (number concentration, size distribution, and black carbon), trace gas (O3, CO2), and meteorological variables. FLab was characterized in the field regarding limitations and biases due to different flight maneuvers. Two application cases are presented: analysis of the development of the lowermost troposphere (up to 300 m) and successfully bridging ground-based and aircraft- and radiosonde-based measurements.
Pantelis Georgiades, Theo Economou, Yiannis Proestos, Jose Araya, Jos Lelieveld, and Marco Neira
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1153–1171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is posing increasing challenges in the dairy cattle farming sector, as heat stress adversely affects the animals' health and milk production. To accurately assess these impacts, we developed a machine learning model to downscale daily climate data to hourly Temperature Humidity Index (THI) values. We utilized historical weather data to train our model and applied them to future climate projections, under two climate scenarios.
Mega Octaviani, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe, Qing Mu, Jake Wilson, Holger Tost, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Manabu Shiraiwa, Ulrich Pöschl, Thomas Berkemeier, and Gerhard Lammel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-186, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This research explores the atmospheric concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a harmful air pollutant linked to lung cancer. Using advanced Earth system modeling, the study examines how BaP's degradation varies with temperature and humidity, affecting its global distribution and associated lung cancer risks. The findings reveal that BaP persists longer in colder, less humid regions, leading to higher lung cancer risks in parts of Europe and Asia.
Florian Wieland, Nadine Bothen, Ralph Schwidetzky, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Ulrich Pöschl, Konrad Meister, Mischa Bonn, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, and Hinrich Grothe
Biogeosciences, 22, 103–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Betula pendula is a widespread birch tree species containing ice nucleation agents that can trigger the freezing of cloud droplets and thereby alter the evolution of clouds. Our study identifies three distinct ice-nucleating macromolecule (INM) aggregates of varying size that can nucleate ice at temperatures up to –5.4°C. Our findings suggest that these vegetation-derived particles may influence atmospheric processes, weather, and climate more strongly than previously thought.
Ryan Vella, Matthew Forrest, Andrea Pozzer, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Thomas Hickler, Jos Lelieveld, and Holger Tost
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 243–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-243-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-243-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how land cover changes influence biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and atmospheric states. Using a coupled chemistry–climate–vegetation model, we compare present-day land cover (deforested for crops and grazing) with natural vegetation and an extreme reforestation scenario. We find that vegetation changes significantly impact global BVOC emissions and organic aerosols but have a relatively small effect on total aerosols, clouds, and radiative effects.
Julia Pikmann, Frank Drewnick, Friederike Fachinger, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12295–12321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cooking activities can contribute substantially to indoor and ambient aerosol. We performed a comprehensive study with laboratory measurements cooking 19 different dishes and ambient measurements at two Christmas markets measuring various particle properties and trace gases of emissions in real time. Similar emission characteristics were observed for dishes with the same preparation method, mainly due to similar cooking temperature and use of oil, with barbecuing as an especially strong source.
Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, Christopher Poehlker, Marta O. Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11883–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the average height distribution of separately observed aldehydes and ketones over a day and discuss their rainforest-specific sources and sinks as well as their seasonal changes above the Amazon. Ketones have much longer atmospheric lifetimes than aldehydes and thus different implications for atmospheric chemistry. However, they are commonly observed together, which we overcome by measuring with a NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the first time in the Amazon rainforest.
Simone T. Andersen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Tobias Seubert, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Lucy J. Carpenter, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11603–11618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements of various trace gases in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we were able to gain insight into the sources and sinks of NOx (NO+NO2) with a special focus on their nighttime chemical and physical loss processes. NO was observed as a result of nighttime soil emissions when O3 levels were strongly depleted by deposition. NO oxidation products were not observed at night, indicating that soil and/or foliar surfaces are an efficient sink of reactive N.
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scope of a field campaign in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we measured the reactivity of the nitrate radical NO3 towards biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs; e.g. monoterpenes) mainly below but also above the canopy. NO3 reactivity was the highest during nights with strong temperature inversions and decreased strongly with height. Reactions with BVOCs were the main removal process of NO3 throughout the diel cycle below the canopy.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8893–8910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon.
Marco A. Franco, Rafael Valiati, Bruna A. Holanda, Bruno B. Meller, Leslie A. Kremper, Luciana V. Rizzo, Samara Carbone, Fernando G. Morais, Janaína P. Nascimento, Meinrat O. Andreae, Micael A. Cecchini, Luiz A. T. Machado, Milena Ponczek, Ulrich Pöschl, David Walter, Christopher Pöhlker, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8751–8770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon wet-season atmosphere was studied at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory site, revealing vertical variations (between 60 and 325 m) in natural aerosols. Daytime mixing contrasted with nighttime stratification, with distinct rain-induced changes in aerosol populations. Notably, optical property recovery at higher levels was faster, while near-canopy aerosols showed higher scattering efficiency. These findings enhance our understanding of aerosol impacts on climate dynamics.
Pantelis Georgiades, Matthias Kohl, Mihalis A. Nicolaou, Theodoros Christoudias, Andrea Pozzer, Constantine Dovrolis, and Jos Lelieveld
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-314, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-314, 2024
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study maps global ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations, pollutants known to affect health, using machine learning. By combining environmental and urban data, we predicted UFP levels at a fine 1 km resolution, highlighting areas of high exposure. Our results provide data for public health policies aimed at reducing air pollution impacts. This research bridges data gaps, offering a valuable tool for understanding and mitigating the health effects of UFP exposure.
Anna Martin, Veronika Gayler, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Patrick Jöckel, Holger Tost, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5705–5732, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4 as a replacement for the simplified submodel SURFACE in EMAC. JSBACH mitigates earlier problems of soil dryness, which are critical for vegetation modelling. When analysed using different datasets, the coupled model shows strong correlations of key variables, such as land surface temperature, surface albedo and radiation flux. The versatility of the model increases significantly, while the overall performance does not degrade.
Georgia Lazoglou, Theo Economou, Christina Anagnostopoulou, George Zittis, Anna Tzyrkalli, Pantelis Georgiades, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4689–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the important issue of the drizzle bias effect in regional climate models, described by an over-prediction of the number of rainy days while underestimating associated precipitation amounts. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies are applied and rigorously evaluated. These results are encouraging for using the multivariate machine learning method random forest to increase the accuracy of climate models concerning the projection of the number of wet days.
Linda Ort, Lenard Lukas Röder, Uwe Parchatka, Rainer Königstedt, Daniel Crowley, Frank Kunz, Ralf Wittkowski, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3553–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne in situ measurements are of great importance to collect valuable data to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere but also present challenges which demand specific designs. This study presents an IR spectrometer for airborne trace-gas measurements with high data efficiency and a simple, compact design. Its in-flight performance is characterized with the help of a test flight and a comparison with another spectrometer. Moreover, results from its first campaign highlight its benefits.
Gabriela R. Unfer, Luiz A. T. Machado, Paulo Artaxo, Marco A. Franco, Leslie A. Kremper, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3869–3882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Amazonian aerosols and their interactions with precipitation were studied by understanding them in a 3D space based on three parameters that characterize the concentration and size distribution of aerosols. The results showed characteristic arrangements regarding seasonal and diurnal cycles, as well as when interacting with precipitation. The use of this 3D space appears to be a promising tool for aerosol population analysis and for model validation and parameterization.
Daniel A. Knopf, Markus Ammann, Thomas Berkemeier, Ulrich Pöschl, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3445–3528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The initial step of interfacial and multiphase chemical processes involves adsorption and desorption of gas species. This study demonstrates the role of desorption energy governing the residence time of the gas species at the environmental interface. A parameterization is formulated that enables the prediction of desorption energy based on the molecular weight, polarizability, and oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the desorbing chemical species. Its application to gas–particle interactions is discussed.
Imran A. Girach, Narendra Ojha, Prabha R. Nair, Kandula V. Subrahmanyam, Neelakantan Koushik, Mohammed M. Nazeer, Nadimpally Kiran Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1979–1995, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate surface ozone variability in East Antarctica based on measurements and EMAC global model simulations during austral summer. Nearly half of the surface ozone is found to be of stratospheric origin. The east coast of Antarctica acts as a stronger sink of ozone than surrounding regions. Photochemical loss of ozone is counterbalanced by downward transport of ozone. The study highlights the intertwined role of chemistry and dynamics in governing ozone variations over East Antarctica.
Rolf Müller, Ulrich Pöschl, Thomas Koop, Thomas Peter, and Ken Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15445–15453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15445-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15445-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Paul J. Crutzen was a pioneer in atmospheric sciences and a kind-hearted, humorous person with empathy for the private lives of his colleagues and students. He made fundamental scientific contributions to a wide range of scientific topics in all parts of the atmosphere. Paul was among the founders of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. His work will continue to be a guide for generations of scientists and environmental policymakers to come.
Ryan Vella, Andrea Pozzer, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Hickler, and Holger Tost
Biogeosciences, 20, 4391–4412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants. ENSO events can cause a significant increase in these emissions, which have a long-term impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Persistent ENSO conditions can cause long-term changes in vegetation, resulting in even higher BVOC emissions. We link ENSO-induced emission anomalies with driving atmospheric and vegetational variables.
Zaneta Hamryszczak, Antonia Hartmann, Dirk Dienhart, Sascha Hafermann, Bettina Brendel, Rainer Königstedt, Uwe Parchatka, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4741–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydroperoxide measurements improve the understanding of atmospheric oxidation processes. We introduce an instrumental setup for airborne measurements. The aim of the work is the characterization of the measurement method with emphasis on interferences impacting instrumental uncertainty. Technical and physical challenges do not critically impact the instrumental performance. The instrument resolves dynamic processes, such as convective transport, as shown based on the CAFE-Brazil campaign.
Matthias Kohl, Jos Lelieveld, Sourangsu Chowdhury, Sebastian Ehrhart, Disha Sharma, Yafang Cheng, Sachchida Nand Tripathi, Mathew Sebastian, Govindan Pandithurai, Hongli Wang, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13191–13215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) with a diameter smaller than 100 nm is crucial for public health and the hydrological cycle. We present a new global dataset of UFP concentrations at the Earth's surface derived with a comprehensive chemistry–climate model and evaluated with ground-based observations. The evaluation results are combined with high-resolution primary emissions to downscale UFP concentrations to an unprecedented horizontal resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Horst Fischer, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12651–12669, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a greenhouse gas and contributes to the earth’s radiative energy budget and therefore to global warming. This effect is the largest in the upper troposphere. In this study, we investigate the processes controlling ozone formation and the sensitivity to its precursors in the upper tropical troposphere based on model simulations by the ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. We find that NO𝑥 emissions from lightning most importantly affect ozone chemistry at these altitudes.
Philipp Eger, Theresa Mathes, Alex Zavarsky, and Lars Duester
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8769–8788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution at the river Rhine in Germany. Land-based measurements of gaseous and particulate pollutants were carried out for more than 1 year to provide a realistic estimate for the exposure of people to air pollution close to the riverside. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter relative to the amount of fuel used, as well as their dependence on ship size, engine type and operating conditions, were examined.
Seyed Omid Nabavi, Theodoros Christoudias, Yiannis Proestos, Christos Fountoukis, Huda Al-Sulaiti, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7719–7739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of our study is to comprehensively assess the timing of radioactive material transportation and deposition, along with the associated population exposure in the designated region. We employed diverse meteorological inputs, emission specifics, and simulation codes, aiming to quantify the level of uncertainty.
Najin Kim, Hang Su, Nan Ma, Ulrich Pöschl, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2771–2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2771-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2771-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a multiple-charging correction algorithm for a broad-supersaturation scanning cloud condensation nuclei (BS2-CCN) system which can obtain high time-resolution aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN activity. The correction algorithm aims at deriving the activation fraction's true value for each particle size. The meaningful differences between corrected and original κ values (single hygroscopicity parameter) emphasize the correction algorithm's importance for ambient aerosol measurement.
Klaus Klingmüller and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3013–3028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust has significant impacts on climate, public health, infrastructure and ecosystems. An impact assessment requires numerical predictions, which are challenging because the dust emissions are not well known. We present a novel approach using satellite observations and machine learning to more accurately estimate the emissions and to improve the model simulations.
Zaneta Hamryszczak, Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Brendel, Roland Rohloff, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Hartwig Harder, Andrea Pozzer, Birger Bohn, Martin Zöger, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5929–5943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5929-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5929-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide is a key contributor to the oxidative chemistry of the atmosphere through its link to the most prominent oxidants controlling its self-cleansing capacity, HOx. During the CAFE-Africa campaign, H2O2 was measured over the Atlantic Ocean and western Africa in August/September 2018. The study gives an overview of the distribution of H2O2 in the upper tropical troposphere and investigates the impact of convective processes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on the budget of H2O2.
Ting Lei, Hang Su, Nan Ma, Ulrich Pöschl, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4763–4774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the hygroscopic behavior of levoglucosan and D-glucose nanoparticles using a nano-HTDMA. There is a weak size dependence of the hygroscopic growth factor of levoglucosan and D-glucose with diameters down to 20 nm, while a strong size dependence of the hygroscopic growth factor of D-glucose has been clearly observed in the size range 6 to 20 nm. The use of the DKA method leads to good agreement with the hygroscopic growth factor of glucose nanoparticles with diameters down to 6 nm.
Thomas Berkemeier, Matteo Krüger, Aryeh Feinberg, Marcel Müller, Ulrich Pöschl, and Ulrich K. Krieger
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2037–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2037-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2037-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Kinetic multi-layer models (KMs) successfully describe heterogeneous and multiphase atmospheric chemistry. In applications requiring repeated execution, however, these models can be too expensive. We trained machine learning surrogate models on output of the model KM-SUB and achieved high correlations. The surrogate models run orders of magnitude faster, which suggests potential applicability in global optimization tasks and as sub-modules in large-scale atmospheric models.
Julia Pikmann, Lasse Moormann, Frank Drewnick, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1323–1341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols measured in complex environments are usually a mixture of emissions from different sources. To characterize sources individually, we developed a sampling system for particles and organic trace gases which is coupled to real-time data of physical and chemical aerosol properties, gas concentrations, and meteorological variables. Using suitable sampling conditions for individual aerosols which are compared with the real-time data the desired aerosols are sampled separately from each other.
Philip T. M. Carlsson, Luc Vereecken, Anna Novelli, François Bernard, Steven S. Brown, Bellamy Brownwood, Changmin Cho, John N. Crowley, Patrick Dewald, Peter M. Edwards, Nils Friedrich, Juliane L. Fry, Mattias Hallquist, Luisa Hantschke, Thorsten Hohaus, Sungah Kang, Jonathan Liebmann, Alfred W. Mayhew, Thomas Mentel, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Justin Shenolikar, Ralf Tillmann, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Rongrong Wu, Andreas Wahner, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3147–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of the night-time oxidation of the most abundant hydrocarbon, isoprene, in chamber experiments shows the importance of reaction pathways leading to epoxy products, which could enhance particle formation, that have so far not been accounted for. The chemical lifetime of organic nitrates from isoprene is long enough for the majority to be further oxidized the next day by daytime oxidants.
Lenard L. Röder, Patrick Dewald, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Jan Schuladen, John N. Crowley, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1167–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Field experiments in atmospheric chemistry provide insights into chemical interactions of our atmosphere. However, high data coverage and accuracy are needed to enable further analysis. In this study, we explore a statistical method that combines knowledge about the chemical reactions with information from measurements to increase the quality of field experiment datasets. We test the algorithm for several applications and discuss limitations that depend on the specific variable and the dynamics.
Ryan Vella, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, and Holger Tost
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 885–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-885-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-885-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are released by vegetation and have a major impact on atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation. Non-interacting vegetation constrains the majority of numerical models used to estimate global BVOC emissions, and thus, the effects of changing vegetation on emissions are not addressed. In this work, we replace the offline vegetation with dynamic vegetation states by linking a chemistry–climate model with a global dynamic vegetation model.
Jennifer Schallock, Christoph Brühl, Christine Bingen, Michael Höpfner, Landon Rieger, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1169–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the influence of volcanic aerosols for the period 1990–2019 and established a volcanic SO2 emission inventory that includes more than 500 eruptions. From limb-based satellite observations of SO2 and extinction, we derive 3D plumes of SO2 perturbations and injected mass by a novel method. We calculate instantaneous radiative forcing with a comprehensive chemisty climate model. Our results show that smaller eruptions can also contribute to the stratospheric aerosol forcing.
Haley M. Royer, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ovid Krüger, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Andrew P. Ault, Patricia K. Quinn, Paquita Zuidema, Christopher Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat Andreae, and Cassandra J. Gaston
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 981–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents atmospheric particle chemical composition and measurements of aerosol water uptake properties collected at Ragged Point, Barbados, during the winter of 2020. The result of this study indicates the importance of small African smoke particles for cloud droplet formation in the tropical North Atlantic and highlights the large spatial and temporal pervasiveness of smoke over the Atlantic Ocean.
Yunfan Liu, Hang Su, Siwen Wang, Chao Wei, Wei Tao, Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid O. Krüger, Thorsten Hoffmann, Manfred Wendisch, Paulo Artaxo, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 251–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The origins of the abundant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the upper troposphere (UT) of the Amazon remain unclear. With model developments of new secondary organic aerosol schemes and constrained by observation, we show that strong aerosol nucleation and condensation in the UT is triggered by biogenic organics, and organic condensation is key for UT CCN production. This UT CCN-producing mechanism may prevail over broader vegetation canopies and deserves emphasis in aerosol–climate feedback.
Mohamed Abdelkader, Georgiy Stenchikov, Andrea Pozzer, Holger Tost, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 471–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-471-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-471-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the effect of injected volcanic ash, water vapor, and SO2 on the development of the volcanic cloud and the stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD). Both are sensitive to the initial injection height and to the aging of the volcanic ash shaped by heterogeneous chemistry coupled with the ozone cycle. The paper explains the large differences in AOD for different injection scenarios, which could improve the estimate of the radiative forcing of volcanic eruptions.
Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Brendel, John N. Crowley, Philipp G. Eger, Hartwig Harder, Monica Martinez, Andrea Pozzer, Roland Rohloff, Jan Schuladen, Sebastian Tauer, David Walter, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 119–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Formaldehyde and hydroperoxide measurements were performed in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula and highlight the Suez Canal and Arabian (Persian) Gulf as a hotspot of photochemical air pollution. A comparison with the EMAC model shows that the formaldehyde results match within a factor of 2, while hydrogen peroxide was overestimated by more than a factor of 5, which revealed enhanced HOx (OH+HO2) radicals in the simulation and an underestimation of dry deposition velocites.
Laura Tomsche, Andreas Marsing, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Johannes Lucke, Stefan Kaufmann, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Monika Scheibe, Hans Schlager, Lenard Röder, Horst Fischer, Florian Obersteiner, Andreas Zahn, Martin Zöger, Jos Lelieveld, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15135–15151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The detection of sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) is a challenge. In-flight measurements of SO2 and sulfate aerosol were performed during the BLUESKY mission in spring 2020 under exceptional atmospheric conditions. Reduced sinks in the dry UTLS and lower but still significant air traffic influenced the enhanced SO2 in the UT, and aged volcanic plumes enhanced the LS sulfate aerosol impacting the atmospheric radiation budget and global climate.
Guo Li, Hang Su, Meng Li, Uwe Kuhn, Guangjie Zheng, Lei Han, Fengxia Bao, Ulrich Pöschl, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6433–6446, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6433-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A large fraction of previous work using dynamic flow chambers was to quantify gas exchange in terms of flux or deposition/emission rate. Here, we extended the usage of this technique to examine uptake kinetics on sample surfaces. The good performance of the chamber system was validated. This technique can be further used for liquid samples and real atmospheric aerosol samples without complicated coating procedures, which complements the existing techniques in atmospheric kinetic studies.
Oliver Appel, Franziska Köllner, Antonis Dragoneas, Andreas Hünig, Sergej Molleker, Hans Schlager, Christoph Mahnke, Ralf Weigel, Max Port, Christiane Schulz, Frank Drewnick, Bärbel Vogel, Fred Stroh, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13607–13630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper clarifies the chemical composition of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) by means of airborne in situ aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). Ammonium nitrate and organics are found to significantly contribute to the particle layer, while sulfate does not show a layered structure. An analysis of the single-particle mass spectra suggests that secondary particle formation and subsequent growth dominate the particle composition, rather than condensation on pre-existing primary particles.
Antonis Dragoneas, Sergej Molleker, Oliver Appel, Andreas Hünig, Thomas Böttger, Markus Hermann, Frank Drewnick, Johannes Schneider, Ralf Weigel, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5719–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5719-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ERICA is a specially designed aerosol particle mass spectrometer for in situ, real-time chemical composition analysis of aerosols. It can operate completely autonomously, in the absence of an instrument operator. Its design has enabled its operation under harsh conditions, like those experienced in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, aboard unpressurized high-altitude research aircraft. The instrument has successfully participated in several aircraft operations around the world.
Charlotte M. Beall, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Tobias Köneman, Michael Pikridas, Frank Drewnick, Hartwig Harder, Christopher Pöhlker, Jos Lelieveld, Bettina Weber, Minas Iakovides, Roman Prokeš, Jean Sciare, Meinrat O. Andreae, M. Dale Stokes, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12607–12627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare aerosols that can trigger ice formation in clouds and affect climate-relevant cloud properties such as phase, reflectivity and lifetime. Dust is the dominant INP source, yet few measurements have been reported near major dust sources. We report INP observations within hundreds of kilometers of the biggest dust source regions globally: the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. Results show that at temperatures > −15 °C, INPs are dominated by organics.
Mengze Li, Andrea Pozzer, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4351–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4351-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4351-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a northern hemispheric airborne measurement dataset of atmospheric ethane, propane and methane and temporal trends for the time period 2006–2016 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The growth rates of ethane, methane, and propane in the upper troposphere are -2.24, 0.33, and -0.78 % yr-1, respectively, and in the lower stratosphere they are -3.27, 0.26, and -4.91 % yr-1, respectively, in 2006–2016.
Simon F. Reifenberg, Anna Martin, Matthias Kohl, Sara Bacer, Zaneta Hamryszczak, Ivan Tadic, Lenard Röder, Daniel J. Crowley, Horst Fischer, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Raphael Dörich, John N. Crowley, Laura Tomsche, Andreas Marsing, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Zahn, Christopher Pöhlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid Krüger, Ulrich Pöschl, Mira Pöhlker, Patrick Jöckel, Marcel Dorf, Ulrich Schumann, Jonathan Williams, Birger Bohn, Joachim Curtius, Hardwig Harder, Hans Schlager, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10901–10917, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we use a combination of observational data from an aircraft campaign and model results to investigate the effect of the European lockdown due to COVID-19 in spring 2020. Using model results, we show that the largest relative changes to the atmospheric composition caused by the reduced emissions are located in the upper troposphere around aircraft cruise altitude, while the largest absolute changes are present at the surface.
Alexander D. Harrison, Daniel O'Sullivan, Michael P. Adams, Grace C. E. Porter, Edmund Blades, Cherise Brathwaite, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Cassandra Gaston, Rachel Hawker, Ovid O. Krüger, Leslie Neve, Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Andrea Sealy, Peter Sealy, Mark D. Tarn, Shanice Whitehall, James B. McQuaid, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joseph M. Prospero, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9663–9680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice in clouds fundamentally alters cloud properties; hence it is important we understand the special aerosol particles that can nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. In this paper we show that African desert dust that has travelled across the Atlantic to the Caribbean nucleates ice much less well than we might have expected.
Zaneta T. Hamryszczak, Andrea Pozzer, Florian Obersteiner, Birger Bohn, Benedikt Steil, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9483–9497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide plays a pivotal role in the chemistry of the atmosphere. Together with organic hydroperoxides, it forms a reservoir for peroxy radicals, which are known to be the key contributors to the self-cleaning processes of the atmosphere. Hydroperoxides were measured over Europe during the BLUESKY campaign in May–June 2020. The paper gives an overview of the distribution of the species in the troposphere and investigates the impact of wet scavenging and deposition on the budget of H2O2.
Ovid O. Krüger, Bruna A. Holanda, Sourangsu Chowdhury, Andrea Pozzer, David Walter, Christopher Pöhlker, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, John P. Burrows, Christiane Voigt, Jos Lelieveld, Johannes Quaas, Ulrich Pöschl, and Mira L. Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8683–8699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The abrupt reduction in human activities during the first COVID-19 lockdown created unprecedented atmospheric conditions. We took the opportunity to quantify changes in black carbon (BC) as a major anthropogenic air pollutant. Therefore, we measured BC on board a research aircraft over Europe during the lockdown and compared the results to measurements from 2017. With model simulations we account for different weather conditions and find a lockdown-related decrease in BC of 41 %.
Patrick Dewald, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Jan Schuladen, Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Horst Fischer, Jonathan Williams, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7051–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the gas-phase reactivity of the NO3 radical on the summit (825 m a.s.l.) of a semi-rural mountain in southwestern Germany in July 2021. The impact of VOC-induced NO3 losses (mostly monoterpenes) competing with a loss by reaction with NO and photolysis throughout the diel cycle was estimated. Besides chemistry, boundary layer dynamics and plant-physiological processes presumably have a great impact on our observations, which were compared to previous NO3 measurements at the same site.
George K. Georgiou, Theodoros Christoudias, Yiannis Proestos, Jonilda Kushta, Michael Pikridas, Jean Sciare, Chrysanthos Savvides, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4129–4146, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the skill of the WRF-Chem model to perform high-resolution air quality forecasts (including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter) over the Eastern Mediterranean, during winter and summer. We compare the forecast output to observational data from background and urban locations and the forecast output from CAMS. WRF-Chem was found to forecast the concentrations and diurnal profiles of gas-phase pollutants in urban areas with higher accuracy.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Andrea Pozzer, Ivan Tadic, Lenard Röder, Florian Obersteiner, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6151–6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The European COVID-19 lockdowns have significantly reduced the emission of primary pollutants such as NOx, which impacts the tropospheric photochemical processes and the abundance of O3. In this study, we present how the lockdowns have affected tropospheric trace gases and ozone production based on in situ observations and modeling simulations. We additionally show that the chemical regime shifted from a transition point to a NOx limitation in the upper troposphere.
Andreas Hünig, Oliver Appel, Antonis Dragoneas, Sergej Molleker, Hans-Christian Clemen, Frank Helleis, Thomas Klimach, Franziska Köllner, Thomas Böttger, Frank Drewnick, Johannes Schneider, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2889–2921, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have serially combined the two well-established methods for in situ real-time measurement of fine particle chemical composition, the single-particle laser ablation method and the flash evaporation with electron impact ionization method, into a novel instrument. Here we present the design; instrument characteristics, as derived from laboratory and field measurements; and results from the first field deployment during the 2017 StratoClim aircraft campaign.
M. Dolores Andrés Hernández, Andreas Hilboll, Helmut Ziereis, Eric Förster, Ovid O. Krüger, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Francesca Barnaba, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Jörg Schmidt, Heidi Huntrieser, Anne-Marlene Blechschmidt, Midhun George, Vladyslav Nenakhov, Theresa Harlass, Bruna A. Holanda, Jennifer Wolf, Lisa Eirenschmalz, Marc Krebsbach, Mira L. Pöhlker, Anna B. Kalisz Hedegaard, Linlu Mei, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Yangzhuoran Liu, Ralf Koppmann, Hans Schlager, Birger Bohn, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Richter, Benjamin Schreiner, Daniel Sauer, Robert Baumann, Mariano Mertens, Patrick Jöckel, Markus Kilian, Greta Stratmann, Christopher Pöhlker, Monica Campanelli, Marco Pandolfi, Michael Sicard, José L. Gómez-Amo, Manuel Pujadas, Katja Bigge, Flora Kluge, Anja Schwarz, Nikos Daskalakis, David Walter, Andreas Zahn, Ulrich Pöschl, Harald Bönisch, Stephan Borrmann, Ulrich Platt, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5877–5924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5877-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5877-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
EMeRGe provides a unique set of in situ and remote sensing airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosol particles along selected flight routes in the lower troposphere over Europe. The interpretation uses also complementary collocated ground-based and satellite measurements. The collected data help to improve the current understanding of the complex spatial distribution of trace gases and aerosol particles resulting from mixing, transport, and transformation of pollution plumes over Europe.
Petra Pokorná, Naděžda Zíková, Petr Vodička, Radek Lhotka, Saliou Mbengue, Adéla Holubová Šmejkalová, Véronique Riffault, Jakub Ondráček, Jaroslav Schwarz, and Vladimír Ždímal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5829–5858, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
By examining individual episodes of high mass and number concentrations, we show that the seasonality in the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles was caused by the sources' diversity and was related to the different air masses and meteorology. We also confirmed the relation between particle size and age that is reflected in oxidation state and shape (difference in densities; effective vs. material). The results have general validity and thus transcend the study regional character.
Wenyu Sun, Matias Berasategui, Andrea Pozzer, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4969–4984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The reaction between OH and SO2 is a termolecular process that in the atmosphere results in the formation of H2SO4 and thus aerosols. We present the first temperature- and pressure-dependent measurements of the rate coefficients in N2. This is also the first study to examine the effects of water vapour on the kinetics of this reaction. Our results indicate the rate coefficient is larger than that recommended by evaluation panels, with deviations of up to 30 % in some parts of the atmosphere.
Marco A. Franco, Florian Ditas, Leslie A. Kremper, Luiz A. T. Machado, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro Araújo, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Joel F. de Brito, Samara Carbone, Bruna A. Holanda, Fernando G. Morais, Janaína P. Nascimento, Mira L. Pöhlker, Luciana V. Rizzo, Marta Sá, Jorge Saturno, David Walter, Stefan Wolff, Ulrich Pöschl, Paulo Artaxo, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3469–3492, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In Central Amazonia, new particle formation in the planetary boundary layer is rare. Instead, there is the appearance of sub-50 nm aerosols with diameters larger than about 20 nm that eventually grow to cloud condensation nuclei size range. Here, 254 growth events were characterized which have higher predominance in the wet season. About 70 % of them showed direct relation to convective downdrafts, while 30 % occurred partly under clear-sky conditions, evidencing still unknown particle sources.
Kai Tang, Beatriz Sánchez-Parra, Petya Yordanova, Jörn Wehking, Anna T. Backes, Daniel A. Pickersgill, Stefanie Maier, Jean Sciare, Ulrich Pöschl, Bettina Weber, and Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky
Biogeosciences, 19, 71–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-71-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-71-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Metagenomic sequencing and freezing experiments of aerosol samples collected on Cyprus revealed rain-related short-term changes of bioaerosol and ice nuclei composition. Filtration experiments showed a rain-related enhancement of biological ice nuclei > 5 µm and < 0.1 µm. The observed effects of rainfall on the composition of atmospheric bioaerosols and ice nuclei may influence the hydrological cycle as well as the health effects of air particulate matter (pathogens, allergens).
Clara M. Nussbaumer, John N. Crowley, Jan Schuladen, Jonathan Williams, Sascha Hafermann, Andreas Reiffs, Raoul Axinte, Hartwig Harder, Cheryl Ernest, Anna Novelli, Katrin Sala, Monica Martinez, Chinmay Mallik, Laura Tomsche, Christian Plass-Dülmer, Birger Bohn, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18413–18432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
HCHO is an important atmospheric trace gas influencing the photochemical processes in the Earth’s atmosphere, including the budget of HOx and the abundance of tropospheric O3. This research presents the photochemical calculations of HCHO and O3 based on three field campaigns across Europe. We show that HCHO production via the oxidation of only four volatile organic compound precursors, i.e., CH4, CH3CHO, C5H8 and CH3OH, can balance the observed loss at all sites well.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Marco A. Franco, Leslie A. Kremper, Florian Ditas, Meinrat O. Andreae, Paulo Artaxo, Micael A. Cecchini, Bruna A. Holanda, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ivan Saraiva, Stefan Wolff, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18065–18086, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18065-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several studies evaluate aerosol–cloud interactions, but only a few attempted to describe how clouds modify aerosol properties. This study evaluates the effect of weather events on the particle size distribution at the ATTO, combining remote sensing and in situ data. Ultrafine, Aitken and accumulation particles modes have different behaviors for the diurnal cycle and for rainfall events. This study opens up new scientific questions that need to be pursued in detail in new field campaigns.
Ramon Campos Braga, Barbara Ervens, Daniel Rosenfeld, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jan-David Förster, Daniel Fütterer, Lianet Hernández Pardo, Bruna A. Holanda, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Ovid O. Krüger, Oliver Lauer, Luiz A. T. Machado, Christopher Pöhlker, Daniel Sauer, Christiane Voigt, Adrian Walser, Manfred Wendisch, Ulrich Pöschl, and Mira L. Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17513–17528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Interactions of aerosol particles with clouds represent a large uncertainty in estimates of climate change. Properties of aerosol particles control their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Using aerosol measurements in the Amazon, we performed model studies to compare predicted and measured cloud droplet number concentrations at cloud bases. Our results confirm previous estimates of particle hygroscopicity in this region.
Dirk Dienhart, John N. Crowley, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Achim Edtbauer, Philipp G. Eger, Lisa Ernle, Hartwig Harder, Bettina Hottmann, Monica Martinez, Uwe Parchatka, Jean-Daniel Paris, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Roland Rohloff, Jan Schuladen, Christof Stönner, Ivan Tadic, Sebastian Tauer, Nijing Wang, Jonathan Williams, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17373–17388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17373-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17373-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first ship-based in situ measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and the OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula. Regression analysis of the HCHO production rate and the related OH chemistry revealed the regional HCHO yield αeff, which represents the different chemical regimes encountered. Highest values were found for the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), which highlights this region as a hotspot of photochemical air pollution.
Najin Kim, Yafang Cheng, Nan Ma, Mira L. Pöhlker, Thomas Klimach, Thomas F. Mentel, Ovid O. Krüger, Ulrich Pöschl, and Hang Su
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6991–7005, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6991-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6991-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A broad supersaturation scanning CCN (BS2-CCN) system, in which particles are exposed to a range of supersaturation simultaneously, can measure a broad range of CCN activity distribution with a high time resolution. We describe how the BS2-CCN system can be effectively calibrated and which factors can affect the calibration curve. Intercomparison experiments between typical DMA-CCN and BS2-CCN measurements to evaluate the BS2-CCN system showed high correlation and good agreement.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Uwe Parchatka, Ivan Tadic, Birger Bohn, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Roland Rohloff, Hartwig Harder, Flora Kluge, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Florian Obersteiner, Martin Zöger, Raphael Doerich, John N. Crowley, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6759–6776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
NO2 plays a central role in atmospheric photochemical processes and requires accurate measurements. This research presents NO2 data obtained via chemiluminescence using a photolytic converter from airborne studies around Cabo Verde and laboratory investigations. We show the limits and error-proneness of a conventional blue light converter in aircraft measurements affected by humidity and NO levels and suggest the use of an alternative quartz converter for more reliable results.
Vlassis A. Karydis, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Andrea Pozzer, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14983–15001, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particle pH is well-buffered by alkaline compounds, notably NH3 and crustal elements. NH3 is found to supply remarkable buffering capacity on a global scale, from the polluted continents to the remote oceans. Potential future changes in agricultural NH3 must be accompanied by strong reductions of SO2 and NOx to avoid particles becoming highly acidic, with implications for human health (aerosol toxicity), ecosystems (acid deposition), clouds, and climate (aerosol hygroscopicity).
Philipp G. Eger, Luc Vereecken, Rolf Sander, Jan Schuladen, Nicolas Sobanski, Horst Fischer, Einar Karu, Jonathan Williams, Ville Vakkari, Tuukka Petäjä, Jos Lelieveld, Andrea Pozzer, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14333–14349, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We determine the impact of pyruvic acid photolysis on the formation of acetaldehyde and peroxy radicals during summer and autumn in the Finnish boreal forest using a data-constrained box model. Our results are dependent on the chosen scenario in which the overall quantum yield and the photolysis products are varied. We highlight that pyruvic acid photolysis can be an important contributor to acetaldehyde and peroxy radical formation in remote, forested regions.
Ramon Campos Braga, Daniel Rosenfeld, Ovid O. Krüger, Barbara Ervens, Bruna A. Holanda, Manfred Wendisch, Trismono Krisna, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat O. Andreae, Christiane Voigt, and Mira L. Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14079–14088, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14079-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14079-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the precipitation within clouds is crucial for our understanding of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Using in situ measurements of cloud and rain properties over the Amazon Basin and Atlantic Ocean, we show here a linear relationship between the effective radius (re) and precipitation water content near the tops of convective clouds for different pollution states and temperature levels. Our results emphasize the role of re to determine both initiation and amount of precipitation.
Maria Prass, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Wolfgang Elbert, Jan-David Förster, Marco Aurélio Franco, Isabella Hrabe de Angelis, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Thomas Klimach, Leslie Ann Kremper, Eckhard Thines, David Walter, Jens Weber, Bettina Weber, Bernhard M. Fuchs, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Biogeosciences, 18, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols in the atmosphere over the Amazon rain forest were analyzed by molecular biological staining and microscopy. Eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal aerosols were quantified in time series and altitude profiles which exhibited clear differences in number concentrations and vertical distributions. Our results provide insights into the sources and dispersion of different Amazonian bioaerosol types as a basis for a better understanding of biosphere–atmosphere interactions.
R. Anthony Cox, Markus Ammann, John N. Crowley, Paul T. Griffiths, Hartmut Herrmann, Erik H. Hoffmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Christopher J. Penkett, Andreas Tilgner, and Timothy J. Wallington
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13011–13018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The term open-air factor was coined in the 1960s, establishing that rural air had powerful germicidal properties possibly resulting from immediate products of the reaction of ozone with alkenes, unsaturated compounds ubiquitously present in natural and polluted environments. We have re-evaluated those early experiments, applying the recently substantially improved knowledge, and put them into the context of the lifetime of aerosol-borne pathogens that are so important in the Covid-19 pandemic.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Jean-Daniel Paris, Aurélie Riandet, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Marc Delmotte, Antoine Berchet, Jonathan Williams, Lisa Ernle, Ivan Tadic, Hartwig Harder, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12443–12462, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured atmospheric methane and CO2 by ship in the Middle East. We probe the origin of methane with a combination of light alkane measurements and modeling. We find strong influence from nearby oil and gas production over the Arabian Gulf. Comparing our data to inventories indicates that inventories overestimate sources from the upstream gas industry but underestimate emissions from oil extraction and processing. The Red Sea was under a complex mixture of sources due to human activity.
Patrick Dewald, Raphael Dörich, Jan Schuladen, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5501–5519, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic nitrates generated from the reaction between isoprene and the nitrate radical (ISOP-NITs) were detected via their thermal dissociation in heated quartz inlets to nitrogen dioxide monitored by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The temperature-dependent dissociation profiles of ISOP-NITs in the presence of ozone (O3) are broad in contrast to narrow profiles of common reference compounds. We demonstrate that this broadening is caused by O3-assisted reactions of ISOP-NITs on quartz surfaces.
Mira L. Pöhlker, Minghui Zhang, Ramon Campos Braga, Ovid O. Krüger, Ulrich Pöschl, and Barbara Ervens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11723–11740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11723-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11723-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds cool our atmosphere. The role of small aerosol particles in affecting them represents one of the largest uncertainties in current estimates of climate change. Traditionally it is assumed that cloud droplets only form particles of diameters ~ 100 nm (
accumulation mode). Previous studies suggest that this can also occur in smaller particles (
Aitken mode). Our study provides a general framework to estimate under which aerosol and cloud conditions Aitken mode particles affect clouds.
Raphael Dörich, Philipp Eger, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5319–5332, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate in laboratory experiments that the formation of IOx anions (formed in reactions of I− with O3) or acetate anions (formed e.g. by the reaction of I− with peracetic acid) results in unexpected sensitivity of an iodide chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (I-CIMS) to HNO3 at a mass-to-charge ratio of 62. This helps explain observations of apparent high daytime levels of N2O5. Airborne measurements using I-CIMS confirm these conclusions.
Vinod Kumar, Julia Remmers, Steffen Beirle, Joachim Fallmann, Astrid Kerkweg, Jos Lelieveld, Mariano Mertens, Andrea Pozzer, Benedikt Steil, Marc Barra, Holger Tost, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5241–5269, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5241-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5241-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present high-resolution regional atmospheric chemistry model simulations focused around Germany. We highlight the importance of spatial resolution of the model itself as well as the input emissions inventory and short-scale temporal variability of emissions for simulations. We propose a consistent approach for evaluating the simulated vertical distribution of NO2 using MAX-DOAS measurements while also considering its spatial sensitivity volume and change in sensitivity within this volume.
Klaus Klingmüller and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4429–4441, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture is of great importance for weather and climate. We present a machine learning model that produces accurate predictions of satellite-observed surface soil moisture, based on meteorological data from a climate model. It can be used as soil moisture parametrisation in climate models and to produce comprehensive global soil moisture datasets. Moreover, it may motivate similar applications of machine learning in climate science.
Rongrong Wu, Luc Vereecken, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Sungah Kang, Sascha R. Albrecht, Luisa Hantschke, Defeng Zhao, Anna Novelli, Hendrik Fuchs, Ralf Tillmann, Thorsten Hohaus, Philip T. M. Carlsson, Justin Shenolikar, François Bernard, John N. Crowley, Juliane L. Fry, Bellamy Brownwood, Joel A. Thornton, Steven S. Brown, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, Mattias Hallquist, and Thomas F. Mentel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10799–10824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene is the biogenic volatile organic compound with the largest emissions rates. The nighttime reaction of isoprene with the NO3 radical has a large potential to contribute to SOA. We classified isoprene nitrates into generations and proposed formation pathways. Considering the potential functionalization of the isoprene nitrates we propose that mainly isoprene dimers contribute to SOA formation from the isoprene NO3 reactions with at least a 5 % mass yield.
Haijie Tong, Fobang Liu, Alexander Filippi, Jake Wilson, Andrea M. Arangio, Yun Zhang, Siyao Yue, Steven Lelieveld, Fangxia Shen, Helmi-Marja K. Keskinen, Jing Li, Haoxuan Chen, Ting Zhang, Thorsten Hoffmann, Pingqing Fu, William H. Brune, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Maosheng Yao, Thomas Berkemeier, Manabu Shiraiwa, and Ulrich Pöschl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10439–10455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured radical yields of aqueous PM2.5 extracts and found lower yields at higher concentrations of PM2.5. Abundances of water-soluble transition metals and aromatics in PM2.5 were positively correlated with the relative fraction of •OH but negatively correlated with the relative fraction of C-centered radicals among detected radicals. Composition-dependent reactive species yields may explain differences in the reactivity and health effects of PM2.5 in clean versus polluted air.
Ivan Tadic, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Birger Bohn, Hartwig Harder, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Florian Obersteiner, Uwe Parchatka, Andrea Pozzer, Roland Rohloff, Martin Zöger, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8195–8211, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8195-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8195-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although mechanisms of tropospheric ozone (O3) formation are well understood, studies reporting on ozone formation derived from field measurements are challenging and remain sparse in number. We use airborne measurements to quantify nitric oxide (NO) and O3 distributions in the upper troposphere over the Atlantic Ocean and western Africa and compare our measurements to model simulations. Our results show that NO and ozone formation are greatest over the tropical areas of western Africa.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Ivan Tadic, Dirk Dienhart, Nijing Wang, Achim Edtbauer, Lisa Ernle, Jonathan Williams, Florian Obersteiner, Isidoro Gutiérrez-Álvarez, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7933–7945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7933-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7933-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning over continental and coastal areas is frequent and accompanied by deep convection, while lightning over marine areas and particularly in tropical cyclones is rare. This research presents in situ observations of the tropical storm Florence 2018 near Cabo Verde. We show the absence of lightning in the tropical storm despite the occurrence of deep convective processes by atmospheric trace gas measurements of O3, NO, CO, H2O2, DMS and CH2I.
Nils Friedrich, Philipp Eger, Justin Shenolikar, Nicolas Sobanski, Jan Schuladen, Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Hottmann, Ivan Tadic, Horst Fischer, Monica Martinez, Roland Rohloff, Sebastian Tauer, Hartwig Harder, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Nijing Wang, Jonathan Williams, James Brooks, Frank Drewnick, Hang Su, Guo Li, Yafang Cheng, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7473–7498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses NOx and NOz measurements from the 2017 AQABA ship campaign in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula to examine the influence e.g. of emissions from shipping and oil and gas production. Night-time losses of NOx dominated in the Arabian Gulf and in the Red Sea, whereas daytime losses were more important in the Mediterranean Sea. Nitric acid and organic nitrates were the most prevalent components of NOz.
Cited articles
Abbas, I., Badran, G., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Roumie, M., and Courcot, D.:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in airborne particulate matter:
sources, analysis and toxicity, Environ. Chem. Lett., 16, 439–475,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.041, 2018.
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs
in ambient air of the Marseilles area (south of France): concentrations and
sources, Sci. Total Environ., 384, 280–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.028, 2007.
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and
Jaffrezo, J. L.: Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys, Part 1:
concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 42,
43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009, 2008.
Alves, C. A., Vicente, A. M., Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Nunes, T.,
Pio, C., Lucarelli, F., Calzolai, G., Nava, S., Diapouli, E., Eleftheriadis,
K., Querol, X., and Bandowe, B. A. M.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
their derivatives (nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes) in PM2.5 from southern European cities, Sci. Total Environ., 595, 494–504,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.256, 2017.
Andersson, J. T. and Achten, C.: Time to say goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs?
Toward an up-to-date use of PACs for environmental purposes, Polycycl.
Aromat. Comp., 35, 330–354, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2014.991042, 2015.
Arey, J., Zielinska, B., Atkinson, R., Winer, A. M., Ramdahl, T., and Pitts,
J. N.: The formation of nitro-PAH from gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene
and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx, Atmos. Environ.,
20, 2339–2345, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90064-8,
1986.
Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens, Environ. Health
Persp., 102, 117–126, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s4117, 1994.
Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of aromatic
hydrocarbons and PAHs with OH and NO3 radicals, Polycycl. Aromat.
Compd., 27, 15–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406630601134243,
2007.
Atkinson, R., Aschmann, S. M., Arey, J., Zielinska, B., and Schuetzle, D.:
Gas-phase atmospheric chemistry of 1-nitronaphthalene and 2-nitronaphthalene
and 1,4-naphthoquinone, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2679–2690, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90548-9, 1989.
Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Zielinska, B., and Aschmann, S. M.: Kinetics and
nitro-products of the gas-phase OH and NO3 radical-initiated reactions of
naphthalene-d8, Fluoranthene-d10, and pyrene, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 22,
999–1014, https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.550220910, 1990.
Bamford, H. A. and Baker, J. E.: Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the
mid-Atlantic region, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2077–2091, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00102-X, 2003.
Bamford, H. A., Bezabeh, D. Z., Schantz, M. M., Wise, S. A., and Baker, J.
E.: Determination and comparison of nitrated-polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials,
Chemosphere, 50, 575–587, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00667-7, 2003.
Bandowe, B. A. M. and Meusel, H.: Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(nitro-PAHs) in the environment – A review, Sci. Total Environ., 581–582,
237–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115,
2017.
Bandowe, B. A. M., Meusel, H., Huang, R.-J., Ho, K., Cao, J., Hoffmann, T.,
and Wilcke, W.: PM2.5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs
from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and
cancer risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 473–474, 77–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108, 2014.
Baek, S. O., Field, R. A., Goldstone, M. E., Kirk, P. W., Lester, J. N., and
Perry, R.: A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:
Sources, fate and behaviour, Water Air Soil Pollut., 60, 279–300,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282628, 1991.
Bezabeh, D. Z., Bamford, H. A., Schantz, M. M., and Wise, S. A.:
Determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel
particulate-related standard reference materials by using gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization,
Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1698-8, 2003.
Bläsing, M., Kistler, M., and Lehndorff, E.: Emission fingerprint of
inland navigation vessels compared with road traffic, domestic heating and
ocean-going vessels, Org. Geochem., 99, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.05.009, 2016.
Bolton, J. L., Trush, M. A., Penning, T. M., Dryhurst, G., and Monks, T. J.:
Role of quinones in toxicology, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 13, 135–160, https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9902082, 2000.
Brorström-Lundén, E., Remberger, M., Kaj, L., Hansson, K., Palm
Cousins, A., Andersson, H., Haglund, P., Ghebremeskel, M., and Schlabach,
M.: Results from the Swedish national screening programme 2008: Screening of
unintentionally produced organic contaminants, report B1944, Swedish
Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Gothenburg, Sweden, 2010.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Ernle, L., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Walter, D., and Williams, J.: Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7209–7232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7209-2019, 2019.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Pozzer, A., Sattler, T., Matthaios, V. N., Ernle, L.,
Edtbauer, A., Fischer, H., Könemann, T., Osipov, S., Paris, J.-D.,
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Wang, N.,
Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source
of atmospheric ethane and propane, Nat. Commun., 11, 447, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14375-0, 2020.
Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Connan, J., Devillers, J., Domine, D., Radke,
M., and Oudins, J. L.: Alkylated phenanthrene distributions as maturity and
origin indicators in crude oils and rock extracts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
59, 2043–2056, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00125-5,
1995.
Castro-Jiménez, J., Berrojalbiz, N., Wollgast, J., and Dachs, J.:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mediterranean Sea:
Atmospheric occurrence, deposition and decoupling with settling fluxes in
the water column, Environ. Pollut., 166, 40–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.003, 2012.
Caumo, S., Vicente, A., Custodio, D., Alves, C., and Vasconcellos, P.:
Organic compounds in particulate and gaseous phase collected in the
neighbourhood of an industrial complex in Sao Paulo (Brazil), Air Qual.
Atmos. Hlth., 11, 271–283, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0531-7, 2018.
Celik, S., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., Brooks, J., Darbyshire, E., Coe, H., Paris, J.-D., Eger, P. G., Schuladen, J., Tadic, I., Friedrich, N., Dienhart, D., Hottmann, B., Fischer, H., Crowley, J. N., Harder, H., and Borrmann, S.: Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: in situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4713–4734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4713-2020, 2020.
Ciccioli, P., Cecinato, A., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Zacchei, P.,
Miguel, A. H., and Vasconcellos, P. D.: Formation and transport of
2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene of photochemical origin in the
troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19567–19581, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02118, 1996.
Charrier, J. G. and Anastasio, C.: On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9321–9333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9321-2012, 2012.
Clergé, A., Le Goff, J., Lopez, C., Ledauphin, J., and Delépée,
R.: Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential
genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health, Crit. Rev. Toxicol.,
49, 302–328, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333,
2019.
Collins, J. F., Brown, J. P., Alexeeff, G. V., and Salmon, A. G.: Potency
equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 28, 45–54,
https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1998.1235, 1998.
Dang, J., Shi, X., Zhang, Q., Hu, J., and Wang, W.: Mechanism and thermal rate
constant for the gas-phase ozonolysis of acenaphthylene in the atmosphere,
Sci. Total Environ., 514, 344–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.009, 2015.
Degrendele, C., Okonski, K., Melymuk, L., Landlová, L., Kukuĉka, P.,
Ĉupr, P., and Klánová, J.: Size specific distribution of the
atmospheric particulate PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PAHs on a seasonal scale:
Implications for cancer risks from inhalation, Atmos. Environ., 98,
410–416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.001, 2014.
Di Filippo, P., Riccardi, C., Pomata, D., and Buiarelli, F.: Concentrations
of PAHs, and nitro- and methyl-derivatives associated with a size segregated
urban aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2742–2749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.035, 2010.
Ding, X., Wang, X.-M., Xie, Z.-Q., Xiang, C.-H., Mai, B.-X., Sun, L.-G.,
Zheng, M., Sheng, G.-Y., Fu, J.-M., and Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons observed over the North Pacific Ocean and
the Arctic area: spatial distribution and source identification, Atmos.
Environ., 41, 2061–2072, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.002, 2007.
Drotikova, T., Ali, A. M., Halse, A. K., Reinardy, H. C., and Kallenborn, R.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxy- and nitro-PAHs in ambient air of the Arctic town Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9997–10014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9997-2020, 2020.
Drotikova, T., Dekhtyareva, A., Kallenborn, R., and Albinet, A.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives in the Arctic boundary layer: seasonal trends and local anthropogenic influence, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14351–14370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14351-2021, 2021.
Durant, J. L., Busby Jr.,
W. F., Lafleur, A. L., Penman, B. W., and Crespi, C. L.: Human cell
mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols, Mutat. Res., 371, 123–157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90103-2, 1996.
ECHA (European Chemicals Agency): Grouping speeds up regulatory action –
integrated regulatory strategy annual report 2020, European Chemicals Agency, https://doi.org/10.2823/092964, 2021.
Eger, P. G., Friedrich, N., Schuladen, J., Shenolikar, J., Fischer, H., Tadic, I., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Rohloff, R., Tauer, S., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., Brooks, J., Darbyshire, E., Sciare, J., Pikridas, M., Lelieveld, J., and Crowley, J. N.: Shipborne measurements of ClNO2 in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula during summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12121–12140, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12121-2019, 2019.
El Alawi, Y. S., McConkey,
B. J., Dixon, D. G., and Greenberg, B. M.: Measurement of short and
long-term toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using luminescent
bacteria, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 51, 12–21, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2001.2108, 2002.
Fan, Z. H., Kamens, R. M., Hu, J. X., Zhang, J. B., and McDow, S.:
Photostability of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on combustion soot
particles in sunlight, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1358–1364, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00347-N, 1996.
Feilberg, A. and Nielsen, T.: Effect of aerosol chemical composition on the
photodegradation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 34, 789–797, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990566r, 2000.
Feilberg, A., Kamens, R. M., Strommen, M. R., and Nielsen, T.: Modeling the
formation, decay, and partitioning of semivolatile nitro-polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (nitronaphthalenes) in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 33,
1231–1243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00275-1, 1999.
Feilberg, A., Poulsen, M. W. B., Nielsen, T., and Skov, H.: Occurrence and
sources of particulate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air
in Denmark, Atmos. Environ., 35, 353–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00142-4, 2001.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts Jr., J. N.: Chemistry of the upper and lower
atmosphere, 1st Edn., Academic Press, New York, United States, 1999.
Friedrich, N., Eger, P., Shenolikar, J., Sobanski, N., Schuladen, J., Dienhart, D., Hottmann, B., Tadic, I., Fischer, H., Martinez, M., Rohloff, R., Tauer, S., Harder, H., Pfannerstill, E. Y., Wang, N., Williams, J., Brooks, J., Drewnick, F., Su, H., Li, G., Cheng, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crowley, J. N.: Reactive nitrogen around the Arabian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean Sea during the 2017 AQABA ship campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7473–7498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7473-2021, 2021.
Gao, S., Zhang, Y., Meng, J., and Shu, J.: Online investigations on
ozonation products of pyrene and benz[a]anthracene particles with a vacuum
ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Atmos.
Environ., 43, 3319–3325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.021, 2009.
Gao, Y., Lyu, Y., and Li, X.: Size distribution of airborne particle-bound
PAHs and o-PAHs and their implications for dry deposition, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 21, 1184–1192, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9em00174c, 2019.
Garcia, K. O., Teixeira, E. C., Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., Braga, M.,
Alabarse, P. G., Wiegand, F., Kautzmann, R. M., and Silva, L. F. O.:
Assessment of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM1 near an
area of heavy-duty traffic, Sci. Total Environ., 479–480, 57–65,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.126, 2014.
Gogou, A., Stratigakis, N., Kanakidou, M., and Stephanou, E. G.: Organic
aerosols in Eastern Mediterranean: components source reconciliation by using
molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories, Org. Geochem., 25,
79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00105-2, 1996.
González-Gaya, B., Martínez-Varela, A., Vila-Costa, M., Casal, P.,
Cerro-Gálvez, E., Berrojalbiz, N., and Jiménez, B.: Biodegradation
as an important sink of aromatic hydrocarbons in the oceans, Nat. Geosci.,
12, 119–125, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0285-3, 2019.
Harrison, R. M., Alam, M. S., Dang, J., Ismail, I. M., Basahi, J., Alghamdi,
M. A., Hassan, I. A., and Khoder, M.: Relationship of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons with oxy(quinone) and nitro derivatives during air mass
transport, Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1175–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.030, 2016.
Helmig, D. and Harger, W. P.: OH radical-initiated gas-phase
reaction-products of phenanthrene, Sci. Total Environ., 148, 11–21,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90368-9, 1994.
Hens, K., Novelli, A., Martinez, M., Auld, J., Axinte, R., Bohn, B., Fischer, H., Keronen, P., Kubistin, D., Nölscher, A. C., Oswald, R., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Regelin, E., Sander, R., Sinha, V., Sipilä, M., Taraborrelli, D., Tatum Ernest, C., Williams, J., Lelieveld, J., and Harder, H.: Observation and modelling of HOx radicals in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8723–8747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8723-2014, 2014.
Hussain, M., Madl, P., and Khan, A.: Lung deposition predictions of airborne
particles and the emergence of contemporary diseases, part-I, Health, 2,
51–59, 2011.
Iakovides, M., Stephanou, E. G., Apostolaki, M., Hadjicharalambous, M., Evans, J. S., Koutrakis, P., and Achilleos, S.: Study of the occurrence of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with respirable particles in two coastal cities at Eastern Mediterranean: Levels, source apportionment, and potential risk for human health, Atmos. Environ., 213, 170–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.059 2019.
Iakovides, M., Apostolaki, M., and Stephanou, E. G.: PAHs, PCBs and
organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of Eastern Mediterranean:
Investigation of their occurrence, sources and gas-particle partitioning in
relation to air mass transport pathways, Atmos. Environ., 244, 117931,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117931, 2021.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Polynuclear aromatic
compounds. Part 1. Chemical, environmental and experimental data. IARC
monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans,
IARC, Vol. 32, Lyon, France, 978-92-832-1232-4, 1983.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Some chemicals present
in industrial and consumer products, food and drinking-water, IARC, Vol.
101, Lyon, France, 978-92-832-1324-6, 2012a.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Diesel and gasoline
exhausts and some nitroarenes, IARC monographs on the evaluation of
carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, IARC, Vol. 105, Lyon, France,
2012b.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Agents classified by the
IARC monographs, Vol. 1–123, http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder.pdf
(last access: 4 January 2022), 2018.
Idowu, O., Semple, K. T., Ramadass, K., O'Connor, W., Hansbro, P., and
Thavamani, P.: Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of
polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Int., 123, 543–557,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.051, 2019.
Jang, M. and McDow, S. R.: Products of benz[a]anthracene photodegradation in
the presence of known organic constituents of atmospheric aerosols, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 31, 1046–1053, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960559s, 1997.
Jariyasopit, N., Harner, T., Shin, C., and Park, R.: The effects of plume
episodes on PAC profiles in the athabasca oil sands region, Environ.
Pollut., 282, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117014, 2021.
Jaward, F. M., Barber, J. L., Booij, K., and Jones, K. C.: Spatial
distribution of atmospheric PAHs and PCNs along a north–south Atlantic
transect, Environ. Pollut., 132, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.03.029, 2004.
Jin, R., Zheng, M., Lammel, G., Bandowe, B. A. M., and Liu, G.: Chlorinated
and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources, formation
mechanisms, and occurrence in the environment, Prog. Energ. Combust.,
76, 100803, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100803, 2020.
Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Kukkonen, J.: Global assessment of
shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution, Atmos.
Environ., 167, 403–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.042, 2017.
Kamens, R. M., Zhi-Hua, F., Yao, Y., Chen, D., Chen, S., and Vartianen, M.:
A methodology for modeling the formation and decay of nitro-PAH in the
atmosphere, Chemosphere, 28, 1623–1632, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90421-9, 1994.
Kautzman, K. E., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., Chan, A. W. H., S. P.,
Chhabra, P. S., Dalleska, N. F., Wennberg, P. O., Flagan, R. C., and
Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemical composition of gas- and aerosol-phase products from
the photooxidation of naphthalene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 114, 913–934, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908530s, 2010.
Keith, L. H.: The source of U.S. EPA's sixteen PAH priority pollutants,
Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 35, 147–160, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2014.892886, 2015.
Kelly, J. M., Ivatt, P. D., Evans, M. J., Kroll, J. H., Hrdina, A. I. H.,
Kohale, I. N., White, F. M., Engelward, B. P., and Selin, N. E.: Global cancer
risk from unregulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, GeoHealth, 5,
e2021GH000401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GH000401, 2021.
Keyte, I. J., Harrison, R. M., and Lammel, G.: Chemical reactivity and
long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a
review, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 9333–9391, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60147A, 2013.
Keyte, I. J., Albinet, A., and Harrison, R. M.: On-road traffic emissions of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxy- and nitro- derivative
compounds measured in road tunnel environments, Sci. Total Environ.,
566–567, 1131–1142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.152, 2016.
Kim, S. K. and Chae, D. H.: Seasonal variation in diffusive exchange of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across the air-seawater interface in
coastal urban area, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 109, 221–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.078, 2016.
Kitanovski, Z., Shahpoury, P., Samara, C., Voliotis, A., and Lammel, G.:
Composition and mass size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic
compounds in ambient particulate matter from southern and central Europe –
implications for the origin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2471–2487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2471-2020, 2020.
Lammel, G.: Polycyclic aromatic compounds in the atmosphere – a review
identifying research needs, Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 35, 316–329,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2014.931870, 2015.
Lammel, G., Meixner, F. X., Vrana, B., Efstathiou, C. I., Kohoutek, J.,
Kukučka, P., Mulder, M. D., Přibylová, P., Prokeš, R.,
Rusina, T. P., Song, G.-Z., and Tsapakis, M.: Bidirectional air–sea
exchange and accumulation of POPs (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs) in the
nocturnal marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6381–6393,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6381-2016, 2016.
Lammel, G., Mulder, M. D., Shahpoury, P., Kukučka, P., Lišková, H., Přibylová, P., Prokeš, R., and Wotawa, G.: Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – gas–particle partitioning, mass size distribution, and formation along transport in marine and continental background air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6257–6270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6257-2017, 2017.
Lammel, G., Kitanovski, Z., Kukuĉka, P., Novák, J., Arangio, A. M.,
Codling, G. P., Filippi, A., Hovorka, J., Kuta, J., Leoni, C.,
Přibylová, P., Prokeš, R., Sáňka, O., Shahpoury, P., Tong, H.
J., and Wietzoreck, M.: Oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in ambient air levels, phase partitioning, mass size
distributions, and inhalation bioaccessibility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54,
2615–2625, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06820, 2020.
Lee, S., Hong, S., Liu, X., Kim, C., Jung, D., Yim, U. H., Shim, W. J.,
Khim, J. S., Giesy, J. P., and Choi, K.: Endocrine disrupting potential of
PAHs and their alkylated analogues associated with oil spills, Environ.
Sci.-Proc. Imp., 19, 1117–1125, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EM00125H, 2017.
Lelieveld, J., Berresheim, H., Borrmann, S., Crutzen, P. J., Dentener, F.
J., Fischer, H., Feichter, J., Flatau, P. J., Heland, J., Holzinger, R.,
Korrmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Levin, Z., Markowicz, K. M., Mihalopoulos,
N., Minikin, A., Ramanathan, V., de Reus, M., Roelofs, G. J., Scheeren, H.
A., Sciare, J., Schlager, H., Schultz, M., Siegmund, P., Steil, B.,
Stephanou, E. G., Stier, P., Traub, M., Warneke, C., Williams, J., and
Ziereis, H.: Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean,
Science, 298, 794–799, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075457, 2002.
Lelieveld, J., Hoor, P., Jöckel, P., Pozzer, A., Hadjinicolaou, P., Cammas, J.-P., and Beirle, S.: Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1393–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1393-2009, 2009.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The
contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a
global scale, Nature, 525, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Lelieveld, J., Klingmuller, K., Pozzer, A., Poschl, U., Fnais, M., Daiber,
A., and Munzel, T.: Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution
in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions, Eur. Heart J., 40,
1590–1596, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz135, 2019.
Li, W., Wang, C., Shen, H., Su, S., Shen, G., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen,
Y., Chen, H., Lin, N., Zhuo, S., Zhong, Q., Wang, X., Liu, J., Li, B., Liu,
W., and Tao, S.: Concentrations and origins of nitro-polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in
urban and rural areas in northern China, Environ. Pollut., 197, 156–164,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.019, 2015.
Lin, Y., Ma, Y., Qiu, X., Li, R., Fang, Y., Wang, J., Zhu, Y., and Hu, D.:
Sources, transformation, and health implications of PAHs and their nitrated,
hydroxylated, and oxygenated derivatives in PM2.5 in Beijing, J.
Geophys. Res., 120, 7219–7228, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023628, 2015.
Lohmann, R. and Lammel, G.: Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the
gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: state of
knowledge and recommended parametrization for modelling, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 38, 3793–3803, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035337q,
2004.
Lohmann, R., Klánová, J., Přibylová, P., Lisková, H.,
Yonis, S., and Bollinger, K.: PAHs on a west-to-east transect across the
tropical Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2570–2578, https://doi.org/10.1021/es304764e, 2013.
Lyu, Y., Guo, H., Cheng, T., and Li, X.: Particle size distributions of
oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles: Assessing contributions
from quinones and water-soluble metals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52,
6592–6600, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06686, 2018.
Mandalakis, M., Tsapakis, M., Tsoga, A., and Stephanou, E. G.: Gas-particle
concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and
PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece), Atmos. Environ., 36,
4023–4035, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00362-X, 2002.
Marino, F., Cecinato, A., and Siskos, P. A.: Nitro-PAH in ambient
particulate matter in the atmosphere of Athens, Chemosphere, 40, 533–537,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00308-2, 2000.
Martinez, M., Harder, H., Kubistin, D., Rudolf, M., Bozem, H., Eerdekens, G., Fischer, H., Klüpfel, T., Gurk, C., Königstedt, R., Parchatka, U., Schiller, C. L., Stickler, A., Williams, J., and Lelieveld, J.: Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rainforest: airborne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3759–3773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3759-2010, 2010.
Max Planck Society, KEEPER: Max Planck Digital Library, [data set], https://keeper.mpdl.mpg.de, last access: 12 December 2021.
Menichini, E. and Monfredini, F.: A field comparison of “total suspended
particles” and “PM10” air samplers in collecting polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 61, 299–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319508027245, 1995.
Meusel, H., Kuhn, U., Reiffs, A., Mallik, C., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Schuladen, J., Bohn, B., Parchatka, U., Crowley, J. N., Fischer, H., Tomsche, L., Novelli, A., Hoffmann, T., Janssen, R. H. H., Hartogensis, O., Pikridas, M., Vrekoussis, M., Bourtsoukidis, E., Weber, B., Lelieveld, J., Williams, J., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y., and Su, H.: Daytime formation of nitrous acid at a coastal remote site in Cyprus indicating a common ground source of atmospheric HONO and NO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14475–14493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14475-2016, 2016.
Minero, C., Maurino, V., Borghesi, D., Pelizzetti, E., and Vione, D.: An
overview of possible processes able to account for the occurrence of
nitro-PAHs in the Antarctic particulate matter, Microchem. J., 96, 213–216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.07.013, 2010.
Nalin, F., Golly, B., Besombes, J.-L., Pelletier, C., Aujay, R., Verlhac, S., Dermigny, A., Fievet, A., Karoski, N., Dubois, P., Collet, S., Favez, O., and Albinet, A.: Fast oxidation processes
from 90 emission to ambient air introduction of aerosol emitted by residential log wood stoves, Atmos. Environ., 143, 15–26,
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.002, 2016.
Nassar, H. F., Tang, N., Kameda, T., Toriba, A., Khoder, M. I., and Hayakawa,
K.: Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
selected nitrated derivatives in Greater Cairo, Egypt, Atmos. Environ., 45,
7352–7359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.043,
2011.
Nežiková, B., Degrendele, C., Bandowe, B. A. M., Šmejkalová,
A. H., Kukučka, P., Martiník, J., Mayer, L., Prokeš, R.,
Přibylová, P., Klánová, J., and Lammel, G.: Three years of
atmospheric concentrations of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and oxygen heterocycles at a central European background site,
Chemosphere, 269, 128738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128738, 2021.
Novelli, A., Hens, K., Tatum Ernest, C., Kubistin, D., Regelin, E., Elste, T., Plass-Dülmer, C., Martinez, M., Lelieveld, J., and Harder, H.: Characterisation of an inlet pre-injector laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the measurement of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3413–3430, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3413-2014, 2014.
OEHHA (California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment):
Chemicals, https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/, last access: 2
December 2021.
Perraudin, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.: Identification and
quantification of primary ozonation products of phenanthrene and anthracene
adsorbed on silica particles, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6005–6017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.010, 2007.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Wang, N., Edtbauer, A., Bourtsoukidis, E., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P. G., Ernle, L., Fischer, H., Hottmann, B., Paris, J.-D., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Shipborne measurements of total OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula and its role in ozone chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11501–11523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11501-2019, 2019.
Pisso, I., Sollum, E., Grythe, H., Kristiansen, N. I., Cassiani, M., Eckhardt, S., Arnold, D., Morton, D., Thompson, R. L., Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Evangeliou, N., Sodemann, H., Haimberger, L., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Burkhart, J. F., Fouilloux, A., Brioude, J., Philipp, A., Seibert, P., and Stohl, A.: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 10.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4955–4997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4955-2019, 2019.
Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., Paatero, P., Malm, W. C., and Sisler, J. F.:
Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental composition and sources, J.
Geophys. Res., 103, 19045–19057, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD01212, 1998.
Pryor, S. C., Gallagher, M.; Sievering, H., Larsen, S. E., Barthelmie, R.
J., Birsan, F., Nemitz, E., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., Grönholm, T., Taipale, R., and Vesala, T.: A review of measurement and
modelling results of particle atmosphere–surface exchange, Tellus B,
60, 42–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00298.x,
2008.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation,
Atmos. Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Reisen, F. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric reactions influence seasonal PAH and
nitro-PAH concentrations in the Los Angeles basin, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
39, 64–73, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035454l, 2005.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave,
E.: Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs)
adsorbed on natural aerosol particles exposed to atmospheric oxidants,
Atmos. Environ., 61, 15–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.025, 2012a.
Ringuet, J., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and Albinet, A.: Particle size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) on traffic and suburban sites of a European megacity: Paris (France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8877–8887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8877-2012, 2012b.
Schaub, D., Brunner, D., Boersma, K. F., Keller, J., Folini, D., Buchmann, B., Berresheim, H., and Staehelin, J.: SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzerland: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of the complex Alpine topography on the retrieval, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5971–5987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5971-2007, 2007.
Scipioni, C.,
Villanueva, F., Pozo, K., and Mabilia, R.: Preliminary characterization of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in atmospheric PM10 of
an urban and a remote area of Chile, Environ. Technol., 33, 809–820,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.597433, 2012.
Seibert, P. and Frank, A.: Source-receptor matrix calculation with a
Lagrangian particle dispersion model in backward mode, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
4, 51–63, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-51-2004, 2004.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, USA, LCCN 2015043236, ISBN 9781118947401, 2016.
Shah, V., Jacob, D. J., Li, K., Silvern, R. F., Zhai, S., Liu, M., Lin, J., and Zhang, Q.: Effect of changing NOx lifetime on the seasonality and long-term trends of satellite-observed tropospheric NO2 columns over China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1483–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1483-2020, 2020.
Shen, J., Zhang, S., Lian, J., Kong, L., and Chen, J.: Benz[a]anthracene
heterogeneous photochemical reaction on the surface of TiO2 particles,
Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 23, 1531–1536, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-1508(07)60078-3, 2007.
Shiraiwa, M., Garland, R. M., and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic double-layer model of aerosol surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions (K2-SURF): Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposed to O3, NO2, H2O, OH and NO3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9571–9586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9571-2009, 2009.
Shiraiwa, M., Ueda, K., Pozzer, A., Lammel, G., Kampf, C. J., Fushimi, A.,
Enami, S., Arangio, A. M., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Fujitani, Y.,
Furuyama, A., Lakey, P. S. J., Lelieveld, J., Lucas, K., Morino, Y.,
Pöschl, U., Takahama, S., Takami, A., Tong, H., Weber, B., Yoshino, A.,
and Sato, K.: Aerosol health effects from molecular to global scales,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 1354513567, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04417, 2017.
Škrdlíková, L., Landlová, L., Klánová, J., and Lammel, G.: Wet deposition and scavenging efficiency of gaseous and
particulate phase polycyclic aromatic compounds at a central European
suburban site, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4305–4312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.072, 2011.
Srivastava, D., Tomaz, S., Favez, O., Lanzafame, G. M., Golly, B., Besombes,
J.-L., Alleman, L. Y., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Jacob, V., Perraudin, E., Villenave,
E., and Albinet, A.: Speciation of organic fraction does matter for source
apportionment. Part 1: A one-year campaign in Grenoble (France), Sci. Total
Environ., 624, 1598–1611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.135, 2018.
Srogi, K.: Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 5, 169–195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0, 2007.
Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461–2474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005, 2005.
Streibel, T., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Czech, H., Harndorf, H., Jakobi, G.,
Jokiniemi, J., Karg, E., Lintelmann, J., Matuschek, G., Michalke, B.,
Müller, L., Orasche, J., Passig, J.,Radischat, C., Rabe, R., Reda, A.,
Rüger, C., Schwemer, T., Sippula, O., Stengel, B., Sklorz, M., Torvela,
T., Weggler, B., and Zimmermann, R.: Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel
engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil, Environ. Sci. Pollut.
R., 24, 10976–10991, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6724-z, 2017.
Sverdrup, L. E., Ekelund, F., Krogh, P. H., Nielsen, T., and Johnsen, K.:
Soil microbial toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds: effects on
nitrification, the genetic diversity of bacteria, and the total number of
protozoans, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1644–1650, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210815, 2002a.
Sverdrup, L. E., Krogh, P. H., Nielsen, T., and Stenersen, J.: Relative
sensitivity of three terrestrial invertebrate tests to polycyclic aromatic
compounds, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1927–1933, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210921, 2002b.
Tadic, I., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P., Harder, H., Hottmann, B.,
Martinez, M., Parchatka, U., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Rohloff, R.,
Schuladen, J., Shenolikar, J., Tauer, S., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.:
Net ozone production and its relationship to nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6769–6787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6769-2020, 2020.
Tang, N., Sato, K., Tokuda, T., Tatematsu, M., Hama, H., Suematsu, C.,
Kameda, T., Toriba, A., and Hayakawa, K.: Factors affecting atmospheric 1-,
2-nitropyrenes and 2-nitrofluoranthene in winter at Noto Peninsula, a remote
background site, Japan, Chemosphere, 107, 324–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.077, 2014.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namieśnik, J.: PAH diagnostic ratios for the
identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162,
110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Tomaz, S., Shahpoury, P., Jaffrezo, J. L., Lammel, G., Perraudin, E.,
Villenave, E., and Albinet, A.: One-year study of polycyclic aromatic
compounds at an urban site in Grenoble (France): seasonal variations,
gas/particle partitioning and cancer risk estimation, Sci. Total Environ.,
565, 1071–1083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.137, 2016.
Tomaz, S., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Favez, O., Perraudin, E., Villenave, E., and
Albinet, A.: Sources and atmospheric chemistry of oxy- and nitro-PAHs in the
ambient air of Grenoble (France), Atmos. Environ., 161, 144–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.042, 2017.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G.: Occurrence of gaseous and particulate
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources
and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and
distribution, Environ. Pollut., 133, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012, 2005.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G.: Diurnal cycle of PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and
oxy-PAHs in a high oxidation capacity marine background atmosphere, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 41, 8011–8017, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071160e, 2007.
Turcotte, D., Akhtar, P., Bowerman, M., Kiparissis, Y., Brown, R. S., and
Hodson, P. V.: Measuring the toxicity of alkyl-phenanthrenes to early life
stages of medaka (Oryzias latipes) using partition controlled delivery,
Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 487–495, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.404, 2011.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency): Estimation Programs
Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v 4.11, https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface (last access: 5 January 2022)
2019.
Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., Triantafyllaki, S., Dassenakis, M.,
Androutsos, F., and Scoullos, M.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
surface seawater and in indigenous mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from
coastal areas of the Saronikos Gulf (Greece), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 79,
733–739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.06.018, 2008.
van Drooge, B. L., Fernández, P., Grimalt, J. O., Stuchlík, E.,
Torres García, C. J., and Cuevas, E.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in remote European and Atlantic sites located above the
boundary mixing layer, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 17, 1207–1216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0296-0, 2010.
Verma, V., Wang, Y., El-Afifi, R., Fang, T., Rowland, J., Russell, A. G.,
and Weber, R. J.: Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for
their reactive oxygen species activity – Assessing the importance of
quinones and atmospheric aging, Atmos. Environ., 120, 351–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.010, 2015.
Vincenti, M., Maurino, V., Minero, C., and Pelizzetti, E.: Detection of
nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Antarctic airborne
particulate, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 79, 257–272, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310108044388, 2001.
Walgraeve, C., Demeestere, K., Dewulf, J., Zimmermann, R., and Van
Langenhove, H.: Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric
particulate matter: molecular characterization and occurrence, Atmos.
Environ., 44, 1831–1846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.004, 2010.
Wang, L., Atkinson, R., and Arey, J.: Formation of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone
by atmospheric gas-phase reactions of phenanthrene, Atmos. Environ., 41,
2025–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.008, 2007.
Wang, N., Edtbauer, A., Stönner, C., Pozzer, A., Bourtsoukidis, E., Ernle, L., Dienhart, D., Hottmann, B., Fischer, H., Schuladen, J., Crowley, J. N., Paris, J.-D., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10807–10829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10807-2020, 2020.
Wassenaar, P. N. H. and Verbruggen, E. M. J.: Persistence, bioaccumulation
and toxicity-assessment of petroleum UVCBs: A case study on alkylated
three-ring PAHs, Chemosphere, 276, 130113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130113, 2021.
Wei, C., Han, Y. M., Bandowe, B. A. M., Cao, J. J., Huang, R. J., Ni, H. Y.,
Tian, J., and Wilcke, W.: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and
carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and
nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China, Sci. Total
Environ., 505, 814–822, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.054, 2015.
WHO: Selected nitro-and nitro-oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, EHC
(Environmental Health Criteria) 229, WHO Library, World Health Organization, ISBN 9241572299,
2003.
Wilson, J., Octaviani, M., Bandowe, B. A. M., Wietzoreck, M., Zetzsch, C.,
Pöschl, U., Berkemeier, T., and Lammel, G.: Modeling the formation,
degradation, and spatiotemporal distribution of 2-nitrofluoranthene in the
global atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 14224–14234, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04319, 2020.
Xiong, Q., Yu, H., Wang, R., Wei, J., and Verma, V.: Rethinking
dithiothreitol-based particulate matter oxidative potential: measuring
dithiothreitol consumption versus reactive oxygen species generation,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6507–6514, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01272, 2017.
Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D.,
and Sylvestre, S.: PAHs in the Fraser river basin: a critical appraisal of
PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Org. Geochem., 33,
489–515, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5, 2002.
Zhang, J., Yang, L., Mellouki, A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Jiang, P.,
Li, Y., Yu, H., and Wang, W: Atmospheric PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs at an urban,
mountainous, and marine sites in Northern China: Molecular composition,
sources, and ageing, Atmos. Environ., 173, 256–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.002, 2018.
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Sun, L., Yang, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, Y., and
Mao, H.: Characterization of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-and oxy-PAHs) emissions from two
ship engines under different operating conditions, Chemosphere, 225, 43–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.022, 2019.
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, J., Peng, S., Hong, N., Hu, J., Ly, J., Wang,
T., and Mao, H.: Emission characteristics and temporal variation of PAHs and
their derivatives from an ocean-going cargo vessel, Chemosphere, 249,
126194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126194,
2020.
Zhao, Y., Cao, L., Zhou, Q., Que, Q., and Hong, B.: Effects of oil pipeline
explosion on ambient particulate matter and their associated polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Pollut., 196, 440–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.012, 2015.
Zhuo, S., Du, W., Shen, G., Li, B., Liu, J., Cheng, H., Xing, B., and Tao,
S.: Estimating relative contributions of primary and secondary sources of
ambient nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos.
Environ., 159, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.003, 2017.
Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., McDonald, J. D., Whitney, K., and Lawson, D.
R.: Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use
diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles, J. Air Waste Manage., 54,
1138–1150, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10470973, 2004.
Zimmermann, K., Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Kojima, Y., and Inazu, K.: Isomer
distributions of molecular weight 247 and 273 nitro-PAHs in ambient samples,
NIST Diesel SRM, and from radical-initiated chamber reactions, Atmos.
Environ., 55, 431–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.016, 2012.
Short summary
A unique dataset of concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated derivatives, in total 74 individual species, in the marine atmosphere is presented. Exposure to these substances poses a major health risk. We found very low concentrations over the Arabian Sea, while both local and long-range-transported pollution caused elevated levels over the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Gulf.
A unique dataset of concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint