Articles | Volume 19, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1881-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1881-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Feb 2019
Research article |
| 12 Feb 2019
| 12 Feb 2019
Impacts of short-term mitigation measures on PM2.5 and radiative effects: a case study at a regional background site near Beijing, China
Qiyuan Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
Suixin Liu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Nan Li
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University
of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Wenting Dai
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Yunfei Wu
Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate
East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Jie Tian
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
Yaqing Zhou
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Meng Wang
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Steven Sai Hang Ho
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Yang Chen
Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
Renjian Zhang
Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate
East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Shuyu Zhao
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Chongshu Zhu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Yongming Han
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
Xuexi Tie
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Junji Cao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
Related authors
Yuxuan Lu, Ruonan Wang, Ningning Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Yuepeng Pan, Qian Jiang, and Xuexi Tie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2692, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored how ammonia reacts with secondary organic aerosols over northern China using model simulations constrained by observational data. The reaction had little effect on overall fine particle pollution but produced noticeable nitrogen-containing organic particles, improving understanding of atmospheric pollution formation and chemical processes in air quality models.
Jingnan Shi, Zhisheng Zhang, Li Li, Li Liu, Yaqing Zhou, Shuang Han, Shaobin Zhang, Minghua Liang, Linhong Xie, Weikang Ran, Shaowen Zhu, Hanbing Xu, Jiangchuan Tao, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, and Juan Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the aerosol hygroscopicity and mixing state at Huashan (2060 m), a key free tropospheric site in central China. We find that hygroscopicity depends on particle size, source-related changes, and moisture-driven processing, which distinguishes this region from other high-altitude regions and may provide key constraints for aerosol-cloud and regional climate models.
Minxia Shen, Weining Qi, Yali Liu, Yifan Zhang, Wenting Dai, Lu Li, Xiao Guo, Yue Cao, Yingkun Jiang, Qian Wang, Shicong Li, Qiyuan Wang, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16147–16165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how dust transport modulates oxalic acid formation pathways in aerosols across different elevations of Mount Hua. During dust events, oxalic acid and precursors shift from fine to coarse particles, with concurrent heterogeneous reactions on coarse particle surfaces. The characteristic isotopic fractionation signatures accompanying these transformations yield novel theoretical frameworks for elucidating aerosol aging mechanisms in mountainous environments.
Zheng Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, Jie Tian, Yaqing Zhou, Ge Xu, Miao Gao, Xiaoxian Zhou, Yang Zhang, Weikang Ran, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yunfei Wu, Junji Cao, Hang Su, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11051–11065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results demonstrate that the reduction in mass absorption efficiency from biomass burning is mainly driven by the decline in the imaginary part, with particle size playing a minor role. And light absorption of oxygenated brown carbon (BrC) increases significantly with aging, but hydrocarbon-like BrC decreases over time. These results emphasize the necessity to classify BrC into different groups based on their mass absorption efficiency and atmospheric behavior in climate models.
Xuehong Gong, Zeyu Liu, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Guohui Li, Zhisheng An, and Yongming Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10379–10401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10379-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied wildfire carbon dioxide emissions across China from 2001 to 2022 and found that cropland and forest fires are the main contributors. While forest and shrub fires have decreased, cropland fires are rising, especially in northeastern China. Our findings suggest that climate and local policies affect wildfire emissions and that better fire management is needed to reduce future carbon impacts.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Yong Zhang, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Lu Qi, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Yuemei Han, Weikang Ran, Yele Sun, Huikun Liu, Renjian Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Tianqu Cui, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, Jay Gates Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9455–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution still frequently occurs in northern China during winter, and it is necessary to figure out the causes of air pollution based on intensive real-time measurement. The findings elaborate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM2.5 in three pilot cities, reveal potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, and highlight the importance of controlling biomass burning and inhibiting generation of secondary aerosol for air quality improvement.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yongyong Ma, Jin Wang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). BrC made a substantial contribution to the submicron aerosol absorption, which is related to the cross-border transport of biomass burning emission and secondary aerosol from Southeast Asia. The radiative effect of BrC was half that of black carbon, which can remarkably affect the radiative balance of the TP.
Qian Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Zhichun Wu, Bin Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Jian Sun, Hongmei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhihua Li, Junji Cao, and Zhenxing Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the brown carbon (BrC) molecules and their absorbing abilities on a molecular level from animal dung fuel combustion over the Tibetan Plateau region in China. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with the partial least squares regression were precisely applied to characterize the molecular absorptions, key molecular markers, and radiative effects of BrC from household combustion scenarios at the high-altitude area.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Bianhong Zhou, Yao Qu, Jie Tian, Ting Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11739–11757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative effect (DRE) of black carbon (BC). The finding from this study elaborated the impacts of different scales of atmospheric motion on source-specific BC and its DREs, which revealed the nonlinear change between BC mass concentration and its DREs and emphasizes the importance of regionally transported BC for potential climatic effects.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Yongyong Ma, Suixin Liu, Yong Zhang, Weikang Ran, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8369–8384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol optical properties and the direct radiative effect (DRE) at an urban site in China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total light extinction coefficient (bext) decreased under emission control measures; however, bext from biomass burning increased due to the undiminished need for residential cooking and heating. Biomass burning, rather than traffic-related emissions, became the largest positive effect contributor to aerosol DRE in the lockdown.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Yuxuan Lu, Ruonan Wang, Ningning Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Yuepeng Pan, Qian Jiang, and Xuexi Tie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2692, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored how ammonia reacts with secondary organic aerosols over northern China using model simulations constrained by observational data. The reaction had little effect on overall fine particle pollution but produced noticeable nitrogen-containing organic particles, improving understanding of atmospheric pollution formation and chemical processes in air quality models.
Wenfang Wang, Pengfei Tian, Shuhua Zeng, Yifei Zhang, Zeren Yu, Chen Cui, Yunfei Wu, Min Chen, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6471–6487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6471-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6471-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We separated the roles of chemical composition and particle size in influencing absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) using ground and column measurements together with interpretable machine learning. We found that near surface AAE is influenced by higher fine mineral dust and inorganic ions fractions. Fine-mode effective radius has an influence close to black carbon on columnar AAE. Columnar AAE contributes to radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere comparably to single scattering albedo.
Chao Peng, Yan Ding, Zhenliang Li, Tianyu Zhai, Xinping Yang, Mi Tian, Yang Chen, Xin Long, Haohui Tang, Guangming Shi, Liuyi Zhang, Kangyin Zhang, Fumo Yang, and Chongzhi Zhai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 4131–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4131-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4131-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is a dominant component of atmospheric aerosol worldwide, and it is recognized as a key factor affecting air quality and possibly climate. We revealed the aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation and brownness from aged biomass-burning emissions and highlighted the importance of aqueous-phase reactions on air quality and climate. The aqueous secondary organic aerosol from aged biomass-burning emissions should be taken into account in air quality and climate models.
Ruonan Wang, Ningning Zhang, Jiarui Wu, Qian Jiang, Jiaoyang Yu, Yuxuan Lu, and Xuexi Tie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3417–3438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3417-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3417-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution in China has shifted from particles to ozone as a main concern in warm-seasons. We combined ten years of observations with model simulations to explore how ozone and secondary particles change in the Guanzhong Basin. We find that chemical drivers shift during the season, leading to different pollution responses. These insights point to targeted, season-specific strategies that can improve air quality more effectively.
Qian Wang, Xiao Guo, Minxia Shen, Yali Liu, Yifan Zhang, Lu Li, Weining Qi, Yue Cao, Shicong Li, Zhuoer Dong, Wenting Dai, and Jianjun Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-609, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-609, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines aerosol acidity in China's semi-arid Guanzhong Plain, revealing higher pH in winter and lower in summer, with a shift from acidic to near-neutral ranges as pollution increases. Key driving factors include temperature, NHₓ, SO42-, and spring-specific Ca²⁺, with RH exhibiting a nonlinear effect linked to aerosol water. These findings advance understanding of acid-base processes and inform PM₂.₅ control strategies in ammonia-rich regions.
Yuning Yang, Naifang Bei, Ruonan Wang, Qing Ji, Haiyue Hong, Zhe Li, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-500, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-500, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how air pollution affects snowfall during a winter storm in central China. Using a detailed computer model of weather and air pollution, we compared conditions with different pollution levels. We find that pollution can either increase or decrease snowfall, depending on air moisture and whether snow forms mainly as ice or liquid. Pollution mainly changes how often snowfall occurs, rather than where it falls, improving understanding of weather and climate impacts.
Weibin Zhu, Sai Shang, Jieqi Wang, Yunfei Wu, Zhaoze Deng, Liang Ran, Ye Kuang, Guiqian Tang, Xiangpeng Huang, Xiaole Pan, Lanzhong Liu, Weiqi Xu, Yele Sun, Bo Hu, Zifa Wang, and Zirui Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1947–1965, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1947-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1947-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
NPF (new particle formation) is a key global CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) source, but its contribution at the polluted boundary-layer top remains unclear. Based on mountaintop observations in the Yangtze River Delta, we show that under polluted conditions, NPF at the boundary-layer top is enhanced and accelerates its conversion to CCN. Ammonia plays a key role, and a newly defined "Time Window" metric highlights the importance of oxidation-driven growth and regional transport in this process.
Jingnan Shi, Zhisheng Zhang, Li Li, Li Liu, Yaqing Zhou, Shuang Han, Shaobin Zhang, Minghua Liang, Linhong Xie, Weikang Ran, Shaowen Zhu, Hanbing Xu, Jiangchuan Tao, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, and Juan Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the aerosol hygroscopicity and mixing state at Huashan (2060 m), a key free tropospheric site in central China. We find that hygroscopicity depends on particle size, source-related changes, and moisture-driven processing, which distinguishes this region from other high-altitude regions and may provide key constraints for aerosol-cloud and regional climate models.
Haoran Zhang, Chengchun Shi, Chuanyou Ying, Shengheng Weng, Erling Ni, Lanbu Zhao, Peiheng Yang, Keqin Tang, Xueyu Zhou, Chuanhua Ren, Xuguang Chi, Derong Zhou, Mengmeng Li, Nan Li, Tengyu Liu, and Xin Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16797–16816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16797-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16797-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports a unique diurnal pattern of nitrous acid (HONO), featuring higher concentrations around noon, based on one-month measurements in coastal Fujian, southeast China. Using an improved chemical transport model, we successfully reproduced the observed HONO levels and temporal variations. Further process analyses and sensitivity experiments quantified the formation mechanisms of HONO in coastal areas and shed light on its impact on the formation of OH radicals and ozone.
Minxia Shen, Weining Qi, Yali Liu, Yifan Zhang, Wenting Dai, Lu Li, Xiao Guo, Yue Cao, Yingkun Jiang, Qian Wang, Shicong Li, Qiyuan Wang, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16147–16165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how dust transport modulates oxalic acid formation pathways in aerosols across different elevations of Mount Hua. During dust events, oxalic acid and precursors shift from fine to coarse particles, with concurrent heterogeneous reactions on coarse particle surfaces. The characteristic isotopic fractionation signatures accompanying these transformations yield novel theoretical frameworks for elucidating aerosol aging mechanisms in mountainous environments.
Keqin Tang, Haoran Zhang, Ge Xu, Fengyi Chang, Yang Xu, Ji Miao, Xian Cui, Jianbin Jin, Baojie Li, Ke Li, Hong Liao, and Nan Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14747–14762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14747-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14747-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research combined satellite observations with air quality modeling to establish a high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for Eastern China. Reducing ammonia emissions could lower particulate pollution levels by 1.5–8.8 micrograms per cubic meter and reduce related health risks. Meanwhile, sensitivity simulations highlight the critical need to non-agricultural emission controls for effective particulate mitigation.
Yuhang Hao, Peizhao Li, Yafeng Gou, Zhenshuai Wang, Mi Tian, Yang Chen, Ye Kuang, Hanbing Xu, Fenglian Wan, Yuqian Luo, Wei Huang, and Jing Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12811–12830, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12811-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12811-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intensified heatwaves under global warming have influenced new particle formation (NPF) and related aerosol physicochemical properties. We show that aerosol optical hygroscopicity (f(RH)) was generally higher on NPF days than in non-event cases, likely due to enhanced secondary formation and subsequent growth of both pre-existing and newly formed particles with stronger photooxidation, specifically under persistent heatwaves. This would further impact the aerosol direct radiative forcing.
Shuyu Zhao, Tian Feng, Xuexi Tie, Biao Tian, Xiao Hu, Bo Hu, Dong Yang, Sinan Gu, and Minghu Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12483–12496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12483-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12483-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated how cloud–radiation interactions influence ozone formation in a warming climate. Using measurements, reanalysis data, and models, we found that cloud–radiation interactions can worsen O3 pollution, and climate warming will amplify the influence. We highlight that climate change will pose greater challenges for China's O3 pollution prevention and control, and actions such as reducing O3 precursors emissions and mitigating climate change are urgently needed.
Tian Feng, Guohui Li, Shuyu Zhao, Naifang Bei, Xin Long, Yuepeng Pan, Yu Song, Ruonan Wang, Xuexi Tie, and Luisa T. Molina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11703–11718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11703-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11703-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of agricultural fertilization on nitrogen oxide and air quality are becoming more pronounced with continuous reductions in fossil fuel sources in China. We report that atmospheric nitrogen dioxide pulses driven by agricultural fertilization largely complicate air pollution in the North China Plain, highlighting the necessity of agricultural emission control.
Zheng Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, Jie Tian, Yaqing Zhou, Ge Xu, Miao Gao, Xiaoxian Zhou, Yang Zhang, Weikang Ran, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yunfei Wu, Junji Cao, Hang Su, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11051–11065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results demonstrate that the reduction in mass absorption efficiency from biomass burning is mainly driven by the decline in the imaginary part, with particle size playing a minor role. And light absorption of oxygenated brown carbon (BrC) increases significantly with aging, but hydrocarbon-like BrC decreases over time. These results emphasize the necessity to classify BrC into different groups based on their mass absorption efficiency and atmospheric behavior in climate models.
Naifang Bei, Bo Xiao, Ruonan Wang, Yuning Yang, Lang Liu, Yongming Han, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10931–10948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10931-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10931-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a cloud-resolving model to examine how aerosols influence a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in central China via aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) and aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI). Without ARIs, added aerosols do not significantly affect precipitation due to cloud competition for moisture. ARIs can stabilize or enhance convection. High aerosol levels lead to a combined ARI and ACI effect that greatly reduces precipitation.
Xuehong Gong, Zeyu Liu, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Guohui Li, Zhisheng An, and Yongming Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10379–10401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10379-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied wildfire carbon dioxide emissions across China from 2001 to 2022 and found that cropland and forest fires are the main contributors. While forest and shrub fires have decreased, cropland fires are rising, especially in northeastern China. Our findings suggest that climate and local policies affect wildfire emissions and that better fire management is needed to reduce future carbon impacts.
Jiamao Zhou, Jiarui Wu, Xiaoli Su, Ruonan Wang, Imad EI Haddad, Xia Li, Qian Jiang, Ting Zhang, Wenting Dai, Junji Cao, Andre S. H. Prevot, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7563–7580, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is a type of airborne particle produced from various combustion sources which is light absorption. Historically, climate models have categorizing organic particles as either non-absorbing or purely reflective. Our study shows that BrC can reduce the usual cooling effect of organic particles. While BrC is often linked to biomass burning, however, BrC from fossil fuels contributes significantly to atmospheric heating.
Lang Liu, Xin Long, Yi Li, Zengliang Zang, Fengwen Wang, Yan Han, Zhier Bao, Yang Chen, Tian Feng, and Jinxin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1569–1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1569-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1569-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses WRF-Chem to assess how meteorological conditions and emission reductions affected fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the North China Plain (NCP). It highlights regional disparities: in the northern NCP, adverse weather negated emission reduction effects. In contrast, the southern NCP featured a PM2.5 decrease due to favorable weather and emission reductions. The research highlighted the interaction between emissions, meteorology, and PM2.5.
Yiliang Liu, Arttu Yli-Kujala, Fabian Schmidt-Ott, Sebastian Holm, Lauri Ahonen, Tommy Chan, Joonas Enroth, Joonas Vanhanen, Runlong Cai, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Yang Chen, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 431–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate measurement of nanoparticles is crucial for understanding their impact on new particle formation and climate change. In this study, we calibrated the Particle Size Magnifier version 2.0 (PSM 2.0), using both laboratory-generated and atmospheric particles. Some differences were observed in the calibration results, with direct calibration using atmospheric particles enhancing measurement accuracy.
Zihan Song, Leiming Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Qiang Fu, Zhenxing Shen, Renjian Zhang, Dong Liu, and Song Cui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13101–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel concept integrating crop cycle information into fire spot extraction was proposed. Spatiotemporal variations of open straw burning in Northeast China are revealed. Open straw burning in Northeast China emitted a total of 218 Tg of CO2-eq during 2001–2020. The policy of banning straw burning effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Chen He, Hanxiong Che, Zier Bao, Yiliang Liu, Qing Li, Miao Hu, Jiawei Zhou, Shumin Zhang, Xiaojiang Yao, Quan Shi, Chunmao Chen, Yan Han, Lingshuo Meng, Xin Long, Fumo Yang, and Yang Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1627–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the daily evolution of high molecular-weight organic compounds with a molecular weight of up to 1000 Da in order to comprehend their behaviors in the atmosphere under actual conditions. These compounds were proven to undergo multi-generation oxidation, carboxylation, and nitrification via both day- and nighttime chemistry.
Xiaoliang Wang, Hatef Firouzkouhi, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Warren Carter, and Alexandra S. M. De Vos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15375–15393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Open burning of municipal solid waste emits chemicals that are harmful to the environment. This paper reports source profiles and emission factors for PM2.5 species and acidic/alkali gases from laboratory combustion of 10 waste categories (including plastics and biomass) that represent open burning in South Africa. Results will be useful for health and climate impact assessments, speciated emission inventories, source-oriented dispersion models, and receptor-based source apportionment.
Zhongwei Luo, Yan Han, Kun Hua, Yufen Zhang, Jianhui Wu, Xiaohui Bi, Qili Dai, Baoshuang Liu, Yang Chen, Xin Long, and Yinchang Feng
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6757–6771, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the variation in the source profiles adopted in chemical transport models (CTMs) impacts the simulated results of chemical components in PM2.5 based on sensitivity analysis. The impact on PM2.5 components cannot be ignored, and its influence can be transmitted and linked between components. The representativeness and timeliness of the source profile should be paid adequate attention in air quality simulation.
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Yong Zhang, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Lu Qi, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Yuemei Han, Weikang Ran, Yele Sun, Huikun Liu, Renjian Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Tianqu Cui, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, Jay Gates Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9455–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution still frequently occurs in northern China during winter, and it is necessary to figure out the causes of air pollution based on intensive real-time measurement. The findings elaborate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM2.5 in three pilot cities, reveal potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, and highlight the importance of controlling biomass burning and inhibiting generation of secondary aerosol for air quality improvement.
Taomou Zong, Zhijun Wu, Junrui Wang, Kai Bi, Wenxu Fang, Yanrong Yang, Xuena Yu, Zhier Bao, Xiangxinyue Meng, Yuheng Zhang, Song Guo, Yang Chen, Chunshan Liu, Yue Zhang, Shao-Meng Li, and Min Hu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3679–3692, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed and characterized an indoor chamber system (AIR) to simulate atmospheric multiphase chemistry processes. The AIR chamber can accurately control temperature and relative humidity (RH) over a broad range and simulate diurnal variation of ambient atmospheric RH. The aerosol generation unit can generate organic-coating seed particles with different phase states. The AIR chamber demonstrates high-quality performance in simulating secondary aerosol formation.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yongyong Ma, Jin Wang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). BrC made a substantial contribution to the submicron aerosol absorption, which is related to the cross-border transport of biomass burning emission and secondary aerosol from Southeast Asia. The radiative effect of BrC was half that of black carbon, which can remarkably affect the radiative balance of the TP.
Zhier Bao, Xinyi Zhang, Qing Li, Jiawei Zhou, Guangming Shi, Li Zhou, Fumo Yang, Shaodong Xie, Dan Zhang, Chongzhi Zhai, Zhenliang Li, Chao Peng, and Yang Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterised non-refractory fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during winter in the Sichuan Basin (SCB), Southwest China. The factors driving severe aerosol pollution were revealed, highlighting the importance of rapid nitrate formation and intensive biomass burning. Nitrate was primarily formed through gas-phase oxidation during daytime and aqueous-phase oxidation during nighttime. Controlling nitrate and biomass burning will benefit the mitigation of haze formation in the SCB.
Qian Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Zhichun Wu, Bin Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Jian Sun, Hongmei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhihua Li, Junji Cao, and Zhenxing Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the brown carbon (BrC) molecules and their absorbing abilities on a molecular level from animal dung fuel combustion over the Tibetan Plateau region in China. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with the partial least squares regression were precisely applied to characterize the molecular absorptions, key molecular markers, and radiative effects of BrC from household combustion scenarios at the high-altitude area.
Diwei Wang, Zhenxing Shen, Qian Zhang, Yali Lei, Tian Zhang, Shasha Huang, Jian Sun, Hongmei Xu, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14893–14904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The optical properties and molecular structure of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) in winter of several megacities in China were analyzed, and the source contribution of brown carbon was improved by using positive matrix factorization coupled with a multilayer perceptron neural network. These results can provide a basis for the more effective control of BrC to reduce its impacts on regional climates and human health.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Bianhong Zhou, Yao Qu, Jie Tian, Ting Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11739–11757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative effect (DRE) of black carbon (BC). The finding from this study elaborated the impacts of different scales of atmospheric motion on source-specific BC and its DREs, which revealed the nonlinear change between BC mass concentration and its DREs and emphasizes the importance of regionally transported BC for potential climatic effects.
Haobin Zhong, Ru-Jin Huang, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Jing Duan, Yifang Gu, Wei Huang, Haiyan Ni, Chongshu Zhu, Yan You, Yunfei Wu, Renjian Zhang, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin D. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9513–9524, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physico-chemical properties of aerosol transported from major pollution regions in China, observations were conducted ~200 m above the ground at the junction location of the two key pollution areas. We found that the formation efficiency, oxidation state and production rate of secondary aerosol were different in the transport sectors from different pollution regions, and they were largely enhanced by the regional long-distance transport.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Yongyong Ma, Suixin Liu, Yong Zhang, Weikang Ran, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8369–8384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol optical properties and the direct radiative effect (DRE) at an urban site in China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total light extinction coefficient (bext) decreased under emission control measures; however, bext from biomass burning increased due to the undiminished need for residential cooking and heating. Biomass burning, rather than traffic-related emissions, became the largest positive effect contributor to aerosol DRE in the lockdown.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Liang Ran, Zhaoze Deng, Yunfei Wu, Jiwei Li, Zhixuan Bai, Ye Lu, Deqing Zhuoga, and Jianchun Bian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6217–6229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6217-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6217-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau (TP), the highest plateau in the world, plays a crucial role in regional and global climate. To examine the fingerprint left by human activities on the originally remote atmosphere, size distributions of particles from the ground to about 800 m were measured for the first time in summer 2020 in Lhasa, one of a few urbanized cities on TP. Potential sources of particles at different heights were explored. The contribution of emissions from religious activities was highlighted.
Haoran Zhang, Nan Li, Keqin Tang, Hong Liao, Chong Shi, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Song Guo, Min Hu, Xinlei Ge, Mindong Chen, Zhenxin Liu, Huan Yu, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5495–5514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5495-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5495-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new algorithm with low economic/technique costs to identify primary and secondary components of PM2.5. Our model was shown to be reliable by comparison with different observation datasets. We systematically explored the patterns and changes in the secondary PM2.5 pollution in China at large spatial and time scales. We believe that this method is a promising tool for efficiently estimating primary and secondary PM2.5, and has huge potential for future PM mitigation.
Quan Liu, Dantong Liu, Yangzhou Wu, Kai Bi, Wenkang Gao, Ping Tian, Delong Zhao, Siyuan Li, Chenjie Yu, Guiqian Tang, Yunfei Wu, Kang Hu, Shuo Ding, Qian Gao, Fei Wang, Shaofei Kong, Hui He, Mengyu Huang, and Deping Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14749–14760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Through simultaneous online measurements of detailed aerosol compositions at both surface and surface-influenced mountain sites, the evolution of aerosol composition during daytime vertical transport was investigated. The results show that, from surface to the top of the planetary boundary layer, the oxidation state of organic aerosol had been significantly enhanced due to evaporation and further oxidation of these evaporated gases.
Cited articles
Amil, N., Latif, M. T., Khan, M. F., and Mohamad, M.: Seasonal variability of
PM2.5 composition and sources in the Klang Valley urban-industrial
environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5357–5381,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5357-2016, 2016.
Bei, N., Li, G., and Molina, L. T.: Uncertainties in SOA simulations due to
meteorological uncertainties in Mexico City during MILAGRO-2006 field
campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11295–11308,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11295-2012, 2012.
Bei, N., Wu, J., Elser, M., Feng, T., Cao, J., El-Haddad, I., Li, X., Huang,
R., Li, Z., Long, X., Xing, L., Zhao, S., Tie, X., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Li,
G.: Impacts of meteorological uncertainties on the haze formation in
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) during wintertime: a case study, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 17, 14579–14591, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14579-2017, 2017.
Bukowiecki, N., Hill, M., Gehrig, R., Zwicky, C. N., Lienemann, P.,
Hegedüs, F., Falkenberg, G., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.:
Trace metals in ambient air:? hourly size-segregated mass concentrations
determined by synchrotron-XRF, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5754–5762,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es048089m, 2005.
Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.:
Seasonal differences in oxygenated organic aerosol composition: implications
for emissions sources and factor analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6993–7002,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6993-2015, 2015.
Cao, J. J., Wang, Q. Y., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Tie, X. X., Shen, Z.
X., Wang, P., and An, Z. S.: Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility
impairment in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 59, 559–566,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.036, 2012.
Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Zhang, X. Y., Zou, S. C., Fung, K., Chow,
J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl
River Delta Region, China during 2001 winter period, Atmos. Environ., 37,
1451–1460, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01002-6, 2003.
Cao, J. J., Wu, F., Chow, J. C., Lee, S. C., Li, Y., Chen, S. W., An, Z. S.,
Fung, K. K., Watson, J. G., Zhu, C. S., and Liu, S. X.: Characterization and
source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall
and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3127–3137,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3127-2005, 2005.
Chalbot, M.-C., McElroy, B., and Kavouras, I. G.: Sources, trends and
regional impacts of fine particulate matter in southern Mississippi valley:
significance of emissions from sources in the Gulf of Mexico coast, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 13, 3721–3732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3721-2013, 2013.
Chen, J., Li, C., Ristovski, Z., Milic, A., Gu, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, S.,
Hao, J., Zhang, H., He, C., Guo, H., Fu, H., Miljevic, B., Morawska, L.,
Thai, P., Lam, Y. F., Pereira, G., Ding, A., Huang, X., and Dumka, U. C.: A
review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and
climate in China, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1000–1034,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025, 2017.
Chen, Y., Xie, S. D., Luo, B., and Zhai, C. Z.: Particulate pollution in
urban Chongqing of southwest China: Historical trends of variation, chemical
characteristics and source apportionment, Sci. Total Environ., 584–585,
523–534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.060, 2017.
Cheung, K., Daher, N., Shafer, M. M., Ning, Z., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas,
C.: Diurnal trends in coarse particulate matter composition in the Los
Angeles Basin, J. Environ. Monit., 13, 3277–3287, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10296f,
2011.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L. W. A., Chang, M. C. O., Robinson, N.
F., Trimble, D., and Kohl, S.: The IMPROVE_A Temperature
Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis: Maintaining Consistency with a
Long-Term Database, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57, 1014–1023,
https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1014, 2007.
Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian
Integrated Trajectory), Silver Spring, MD, Model access via NOAA ARL READY
Website, available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.htmlNOAAAirResourcesLaboratory
(last access: February 2018), 2003.
Du, H., Kong, L., Cheng, T., Chen, J., Du, J., Li, L., Xia, X., Leng, C.,
and Huang, G.: Insights into summertime haze pollution events over Shanghai
based on online water-soluble ionic composition of aerosols, Atmos.
Environ., 45, 5131–5137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.027,
2011.
Duan, J. and Tan, J.: Atmospheric heavy metals and Arsenic in China:
Situation, sources and control policies, Atmos. Environ., 74, 93–101,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.031, 2013.
Elser, M., Huang, R.-J., Wolf, R., Slowik, J. G., Wang, Q., Canonaco, F., Li,
G., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., Huang, Y., Zhang, R., Li, Z., Cao, J.,
Baltensperger, U., El-Haddad, I., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: New insights into
PM2.5 chemical composition and sources in two major cities in China during
extreme haze events using aerosol mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
3207–3225, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3207-2016, 2016.
Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G.,
Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando,
J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.:
Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical
Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.
Feng, S. L., Gao, D., Liao, F., Zhou, F. R., and Wang, X. M.: The health
effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms, Ecotox. Environ.
Safe., 128, 67–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030, 2016.
Gao, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, C., and Zhang, M.: Emission controls versus
meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing
during the 2008 Olympic Games, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12437–12451,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12437-2011, 2011.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Guo, Q., Zhang, X., Schauer, J. J., and Zhang, R.:
Quantitative evaluation of emission controls on primary and secondary organic
aerosol sources during Beijing 2008 Olympics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13,
8303–8314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8303-2013, 2013.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D.,
Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H.,
Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M.
E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel,
Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D.,
Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of
secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
9, 5155–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
Han, X., Guo, Q., Liu, C., Strauss, H., Yang, J., Hu, J., Wei, R., Tian, L.,
Kong, J., and Peters, M.: Effect of the pollution control measures on
PM2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from
water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope, Environ. Pollut., 218, 230–241,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.038, 2016.
Hsu, S.-C., Liu, S. C., Huang, Y.-T., Chou, C. C. K., Lung, S. C. C., Liu,
T.-H., Tu, J.-Y., and Tsai, F.: Long-range southeastward transport of Asian
biosmoke pollution: Signature detected by aerosol potassium in Northern
Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D14301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011725,
2009.
Huang, X., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Hu, B., Wen, T., Tang, G., Zhang, J., Wu, F.,
Ji, D., Wang, L., and Wang, Y.: Chemical characterization and source
identification of PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12941–12962,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12941-2017, 2017.
Khan, M. F., Sulong, N. A., Latif, M. T., Nadzir, M. S. M., Amil, N.,
Hussain, D. F. M., Lee, V., Hosaini, P. N., Shaharom, S., Yusoff, N. A. Y.
M., Hoque, H. M. S., Chung, J. X., Sahani, M., Mohd Tahir, N., Juneng, L.,
Maulud, K. N. A., Abdullah, S. M. S., Fujii, Y., Tohno, S., and Mizohata,
A.: Comprehensive assessment of PM2.5 physicochemical properties during the
Southeast Asia dry season (southwest monsoon), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
14589–14611, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025894, 2016a.
Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., Saw, W. H., Amil, N., Nadzir, M. S. M., Sahani,
M., Tahir, N. M., and Chung, J. X.: Fine particulate matter in the tropical
environment: monsoonal effects, source apportionment, and health risk
assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 597–617,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-597-2016, 2016b.
Kuang, B. Y., Lin, P., Huang, X. H. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Sources of humic-like
substances in the Pearl River Delta, China: positive matrix factorization
analysis of PM2.5 major components and source markers, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
15, 1995–2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1995-2015, 2015.
Lecoeur, E., Seigneur, C., Page, C., and Terray, L.: A statistical method to
estimate PM2.5 concentrations from meteorology and its application to
the effect of climate change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 3537–3585,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021172, 2014.
Li, G., Bei, N., Tie, X., and Molina, L. T.: Aerosol effects on the
photochemistry in Mexico City during MCMA-2006/MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 11, 5169–5182, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5169-2011, 2011a.
Li, G., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Pandis, S. N.,
Canagaratna, M. R., and Molina, L. T.: Simulations of organic aerosol
concentrations in Mexico City using the WRF-CHEM model during the
MCMA-2006/MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3789–3809,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3789-2011, 2011b.
Li, G., Lei, W., Bei, N., and Molina, L. T.: Contribution of garbage burning
to chloride and PM2.5 in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8751–8761,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8751-2012, 2012.
Li, J., Xie, S. D., Zeng, L. M., Li, L. Y., Li, Y. Q., and Wu, R. R.:
Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources
in Beijing, before, during, and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China
2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7945–7959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7945-2015, 2015.
Li, J. and Han, Z.: A modeling study of severe winter haze events in
Beijing and its neighboring regions, Atmos. Res., 170, 87–97,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.11.009, 2016.
Li, X., He, K., Li, C., Yang, F., Zhao, Q., Ma, Y., Cheng, Y., Ouyang, W.,
and Chen, G.: PM2.5 mass, chemical composition, and light extinction
before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118,
12158–12167, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020106, 2013.
Liang, P., Zhu, T., Fang, Y., Li, Y., Han, Y., Wu, Y., Hu, M., and Wang, J.:
The role of meteorological conditions and pollution control strategies in
reducing air pollution in Beijing during APEC 2014 and Victory Parade 2015,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13921–13940,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13921-2017, 2017.
Lim, H.-J. and Turpin, B. J.: Origins of primary and secondary organic
aerosol in Atlanta? Results of time-resolved measurements during the
Atlanta Supersite Experiment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4489–4496,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206487, 2002.
Lin, H., Liu, T., Fang, F., Xiao, J., Zeng, W., Li, X., Guo, L., Tian, L.,
Schootman, M., Stamatakis, K. A., Qian, Z., and Ma, W.: Mortality benefits
of vigorous air quality improvement interventions during the periods of APEC
Blue and Parade Blue in Beijing, China, Environ. Pollut., 220, 222–227,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.041, 2017.
Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, C.-J., Wu, Y.-C., Zhang, R., Chi, K.-H., Huang, Y.-T., Lin,
S.-H., and Hsu, S.-C.: Characteristics of trace metals in traffic-derived
particles in Hsuehshan Tunnel, Taiwan: size distribution, potential source,
and fingerprinting metal ratio, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4117–4130,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4117-2015, 2015.
Liu, B., Wu, J., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Yang, J., Liang, D., Dai, Q., Bi, X.,
Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Q.: Characterization and source
apportionment of PM2.5 based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model
at a medium city in China, Environ. Pollut., 222, 10–22,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.005, 2017.
Madronich, S.: UV radiation in the natural and perturbed atmosphere, In: M.
Tevini, Ed., UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion, Lewis Publishers, London,
17–69, 1993.
Malm William, C., Day Derek, E., Kreidenweis Sonia, M., Collett Jeffrey, L.,
and Lee, T.: Humidity-dependent optical properties of fine particles during
the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4279, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002998, 2003.
Men, C., Liu, R., Xu, F., Wang, Q., Guo, L., and Shen, Z.: Pollution
characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals
in road dust in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 612, 138–147,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.123, 2018.
Milando, C., Huang, L., and Batterman, S.: Trends in PM2.5 emissions,
concentrations and apportionments in Detroit and Chicago, Atmos. Environ.,
129, 197–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.012, 2016.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Statistical Yearbook 2013, China
Statistics Press, Beijing, 2013a (in Chinese).
Norris, G., Duvall, R., Brown, S., and Bai, S.: EPA Positive Matrix
Factorization (PMF) 5.0 fundamentals and User Guide Prepared for the US
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC, Inc., Petaluma, 2014.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative
factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values,
Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 2006.
Palancar, G. G. and Toselli, B. M.: Effects of meteorology and tropospheric
aerosols on UV-B radiation: a 4-year study, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2749–2757,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.036, 2004.
Pipal, A. S., Kulshrestha, A., and Taneja, A.: Characterization and
morphological analysis of airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in Agra located
in north central India, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3621–3630,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.062, 2011.
Pitchford, M., Malm, W., Schichtel, B., Kumar, N., Lowenthal, D., and Hand,
J.: Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle
speciation data, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57, 1326–1336,
https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.11.1326, 2007.
Pui, D. Y. H., Chen, S. C., and Zuo, Z. L.: PM2.5 in China:
Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation,
Particuology, 13, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2013.11.001, 2014.
Ran, L., Deng, Z. Z., Wang, P. C., and Xia, X. A.: Black carbon and
wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in the North China Plain based on
two-year aethalometer measurements, Atmos. Environ., 142, 132–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.014, 2016.
Sammaritano, M. A., Bustos, D. G., Poblete, A. G., and Wannaz, E. D.:
Elemental composition of PM2.5 in the urban environment of San Juan,
Argentina, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 4197–4203,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0793-5, 2018.
Sun, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., Fu, P., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin, Y.:
Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze
pollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021641, 2014.
Tang, G., Zhu, X., Hu, B., Xin, J., Wang, L., Münkel, C., Mao, G., and
Wang, Y.: Impact of emission controls on air quality in Beijing during APEC
2014: lidar ceilometer observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12667–12680,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12667-2015, 2015.
Tao, J., Gao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Che, H., Zhang, Z., Lin, Z., Jing,
J., Cao, J., and Hsu, S. C.: PM2.5 pollution in a megacity of southwest
China: source apportionment and implication, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14,
8679–8699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, 2014.
Tao, J., Gao, J., Zhang, L., Wang, H., Qiu, X., Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Chai, F.,
and Wang, S.: Chemical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols
in Beijing during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014, Atmos.
Environ., 144, 8–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.067, 2016.
Tao, J., Zhang, L. M., Cao, J. J., and Zhang, R. J.: A review of current
knowledge concerning PM2.5 chemical composition, aerosol optical
properties and their relationships across China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17,
9485–9518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9485-2017, 2017.
Tie, X., Huang, R.-J., Dai, W., Cao, J., Long, X., Su, X., Zhao, S., Wang,
Q., and Li, G.: Effect of heavy haze and aerosol pollution on rice and wheat
productions in China, Sci. Rep., 6, 29612, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29612, 2016.
Wang, J., Wang, G., Gao, J., Wang, H., Ren, Y., Li, J., Zhou, B., Wu, C.,
Zhang, L., Wang, S., and Chai, F.: Concentrations and stable carbon isotope
compositions of oxalic acid and related SOA in Beijing before, during, and
after the 2014 APEC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 981–992,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-981-2017, 2017.
Wang, Q. Q., He, X., Huang, X. H. H., Griffith, S. M., Feng, Y., Zhang, T.,
Zhang, Q., Wu, D., and Yu, J. Z.: Impact of secondary organic aerosol
tracers on tracer-based source apportionment of organic carbon and
PM2.5: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China, Earth Space
Chem., 1, 562–571, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00088, 2017.
Wang, Q. Y., Huang, R.-J., Cao, J., Tie, X., Shen, Z., Zhao, S., Han, Y.,
Li, G., Li, Z., Ni, H., Zhou, Y., Wang, M., Chen, Y., and Su, X.:
Contribution of regional transport to the black carbon aerosol during winter
haze period in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 132, 11–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.031, 2016a.
Wang, Q. Y., Huang, R.-J., Zhao, Z., Cao, J., Ni, H., Tie, X., Zhao, S., Su,
X., Han, Y., Shen, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., Zhou, Y., and Corbin, J. C.:
Physicochemical characteristics of black carbon aerosol and its radiative
impact in a polluted urban area of China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
12505–12519, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024748, 2016b.
Wang, Q. Y., Cao, J., Han, Y., Tian, J., Zhang, Y., Pongpiachan, S., Zhang,
Y., Li, L., Niu, X., Shen, Z., Zhao, Z., Tipmanee, D., Bunsomboonsakul, S.,
Chen, Y., and Sun, J.: Enhanced light absorption due to the mixing state of
black carbon in fresh biomass burning emissions, Atmos. Environ., 180,
184–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.02.049, 2018a.
Wang, Q., Cao, J., Han, Y., Tian, J., Zhu, C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, N., Shen,
Z., Ni, H., Zhao, S., and Wu, J.: Sources and physicochemical characteristics
of black carbon aerosol from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: internal
mixing enhances light absorption, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4639–4656,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4639-2018, 2018b.
Wang, S., Zhao, M., Xing, J., Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., Lei, Y., He, K., Fu, L., and
Hao, J.: Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the 2008
Olympic Games in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2490–2496,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028167, 2010.
Wang, W., Primbs, T., Tao, S., and Simonich, S. L. M.: Atmospheric
particulate matter pollution during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 43, 5314–5320, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9007504, 2009.
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, T., Li, L., Liu, B., Zhang, D., Sun, F., Wei, Q.,
Jiang, L., and Pan, L.: Changes in atmospheric composition during the 2014
APEC conference in Beijing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 12695–12707,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023652, 2015.
Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and regulation, J. Air Waste Manage.
Assoc., 52, 628–713, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470813, 2002.
Xia, X., Li, Z., Wang, P., Chen, H., and Cribb, M.: Estimation of aerosol
effects on surface irradiance based on measurements and radiative transfer
model simulations in northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D22S10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008337, 2007a.
Xia, X., Li, Z, Holben, B., Wang, P., Eck, T., Chen, H., Cribb, M., and
Zhao, Y.: Aerosol optical properties and radiative effects in the Yangtze
Delta region of China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D22S12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008859, 2007b.
Xiao, S., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Huang, R.-J., Chen, W., Han, Y., Xu, H., Liu,
S., Zhou, Y., and Wang, P.: Long-term trends in visibility and impacts of
aerosol composition on visibility impairment in Baoji, China, Atmos. Res.,
149, 88–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.006, 2014.
Xie, R., Sabel, C. E., Lu, X., Zhu, W. M., Kan, H. D., Nielsen, C. P., and
Wang, H. K.: Long-term trend and spatial pattern of PM2.5 induced
premature mortality in China, Environ. Int., 97, 180–186,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.003, 2016.
Xu, H. M., Cao, J. J., Ho, K. F., Ding, H., Han, Y. M., Wang, G. H., Chow,
J. C., Watson, J. G., Khol, S. D., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Lead
concentrations in fine particulate matter after the phasing out of leaded
gasoline in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 46, 217–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.078, 2012.
Xu, J., Bergin, M. H., and Greenwald, R.: Direct aerosol radiative forcing
in the Yangtze delta region of China: Observation and model estimation, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4060, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002550, 2003.
Xu, W., Song, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Tang, A.,
Yang, D., Wang, D., Wen, Z., Pan, Y., Fowler, D., Collett Jr., J. L., Erisman,
J. W., Goulding, K., Li, Y., and Zhang, F.: Air quality improvement in a
megacity: implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue pollution control
actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-31-2017, 2017.
Xu, W. Q., Sun, Y. L., Chen, C., Du, W., Han, T. T., Wang, Q. Q., Fu, P. Q.,
Wang, Z. F., Zhao, X. J., Zhou, L. B., Ji, D. S., Wang, P. C., and Worsnop,
D. R.: Aerosol composition, oxidation properties, and sources in Beijing:
results from the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit study, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 15, 13681–13698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13681-2015,
2015.
Yang, M., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, J., and Huebert, B. J.: Attribution of
aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China –
interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 9, 2035–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009, 2009.
Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L.,
Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and
source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013.
Zhang, T., Cao, J. J., Tie, X. X., Shen, Z. X., Liu, S. X., Ding, H., Han,
Y. M., Wang, G. H., Ho, K. F., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Water-soluble ions
in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and
sources, Atmos. Res., 102, 110–119,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Lang, J., Cheng, S., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, H., and
Wang, H.: Chemical composition and sources of PM1 and PM2.5 in
Beijing in autumn, Sci. Total Environ., 630, 72–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.151, 2018.
Zheng, G., Duan, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., Cheng, Y.,
Su, H., and He, K.: Episode-based evolution pattern analysis of haze
pollution: Method development and results from Beijing, China, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 4632–4641, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05593, 2016.
Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Su, H., Ma, Y. L., Cheng, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang,
Q., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., Chang, D., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y. F., and He, K.
B.: Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic
weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
15, 2969–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2969-2015, 2015.
Zhong, J., Zhang, X., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., and
Che, H.: Feedback effects of boundary-layer meteorological factors on
cumulative explosive growth of PM2.5 during winter heavy pollution episodes
in Beijing from 2013 to 2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 247–258,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-247-2018, 2018.
Zhou, Y., Wang, Q., Huang, R., Liu, S., Tie, X., Su, X., Niu, X., Zhao, Z.,
Ni, H., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., and Cao, J.: Optical properties of aerosols and
implications for radiative effects in Beijing during the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation Summit 2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
10119–10132, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026997, 2017.
Zhuang, B. L., Wang, T. J., Liu, J., Li, S., Xie, M., Yang, X. Q., Fu, C.
B., Sun, J. N., Yin, C. Q., Liao, J. B., Zhu, J. L., and Zhang, Y.:
Continuous measurement of black carbon aerosol in urban Nanjing of Yangtze
River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 89, 415–424,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.052, 2014.
Zong, Z., Wang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Qu, L., Ji, L., Zhi, G., Li, J., and
Zhang, G.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 at a regional background site in
North China using PMF linked with radiocarbon analysis: insight into the
contribution of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11249–11265,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11249-2016, 2016.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint