Articles | Volume 22, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 12 Oct 2022
| 12 Oct 2022
Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures
Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Paul J. DeMott
Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Ivan Heckman
Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Mengistu Wolde
Aerospace Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Earle Williams
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
David J. Smalley
Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
Michael F. Donovan
Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA
Related authors
Zane Dedekind, Alexei Korolev, and Jason Aaron Milbrandt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3007, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how airplane contrails form and persist under cold, moist conditions. Using computer simulations and real observations, we found that weather predicting models often underestimate moisture levels, limiting accurate trail prediction. Adjusting how ice grows in clouds allowed us to better simulate these contrails. Improving moisture representation in models can help predict the climate effects of these clouds.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Cuong Nguyen, and Mengistu Wolde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-649, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-649, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impact of incorporating secondary ice production (SIP) parameterizations into high-resolution numerical weather prediction simulations for mid-latitude continental winter conditions. Aircraft in situ and remote sensing observations are used to evaluate the simulations. Results show that including SIP improves the representation of cloud and freezing rain properties, with its impact varying based on cloud regime, such as convective or stratiform.
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Sergey Y. Matrosov, Alexei Korolev, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6373–6386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A remote sensing method to retrieve sizes of particles in ice clouds and precipitation from radar measurements at two wavelengths is described. This method is based on relating the particle size information to the ratio of radar signals at these two wavelengths. It is demonstrated that this ratio is informative about different characteristic particle sizes. Knowing atmospheric ice particle sizes is important for many applications such as precipitation estimation and climate modeling.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Yongjie Huang, Greg M. McFarquhar, Hugh Morrison, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12287–12310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) is an important physical phenomenon that results in an increase in the cloud ice particle concentration and can have a significant impact on the evolution of clouds. Here, idealized simulations of a tropical convective system were conducted. Agreement between the simulations and observations highlights the impacts of SIP on the maintenance of tropical convection in nature and the importance of including the modelling of SIP in numerical weather prediction models.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Ming Xue, Hugh Morrison, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, Yachao Hu, Zhipeng Qu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2365–2384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. Previous numerical simulations failed to reproduce this phenomenon and hypothesized that key microphysical processes are still lacking in current models to realistically simulate the phenomenon. This study uses numerical experiments to confirm the dominant role of secondary ice production in the formation of these large numbers of small ice crystals.
Haoran Li, Alexei Korolev, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) clouds embedded in a stratiform precipitation event were uncovered via radar Doppler spectral analysis. Given the unprecedented detail of the observations, we show that multiple populations of secondary ice columns were generated in the pockets where larger cloud droplets are formed and not at some constant level within the cloud. Our results highlight that the K–H instability is favorable for liquid droplet growth and secondary ice formation.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Xuguang Wang, Hugh Morrison, Alexander Ryzhkov, Yachao Hu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6919–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in the tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. This study evaluated the numerical models against the airborne observations and investigated the potential cloud processes that could lead to the production of these large numbers of small ice crystals. It is found that key microphysical processes are still lacking or misrepresented in current numerical models to realistically simulate the phenomenon.
Alexei Korolev and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11767–11797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. This work presents a critical review of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. It aims to identify gaps in our knowledge of SIP as well as to stimulate further laboratory studies focused on obtaining a quantitative description of efficiencies for each SIP mechanism.
Zane Dedekind, Alexei Korolev, and Jason Aaron Milbrandt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3007, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how airplane contrails form and persist under cold, moist conditions. Using computer simulations and real observations, we found that weather predicting models often underestimate moisture levels, limiting accurate trail prediction. Adjusting how ice grows in clouds allowed us to better simulate these contrails. Improving moisture representation in models can help predict the climate effects of these clouds.
Kathryn A. Moore, Thomas C. J. Hill, Chamika K. Madawala, Raymond J. Leibensperger III, Samantha Greeney, Christopher D. Cappa, M. Dale Stokes, Grant B. Deane, Christopher Lee, Alexei V. Tivanski, Kimberly A. Prather, and Paul J. DeMott
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3131–3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3131-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3131-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents results from the first study in a new wind–wave channel at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The experiment tested how wind over the ocean surface influences production of sea spray particles, which are important for radiative forcing and cloud formation in the atmosphere. We found that particle concentration and chemical composition varied with wind speed and that variations were driven by changes in wind and wave breaking rather than seawater biology or chemistry.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Cuong Nguyen, and Mengistu Wolde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-649, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-649, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impact of incorporating secondary ice production (SIP) parameterizations into high-resolution numerical weather prediction simulations for mid-latitude continental winter conditions. Aircraft in situ and remote sensing observations are used to evaluate the simulations. Results show that including SIP improves the representation of cloud and freezing rain properties, with its impact varying based on cloud regime, such as convective or stratiform.
Kevin R. Barry, Thomas C. J. Hill, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Paul J. DeMott, Yutaka Tobo, and Jessie M. Creamean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-128, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-128, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is changing rapidly, and we sought to better understand how their clouds may change in the future through quantifying the natural cloud seeding particles over a year and uncover what they are made of. We wanted to determine their likely sources through concurrent DNA sequencing of airborne bacteria and fungi and found a persistent mixture of local and longer-range sources at all times.
Paul J. DeMott, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Sarah Suda Petters, Daniel J. Cziczo, Markus D. Petters, Heinz G. Bingemer, Thomas C. J. Hill, Karl Froyd, Sarvesh Garimella, A. Gannet Hallar, Ezra J. T. Levin, Ian B. McCubbin, Anne E. Perring, Christopher N. Rapp, Thea Schiebel, Jann Schrod, Kaitlyn J. Suski, Daniel Weber, Martin J. Wolf, Maria Zawadowicz, Jake Zenker, Ottmar Möhler, and Sarah D. Brooks
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 639–672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-639-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-639-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Fifth International Ice Nucleation Workshop Phase 3 (FIN-03) compared the ambient atmospheric performance of ice-nucleating particle (INP) measuring systems and explored general methods for discerning atmospheric INP compositions. Mirroring laboratory results, INP concentrations agreed within 5–10 factors. Measurements of total aerosol properties and investigations of INP compositions supported a dominant role of soil and plant organic aerosol elements as INPs during the study.
Lei Liu, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Yi Huang, John R. Gyakum, Philip M. Gabriel, Shiqi Xu, and Mengistu Wolde
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 471–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates and compares a new microwave hyperspectrometer with an infrared hyperspectrometer for clear-sky temperature and water vapor retrievals. The analysis reveals that the information content of the infrared hyperspectrometer exceeds that of the microwave hyperspectrometer and provides higher vertical resolution in ground-based zenith measurements. Leveraging the ground–airborne synergy between the two instruments yielded optimal sounding results.
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Abigail S. Williams, Jeramy L. Dedrick, Lynn M. Russell, Florian Tornow, Israel Silber, Ann M. Fridlind, Benjamin Swanson, Paul J. DeMott, Paul Zieger, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11791–11805, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11791-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11791-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The measured aerosol size distribution modes reveal distinct properties characteristic of cold-air outbreaks in the Norwegian Arctic. We find higher sea spray number concentrations, smaller Hoppel minima, lower effective supersaturations, and accumulation-mode particle scavenging during cold-air outbreaks. These results advance our understanding of cold-air outbreak aerosol–cloud interactions in order to improve their accurate representation in models.
Xiaoli Shen, David M. Bell, Hugh Coe, Naruki Hiranuma, Fabian Mahrt, Nicholas A. Marsden, Claudia Mohr, Daniel M. Murphy, Harald Saathoff, Johannes Schneider, Jacqueline Wilson, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Alla Zelenyuk, Paul J. DeMott, Ottmar Möhler, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10869–10891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) is commonly used to measure the chemical composition and mixing state of aerosol particles. Intercomparison of SPMS instruments was conducted. All instruments reported similar size ranges and common spectral features. The instrument-specific detection efficiency was found to be more dependent on particle size than type. All differentiated secondary organic aerosol, soot, and soil dust but had difficulties differentiating among minerals and dusts.
Lei Liu, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Yi Huang, John R. Gyakum, Philip M. Gabriel, Shiqi Xu, and Mengistu Wolde
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2219–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a radiance closure experiment using a unique combination of two hyperspectral radiometers, one operating in the microwave and the other in the infrared. By comparing the measurements of the two hyperspectrometers to synthetic radiance simulated from collocated atmospheric profiles, we affirmed the proper performance of the two instruments and quantified their radiometric uncertainty for atmospheric sounding applications.
Larissa Lacher, Michael P. Adams, Kevin Barry, Barbara Bertozzi, Heinz Bingemer, Cristian Boffo, Yannick Bras, Nicole Büttner, Dimitri Castarede, Daniel J. Cziczo, Paul J. DeMott, Romy Fösig, Megan Goodell, Kristina Höhler, Thomas C. J. Hill, Conrad Jentzsch, Luis A. Ladino, Ezra J. T. Levin, Stephan Mertes, Ottmar Möhler, Kathryn A. Moore, Benjamin J. Murray, Jens Nadolny, Tatjana Pfeuffer, David Picard, Carolina Ramírez-Romero, Mickael Ribeiro, Sarah Richter, Jann Schrod, Karine Sellegri, Frank Stratmann, Benjamin E. Swanson, Erik S. Thomson, Heike Wex, Martin J. Wolf, and Evelyn Freney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2651–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles that trigger ice formation in clouds are important for the climate system but are very rare in the atmosphere, challenging measurement techniques. Here we compare three cloud chambers and seven methods for collecting aerosol particles on filters for offline analysis at a mountaintop station. A general good agreement of the methods was found when sampling aerosol particles behind a whole air inlet, supporting their use for obtaining data that can be implemented in models.
Ryan J. Patnaude, Kathryn A. Moore, Russell J. Perkins, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, and Sonia M. Kreidenweis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we examined the effect of atmospheric aging on sea spray aerosols (SSAs) to form ice and how newly formed secondary marine aerosols (SMAs) may freeze at cirrus temperatures (< −38 °C). Results show that SSAs freeze at different relative humidities (RHs) depending on the temperature and that the ice-nucleating ability of SSA was not hindered by atmospheric aging. SMAs are shown to freeze at high RHs and are likely inefficient at forming ice at cirrus temperatures.
Kevin R. Barry, Thomas C. J. Hill, Marina Nieto-Caballero, Thomas A. Douglas, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Paul J. DeMott, and Jessie M. Creamean
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15783–15793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are important for the climate due to their influence on cloud properties. To understand potential land-based sources of them in the Arctic, we carried out a survey near the northernmost point of Alaska, a landscape connected to the permafrost (thermokarst). Permafrost contained high concentrations of INPs, with the largest values near the coast. The thermokarst lakes were found to emit INPs, and the water contained elevated concentrations.
Aishwarya Raman, Thomas Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Balwinder Singh, Kai Zhang, Po-Lun Ma, Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Simon P. Alexander, and Susannah M. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5735–5762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5735-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play an important role in cloud processes and associated precipitation. Yet, INPs are not accurately represented in climate models. This study attempts to uncover these gaps by comparing model-simulated INP concentrations against field campaign measurements in the SO for an entire year, 2017–2018. Differences in INP concentrations and variability between the model and observations have major implications for modeling cloud properties in high latitudes.
Sergey Y. Matrosov, Alexei Korolev, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6373–6386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A remote sensing method to retrieve sizes of particles in ice clouds and precipitation from radar measurements at two wavelengths is described. This method is based on relating the particle size information to the ratio of radar signals at these two wavelengths. It is demonstrated that this ratio is informative about different characteristic particle sizes. Knowing atmospheric ice particle sizes is important for many applications such as precipitation estimation and climate modeling.
Charlotte M. Beall, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Tobias Köneman, Michael Pikridas, Frank Drewnick, Hartwig Harder, Christopher Pöhlker, Jos Lelieveld, Bettina Weber, Minas Iakovides, Roman Prokeš, Jean Sciare, Meinrat O. Andreae, M. Dale Stokes, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12607–12627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare aerosols that can trigger ice formation in clouds and affect climate-relevant cloud properties such as phase, reflectivity and lifetime. Dust is the dominant INP source, yet few measurements have been reported near major dust sources. We report INP observations within hundreds of kilometers of the biggest dust source regions globally: the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. Results show that at temperatures > −15 °C, INPs are dominated by organics.
Katherine L. Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Michael J. Wheeler, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Amy Leithead, Peter Brickell, Richard L. Mittermeier, Zachary Oldham, Cristian M. Mihele, Ralf M. Staebler, Samar G. Moussa, Andrea Darlington, Mengistu Wolde, Daniel Thompson, Jack Chen, Debora Griffin, Ellen Eckert, Jenna C. Ditto, Megan He, and Drew R. Gentner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12493–12523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne measurements provided the most detailed characterization, to date, of boreal forest wildfire emissions. Measurements showed a large diversity of air pollutants expanding the volatility range typically reported. A large portion of organic species was unidentified, likely comprised of complex organic compounds. Aircraft-derived emissions improve wildfire chemical speciation and can support reliable model predictions of pollution from boreal forest wildfires.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Yongjie Huang, Greg M. McFarquhar, Hugh Morrison, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12287–12310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) is an important physical phenomenon that results in an increase in the cloud ice particle concentration and can have a significant impact on the evolution of clouds. Here, idealized simulations of a tropical convective system were conducted. Agreement between the simulations and observations highlights the impacts of SIP on the maintenance of tropical convection in nature and the importance of including the modelling of SIP in numerical weather prediction models.
Yun Lin, Jiwen Fan, Pengfei Li, Lai-yung Ruby Leung, Paul J. DeMott, Lexie Goldberger, Jennifer Comstock, Ying Liu, Jong-Hoon Jeong, and Jason Tomlinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6749–6771, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6749-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6749-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How sea spray aerosols may affect cloud and precipitation over the region by acting as ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is unknown. We explored the effects of INPs from marine aerosols on orographic cloud and precipitation for an atmospheric river event observed during the 2015 ACAPEX field campaign. The marine INPs enhance the formation of ice and snow, leading to less shallow warm clouds but more mixed-phase and deep clouds. This work suggests models need to consider the impacts of marine INPs.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Ming Xue, Hugh Morrison, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, Yachao Hu, Zhipeng Qu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2365–2384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. Previous numerical simulations failed to reproduce this phenomenon and hypothesized that key microphysical processes are still lacking in current models to realistically simulate the phenomenon. This study uses numerical experiments to confirm the dominant role of secondary ice production in the formation of these large numbers of small ice crystals.
Cuong M. Nguyen, Mengistu Wolde, Alessandro Battaglia, Leonid Nichman, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Samuel Haimov, Kenny Bala, and Dirk Schuettemeyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 775–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An analysis of airborne triple-frequency radar and almost perfectly co-located coincident in situ data from an Arctic storm confirms the main findings of modeling work with radar dual-frequency ratios (DFRs) at different zones of the DFR plane associated with different ice habits. High-resolution CPI images provide accurate identification of rimed particles within the DFR plane. The relationships between the triple-frequency signals and cloud microphysical properties are also presented.
Isabelle Steinke, Paul J. DeMott, Grant B. Deane, Thomas C. J. Hill, Mathew Maltrud, Aishwarya Raman, and Susannah M. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 847–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-847-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-847-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the oceans, sea spray aerosol is an important source of particles that may initiate the formation of cloud ice, which then has implications for the radiative properties of marine clouds. In our study, we focus on marine biogenic particles that are emitted episodically and develop a numerical framework to describe these emissions. We find that further cloud-resolving model studies and targeted observations are needed to fully understand the climate impacts from marine biogenic particles.
Kamil Mroz, Alessandro Battaglia, Cuong Nguyen, Andrew Heymsfield, Alain Protat, and Mengistu Wolde
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7243–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A method for estimating microphysical properties of ice clouds based on radar measurements is presented. The algorithm exploits the information provided by differences in the radar response at different frequency bands in relation to changes in the snow morphology. The inversion scheme is based on a statistical relation between the radar simulations and the properties of snow calculated from in-cloud sampling.
Haoran Li, Alexei Korolev, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) clouds embedded in a stratiform precipitation event were uncovered via radar Doppler spectral analysis. Given the unprecedented detail of the observations, we show that multiple populations of secondary ice columns were generated in the pockets where larger cloud droplets are formed and not at some constant level within the cloud. Our results highlight that the K–H instability is favorable for liquid droplet growth and secondary ice formation.
Konstantin Baibakov, Samuel LeBlanc, Keyvan Ranjbar, Norman T. O'Neill, Mengistu Wolde, Jens Redemann, Kristina Pistone, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Katherine Hayden, Tak W. Chan, Michael J. Wheeler, Leonid Nichman, Connor Flynn, and Roy Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10671–10687, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find that the airborne measurements of the vertical extinction due to aerosols (aerosol optical depth, AOD) obtained in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) can significantly exceed ground-based values. This can have an effect on estimating the AOSR radiative impact and is relevant to satellite validation based on ground-based measurements. We also show that the AOD can marginally increase as the plumes are being transported away from the source and the new particles are being formed.
Stefanie Kremser, Mike Harvey, Peter Kuma, Sean Hartery, Alexia Saint-Macary, John McGregor, Alex Schuddeboom, Marc von Hobe, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Alex Geddes, Richard Querel, Adrian McDonald, Maija Peltola, Karine Sellegri, Israel Silber, Cliff S. Law, Connor J. Flynn, Andrew Marriner, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Carson C. Hume, Graeme Plank, Geoffrey Graham, and Simon Parsons
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3115–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean are poorly understood and remain a major source of uncertainty in climate models. This study presents ship-borne measurements, collected during a 6-week voyage into the Southern Ocean in 2018, that are an important supplement to satellite-based measurements. For example, these measurements include data on low-level clouds and aerosol composition in the marine boundary layer, which can be used in climate model evaluation efforts.
Jessie M. Creamean, Julio E. Ceniceros, Lilyanna Newman, Allyson D. Pace, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, and Matthew E. Rhodes
Biogeosciences, 18, 3751–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Microorganisms have the unique ability to form ice in clouds at relatively warm temperatures, especially specific types of plant bacteria. However, to date, members of the domain Archaea have not been evaluated for their cloud-forming capabilities. Here, we show the first results of Haloarchaea that have the ability to form cloud ice at moderate supercooled temperatures that are found in hypersaline environments on Earth.
Charlotte M. Beall, Jennifer M. Michaud, Meredith A. Fish, Julie Dinasquet, Gavin C. Cornwell, M. Dale Stokes, Michael D. Burkart, Thomas C. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9031–9045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) can influence multiple climate-relevant cloud properties by triggering droplet freezing at relative humidities below or temperatures above the freezing point of water. The ocean is a significant INP source; however, the specific identities of marine INPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify 14 ice-nucleating microbes from aerosol and precipitation samples collected at a coastal site in southern California, two or more of which are likely marine.
Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, Paul Makar, John Liggio, Samar G. Moussa, Ayodeji Akingunola, Robert McLaren, Ralf M. Staebler, Andrea Darlington, Jason O'Brien, Junhua Zhang, Mengistu Wolde, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8377–8392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method using aircraft measurements to determine lifetimes with respect to dry deposition for oxidized sulfur and nitrogen compounds over the boreal forest in Alberta, Canada. Atmospheric lifetimes were significantly shorter than derived from chemical transport models with differences related to modelled dry deposition velocities. The shorter lifetimes suggest models need to reassess dry deposition treatment and predictions of sulfur and nitrogen in the atmosphere and ecosystems.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Xuguang Wang, Hugh Morrison, Alexander Ryzhkov, Yachao Hu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6919–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in the tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. This study evaluated the numerical models against the airborne observations and investigated the potential cloud processes that could lead to the production of these large numbers of small ice crystals. It is found that key microphysical processes are still lacking or misrepresented in current numerical models to realistically simulate the phenomenon.
Gourihar Kulkarni, Naruki Hiranuma, Ottmar Möhler, Kristina Höhler, Swarup China, Daniel J. Cziczo, and Paul J. DeMott
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6631–6643, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6631-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6631-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new continuous-flow-diffusion-chamber-style operated ice chamber (Modified Compact Ice Chamber, MCIC) to measure the immersion-freezing efficiency of atmospheric particles. MCIC allowed us to obtain maximum droplet-freezing efficiency at higher time resolution without droplet breakthrough ambiguity. Its evaluation was performed by reproducing published data from the recent ice nucleation workshop and past laboratory data for standard and airborne ice-nucleating particles.
André Welti, E. Keith Bigg, Paul J. DeMott, Xianda Gong, Markus Hartmann, Mike Harvey, Silvia Henning, Paul Herenz, Thomas C. J. Hill, Blake Hornblow, Caroline Leck, Mareike Löffler, Christina S. McCluskey, Anne Marie Rauker, Julia Schmale, Christian Tatzelt, Manuela van Pinxteren, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15191–15206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ship-based measurements of maritime ice nuclei concentrations encompassing all oceans are compiled. From this overview it is found that maritime ice nuclei concentrations are typically 10–100 times lower than over continents, while concentrations are surprisingly similar in different oceanic regions. The analysis of the influence of ship emissions shows no effect on the data, making ship-based measurements an efficient strategy for the large-scale exploration of ice nuclei concentrations.
Charlotte M. Beall, Dolan Lucero, Thomas C. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, M. Dale Stokes, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6473–6486, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6473-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6473-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) can influence multiple climate-relevant cloud properties. Previous studies report INP observations from precipitation samples that were stored prior to analysis, yet storage protocols vary widely, and little is known about how storage impacts INPs. This study finds that storing samples at −20 °C best preserves INP concentrations and that significant losses of small INPs occur across all storage protocols.
Alexei Korolev and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11767–11797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. This work presents a critical review of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. It aims to identify gaps in our knowledge of SIP as well as to stimulate further laboratory studies focused on obtaining a quantitative description of efficiencies for each SIP mechanism.
Cited articles
Aufdermaur, A. N. and Johnson D. A.: Charge separation due to riming in an electric field, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 369–382, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709841609, 1972.
Bacer, S., Sullivan, S. C., Sourdeval, O., Tost, H., Lelieveld, J., and Pozzer, A.: Cold cloud microphysical process rates in a global chemistry–climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1485–1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1485-2021, 2021.
Bacon, N. J., Swanson, B. D., Baker, M. B., and Davis, E. J.: Breakup of
levitated frost particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 13763–13775,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD01162, 1998.
Bergeron, T.: On the physics of clouds and precipitation. Proces Verbaux de
l'Association de Météorologie, International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, Imprimerie Paul Dupont, Paris, France, 156–178, 1935.
Beswick, K. M., Gallagher, M. W., Webb, A. R., Norton, E. G., and Perry, F.: Application of the Aventech AIMMS20AQ airborne probe for turbulence measurements during the Convective Storm Initiation Project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5449–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5449-2008, 2008.
Bigg, E. K.: The formation of atmospheric ice crystals by the freezing of
droplets, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 51–519,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707934207, 1953.
Cantrell, W. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Production of Ice in Tropospheric
Clouds: A Review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 795–808,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795, 2005.
Costa, A., Meyer, J., Afchine, A., Luebke, A., Günther, G., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Ehrlich, A., Wendisch, M., Baumgardner, D., Wex, H., and Krämer, M.: Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12219–12238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12219-2017, 2017.
Crawford, I., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Dearden, C., Crosier, J., Westbrook, C., Capes, G., Coe, H., Connolly, P. J., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Williams, P., Trembath, J., Cui, Z., and Blyth, A.: Ice formation and development in aged, wintertime cumulus over the UK: observations and modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4963–4985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4963-2012, 2012.
Eidhammer, T., DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H.,
Rogers, D. C., Stith, J., Heymsfield A., Wang, Z., Pratt, K. A., Prather, K.
A., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Subramanian, R., and Kreidenweis, S. M.:
Ice initiation by aerosol particles: Measured and predicted ice nuclei
concentrations versus measured ice crystal concentrations in an orographic
wave cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2417–2436,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3266.1, 2010.
Field, P., Hill, A., Furtado, K., and Korolev, A.: Mixed-phase clouds in a
turbulent environment. Part 2: Analytic treatment. Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 140, 870–880, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2175, 2014.
Field, P. R., Heymsfield, A. J., Shipway, B. J., DeMott, P. J., Pratt, K. A., Rogers, D. C., Stith, J., and Prather K. A.: Ice in clouds experiment–layer clouds. Part II: Testing characteristics of heterogeneous ice formation in lee wave clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1066–1079, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-026.1, 2012.
Field, P. R., Lawson, R. P., Brown, P. R. A., Lloyd, G., Westbrook, C., Moisseev, D., Miltenberger, A., Nenes, A., Blyth, A., Choularton, T., Connolly, P., Bühl, J., Crosier, J., Cui, Z., Dearden, C., DeMott, P., Flossmann, A. I., Heymsfield, A. J., Huang, Y. H., Kalesse, H., Kanji, Z. A., Korolev, A., Kirchgaessner, A., Lasher-Trapp, S., Leisner, T., McFarquhar, G., Phillips, V., Stith, J., and Sullivan, S.: Secondary Ice Production: Current State of the Science and
Recommendations for the Future, Meteor. Monogr., 58, 7.1–7.20,
https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0014.1, 2017.
Findeisen, W.: Kolloid-meteorologische Vorgänge bei
Niederschlagsbildung, Meteorol. Z., 55, 121–133, 1938.
Friehe, C. A. and Khelif, D.: Fast-response aircraft temperature sensors,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 9, 784–795,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0784:FRATS>2.0.CO;2,
1992.
Gagin, A.: Effect of supersaturation on the ice crystal production by
natural aerosols, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 6, 175–185,
1972.
Hallett, J. and Mossop, S. C.: Production of secondary ice particles during
the riming process, Nature, 249, 26–28,
https://doi.org/10.1038/249026a0, 1974.
Hallett, J., Sax, R. I., Lamb, D., and Murty, A. S. R.: Aircraft
measurements of ice in Florida cumuli, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104,
631–651, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710444108, 1978.
Heymsfield, A. J.: Precipitation Development in Stratiform Ice Clouds: A
Microphysical and Dynamical Study, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367–381,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0367:PDISIC>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Heymsfield, A. J. and Mossop, S. C.: Temperature dependence of secondary ice
crystal production during soft hail growth by riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 110, 765–770, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046512,
1984.
Hill, A., Field, P., Furtado, K., Korolev, A., and Shipway, B. J.: Mixed-phase
clouds in a turbulent environment: Part 1 – Large-eddy simulation
experiments, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 855–869,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2177, 2014.
Hobbs, P. V.: Ice Multiplication in
Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 315–318,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0315:IMIC>2.0.CO;2, 1969.
Hong, Y., Liu, G., and Li, J.-L. F.: Assessing the Radiative Effects of
Global Ice Clouds Based on CloudSat and CALIPSO Measurements, J. Climate,
29, 7651–7674, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0799.1, 2016.
Huang, Y., Wu, W., McFarquhar, G. M., Wang, X., Morrison, H., Ryzhkov, A., Hu, Y., Wolde, M., Nguyen, C., Schwarzenboeck, A., Milbrandt, J., Korolev, A. V., and Heckman, I.: Microphysical processes producing high ice water contents (HIWCs) in tropical convective clouds during the HAIC-HIWC field campaign: evaluation of simulations using bulk microphysical schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6919–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, 2021.
Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo,
D. J., and Krämer, M.: Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles, Meteor.
Monogr., 58, 1.1–1.33,
https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1, 2017.
Keinert, A., Spannagel, D., Leisner, T., and Kiselev, A.: Secondary ice
production upon freezing of freely falling drizzle droplets, J. Atmos. Sci.,
77, 2959–2967, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0081.1, 2020.
Keppas, S. Ch., Crosier, J., Choularton, T. W., and Bower, K. N.: Ice
lollies: An ice particle generated in supercooled conveyor belts, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 44, 5222–5230, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073441, 2017.
Khain, A., Pinsky, M., and Korolev, A.: Combined effect of the
Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism and large eddies on microphysics of mixed-phase
stratiform clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 383–407,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0269.1, 2021.
King, W. D. and Fletcher, N. H.: Thermal Shock as an Ice Multiplication
Mechanism. Part I. Theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 85–96,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0085:TSAAIM>2.0.CO;2, 1976.
Knollenberg, R. G.: Techniques for probing cloud microstructure, in: Clouds
their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects, edited by: Hobbs, P. V. and
Deepak, A., Academic Press, 15–91, ISBN: 0-12-350720-0, 1981.
Korolev, A. and Heckman, I.: Data used in “Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7075925, 2022.
Korolev, A. and Leisner, T.: Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11767–11797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, 2020.
Korolev, A., McFarquhar, G., Field, P. R., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Wang, Z., Williams, E., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Borrmann, S., Crosier, J., Fugal, J., Krämer, M., Lohmann, U., Schlenczek, O., Schnaiter, M., and Wendisch, M.:
Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges, Meteor. Monogr., 58, 5.1–5.50,
https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0001.1, 2017.
Korolev, A., Heckman, I., Wolde, M., Ackerman, A. S., Fridlind, A. M., Ladino, L. A., Lawson, R. P., Milbrandt, J., and Williams, E.: A new look at the environmental conditions favorable to secondary ice production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1391–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, 2020.
Korolev, A. V. and Mazin, I. P.: Supersaturation of water vapor in
clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2957–2974, 2003.
Ladino, L. A., Korolev, A., Heckman, I., Wolde, M., Fridlind, A. M., and
Ackerman, A. S.: On the role of ice-nucleating aerosol in the formation of
ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
44, 1574–1582, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072455, 2017.
Lance, S., Brock, C. A., Rogers, D., and Gordon, J. A.: Water droplet calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010.
Lasher-Trapp, S., Leon, D. C., DeMott, P. J., Villanueva-Birriel, C. M.,
Johnson, A. V., Moser, D. H., Tully, C. S., and Wu, W.: A multisensor
investigation of rime splintering in tropical maritime cumuli, J. Atmos.
Sci., 73, 2547–2564, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0285.1,
2016.
Latham, J. and Mason, B. J.: Generation of electric charge associated with the formation of soft hail in thunderclouds, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 260, 237–249, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1961.0052, 1961.
Lauber, A., Kiselev, A., Pander, T., Handmann, P., and Leisner, T.:
Secondary Ice Formation during Freezing of Levitated Droplets, J. Atmos.
Sci., 75, 2815–2826, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0052.1,
2018.
Lauber, A., Henneberger, J., Mignani, C., Ramelli, F., Pasquier, J. T., Wieder, J., Hervo, M., and Lohmann, U.: Continuous secondary-ice production initiated by updrafts through the melting layer in mountainous regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3855–3870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3855-2021, 2021.
Lawson, R. P. and Cooper,
W. A.: Performance of some airborne thermometers in clouds, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Technol., 7, 480–494,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0480:POSATI>2.0.CO;2,
1990.
Lawson, R. P., Stewart, R. E., and Angus, L. J.: Observations and numerical
simulations of the origin and development of very large snowflakes. J.
Atmos. Sci., 55, 3209–3229,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3209:OANSOT>2.0.CO;2,
1998.
Lawson, R. P., Baker, B. A., Schmitt, C. G., and Jensen, T. L.: An overview
of microphysical properties of Arctic 1145 clouds observed in May and July
1998 during FIRE ACE, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 14989–15014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900789, 2001.
Lawson, R. P., O'Connor, D., Zmarzly, P., Weaver, K., Baker, B., Mo, Q., and
Jonsson, H.: The 2D-S (Stereo) Probe: Design and Preliminary Tests of a New
Airborne, High-Speed, High-Resolution Particle Imaging Probe, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 23, 1462–1477, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1927.1, 2006.
Lawson, R. P., Woods, S., and Morrison, H.: The microphysics of ice and
precipitation development in tropical cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 72,
2429–2445, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0274.1, 2015.
Lawson, R. P., Korolev, A. V., DeMott, P. J., Heymsfield, A. J., Bruintjes,
R. T., Wolff, C. A., Woods, S., Patnaude, R. J., Jensen, J. B., Moore, K. A.,
Heckman, I., Rosky, E., Haggerty, J., Perkins, R. J., Fisher T., and Hill,
T. C. J.: The Secondary Production of Ice in Cumulus Experiment (SPICULE),
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., accepted, 2022.
Lawson, P., Gurganus, C., Woods, S., and Bruintjes, R.: Aircraft
Observations of Cumulus Microphysics Ranging from the Tropics to
Midlatitudes: Implications for a “New” Secondary Ice Process, J. Atmos.
Sci., 74, 2899–2920, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0033.1,
2017.
Li, H., Korolev, A., and Moisseev, D.: Supercooled liquid water and secondary ice production in Kelvin–Helmholtz instability as revealed by radar Doppler spectra observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021.
LI-COR: LI-7000 CO
Luke, E. P., Yang, F., Kollias, P., Vogelmann, A. M., and Maahn, M.: New
insights into ice multiplication using remote-sensing observations of
slightly supercooled mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 118, e2021387118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021387118,
2021.
Matus, A. V. and L'Ecuyer, T. S.: The role of cloud phase in Earth's
radiation budget, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 2559–2578,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025951, 2017.
Mazin, I. P., Korolev, A. V., Heymsfield, A., Isaac, G. A., and Cober, S. G.:
Thermodynamics of Icing Cylinder for Measurements of Liquid Water Content in
Supercooled Clouds, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 543–558,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0543:TOICFM>2.0.CO;2,
2001.
Mignani, C., Creamean, J. M., Zimmermann, L., Alewell, C., and Conen, F.:
New type of evidence for secondary ice formation at around −15 ∘C in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019, 2019.
Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., and Khvorostyanov, V. I.: A new double moment
microphysics scheme for application in cloud and climate models. Part I:
Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677, 2005.
Mossop, S. C.: Production of secondary ice particles during the growth of
graupel by riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 45–57,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710243104, 1976.
Mossop, S. C.: The Origin and Concentration of Ice Crystals in Clouds, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 66, 264–273, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0264:TOACOI>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Mossop, S. C. and Hallett, J.: Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds:
Influence of the Drop Spectrum, Science, 186, 632–634,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4164.632, 1974.
Muench, S. and Lohmann, U.: Developing a cloud scheme with prognostic
cloud fraction and two moment microphysics for ECHAM-HAM, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001824,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001824, 2020.
Oraltay, R. G. and Hallett, J.: Evaporation and melting of ice crystals: A
laboratory study, Atmos. Res., 24, 169–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(89)90044-6, 1989.
Pasquier, J. T., Henneberger, J., Ramelli, F., Lauber, A., David, R. O., Wieder, J., Carlsen, T., Gierens, R., Maturilli, M., and Lohmann, U.: Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-314, in review, 2022.
Petters, M. D. and Wright, T. P.: Revisiting ice nucleation from precipitation samples, Geophys. Res., Lett., 42, 8758–8766, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065733, 2015.
Phillips, V., Yano, J-I., Formenton, M., Ilotoviz, E., Kanawade, V.,
Kudzotsa, I., Sun, J., Bansemer, A. Detwiler, A., Khain, A. P., and Tessendorf,
S.: Ice multiplication by break-up in ice-ice collisions. Part 2: Numerical
simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2789–2811, 2017.
Prabhakaran, P., Kinney, G., Cantrell, W., Shaw, R. A., and Bodenschatz, E.:
High Supersaturation in the Wake of Falling Hydrometeors: Implications for
Cloud Invigoration and Ice Nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL088055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088055, 2020.
Qu, Y., Khain, A., Phillips, V., Ilotoviz, E., Shpund, J., Patade, S., and
Chen, B.: The role of ice splintering on microphysics of deep convective
clouds forming under different aerosol conditions: simulations using the
model with spectral bin microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2019JD031312,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031312, 2019.
Qu, Z., Korolev, A., Milbrandt, J. A., Heckman, I., Huang, Y., McFarquhar, G. M., Morrison, H., Wolde, M., and Nguyen, C.: The impacts of secondary ice production on microphysics and dynamics in tropical convection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12287–12310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, 2022.
Ramelli, F., Henneberger, J., David, R. O., Bühl, J., Radenz, M., Seifert, P., Wieder, J., Lauber, A., Pasquier, J. T., Engelmann, R., Mignani, C., Hervo, M., and Lohmann, U.: Microphysical investigation of the seeder and feeder region of an Alpine mixed-phase cloud, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6681–6706, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6681-2021, 2021.
Saunders, C. P. R. and Hosseini, A. S.: A laboratory study of the effect of
velocity on Hallett–Mossop ice crystal multiplication, Atmos. Res., 59,
3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00106-5, 2001.
Seinfeld, J. H., Bretherton, C., Carslaw, K. S., Coe, H., DeMott, P. J.,
Dunlea, E. J., Feingold, G., Ghan, S., Guenther, A. B., Kahn, R., Kraucunas,
I., Kreidenweis, S. M., Molina, M. J., Nenes, A., Penner, J. E., Prather, K.
A., Ramanathan, V., Ramaswamy, V., Rasch, P. J., Ravishankara, A. R.,
Rosenfeld, D., Stephens, G., and Wood, R.: Improving our fundamental
understanding of the role of aerosol-cloud interactions in the climate
system, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5781–5790,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514043113, 2016.
Staroselsky, A., Acharya, R., and Khain, A.: Toward a theory of the evolution
of drop morphology and splintering by freezing, J. Atmos. Sci., 78,
3181–3204, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0029.1, 2021.
Sullivan, S. C., Hoose, C., Kiselev, A., Leisner, T., and Nenes, A.: Initiation of secondary ice production in clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1593–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1593-2018, 2018.
Takahashi, T., Nagao, Y., and Kushiyama, Y.: Possible High Ice Particle
Production during Graupel–Graupel Collisions, J. Atmos. Sci., 52,
4523–4527,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<4523:PHIPPD>2.0.CO;2,
1995.
Vardiman, L.: The Generation of Secondary Ice Particles in Clouds by
Crystal–Crystal Collision, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2168–2180,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2168:TGOSIP>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Wegener, A.: Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre, J. A. Barth, Leipzig, Germany, 1911.
Williams, A. and Marcotte, D.: Wind measurements on a maneuvering
twin-engine turboprop aircraft accounting for flow distortion. J. Atmos.
Ocean. Technol., 17, 795–810,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0795:WMOAMT>2.0.CO;2,
2000.
Wolde, M. and Pazmany, A.: NRCC dual-frequency airborne radar for
atmospheric research, 32nd Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque, NM, 24–28 October 2005,
Amer. Meteor. Soc., P1R.9,
https://ams.confex.com/ams/32Rad11Meso/techprogram/paper_96918.htm (last access: 7 October 2022), 2005.
Short summary
The present study provides the first explicit in situ observation of secondary ice production at temperatures as low as −27 °C, which is well outside the range of the Hallett–Mossop process (−3 to −8 °C). This observation expands our knowledge of the temperature range of initiation of secondary ice in clouds. The obtained results are intended to stimulate laboratory and theoretical studies to develop physically based parameterizations for weather prediction and climate models.
The present study provides the first explicit in situ observation of secondary ice production at...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint