Articles | Volume 18, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17963-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17963-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Dec 2018
Research article |
| 18 Dec 2018
| 18 Dec 2018
Representing sub-grid scale variations in nitrogen deposition associated with land use in a global Earth system model: implications for present and future nitrogen deposition fluxes over North America
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Sergey Malyshev
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Tran Nguyen
Department of Environmental Toxicology, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
John D. Crounse
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, California, USA
Elena Shevliakova
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Larry W. Horowitz
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Related authors
Srinath Krishnan, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Øivind Hodnebrog, Gunnar Myhre, Maria Sand, Marit Sandstad, Hannah Bryant, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Fabien Paulot, Michael Prather, and David Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 9509–9539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9509-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9509-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen (H2) is an indirect greenhouse gas that can affect climate through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. To better understand this impact, it is important to constrain the sources and sinks of hydrogen. Using a suite of three-dimensional and one-dimensional models, we find that atmospheric production of hydrogen is 37–60 Tg/yr and that the geological source of H2 is much smaller than suggested. More field and isotopic measurements are needed to improve these estimates.
Stephanie Fiedler, Fiona M. O'Connor, Duncan Watson-Parris, Robert J. Allen, William J. Collins, Paul T. Griffiths, Matthew Kasoar, Jarmo Kikstra, Jasper F. Kok, Lee T. Murray, Fabien Paulot, Maria Sand, Steven T. Turnock, James Weber, Laura J. Wilcox, and Vaishali Naik
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 3477–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project phase two (AerChemMIP2) allows the community to compare results from contemporary Earth system models. AerChemMIP2 is asking modelling centres to perform experiments following the same protocol. It includes experiments for enabling new science and for tracking progress. Model output will be used for addressing research and policy questions about anthropogenic and natural drivers of climate change, and the impacts on air quality.
Gunnar Myhre, Øivind Hodnebrog, Srinath Krishnan, Maria Sand, Marit Sandstad, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Alexander Archibald, Hannah N. Bryant, Alex T. Chaudhri, David S. Stevenson, Didier Hauglustaine, Michael Prather, J. Christopher Kaiser, Dirk J. L. Olivie, Michael Schulz, Oliver Wild, Ye Wang, Thérèse Salameh, Jason E. Williams, Philippe Le Sager, Fabien Paulot, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Haley E. Plaas
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2577–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect air quality and climate, but their behavior in the atmosphere is still uncertain. We launched a global research effort to compare how different models represent these compounds and to improve their accuracy. By analyzing model results alongside observations and satellite data, we aim to better understand the atmospheric composition of these compounds.
Fabien Paulot, Gabrielle Pétron, Andrew M. Crotwell, and Matteo B. Bertagni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4217–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show that hydrogen (H2) concentrations increased from 2010 to 2019, which is consistent with the simulated increase in H2 photochemical production (mainly from methane). But this cannot be reconciled with the expected decrease (increase) in H2 anthropogenic emissions (soil deposition) in the same period. This shows gaps in our knowledge of the H2 biogeochemical cycle that must be resolved to quantify the impact of higher H2 usage.
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
Joseph Mouallem, Sergey Malyshev, Zhihong Tan, Elena Shevliakova, Kun Gao, Lucas Harris, Rusty Benson, William Cooke, Niki Zadeh, and Lauren Chilutti
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8427–8446, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8427-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8427-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We integrate GFDL's (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) land model in the high resolution global atmospheric model SHiELD (System for High-resolution modeling for Earth-to-Local Domains), unlocking new capabilities in simulating new suite of land-atmosphere conditions and extreme hydrological processes such as flooding. A single global simulation captures Hurricane Helene's 2024 landfall, including soil saturation, runoff generation, and river flooding in Western North Carolina, while simultaneously capturing an independent extreme rainfall and flooding event in Nepal.
Magesh Mohan, Amy Sullivan, Emily Lill, Ilana Pollack, Alison Piasecki, Sarah Albertin, Ann Middlebrook, Wyndom Chace, Andrew Rollins, Carsten Warneke, Steven Brown, Lu Xu, Katherine Ball, John Crounse, Paul Wennberg, Stelios Kakavas, Spyros Pandis, Athanasios Nenes, and Rodney Weber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4960, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4960, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric fine particles contain liquid water and can be highly acidic. The amount of water and the acidity affect how these particles impact human health, ecosystems, and climate. Flying an aircraft across the continental United States in summer 2023, with a focus on four North American cities, we measured the properties needed to model particle water and acidity. We found the particles were consistently strongly acidic, even within wildfire smoke, and verified the model against observations.
Ishir Dutta, Colette L. Heald, Ilann Bourgeois, John D. Crounse, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, and Jeff Peischl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 11875–11891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11875-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11875-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a global budget of tropospheric reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) based on the GEOS‑Chem chemical transport model evaluated against ATom aircraft observations. In addition to burdens, deposition, and lifetimes, we detail the magnitudes of the chemical fluxes governing cycling between NOy species, including uncertain heterogeneous processes such as aerosol nitrate photolysis and organic nitrate hydrolysis.
Colin Jones, Isaline Bossert, Donovan P. Dennis, Hazel A. Jeffery, Chris D. Jones, Torben Koenigk, Sina Loriani, Benjamin Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Manabu Abe, Sebastian Bathiany, Pascale Braconnot, Victor Brovkin, Friedrich A. Burger, Patrica Cadule, Frederic S. Castruccio, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Andrea Dittus, Jonathan F. Donges, Friederike Fröb, Thomas L. Frölicher, Goran Georgievski, Chuncheng Guo, Aixue Hu, Peter Lawrence, Paul Lerner, José Licón-Saláiz, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Anastasia Romanou, Elena Shevliakova, Yona Silvy, Didier Swingedouw, Jerry Tjiputra, Jeremy Walton, Andy Wiltshire, Ricarda Winkelmann, Richard Wood, Tokuta Yokohata, and Tilo Ziehn
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 6941–6966, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6941-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6941-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new Earth system model experiment protocol to help researchers understand how Earth might respond to positive, zero, and negative carbon emissions. This protocol enables different models to be compared following similar warming and cooling rates. Researchers use the models to explore how the Earth reacts to different climate futures, including the risk of tipping points being exceeded and whether changes can be reversed. The results will support improved long-term climate policy.
Srinath Krishnan, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Øivind Hodnebrog, Gunnar Myhre, Maria Sand, Marit Sandstad, Hannah Bryant, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Fabien Paulot, Michael Prather, and David Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 9509–9539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9509-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9509-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen (H2) is an indirect greenhouse gas that can affect climate through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. To better understand this impact, it is important to constrain the sources and sinks of hydrogen. Using a suite of three-dimensional and one-dimensional models, we find that atmospheric production of hydrogen is 37–60 Tg/yr and that the geological source of H2 is much smaller than suggested. More field and isotopic measurements are needed to improve these estimates.
Young Ro Lee, Linda Arterburn, Masayuki Takeuchi, David J. Tanner, James M. Roberts, Behrooz Roozitalab, Daun Jeong, Alan J. Hills, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Eric C. Apel, Simone Meinardi, Barbara Barletta, Nicola J. Blake, Donald R. Blake, Saewung Kim, Wojciech Wojnowski, Felix Piel, Armin Wisthaler, Katherine Ball, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Jason Miech, Yonghoon Choi, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Abby Sebol, Erin R. Delaria, Reem A. Hannun, Jason M. St. Clair, Glenn M. Wolfe, Changmin Cho, Courtney Owen, Kirk Lesko, Alessandro Franchin, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, Richard Moore, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Guy Symonds, Dongwook Kim, Douglas A. Day, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Kirk Ullmann, Samuel R. Hall, James H. Crawford, and L. Gregory Huey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 8695–8715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8695-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8695-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We flew a large variety of instruments on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft to measure pollution over South Korea in the winter of 2024. This works focuses on acyl peroxynitrates (PANs for short) which are formed by chemistry in air. We found high levels of PANs often associated with industrial emissions of pollutants such as ethanol and ethylene oxide. This work helps to understand how to reduce pollution of this sort.
Stephanie Fiedler, Fiona M. O'Connor, Duncan Watson-Parris, Robert J. Allen, William J. Collins, Paul T. Griffiths, Matthew Kasoar, Jarmo Kikstra, Jasper F. Kok, Lee T. Murray, Fabien Paulot, Maria Sand, Steven T. Turnock, James Weber, Laura J. Wilcox, and Vaishali Naik
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 3477–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project phase two (AerChemMIP2) allows the community to compare results from contemporary Earth system models. AerChemMIP2 is asking modelling centres to perform experiments following the same protocol. It includes experiments for enabling new science and for tracking progress. Model output will be used for addressing research and policy questions about anthropogenic and natural drivers of climate change, and the impacts on air quality.
Gunnar Myhre, Øivind Hodnebrog, Srinath Krishnan, Maria Sand, Marit Sandstad, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Alexander Archibald, Hannah N. Bryant, Alex T. Chaudhri, David S. Stevenson, Didier Hauglustaine, Michael Prather, J. Christopher Kaiser, Dirk J. L. Olivie, Michael Schulz, Oliver Wild, Ye Wang, Thérèse Salameh, Jason E. Williams, Philippe Le Sager, Fabien Paulot, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Haley E. Plaas
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2577–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect air quality and climate, but their behavior in the atmosphere is still uncertain. We launched a global research effort to compare how different models represent these compounds and to improve their accuracy. By analyzing model results alongside observations and satellite data, we aim to better understand the atmospheric composition of these compounds.
William J. Collins, John S. Daniel, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Martin Cussac, Makoto Deushi, Gregory Faluvegi, Paul Griffiths, Øivind Hodnebrog, Larry W. Horowitz, James Keeble, Douglas Kinnison, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Drew Shindell, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Zihao Wang, and James Weber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6033, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6033, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are also greenhouse gases that cause global warming. However, their destruction of ozone contributes a global cooling. We have used results from climate models that include atmospheric chemistry and found that the cooling effect of the ozone depletion diagnosed in the models was larger than that calculated using a standard method. We find that some ODSs have a net cooling effect whereas for others the warming effect is significantly reduced.
Jason A. Miech, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Yonghoon Choi, Richard H. Moore, Luke D. Ziemba, Francesca Gallo, Carolyn E. Jordan, Michael A. Shook, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Edward L. Winstead, Sayantee Roy, Young Ro Lee, Katherine Ball, John D. Crounse, Paul Wennberg, Felix Piel, Stefan Swift, Wojciech Wojnowski, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 15701–15714, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases and airborne pollutants in Asia. Airborne measurements of greenhouse gas enhancement ratios, trace gases, and particle scattering were used to identify air masses impacted by biomass burning over several Asian countries during February and March of 2024. Further analysis using atmospheric transport models and satellite hotspot products was performed to understand the transport history of biomass burning impacted airmasses over Thailand.
William J. Collins, Fiona M. O'Connor, Rachael E. Byrom, Øivind Hodnebrog, Patrick Jöckel, Mariano Mertens, Gunnar Myhre, Matthias Nützel, Dirk Olivié, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Laura Stecher, Larry W. Horowitz, Vaishali Naik, Gregory Faluvegi, Ulas Im, Lee T. Murray, Drew Shindell, Kostas Tsigaridis, Nathan Luke Abraham, and James Keeble
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9031–9060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9031-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9031-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used 7 climate models that include atmospheric chemistry and find that in a scenario with weak controls on air quality, the warming effects (over 2015 to 2050) of decreases in ozone-depleting substances and increases in air quality pollutants are approximately equal and would make ozone the second highest contributor to warming over this period. We find that for stratospheric ozone recovery, the standard measure of climate effects underestimates a more comprehensive measure.
Steven T. Turnock, Dimitris Akritidis, Larry Horowitz, Mariano Mertens, Andrea Pozzer, Carly L. Reddington, Hantao Wang, Putian Zhou, and Fiona O'Connor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7111–7136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7111-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7111-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the drivers behind changes in peak-season surface ozone concentrations and risks to human health between 1850 and 2014. Substantial increases in surface ozone have occurred over this period, resulting in an increased risk to human health, driven mainly by increases in anthropogenic NOx emissions and global CH4 concentrations. Fixing anthropogenic NOx emissions at 1850 values in the near-present-day period can eliminate the risk to human health associated with exposure to surface ozone.
Amali A. Amali, Clemens Schwingshackl, Akihiko Ito, Alina Barbu, Christine Delire, Daniele Peano, David M. Lawrence, David Wårlind, Eddy Robertson, Edouard L. Davin, Elena Shevliakova, Ian N. Harman, Nicolas Vuichard, Paul A. Miller, Peter J. Lawrence, Tilo Ziehn, Tomohiro Hajima, Victor Brovkin, Yanwu Zhang, Vivek K. Arora, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 803–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explored the impact of anthropogenic land-use change (LUC) on climate dynamics, focusing on biogeophysical (BGP) and biogeochemical (BGC) effects using data from the Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We found that LUC-induced carbon emissions contribute to a BGC warming of 0.21 °C, with BGC effects dominating globally over BGP effects, which show regional variability. Our findings highlight discrepancies in model simulations and emphasize the need for improved representations of LUC processes.
Minki Hong, Nathaniel Chaney, Sergey Malyshev, Enrico Zorzetto, Anthony Preucil, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2275–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2275-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the significance of groundwater in resolving the coupled terrestrial water–energy cycle. LM4-SHARC (soil–hillslope aquifer–river continuum) describes the hillslope groundwater using its emergent properties, yielding noticeable improvements in soil moisture/temperature and groundwater discharge predictions. The implications of groundwater-mediated hydrologic interactions between hillslopes and streams need further exploration in the Earth system modeling community.
Enrico Zorzetto, Paul Ginoux, Sergey Malyshev, and Elena Shevliakova
The Cryosphere, 19, 1313–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1313-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1313-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing particle (LAP) deposition on snow leads to a darkening of the snow surface and can thus accelerate snow melt. Understanding the extent to which different types of LAPs contribute to snow melt is important to both predict changes in water availability and improve global climate model predictions. Here, we extend a recently developed snow model to account for the deposition of LAPs in the snowpack and evaluate the effect of snow darkening on accelerating snow melt.
Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Kawamiya, Akihiko Ito, Kaoru Tachiiri, Chris D. Jones, Vivek Arora, Victor Brovkin, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Elena Shevliakova
Biogeosciences, 22, 1447–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global carbon budgets simulated by multiple Earth system models, using several types of simulations (CO2 concentration- and emission-driven experiments). We successfully identified problems with regard to the global carbon budget in each model. We also found urgent issues with regard to land use change CO2 emissions that should be solved in the latest generation of models.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Paul Ginoux, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7219–7244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new snow scheme developed for use in global climate models, which simulates the interactions of snowpack with vegetation, atmosphere, and soil. We test the new snow model over a set of sites where in situ observations are available. We find that when compared to a simpler snow model, this model improves predictions of seasonal snow and of soil temperature under the snowpack, important variables for simulating both the hydrological cycle and the global climate system.
Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Chaincy Kuo, Sophie Szopa, Pierre Nabat, Dirk Olivié, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, David Neubauer, Naga Oshima, Jane Mulcahy, Larry W. Horowitz, and Prodromos Zanis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7837–7872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a metric for estimating how human activities and natural agents change the energy flow into and out of the Earth’s climate system. We investigate the anthropogenic aerosol ERF, and we estimate the contribution of individual processes to the total ERF using simulations from Earth system models within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Our findings highlight that aerosol–cloud interactions drive ERF variability during the last 150 years.
Minjin Lee, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5191–5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Fangxuan Ren, Jintai Lin, Chenghao Xu, Jamiu A. Adeniran, Jingxu Wang, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Larry W. Horowitz, Steven T. Turnock, Naga Oshima, Jie Zhang, Susanne Bauer, Kostas Tsigaridis, Øyvind Seland, Pierre Nabat, David Neubauer, Gary Strand, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4821–4836, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the performance of 14 CMIP6 ESMs in simulating total PM2.5 and its 5 components over China during 2000–2014. PM2.5 and its components are underestimated in almost all models, except that black carbon (BC) and sulfate are overestimated in two models, respectively. The underestimation is the largest for organic carbon (OC) and the smallest for BC. Models reproduce the observed spatial pattern for OC, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium well, yet the agreement is poorer for BC.
Fabien Paulot, Gabrielle Pétron, Andrew M. Crotwell, and Matteo B. Bertagni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4217–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show that hydrogen (H2) concentrations increased from 2010 to 2019, which is consistent with the simulated increase in H2 photochemical production (mainly from methane). But this cannot be reconciled with the expected decrease (increase) in H2 anthropogenic emissions (soil deposition) in the same period. This shows gaps in our knowledge of the H2 biogeochemical cycle that must be resolved to quantify the impact of higher H2 usage.
James M. Roberts, Siyuan Wang, Patrick R. Veres, J. Andrew Neuman, Michael A. Robinson, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Hannah M. Allen, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Simone Meinardi, Isobel J. Simpson, and Donald Blake
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3421–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the troposphere for the first time. BrCN is a product of the same active bromine chemistry that destroys ozone and removes mercury in polar surface environments and is a previously unrecognized sink for active Br compounds. BrCN has an apparent lifetime against heterogeneous loss in the range 1–10 d, so it serves as a cumulative marker of Br-radical chemistry. Accounting for BrCN chemistry is an important part of understanding polar Br cycling.
Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Hannah Allen, Eric C. Apel, Megan M. Bela, Donald R. Blake, Ilann Bourgeois, Steven S. Brown, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jason M. St. Clair, James H. Crawford, John D. Crounse, Douglas A. Day, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Hongyu Guo, Johnathan W. Hair, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem Hannun, Alan Hills, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Joseph M. Katich, Aaron Lamplugh, Young Ro Lee, Jin Liao, Jakob Lindaas, Stuart A. McKeen, Tomas Mikoviny, Benjamin A. Nault, J. Andrew Neuman, John B. Nowak, Demetrios Pagonis, Jeff Peischl, Anne E. Perring, Felix Piel, Pamela S. Rickly, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Thomas B. Ryerson, Melinda K. Schueneman, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Joshua P. Schwarz, Kanako Sekimoto, Vanessa Selimovic, Taylor Shingler, David J. Tanner, Laura Tomsche, Krystal T. Vasquez, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca Washenfelder, Petter Weibring, Paul O. Wennberg, Armin Wisthaler, Glenn M. Wolfe, Caroline C. Womack, Lu Xu, Katherine Ball, Robert J. Yokelson, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 929–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports emissions of gases and particles from wildfires. These emissions are related to chemical proxies that can be measured by satellite and incorporated into models to improve predictions of wildfire impacts on air quality and climate.
Hamza Ahsan, Hailong Wang, Jingbo Wu, Mingxuan Wu, Steven J. Smith, Susanne Bauer, Harrison Suchyta, Dirk Olivié, Gunnar Myhre, Hitoshi Matsui, Huisheng Bian, Jean-François Lamarque, Ken Carslaw, Larry Horowitz, Leighton Regayre, Mian Chin, Michael Schulz, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Vaishali Naik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14779–14799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact of the assumed effective height of SO2 injection, SO2 and BC emission seasonality, and the assumed fraction of SO2 emissions injected as SO4 on climate and chemistry model results. We find that the SO2 injection height has a large impact on surface SO2 concentrations and, in some models, radiative flux. These assumptions are a
hiddensource of inter-model variability and may be leading to bias in some climate model results.
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Yiqi Zheng, Larry W. Horowitz, Raymond Menzel, David J. Paynter, Vaishali Naik, Jingyi Li, and Jingqiu Mao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8993–9007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8993-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8993-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) account for a large fraction of fine aerosol at the global scale. Using long-term measurements and a climate model, we investigate anthropogenic impacts on biogenic SOA at both decadal and centennial timescales. Results show that despite reductions in biogenic precursor emissions, SOA has been strongly amplified by anthropogenic emissions since the preindustrial era and exerts a cooling radiative forcing.
Glen Chua, Vaishali Naik, and Larry Wayne Horowitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4955–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4955-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4955-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is an atmospheric
detergent, removing air pollutants and greenhouse gases like methane from the atmosphere. Thus, understanding how it is changing and responding to its various drivers is important for air quality and climate. We found that OH has increased by about 5 % globally from 1980 to 2014 in our model, mostly driven by increasing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This suggests potential climate tradeoffs from air quality policies solely targeting NOx emissions.
Enrico Zorzetto, Sergey Malyshev, Nathaniel Chaney, David Paynter, Raymond Menzel, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1937–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we develop a methodology to model the spatial distribution of solar radiation received by land over mountainous terrain. The approach is designed to be used in Earth system models, where coarse grid cells hinder the description of fine-scale land–atmosphere interactions. We adopt a clustering algorithm to partition the land domain into a set of homogeneous sub-grid
tiles, and for each tile we evaluate solar radiation received by land based on terrain properties.
Zun Yin, Kirsten L. Findell, Paul Dirmeyer, Elena Shevliakova, Sergey Malyshev, Khaled Ghannam, Nina Raoult, and Zhihong Tan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 861–872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-861-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-861-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions typically focus on daytime processes connecting the land state with the overlying atmospheric boundary layer. However, much prior L–A work used monthly or daily means due to the lack of daytime-only data products. Here we show that monthly smoothing can significantly obscure the L–A coupling signal, and including nighttime information can mute or mask the daytime processes of interest. We propose diagnosing L–A coupling within models or archiving subdaily data.
Hao Guo, Clare M. Flynn, Michael J. Prather, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, Louisa Emmons, Forrest Lacey, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Arlene M. Fiore, Gus Correa, Lee T. Murray, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Michelle Kim, John Crounse, Glenn Diskin, Joshua DiGangi, Bruce C. Daube, Roisin Commane, Kathryn McKain, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea Thompson, Thomas F. Hanisco, Donald Blake, Nicola J. Blake, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, James W. Elkins, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, and Steven C. Wofsy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 99–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-99-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-99-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have prepared a unique and unusual result from the recent ATom aircraft mission: a measurement-based derivation of the production and loss rates of ozone and methane over the ocean basins. These are the key products of chemistry models used in assessments but have thus far lacked observational metrics. It also shows the scales of variability of atmospheric chemical rates and provides a major challenge to the atmospheric models.
Lu Xu, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Jessica B. Gilman, Michael A. Robinson, Martin Breitenlechner, Aaron Lamplugh, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, J. Andrew Neuman, Gordon A. Novak, Patrick R. Veres, Steven S. Brown, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7353–7373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the development and operation of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer using an ammonium–water cluster (NH4+·H2O) as a reagent ion. NH4+·H2O is a highly versatile reagent ion for measurements of a wide range of oxygenated organic compounds. The major product ion is the cluster with NH4+ produced via ligand-switching reactions. The instrumental sensitivities of analytes depend on the binding energy of the analyte–NH4+ cluster; sensitivities can be estimated using voltage scanning.
Pamela S. Rickly, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Glenn M. Wolfe, Ryan Bennett, Ilann Bourgeois, John D. Crounse, Jack E. Dibb, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Maximilian Dollner, Emily M. Gargulinski, Samuel R. Hall, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem A. Hannun, Jin Liao, Richard Moore, Benjamin A. Nault, John B. Nowak, Jeff Peischl, Claire E. Robinson, Thomas Ryerson, Kevin J. Sanchez, Manuel Schöberl, Amber J. Soja, Jason M. St. Clair, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Kirk Ullmann, Paul O. Wennberg, Bernadett Weinzierl, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Edward L. Winstead, and Andrew W. Rollins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15603–15620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission factors range from 0.27–1.1 g kg-1 C. Biomass burning SO2 can quickly form sulfate and organosulfur, but these pathways are dependent on liquid water content and pH. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) appears to be directly emitted from some fire sources but is not the sole contributor to the organosulfur signal. It is shown that HMS and organosulfur chemistry may be an important S(IV) reservoir with the fate dependent on the surrounding conditions.
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
Glenn M. Wolfe, Thomas F. Hanisco, Heather L. Arkinson, Donald R. Blake, Armin Wisthaler, Tomas Mikoviny, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana Pollack, Jeff Peischl, Paul O. Wennberg, John D. Crounse, Jason M. St. Clair, Alex Teng, L. Gregory Huey, Xiaoxi Liu, Alan Fried, Petter Weibring, Dirk Richter, James Walega, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, T. Paul Bui, Glenn Diskin, James R. Podolske, Glen Sachse, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4253–4275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Smoke plumes are chemically complex. This work combines airborne observations of smoke plume composition with a photochemical model to probe the production of ozone and the fate of reactive gases in the outflow of a large wildfire. Model–measurement comparisons illustrate how uncertain emissions and chemical processes propagate into simulated chemical evolution. Results provide insight into how this system responds to perturbations, which can help guide future observation and modeling efforts.
Henry Bowman, Steven Turnock, Susanne E. Bauer, Kostas Tsigaridis, Makoto Deushi, Naga Oshima, Fiona M. O'Connor, Larry Horowitz, Tongwen Wu, Jie Zhang, Dagmar Kubistin, and David D. Parrish
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3507–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A full understanding of ozone in the troposphere requires investigation of its temporal variability over all timescales. Model simulations show that the northern midlatitude ozone seasonal cycle shifted with industrial development (1850–2014), with an increasing magnitude and a later summer peak. That shift reached a maximum in the mid-1980s, followed by a reversal toward the preindustrial cycle. The few available observations, beginning in the 1970s, are consistent with the model simulations.
Kelvin H. Bates, Guy J. P. Burke, James D. Cope, and Tran B. Nguyen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1467–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The main nighttime sink of α-pinene, a hydrocarbon abundantly emitted by plants, is reaction with NO3 to form nitrooxy peroxy radicals (nRO2). Using uniquely designed chamber experiments, we show that this reaction is a major source of organic aerosol when nRO2 reacts with other nRO2 and forms a nitrooxy hydroperoxide when nRO2 reacts with HO2. Under ambient conditions these pathways are key loss processes of atmospheric reactive nitrogen in areas with mixed biogenic and anthropogenic influence.
Dandan Wei, Hariprasad D. Alwe, Dylan B. Millet, Brandon Bottorff, Michelle Lew, Philip S. Stevens, Joshua D. Shutter, Joshua L. Cox, Frank N. Keutsch, Qianwen Shi, Sarah C. Kavassalis, Jennifer G. Murphy, Krystal T. Vasquez, Hannah M. Allen, Eric Praske, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Paul B. Shepson, Alexander A. T. Bui, Henry W. Wallace, Robert J. Griffin, Nathaniel W. May, Megan Connor, Jonathan H. Slade, Kerri A. Pratt, Ezra C. Wood, Mathew Rollings, Benjamin L. Deming, Daniel C. Anderson, and Allison L. Steiner
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6309–6329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of isoprene oxidation has improved, and proper representation of isoprene oxidation and isoprene-derived SOA (iSOA) formation in canopy–chemistry models is now recognized to be important for an accurate understanding of forest–atmosphere exchange. The updated FORCAsT version 2.0 improves the estimation of some isoprene oxidation products and is one of the few canopy models currently capable of simulating SOA formation from monoterpenes and isoprene.
Cited articles
Baron, J. S., Hall, E. K., Nolan, B. T., Finlay, J. C., Bernhardt, E. S.,
Harrison, J. A., Chan, F., and Boyer, E. W.: The interactive effects of
excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water
resources of the United States, Biogeochemistry, 114, 71–92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9788-y, 2012. a
Bash, J. O., Cooter, E. J., Dennis, R. L., Walker, J. T., and Pleim, J. E.:
Evaluation of a regional air-quality model with bidirectional NH3
exchange coupled to an agroecosystem model, Biogeosciences, 10, 1635–1645,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1635-2013, 2013. a
Bobbink, R., Hicks, K., Galloway, J., Spranger, T., Alkemade, R., Ashmore,
M.,
Bustamante, M., Cinderby, S., Davidson, E., Dentener, F., Emmett, B.,
Erisman, J.-W., Fenn, M., Gilliam, F., Nordin, A., Pardo, L., and De Vries,
W.: Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant
diversity: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 20, 30–59, 2010. a
Bonan, G. B.: Land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological,
hydrological, and atmospheric studies: Technical description and users
guide,
Technical note, Tech. rep., National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, CO (United States), Climate and Global Dynamics Div., 1996. a
Bondeau, A., Smith, P., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W.,
Gerten, D., Lotze-Campen, H., Müller, C., Reichstein, M., et al.:
Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial
carbon balance, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 679–706, 2007. a
Bytnerowicz, A., Johnson, R., Zhang, L., Jenerette, G., Fenn, M., Schilling,
S., and Gonzalez-Fernandez, I.: An empirical inferential method of estimating
nitrogen deposition to Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the San Bernardino
Mountains case study, Environ. Pollut., 203, 69–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.028,
2015. a
Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget
of
homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 114, 373–398, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711448006,
1988. a
Davies-Barnard, T., Valdes, P. J., Singarayer, J. S., Pacifico, F. M., and
Jones, C. D.: Full effects of land use change in the representative
concentration pathways, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 114014,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114014,
2014. a
Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque, J. F., Bey, I., Eickhout, B.,
Fiore, A. M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L. W., Krol, M.,
Kulshrestha, U. C., Lawrence, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Rast, S.,
Shindell, D., Stevenson, D., Van Noije, T., Atherton, C., Bell, N.,
Bergman, D., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Doherty, R.,
Ellingsen, K., Galloway, J., Gauss, M., Montanaro, V., Müller,
J. F., Pitari, G., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Solmon, F.,
Strahan, S., Schultz, M., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Wild, O.:
Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel
evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, B4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006. a, b
De Schrijver, A., Staelens, J., Wuyts, K., Van Hoydonck, G., Janssen, N.,
Mertens, J., Gielis, L., Geudens, G., Augusto, L., and Verheyen, K.: Effect
of vegetation type on throughfall deposition and seepage flux, Environ.
Pollut., 153, 295–303, 2008. a
Devaraju, N., Bala, G., Caldeira, K., and Nemani, R.: A model based
investigation of the relative importance of CO2-fertilization, climate
warming, nitrogen deposition and land use change on the global terrestrial
carbon uptake in the historical period, Clim. Dynam., 47, 173–190, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2830-8, 2015. a
Dezi, S., Medlyn, B. E., Tonon, G., and Magnani, F.: The effect of nitrogen
deposition on forest carbon sequestration: a model-based analysis, Glob.
Change Biol., 16, 1470–1486, 2010. a
Dirnböck, T., Foldal, C., Djukic, I., Kobler, J., Haas, E., Kiese, R.,
and
Kitzler, B.: Historic nitrogen deposition determines future climate change
effects on nitrogen retention in temperate forests, Climatic Change, 144,
221–235, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2024-y,
2017. a
Dise, N. B.: The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy
Perspectives, chap. 20, Cambridge University Press, 2011. a
Donner, L. J., Wyman, B. L., Hemler, R. S., Horowitz, L. W., Ming, Y., Zhao,
M., Golaz, J.-C., Ginoux, P., Lin, S.-J., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Austin, J.,
Alaka, G., Cooke, W. F., Delworth, T. L., Freidenreich, S. M., Gordon, C. T.,
Griffies, S. M., Held, I. M., Hurlin, W. J., Klein, S. A., Knutson, T. R.,
Langenhorst, A. R., Lee, H.-C., Lin, Y., Magi, B. I., Malyshev, S. L., Milly,
P. C. D., Naik, V., Nath, M. J., Pincus, R., Ploshay, J. J., Ramaswamy, V.,
Seman, C. J., Shevliakova, E., Sirutis, J. J., Stern, W. F., Stouffer, R. J.,
Wilson, R. J., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., and Zeng, F.: The Dynamical
Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the
Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3, J.
Climate, 24, 3484–3519, 2011. a
Dore, A., Vieno, M., Tang, Y., Dragosits, U., Dosio, A., Weston, K., and
Sutton, M.: Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of sulphur and
nitrogen over the United Kingdom and assessment of the influence of
SO2
emissions from international shipping, Atmos. Environ., 41,
2355–2367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.013,
2007. a
Dore, A. J., Kryza, M., Hall, J. R., Hallsworth, S., Keller, V. J. D., Vieno,
M., and Sutton, M. A.: The influence of model grid resolution on estimation
of national scale nitrogen deposition and exceedance of critical loads,
Biogeosciences, 9, 1597–1609, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1597-2012, 2012. a
Ellis, R. A., Jacob, D. J., Sulprizio, M. P., Zhang, L., Holmes, C. D.,
Schichtel, B. A., Blett, T., Porter, E., Pardo, L. H., and Lynch, J. A.:
Present and future nitrogen deposition to national parks in the United
States: critical load exceedances, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9083–9095,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9083-2013, 2013. a, b
Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G.,
Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando,
J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.:
Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical
Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010. a
Erisman, J. W., Pul, A. V., and Wyers, P.: Parametrization of surface
resistance for the quantification of atmospheric deposition of acidifying
pollutants and ozone, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2595–2607,
https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90433-2,
1994. a, b
Erisman, J. W., Hogenkamp, J. E. M., Putten, E. M. v., Uiterwijk, J. W.,
Kemkers, E., Wiese, C. J., and Mennen, M. G.: Long-term Continuous
Measurements of SO2 Dry Deposition over the Speulder Forest,
Water Air Soil Poll., 109, 237–262, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005097722854,
1999. a
Erisman, J. W., Galloway, J. N., Seitzinger, S., Bleeker, A., Dise, N. B.,
Petrescu, A. M. R., Leach, A. M., and Vries, W. D.: Consequences of human
modification of the global nitrogen cycle, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 1621, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0116,
2013. a
Finkelstein, P. L.: Deposition Velocities of SO2 and O3
over
Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems, Water Air Soil Poll.,
1, 49–57, 2001. a
Flechard, C. R., Massad, R.-S., Loubet, B., Personne, E., Simpson, D., Bash,
J. O., Cooter, E. J., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Advances in
understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia
exchange, Biogeosciences, 10, 5183–5225,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013, 2013. a, b, c, d
Fleischer, K., Rebel, K. T., van der Molen, M. K., Erisman, J. W., Wassen,
M. J., van Loon, E. E., Montagnani, L., Gough, C. M., Herbst, M., Janssens,
I. A., Gianelle, D., and Dolman, A. J.: The contribution of nitrogen
deposition to the photosynthetic capacity of forests, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 27, 187–199, 2013. a, b, c
Fleischer, K., Wårlind, D., van der Molen, M. K., Rebel, K. T., Arneth,
A.,
Erisman, J. W., Wassen, M. J., Smith, B., Gough, C. M., Margolis, H. A.,
Cescatti, A., Montagnani, L., Arain, A., and Dolman, A. J.: Low historical
nitrogen deposition effect on carbon sequestration in the boreal zone, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 2542–2561, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg002988, 2015. a, b, c
Fowler, D., Coyle, M., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., Cape, J. N., Reis, S.,
Sheppard, L. J., Jenkins, A., Grizzetti, B., Galloway, J. N., Vitousek, P.,
Leach, A., Bouwman, A. F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Dentener, F., Stevenson, D.,
Amann, M., and Voss, M.: The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first
century, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lon. B, 368, 20130164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164, 2013. a
Gerber, S., Hedin, L. O., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S. W., and
Shevliakova, E.: Nitrogen cycling and feedbacks in a global dynamic land
model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003336, 2010. a
Grizzetti, B.: The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy
Perspectives, chap. 17, Cambridge University Press, 2011. a
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron,
C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of
Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,
3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. a
Gundale, M. J., From, F., Bach, L. H., and Nordin, A.: Anthropogenic nitrogen
deposition in boreal forests has a minor impact on the global carbon cycle,
Glob. Change Biol., 20, 276–286, 2014. a
Hertel, O.: The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy
Perspectives, chap. 14, Cambridge University Press, 2011. a
Hicks, B. B.: Dry deposition to forests – On the use of data from
clearings,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 214–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.013,
2006. a, b
Hicks, B. B.: On Estimating Dry Deposition Rates in Complex
Terrain, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 1651–1658,
2008. a
Huang, L., McDonald-Buller, E. C., McGaughey, G., Kimura, Y., and Allen,
D. T.:
The impact of drought on ozone dry deposition over eastern Texas, Atmos.
Environ., 127, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.022,
2016. a
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L. P., Frolking, S., Betts, R. A., Feddema, J., Fischer,
G., Fisk, J. P., Hibbard, K., Houghton, R. A., Janetos, A., Jones, C. D.,
Kindermann, G., Kinoshita, T., Goldewijk, K. K., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E.,
Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Thomson, A., Thornton, P., Vuuren, D. P. V., and
Wang, Y. P.: Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100:
600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and
resulting secondary lands, Climatic Change, 109, 117–161, 2011. a
Janssens, I. A., Dieleman, W., Luyssaert, S., Subke, J.-A., Reichstein, M.,
Ceulemans, R., Ciais, P., Dolman, A. J., Grace, J., Matteucci, G., Papale,
D., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E.-D., Tang, J., and Law, B.: Reduction of forest
soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition, Nat. Geosci., 3,
315–322, 2010. a
Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Dentener, F., Muntean, M.,
Pouliot, G., Keating, T., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Wankmüller, R., Denier
van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J. J. P., Klimont, Z., Frost, G., Darras, S., Koffi,
B., and Li, M.: HTAP_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid
maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015. a
Jensen, N. O. and Hummelshøj, P.: Derivation of canopy resistance for
water
vapour fluxes over a spruce forest, using a new technique for the viscous
sublayer resistance, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 73, 339–352, 1995. a
Jensen, N. O. and Hummelshøj, P.: Erratum to “Derivation of
canopy resistance for water vapour fluxes over a spruce
forest using a new technique for the viscous sublayer
resistance”, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 85, p. 289,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00024-5,
1997. a
Jickells, T., Baker, A. R., Cape, J. N., Cornell, S. E., and Nemitz, E.: The
cycling of organic nitrogen through the atmosphere, Philos. T. R. Soc.
Lon. B, 368, 20130115, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0115, 2013. a, b
Johansson, O., Palmqvist, K., and Olofsson, J.: Nitrogen deposition drives
lichen community changes through differential species responses, Glob.
Change
Biol., 18, 2626–2635, 2012. a
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L.,
Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A.,
Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo,
K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The
NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
77, 437–471, 1996. a
Lamarque, J.-F., Kyle, G., Meinshausen, M., Riahi, K., Smith, S., van Vuuren,
D., Conley, A., and Vitt, F.: Global and regional evolution of short-lived
radiatively-active gases and aerosols in the Representative Concentration
Pathways, Climatic Change, 109, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0155-0, 2011. a
Lamarque, J.-F., Dentener, F., McConnell, J., Ro, C.-U., Shaw, M., Vet, R.,
Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Dalsoren, S., Doherty, R., Faluvegi, G.,
Ghan, S. J., Josse, B., Lee, Y. H., MacKenzie, I. A., Plummer, D., Shindell,
D. T., Skeie, R. B., Stevenson, D. S., Strode, S., Zeng, G., Curran, M.,
Dahl-Jensen, D., Das, S., Fritzsche, D., and Nolan, M.: Multi-model mean
nitrogen and sulfur deposition from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate
Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): evaluation of historical and
projected future changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7997–8018,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7997-2013, 2013. a, b, c
Lepori, F. and Keck, F.: Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on
Remote Freshwater Ecosystems, Ambio, 41, 235–246,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0250-0,
2012. a
Leuning, R.: A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model
for C3 plants, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 339–355, 1995. a
Levy, H., Horowitz, L. W., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Ming, Y., Golaz, J.-C., Naik,
V., and Ramaswamy, V.: The roles of aerosol direct and indirect effects in
past and future climate change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 4521–4532,
2013. a
Li, Y., Schichtel, B. A., Walker, J. T., Schwede, D. B., Chen, X., Lehmann,
C.
M. B., Puchalski, M. A., Gay, D. A., and Collett, J. L.: Increasing
importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5874–5879, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525736113,
2016. a
Loubet, B., Cellier, P., Milford, C., and Sutton, M. A.: A coupled dispersion
and exchange model for short-range dry deposition of atmospheric ammonia,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 1733–1763, 2006. a
Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghetti, M., Berbigier, P.,
Berninger,
F., Delzon, S., Grelle, A., Hari, P., Jarvis, P. G., Kolari, P.,
Kowalski, A. S., Lankreijer, H., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Loustau,
D., Manca, G., Moncrieff, J. B., Rayment, M., Tedeschi, V.,
Valentini, R., and Grace, J.: The human footprint in the carbon cycle of
temperate and boreal forests, Nature, 447, 849–851, 2007. a, b
Malm, W. C., Rodriguez, M. A., Schichtel, B. A., Gebhart, K. A., Thompson,
T. M., Barna, M. G., Benedict, K. B., Carrico, C. M., and Collett Jr., J. L.:
A hybrid modeling approach for estimating reactive nitrogen deposition in
Rocky Mountain National Park, Atmos. Environ., 126, 258–273,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.060,
2016. a
Meunier, C. L., Gundale, M. J., Sánchez, I. S., and Liess, A.: Impact of
nitrogen deposition on forest and lake food webs in nitrogen-limited
environments, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 164–179, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12967,
2016. a
Neirynck, J., Flechard, C. R., and Fowler, D.: Long-term (13 years)
measurements of SO2 fluxes over a forest and their control by surface
chemistry, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 1768–1780, 2011. a
Ochoa-Hueso, R., Allen, E. B., Branquinho, C., Cruz, C., Dias, T., Fen,
M. E.,
Manrique, E., Pérez-Corona, M. E., Sheppard, L. J., and Stock, W. D.:
Nitrogen deposition effects on Mediterranean-type ecosystems: An ecological
assessment, Environ. Pollut., 159, 2265–2279, 2011. a
Pardo, L. H., Fenn, M. E., Goodale, C. L., Geiser, L. H., Driscoll, C. T.,
Allen, E. B., Baron, J. S., Bobbink, R., Bowman, W. D., Clark, C. M., Emmett,
B., Gilliam, F. S., Greaver, T. L., Hall, S. J., Lilleskov, E. A., Liu, L.,
Lynch, J. A., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Perakis, S. S., Robin-Abbott, M. J.,
Stoddard, J. L., Weathers, K. C., and Dennis, R. L.: Effects of nitrogen
deposition and empirical nitrogen critical loads for ecoregions of the United
States, Ecol. Appl., 21, 3049–3082, 2011. a, b
Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kroll, J. H., Seinfeld, J. H.,
and Wennberg, P. O.: Isoprene photooxidation: new insights into the
production of acids and organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1479–1501,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1479-2009, 2009. a
Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J., and Henze, D. K.: Sources and Processes
Contributing
to Nitrogen Deposition: An Adjoint Model Analysis Applied to Biodiversity
Hotspots Worldwide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 3226–3233, 2013. a
Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J., Pinder, R. W., Bash, J. O., Travis, K., and Henze,
D. K.: Ammonia emissions in the United States, European Union, and
China derived by high-resolution inversion of ammonium wet deposition data:
Interpretation with a new agricultural emissions inventory (MASAGE_NH3),
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4343–4364, 2014. a, b
Paulot, F., Ginoux, P., Cooke, W. F., Donner, L. J., Fan, S., Lin, M.-Y.,
Mao, J., Naik, V., and Horowitz, L. W.: Sensitivity of nitrate aerosols to
ammonia emissions and to nitrate chemistry: implications for present and
future nitrate optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1459–1477,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1459-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e
Paulot, F., Fan, S., and Horowitz, L. W.: Contrasting seasonal responses of
sulfate aerosols to declining SO2 emissions in the Eastern U.S.:
Implications for the efficacy of SO2 emission controls, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 455–464, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070695,
2017. a
Phoenix, G. K., Emmett, B. A., Britton, A. J., Caporn, S. J. M., Dise, N. B.,
Helliwell, R., Jones, L., Leake, J. R., Leith, I. D., Sheppard, L. J.,
Sowerby, A., Pilkington, M. G., Rowe, E. C., Ashmore, M. R., and Power,
S. A.: Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple
plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long-term field
experiments, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1197–1215, 2012. a, b
Ponette-González, A. G., Weathers, K. C., and Curran, L. M.: Tropical
land-cover change alters biogeochemical inputs to ecosystems in a Mexican
montane landscape, Ecol. Appl., 20, 1820–1837, 2010. a
Portmann, F. T., Siebert, S., and Döll, P.: MIRCA2000 – Global monthly
irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution
data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 24, GB1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003435, 2010. a
Pregitzer, K. S., Burton, A. J., Zak, D. R., and Talhelm, A. F.: Simulated
chronic nitrogen deposition increases carbon storage in Northern Temperate
forests, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 142–153, 2008. a
Ran, L., Pleim, J., Song, C., Band, L., Walker, J. T., and Binkowski, F. S.:
A
photosynthesis-based two-leaf canopy stomatal conductance model for
meteorology and air quality modeling with WRF/CMAQ PX LSM, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 1930–1952,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025583,
2017. a
Reay, D. S., Dentener, F., Smith, P., Grace, J., and Feely, R. A.:
Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks, Nat. Geosci., 1, 430–437,
2008. a
Riahi, K., Rao, S., Krey, V., Cho, C., Chirkov, V., Fischer, G., Kindermann,
G., Nakicenovic, N., and Rafaj, P.: RCP 8.5 – A scenario of comparatively
high greenhouse gas emissions, Climatic Change, 109, 33–57, 2011. a
Riddick, S., Ward, D., Hess, P., Mahowald, N., Massad, R., and Holland, E.:
Estimate of changes in agricultural terrestrial nitrogen pathways and ammonia
emissions from 1850 to present in the Community Earth System Model,
Biogeosciences, 13, 3397–3426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3397-2016,
2016. a
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J.,
Liu,
E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom, S.,
Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster,
R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder,
C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and
Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for
Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648, 2011. a
Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Hemming, D. L., and Betts, R. A.: Stomatal
conductance changes due to increasing carbon dioxide levels: Projected
impact on surface ozone levels, Tellus B, 59, 404–411,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v59i3.17002,
2007. a
Sheppard, L. J., Leith, I. D., Mizunuma, T., Neil Cape, J., Crossley, A.,
Leeson, S., Sutton, M. A., van Dijk, N., and Fowler, D.: Dry deposition of
ammonia gas drives species change faster than wet deposition of ammonium
ions: evidence from a long-term field manipulation, Glob. Change Biol., 17,
3589–3607, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02478.x,
2011. a
Shevliakova, E., Pacala, S. W., Malyshev, S., Hurtt, G. C., Milly, P. C. D.,
Caspersen, J. P., Sentman, L. T., Fisk, J. P., Wirth, C., and Crevoisier, C.:
Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: Importance of the
secondary vegetation sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003176,
2009. a, b, c, d, e
Simkin, S. M., Allen, E. B., Bowman, W. D., Clark, C. M., Belnap, J., Brooks,
M. L., Cade, B. S., Collins, S. L., Geiser, L. H., Gilliam, F. S., Jovan,
S. E., Pardo, L. H., Schulz, B. K., Stevens, C. J., Suding, K. N., Throop,
H. L., and Waller, D. M.: Conditional vulnerability of plant diversity to
atmospheric nitrogen deposition across the United States, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4086–4091, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515241113,
2016. a, b
Singles, R., Sutton, M., and Weston, K.: A multi-layer model to describe the
atmospheric transport and deposition of ammonia in Great Britain, Atmos.
Environ., 32, 393–399, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)83467-x,
1998. a
Smith, B., Wårlind, D., Arneth, A., Hickler, T., Leadley, P., Siltberg,
J., and Zaehle, S.: Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations
on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model,
Biogeosciences, 11, 2027–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014,
2014. a
Stevens, C. J., Dise, N. B., Mountford, J. O., and Gowing, D. J.:
Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on the Species Richness of Grasslands,
Science, 303, 1876–1879, 2004. a
Storkey, J., Macdonald, A. J., Poulton, P. R., Scott, T., Köhler, I. H.,
Schnyder, H., Goulding, K. W. T., and Crawley, M. J.: Grassland biodiversity
bounces back from long-term nitrogen addition, Nature, 528, 401–404,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16444,
2015. a
Sutton, M., Nemitz, E., Erisman, J., Beier, C., Bahl, K. B., Cellier, P.,
de Vries, W., Cotrufo, F., Skiba, U., Marco, C. D., Jones, S., Laville, P.,
Soussana, J., Loubet, B., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Whitehead, J., Gallagher,
M., Neftel, A., Flechard, C., Herrmann, B., Calanca, P., Schjoerring, J.,
Daemmgen, U., Horvath, L., Tang, Y., Emmett, B., Tietema, A., Peñuelas,
J., Kesik, M., Brueggemann, N., Pilegaard, K., Vesala, T., Campbell, C.,
Olesen, J., Dragosits, U., Theobald, M., Levy, P., Mobbs, D., Milne, R.,
Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Smith, J., Smith, P., Bergamaschi, P., Fowler, D.,
and Reis, S.: Challenges in quantifying biosphere–atmosphere
exchange of nitrogen species, Environ. Pollut., 150, 125–139,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.014,
2007. a
Sutton, M. A., Howard, C. M., Erisman, J. W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A.,
Grennfelt, P., Grinsven, H. V., and Grizzetti, B. (Eds.): The European
Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives, Cambridge
University Press, 2011. a
Templer, P. H., Weathers, K. C., Lindsey, A., Lenoir, K., and Scott, L.:
Atmospheric inputs and nitrogen saturation status in and adjacent to Class
I wilderness areas of the northeastern US, Oecologia, 177, 5–15, 2014. a
Townsend, A. R., Braswell, B. H., Holland, E. A., and Penner, J. E.: Spatial
and Temporal Patterns in Terrestrial Carbon Storage Due to
Deposition of Fossil Fuel Nitrogen, Ecol. Appl., 6, 806–814, 1996. a
Tulloss, E. M. and Cadenasso, M. L.: Nitrogen deposition across scales:
hotspots and gradients in a California savanna landscape, Ecosphere, 6, 167,
https://doi.org/10.1890/es14-00440.1,
2015. a
Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Wind, P., Marco, C. D., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G.,
Tarrasón, L., and Sutton, M. A.: Application of the EMEP Unified
Model to the UK with a Horizontal Resolution of 5×5 km2, in: Atmospheric
Ammonia, Springer Netherlands, 367–372,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_21,
2009. a
Wang, Y., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Global simulation of
tropospheric O3−NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry 1. Model formulation, J.
Geophys. Res., 103, 10713–10726, 1998. a
Wårlind, D., Smith, B., Hickler, T., and Arneth, A.: Nitrogen feedbacks
increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based
dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences, 11, 6131–6146,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6131-2014, 2014. a
Weathers, K. C., Lovett, G. M., Likens, G. E., and Lathrop, R.: The Effect
of
Landscape Features on Deposition to Hunter Mountain, Catskill
Mountains, New York, Ecol. Appl., 10, 528–540, https://doi.org/10.2307/2641112,
2000. a
Weathers, K. C., Simkin, S. M., Lovett, G. M., and Lindberg, S. E.: Empirical
Modeling of Atmospheric Deposition in Mountainous Landscapes, Ecol.
Appl., 16, 1590–1607, 2006. a
Wentworth, G. R., Murphy, J. G., Benedict, K. B., Bangs, E. J., and Collett
Jr., J. L.: The role of dew as a night-time reservoir and morning source for
atmospheric ammonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7435–7449,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7435-2016, 2016. a
Williams, J. J., Chung, S. H., Johansen, A. M., Lamb, B. K., Vaughan, J. K.,
and Beutel, M.: Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition model
performance in the context of U.S. critical load assessments, Atmos.
Environ., 150, 244–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.051,
2017. a
Wolfe, A. P., Van Gorp, A. C., and Baron, J. S.: Recent ecological and
biogeochemical changes in alpine lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park
(Colorado, USA): a response to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition, Geobiology,
1, 153–168, 2003. a
Wu, W. and Driscoll, C. T.: Impact of Climate Change on Three-Dimensional
Dynamic Critical Load Functions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 720–726, 2010. a
Wu, Z., Staebler, R., Vet, R., and Zhang, L.: Dry deposition of O3
and
SO2 estimated from gradient measurements above a temperate mixed forest,
Environ. Pollut., 210, 202–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.052,
2016.
a, b
Wu, Z., Schwede, D. B., Vet, R., Walker, J. T., Shaw, M., Staebler, R., and
Zhang, L.: Evaluation and intercomparison of five North American dry
deposition algorithms at a mixed forest site, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Sy., 10, 1571–1586, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017ms001231,
2018. a, b, c, d
Zaehle, S., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Dentener, F., Peylin, P., and
Schulz, M.: Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface
model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon
balance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, 803–822,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003522,
2010. a
Zhang, L., Gong, S., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle
dry
deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35,
549–560, 2001. a
Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003, 2003. a, b
Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Knipping, E. M., Kumar, N., Munger, J. W., Carouge,
C. C., van Donkelaar, A., Wang, Y. X., and Chen, D.: Nitrogen deposition to
the United States: distribution, sources, and processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
12, 4539–4554, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4539-2012, 2012. a
Zhu, L., Henze, D., Bash, J., Jeong, G.-R., Cady-Pereira, K., Shephard, M.,
Luo, M., Paulot, F., and Capps, S.: Global evaluation of ammonia
bidirectional exchange and livestock diurnal variation schemes, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 15, 12823–12843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12823-2015, 2015. a
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint