Articles | Volume 23, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2393-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2393-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Feb 2023
Research article |
| 22 Feb 2023
| 22 Feb 2023
Sensitivity of convectively driven tropical tropopause cirrus properties to ice habits in high-resolution simulations
Fayçal Lamraoui
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Martina Krämer
Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7), Research Center
Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric Physics (IPA), Johannes Gutenberg
University, Mainz, Germany
Armin Afchine
Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7), Research Center
Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Adam B. Sokol
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Sergey Khaykin
Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ,
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPSL, Guyancourt, France
Apoorva Pandey
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Zhiming Kuang
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, M. Joan Alexander, Alexis Mariaccia, Philippe Keckhut, and Antoine Mangin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13769–13798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13769-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13769-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how tropical convection generates gravity waves, which play a key role in transporting energy across the atmosphere. By combining Aeolus satellite data with ERA5 reanalysis data and radio occultation measurements, we identified significant wave activity overlooked by ERA5, particularly over the Indian Ocean. Aeolus fills major gaps in wind data, offering a clearer picture of wave dynamics and challenging assumptions about their behavior, thereby improving climate models.
Martina Krämer, Nicole Spelten, Christian Rolf, and Reinhold Spang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13563–13583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13563-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13563-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The size and number of cirrus ice crystals is one parameter influencing the still uncertain effect of cirrus clouds on climate. Here, the occurrence of ice particle sizes and concentrations with varying temperature and cloud microphysical thickness is analyzed as well as whether they formed in-situ or were transported upwards as frozen droplets from further below. The analyses are based on a large database of airborne measurements and extensive simulations.
Sylvia C. Sullivan, Aiko Voigt, Edgardo Sepúlveda Araya, Silvia Bucci, Annette Miltenberger, Meredith K. Kupinski, Christian Rolf, and Martina Krämer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4981, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4981, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the temperature, moisture, and dynamics in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere simulated over South Asia in a high-resolution model relative to aircraft data. The lower stratosphere tends to be too warm, too dry, and too quiescent in the model, and as a result, too few ice clouds are predicted to form there. These biases could affect radiative balance and circulation in other areas also, as significant upward transport of moisture and pollutants occurs during the Asian monsoon.
Sergey Khaykin, Michael Sicard, Thierry Leblanc, Tetsu Sakai, Nickolay Balugin, Gwenael Berthet, Stéphane Chevrier, Fernando Chouza, Artem Feofilov, Dominique Gantois, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Arezki Haddouche, Yoshitaka Jin, Isamu Morino, Nicolas Kadygrov, Thomas Lecas, Ben Liley, Richard Querel, Ghasssan Taha, and Vladimir Yushkov
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4377, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4377, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
In April 2024, the Ruang volcano in Indonesia sent large amounts of gas and particles high into the atmosphere, which then spread worldwide. Using the new European EarthCARE satellite and its advanced laser instrument ATLID, together with ground and balloon observations, we tracked how these particles doubled levels in the tropics and spread into both hemispheres. The study shows ATLID’s power to reveal how eruptions can affect climate, clouds, and ozone for more than a year.
Blaž Gasparini, Rachel Atlas, Aiko Voigt, Martina Krämer, and Peter N. Blossey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9957–9979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9957-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9957-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of tropical cirrus clouds is poorly understood, which contributes to large uncertainties in climate projections. To address this issue, we use novel tracers in a cloud-resolving model to track the life cycle of cirrus clouds. This approach provides insights into cloud formation, ice crystal evolution, and radiative effects of cirrus clouds. Additionally, we improve the model's cloud microphysics using a simple, computationally efficient approach that can be applied to other models.
Samuel Trémoulu, Fabrice Chane Ming, Sitraka Fabrice Raharimanjato, Alain Hauchecorne, Sergey Khaykin, and Philippe Keckhut
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3719, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3719, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to better detect and study small-scale gravity waves in the middle atmosphere using lidar data. This technique more clearly reveals wave patterns than older methods and gives more accurate energy estimates, especially high up near the stratopause. Our approach helps scientists understand how these waves behave and interact across different scales, improving knowledge of atmospheric dynamics.
Heiko Bozem, Philipp Joppe, Yun Li, Nicolas Emig, Armin Afchine, Anna Breuninger, Joachim Curtius, Stefan Hofmann, Sadath Ismayil, Konrad Kandler, Daniel Kunkel, Arthur Kutschka, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Andreas Petzold, Sarah Richter, Timo Röschenthaler, Christian Rolf, Lisa Schneider, Johannes Schneider, Alexander Vogel, and Peter Hoor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3175, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Deployed on a Learjet as a tandem measurement platform during TPEx I (TropoPause composition gradients and mixing Experiment) campaign in June 2024, the new TPC-TOSS (TropoPause Composition Towed Sensor Shuttle) system delivers high-resolution in situ data on ozone, aerosol, clouds, and key weather parameters. Laboratory and in-flight tests confirmed its precision and stability. Observed gradients near the tropopause reveal active mixing and transport processes in the tropopause region.
Sergey Khaykin, Slimane Bekki, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Michael D. Fromm, Philippe Goloub, Qiaoyun Hu, Béatrice Josse, Alexandra Laeng, Mehdi Meziane, David A. Peterson, Sophie Pelletier, and Valérie Thouret
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3152, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3152, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In 2023, massive wildfires in Canada injected huge amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. Surprisingly, despite their intensity, the smoke didn’t rise very high but lingered at flight cruising altitudes, causing widespread pollution. This study shows how two different pathways lifted smoke into the lower stratosphere and reveals new insights into how wildfires affect air quality and climate, challenging what we thought we knew about fire and atmospheric impacts.
Patrick Konjari, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Nicole Spelten, Irene Bartolome Garcia, Annette Miltenberger, Nicolar Emig, Philipp Joppe, Johannes Schneider, Yun Li, Andreas Petzold, Heiko Bozem, and Peter Hoor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2847, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how a powerful storm over southern Sweden in June 2024 transported ice particles and moist air into the normally dry stratosphere. We observed unusually high water vapor and ice levels up to 1.5 kilometers above the tropopause. Although the extra water vapor lasted only a few days to weeks, it shows how such storms can temporarily alter the upper atmosphere’s composition.
Patrick Peter, Sigrun Matthes, Christine Frömming, Patrick Jöckel, Luca Bugliaro, Andreas Giez, Martina Krämer, and Volker Grewe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5911–5934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5911-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5911-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines how well the global climate model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) predicts contrail formation by analysing temperature and humidity – two key factors for contrail development and persistence. The model underestimates temperature, leading to an overprediction of contrail formation and larger ice-supersaturated regions. Adjusting the model improves temperature accuracy but adds uncertainties. Better predictions of contrail formation areas can help optimise flight tracks to reduce aviation's climate effect.
Sreehari Kizhuveettil, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Luiz A. T. Machado, Martin Zöger, and Wiebke Frey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft measurements are used to investigate high-altitude downdrafts in tropical deep convective clouds. The cloud water present in the downdrafts and its intensity do not show any correlation. Surprisingly, downdrafts occurred in supersaturated regions, contradicting the classical view of subsaturated downdrafts. Up- and downdrafts of similar strength show similar particle size distributions. These findings shed new light on the interplay between deep convection dynamics and microphysics.
Patrick Konjari, Christian Rolf, Michaela I. Hegglin, Susanne Rohs, Yun Li, Andreas Zahn, Harald Bönisch, Philippe Nedelec, Martina Krämer, and Andreas Petzold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4269–4289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4269-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4269-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new method to derive adjusted water vapor (H2O) climatologies for the upper tropopshere and lower statosphere (UT/LS) using data from 60 000 flights under the IAGOS program. Biases in the IAGOS water vapour dataset are adjusted, based on the more accurate IAGOS-CARIBIC data. The resulting highly resolved H2O climatologies will contribute to a better understanding of the H2O variability in the UT/LS and its connection to various transport and mixing processes.
Benjamin W. Clouser, Laszlo C. Sarkozy, Clare E. Singer, Carly C. KleinStern, Adrien Desmoulin, Dylan Gaeta, Sergey Khaykin, Stephen Gabbard, Stephen Shertz, and Elisabeth J. Moyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-98, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-98, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
The water molecule comes in several different varieties, which are nearly indistinguishable in daily life. However, slight differences between the water molecule types can be exploited to achieve better scientific understanding of parts of Earth's atmosphere. In this work we describe the design, construction, and operation of an instrument meant to measure these molecules aboard research aircraft up to altitudes of 20 kilometers.
Nelson Bègue, Alexandre Baron, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss, Fabrice Jégou, Sergey Khaykin, Marion Ranaivombola, Tristan Millet, Thierry Portafaix, Valentin Duflot, Philippe Keckhut, Hélène Vérèmes, Guillaume Payen, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Michaël Sicard, Tetsu Sakai, Richard Querel, Ben Liley, Dan Smale, Isamu Morino, Osamu Uchino, Tomohiro Nagai, Penny Smale, John Robinson, and Hassan Bencherif
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8031–8048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the 2020 austral summer, the pristine atmosphere of the southwest Indian Ocean basin experienced significant perturbations. Numerical models indicated that the lower-stratospheric aerosol content was influenced by the intense and persistent stratospheric aerosol layer generated during the 2019–2020 extreme Australian bushfire events. Ground-based observations at Réunion confirmed the simultaneous presence of African and Australian aerosol layers.
Ella Gilbert, Jhaswantsing Purseed, Yun Li, Martina Krämer, Beatrice Altamura, and Nicolas Bellouin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-821, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-821, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We use a simple experiment to explore the non-CO2 impacts of aviation on climate, which are considerably larger than the impact of the sector’s carbon emissions alone. We show that the main effect of our experiments – which intend to mimic the effect of aircraft soot emissions reaching existing high-altitude cirrus clouds – is to extend cloud lifetime, thereby enhancing their effect on climate.
Igor Veselovskii, Qiaoyun Hu, Philippe Goloub, Thierry Podvin, William Boissiere, Mikhail Korenskiy, Nikita Kasianik, Sergey Khaykyn, and Robin Miri
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1023–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of transported smoke layers were performed with a lidar in Lille and a five-channel fluorescence lidar in Moscow. Results show the peak of fluorescence in the boundary layer is at 438 nm, while in the smoke layer it shifts to longer wavelengths. The fluorescence depolarization is 45 % to 55 %. The depolarization ratio of the water vapor channel is low (2 ± 0.5 %) in the absence of fluorescence and can be used to evaluate the contribution of fluorescence to water vapor signal.
Irene Bartolomé García, Odran Sourdeval, Reinhold Spang, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1699–1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How many ice crystals of each size are in a cloud is a key parameter for the retrieval of cloud properties. The distribution of ice crystals is obtained from in situ measurements and used to create parameterizations that can be used when analyzing the remote-sensing data. Current parameterizations are based on data sets that do not include reliable measurements of small crystals, but in our study we use a data set that includes very small ice crystals to improve these parameterizations.
Blaž Gasparini, Sylvia C. Sullivan, Adam B. Sokol, Bernd Kärcher, Eric Jensen, and Dennis L. Hartmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15413–15444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cirrus clouds are essential for climate, but our understanding of these clouds is limited due to their dependence on a wide range of small- and large-scale climate processes. In this opinion paper, we review recent advances in the study of tropical cirrus clouds, point out remaining open questions, and suggest ways to resolve them.
Francesco Cairo, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Guido Di Donfrancesco, Luca Di Liberto, Sergey Khaykin, Lorenza Lucaferri, Valentin Mitev, Max Port, Christian Rolf, Marcel Snels, Nicole Spelten, Ralf Weigel, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4899–4925, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds have been observed over the Himalayan region between 10 km and the tropopause at 17–18 km. Data from backscattersonde, hygrometers, and particle cloud spectrometers have been compared to assess their consistency. Empirical relationships between optical parameters accessible with remote sensing lidars and cloud microphysical parameters (such as ice water content, particle number and surface area density, and particle aspherical fraction) have been established.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Paul Konopka, Christian Rolf, Marc von Hobe, Sergey M. Khaykin, Benjamin Clouser, Elisabeth Moyer, Fabrizio Ravegnani, Francesco D'Amato, Silvia Viciani, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, Martina Krämer, Fred Stroh, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12935–12947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12935-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12935-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied water vapor in a critical region of the atmosphere, the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone, using rare in situ observations. Our study shows that extremely high water vapor values observed in the stratosphere within the Asian monsoon anticyclone still undergo significant freeze-drying and that water vapor concentrations set by the Lagrangian dry point are a better proxy for the stratospheric water vapor budget than rare observations of enhanced water mixing ratios.
Silke Groß, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Qiang Li, Martin Wirth, Benedikt Urbanek, Martina Krämer, Ralf Weigel, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8369–8381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation-emitted aerosol can have an impact on cirrus clouds. We present optical and microphysical properties of mid-latitude cirrus clouds which were formed under the influence of aviation-emitted aerosol or which were formed under rather pristine conditions. We find that cirrus clouds affected by aviation-emitted aerosol show larger values of the particle linear depolarization ratio, larger mean effective ice particle diameters and decreased ice particle number concentrations.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Martin Wirth, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3103–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds affect Earth's atmosphere, deeming our study important. Here we use water vapor measurements by lidar and study the relative humidity (RHi) within and around midlatitude cirrus clouds. We find high supersaturations in the cloud-free air and within the clouds, especially near the cloud top. We study two cloud types with different formation processes. Finally, we conclude that the shape of the distribution of RHi can be used as an indicator of different cloud evolutionary stages.
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Yann Hello, and Philippe Keckhut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus is the first spaceborne wind lidar providing global wind measurements since 2018. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Aeolus instrument performance, using ground-based wind lidars and meteorological radiosondes, at tropical and mid-latitudes sites. The analysis allows assessing the long-term evolution of the satellite's performance for more than 3 years. The results will help further elaborate the understanding of the error sources and the behavior of the Doppler wind lidar.
Yun Li, Christoph Mahnke, Susanne Rohs, Ulrich Bundke, Nicole Spelten, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Christiane Voigt, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Petzold, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2251–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effect of aviation-induced cirrus is closely related to ambient conditions and its microphysical properties. Our study investigated the occurrence of contrail and natural cirrus measured above central Europe in spring 2014. It finds that contrail cirrus appears frequently in the pressure range 200 to 245 hPa and occurs more often in slightly ice-subsaturated environments than expected. Avoiding slightly ice-subsaturated regions by aviation might help mitigate contrail cirrus.
Andreas Marsing, Ralf Meerkötter, Romy Heller, Stefan Kaufmann, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Martina Krämer, Christian Rolf, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 587–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-587-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-587-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We employ highly resolved aircraft measurements of profiles of the ice water content (IWC) in Arctic cirrus clouds in winter and spring, when solar irradiation is low. Using radiation transfer calculations, we assess the cloud radiative effect over different surfaces like snow or ocean. The variability in the IWC of the clouds affects their overall radiative effect and drives internal processes. This helps understand the role of cirrus in a rapidly changing Arctic environment.
Bernard Legras, Clair Duchamp, Pasquale Sellitto, Aurélien Podglajen, Elisa Carboni, Richard Siddans, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Sergey Khaykin, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14957–14970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The long-duration atmospheric impact of the Tonga eruption in January 2022 is a plume of water and sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere that persisted for more than 6 months. We study this evolution using several satellite instruments and analyse the unusual behaviour of this plume as sulfates and water first moved down rapidly and then separated into two layers. We also report the self-organization in compact and long-lived patches.
Mohamadou A. Diallo, Felix Ploeger, Michaela I. Hegglin, Manfred Ern, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Sergey Khaykin, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14303–14321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The quasi-biennial oacillation disruption events in both 2016 and 2020 decreased lower-stratospheric water vapour and ozone. Differences in the strength and depth of the anomalous lower-stratospheric circulation and ozone are due to differences in tropical upwelling and cold-point temperature induced by lower-stratospheric planetary and gravity wave breaking. The differences in water vapour are due to higher cold-point temperature in 2020 induced by Australian wildfire.
Clare E. Singer, Benjamin W. Clouser, Sergey M. Khaykin, Martina Krämer, Francesco Cairo, Thomas Peter, Alexey Lykov, Christian Rolf, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, Simone Brunamonti, and Elisabeth J. Moyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4767–4783, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In situ measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere are necessary to study cloud formation and hydration of the stratosphere but challenging due to cold–dry conditions. We compare measurements from three water vapor instruments from the StratoClim campaign in 2017. In clear sky (clouds), point-by-point differences were <1.5±8 % (<1±8 %). This excellent agreement allows detection of fine-scale structures required to understand the impact of convection on stratospheric water vapor.
Mireia Papke Chica, Valerian Hahn, Tiziana Braeuer, Elena de la Torre Castro, Florian Ewald, Mathias Gergely, Simon Kirschler, Luca Bugliaro Goggia, Stefanie Knobloch, Martina Kraemer, Johannes Lucke, Johanna Mayer, Raphael Maerkl, Manuel Moser, Laura Tomsche, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Martin Zoeger, Christian von Savigny, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-255, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The mixed-phase temperature regime in convective clouds challenges our understanding of microphysical and radiative cloud properties. We provide a rare and unique dataset of aircraft in situ measurements in a strong mid-latitude convective system. We find that mechanisms initiating ice nucleation and growth strongly depend on temperature, relative humidity, and vertical velocity and variate within the measured system, resulting in altitude dependent changes of the cloud liquid and ice fraction.
Helmut Ziereis, Peter Hoor, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Andreas Zahn, Greta Stratmann, Paul Stock, Michael Lichtenstern, Jens Krause, Vera Bense, Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Wolfgang Woiwode, Marleen Braun, Jörn Ungermann, Andreas Marsing, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Engel, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Hermann Oelhaf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3631–3654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne observations were conducted in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 2015/2016. The observed distribution of reactive nitrogen shows clear indications of nitrification in mid-winter and denitrification in late winter. This was caused by the formation of polar stratospheric cloud particles, which were observed during several flights. The sedimentation and evaporation of these particles and the descent of air masses cause a redistribution of reactive nitrogen.
Sergey M. Khaykin, Elizabeth Moyer, Martina Krämer, Benjamin Clouser, Silvia Bucci, Bernard Legras, Alexey Lykov, Armin Afchine, Francesco Cairo, Ivan Formanyuk, Valentin Mitev, Renaud Matthey, Christian Rolf, Clare E. Singer, Nicole Spelten, Vasiliy Volkov, Vladimir Yushkov, and Fred Stroh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3169–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian monsoon anticyclone is the key contributor to the global annual maximum in lower stratospheric water vapour. We investigate the impact of deep convection on the lower stratospheric water using a unique set of observations aboard the high-altitude M55-Geophysica aircraft deployed in Nepal in summer 2017 within the EU StratoClim project. We find that convective plumes of wet air can persist within the Asian anticyclone for weeks, thereby enhancing the occurrence of high-level clouds.
Dina Khordakova, Christian Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Rolf Müller, Paul Konopka, Andreas Wieser, Martina Krämer, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1059–1079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme storms transport humidity from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Here it has a strong impact on the climate. With ongoing global warming, we expect more storms and, hence, an enhancement of this effect. A case study was performed in order to measure the impact of the direct injection of water vapor into the lower stratosphere. The measurements displayed a significant transport of water vapor into the lower stratosphere, and this was supported by satellite and reanalysis data.
Abhinna K. Behera, Emmanuel D. Rivière, Sergey M. Khaykin, Virginie Marécal, Mélanie Ghysels, Jérémie Burgalat, and Gerhard Held
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 881–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection overshooting the stratosphere's contribution to the global stratospheric water budget is still being quantified. We ran three different cloud-resolving simulations of an observed case of overshoots in Bauru during the TRO-Pico balloon campaign in the context of upscaling the impact of overshoots at a large scale. These simulations, which have been validated with balloon-borne and S-band radar measurements, shed light on the local-scale variability and composition of overshoots.
Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Ottmar Möhler, Peter Spichtinger, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 65–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An important mechanism for the appearance of ice particles in the upper troposphere at low temperatures is homogeneous nucleation. This process is commonly described by the
Koop line, predicting the humidity at freezing. However, laboratory measurements suggest that the freezing humidities are above the Koop line, motivating the present study to investigate the influence of different physical parameterizations on the homogeneous freezing with the help of a detailed numerical model.
Christoph Mahnke, Ralf Weigel, Francesco Cairo, Jean-Paul Vernier, Armin Afchine, Martina Krämer, Valentin Mitev, Renaud Matthey, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, Felix Ploeger, Terry Deshler, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15259–15282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In 2017, in situ aerosol measurements were conducted aboard the M55 Geophysica in the Asian monsoon region. The vertical particle mixing ratio profiles show a distinct layer (15–18.5 km), the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL). The backscatter ratio (BR) was calculated based on the aerosol size distributions and compared with the BRs detected by a backscatter probe and a lidar aboard M55, and by the CALIOP lidar. All four methods show enhanced BRs in the ATAL altitude range (max. at 17.5 km).
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Robert Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Tobias Schorr, Isabelle Steinke, Stefan Benz, Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14403–14425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Homogeneous freezing is a relevant mechanism for the formation of cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. Based on an extensive set of homogeneous freezing experiments at the AIDA chamber with aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol, we provide a new fit line for homogeneous freezing onset conditions of sulfuric acid aerosol focusing on cirrus temperatures. In the atmosphere, homogeneous freezing thresholds have important implications on the cirrus cloud occurrence and related cloud radiative effects.
Ralf Weigel, Christoph Mahnke, Manuel Baumgartner, Martina Krämer, Peter Spichtinger, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, Holger Tost, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13455–13481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In July and August 2017, the StratoClim mission took place in Nepal with eight flights of the M-55 Geophysica at up to 20 km in the Asian monsoon anticyclone. New particle formation (NPF) next to cloud ice was detected in situ by abundant nucleation-mode aerosols (> 6 nm) along with ice particles (> 3 µm). NPF was observed mainly below the tropopause, down to 15 % being non-volatile residues. Observed intra-cloud NPF indicates its importance for the composition in the tropical tropopause layer.
Robin Wing, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Thomas J. McGee, John T. Sullivan, Sergey Khaykin, Grant Sumnicht, and Laurence Twigg
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3773–3794, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3773-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3773-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a validation study of the newly installed ozone and temperature lidar at Hohenpeißenberg, Germany. As part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), lidar stations are routinely compared against a travelling reference lidar operated by NASA. We have also attempted to assess potential biases in the reference lidar by comparing the results of this validation campaign with a previous campaign at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France.
Irene Bartolome Garcia, Reinhold Spang, Jörn Ungermann, Sabine Griessbach, Martina Krämer, Michael Höpfner, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3153–3168, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds contribute to the general radiation budget of the Earth. Measuring optically thin clouds is challenging but the IR limb sounder GLORIA possesses the necessary technical characteristics to make it possible. This study analyses data from the WISE campaign obtained with GLORIA. We developed a cloud detection method and derived characteristics of the observed cirrus-like cloud top, cloud bottom or position with respect to the tropopause.
Lars E. Kalnajs, Sean M. Davis, J. Douglas Goetz, Terry Deshler, Sergey Khaykin, Alex St. Clair, Albert Hertzog, Jerome Bordereau, and Alexey Lykov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2635–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces a novel instrument system for high-resolution atmospheric profiling, which lowers and retracts a suspended instrument package beneath drifting long-duration balloons. During a 100 d circumtropical flight, the instrument collected over a hundred 2 km profiles of temperature, water vapor, clouds, and aerosol at 1 m resolution, yielding unprecedented geographic sampling and vertical resolution measurements of the tropical tropopause layer.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Tetsu Sakai, Tomohiro Nagai, Koichi Shiraishi, Yoichi Inai, Sergey Khaykin, Haosen Xi, Takashi Shibata, Masato Shiotani, and Laura L. Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3073–3090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lidar aerosol particle measurements in Japan during the summer of 2018 were found to detect the eastward extension of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer from the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the lower stratosphere. Analysis of various other data indicates that the observed enhanced particle levels are due to eastward-shedding vortices from the anticyclone, originating from pollutants emitted in Asian countries and transported vertically by convection in the Asian summer monsoon region.
Johannes Schneider, Ralf Weigel, Thomas Klimach, Antonis Dragoneas, Oliver Appel, Andreas Hünig, Sergej Molleker, Franziska Köllner, Hans-Christian Clemen, Oliver Eppers, Peter Hoppe, Peter Hoor, Christoph Mahnke, Martina Krämer, Christian Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Andreas Zahn, Florian Obersteiner, Fabrizio Ravegnani, Alexey Ulanovsky, Hans Schlager, Monika Scheibe, Glenn S. Diskin, Joshua P. DiGangi, John B. Nowak, Martin Zöger, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 989–1013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-989-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-989-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During five aircraft missions, we detected aerosol particles containing meteoric material in the lower stratosphere. The stratospheric measurements span a latitude range from 15 to 68° N, and we find that at potential temperature levels of more than 40 K above the tropopause; particles containing meteoric material occur at similar abundance fractions across latitudes and seasons. We conclude that meteoric material is efficiently distributed between high and low latitudes by isentropic mixing.
Jörn Ungermann, Irene Bartolome, Sabine Griessbach, Reinhold Spang, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Michael Höpfner, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 7025–7045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-7025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-7025-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the potential of new IR limb imager instruments and tomographic methods for cloud detection purposes. Simple color-ratio-based methods are examined and compared against more involved nonlinear convex optimization. In a second part, 3-D measurements of the airborne limb sounder GLORIA taken during the Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange campaign are used to exemplarily derive the location and extent of small-scale cirrus clouds with high spatial accuracy.
Martina Krämer, Christian Rolf, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, David Fahey, Eric Jensen, Sergey Khaykin, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Lawson, Alexey Lykov, Laura L. Pan, Martin Riese, Andrew Rollins, Fred Stroh, Troy Thornberry, Veronika Wolf, Sarah Woods, Peter Spichtinger, Johannes Quaas, and Odran Sourdeval
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12569–12608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the representations of cirrus clouds in climate predictions, extended knowledge of their properties and geographical distribution is required. This study presents extensive airborne in situ and satellite remote sensing climatologies of cirrus and humidity, which serve as a guide to cirrus clouds. Further, exemplary radiative characteristics of cirrus types and also in situ observations of tropical tropopause layer cirrus and humidity in the Asian monsoon anticyclone are shown.
Cited articles
Afchine, A., Rolf, C., Costa, A., Spelten, N., Riese, M., Buchholz, B., Ebert, V., Heller, R., Kaufmann, S., Minikin, A., Voigt, C., Zöger, M., Smith, J., Lawson, P., Lykov, A., Khaykin, S., and Krämer, M.: Ice particle sampling from aircraft – influence of the probing position on the ice water content, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4015–4031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4015-2018, 2018.
Anderson, J. G., Weisenstein, D. K., Bowman, K. P., Homeyer, C. R., Smith,
J. B., Wilmouth, D. M., Sayres, D. S., Klobas, J. E., Leroy, S. S., Dykema,
J. A., and Wofsy, S. C.: Stratospheric ozone over the United States in
summer linked to observations of convection and temperature via chlorine and
bromine catalysis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E4905–E4913,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619318114, 2017.
Avery, M. A., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Ye, H., and Dessler, A. E.:
Large anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapour and ice during the
2015–2016 El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 10, 405–409,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2961, 2017.
Avramov, A. and Harrington, J. Y.: Influence of parameterized ice habit on
simulated mixed phase Arctic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012108, 2010.
Bailey, M. and Hallett, J.: A comprehensive habit diagram for atmospheric ice crystals: Confirmation from the laboratory, AIRS II, and other field studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2888–2899, 2009.
Baran, A. J.: From the single-scattering properties of ice crystals to
climate prediction: a way forward, Atmos. Res., 112, 45–69, 2012.
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster,
P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.: Clouds and Aerosols, in: Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited
by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K.,
Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 571–657, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016, 2013.
Brewer, A. W.: Evidence for a world circulation provided my measurements of
helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 75, 351–363, 1949.
Chemel, C., Russo, M. R., Pyle, J. A., Sokhi, R. J., and Schiller, C.:
Quantifying the imprint of a severe Hector thunderstorm during
ACTIVE/SCOUT-O3 onto the water content in the upper troposphere/lower
stratosphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 2493–2514, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2666.1, 2009.
Chen, J.-P. and Tsai, T.-C.: Triple-moment modal parameterization for the
adaptive growth habit of pristine ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 73,
2105–2122, 2016.
Costa, A., Meyer, J., Afchine, A., Luebke, A., Günther, G., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Ehrlich, A., Wendisch, M., Baumgardner, D., Wex, H., and Krämer, M.: Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12219–12238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12219-2017, 2017.
Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hoose, C., Jensen, E. J., Diao, M., Zondlo, M.
A., Smith J. B., Twohy, C. H., and Murphy, D. M.: Clarifying the dominant
sources and mechanisms of cirrus cloud formation, Science, 340, 1320–1324,
2013.
Dessler A. E. and Sherwood, S. C.: Effect of convection on the summertime
extratropical lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005209, 2004.
Dekoutsidis, G., Groß, S., Wirth, M., Krämer, M., and Rolf, C.: Characteristics of supersaturation in mid-latitude cirrus clouds and their adjacent cloud-free air, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-717, in review, 2022.
Devasthale, A. and Fueglistaler, S.: A climatological perspective of deep convection penetrating the TTL during the Indian summer monsoon from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4573–4582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4573-2010, 2010.
Dodion, J., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Bingen, C., Mateshvili, N.,
Gilbert, K., Skelton, R., Turnball, D., McLeod, S. D., Boone, C. D., Walker,
K. A., and Bernath P. F.: Aerosols and clouds in the upper troposphere-lower
stratosphere region detected by GOMOS and ACE: Intercomparison and analysis
of the years 2004 and 2005, Adv. Space Res., 42, 1730–1742,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.09.027, 2008.
Dvortsov, V. L. and Solomon, S.: Response of the stratospheric temperatures
and ozone to past and future increases in stratospheric humidity, J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 7505–7514, 2001.
Evan, S., Rosenlof, K. H., Dudhia, J., Hassler, B., and Davis, S. M: The
representation of the TTL in a tropical channel version of the WRF model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2835– 2848, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50288, 2013.
Field, P. R.: Bimodal ice spectra in frontal clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 126, 379–392, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712656302, 2000.
Field, P. R. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Aggregation and scaling of ice crystal
size distributions, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 544–560, 2003.
Forster, P. M. de F. and Shine, K. P.: Stratospheric water vapor changes as
a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 26, 3309–3312, 1999.
Fu, Q.: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of
cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 9, 2058– 2082, 1996.
Fu, Q., Hu, Y., and Yang, Q.: Identifying the top of the tropical tropopause
layer from vertical mass flux analysis and CALIPSO lidar cloud observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030099, 2007.
Fu, R., Hu, Y., Wright, J. S., Jiang, J. S., Dickinson, R. E., Chen, M.,
Filipiak, M., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., and Wu, D. L.: Short circuit of
water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective
transport over the Tibetan Plateau, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103,
5664–5669, 2006.
Fueglistaler, S., Bonazzola, M., Haynes, P. H., and Peter, T.: Stratospheric
water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air
entering the stratosphere in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110,
D08107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005516, 2005.
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and
Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
Fukuta, N. and Takahashi, T.: The growth of atmospheric ice crystals: a
summary of findings in vertical supercooled cloud tunnel studies, J. Atmos.
Sci., 56, 1963–1979, 1999.
Gallagher, M. W., Connolly, P. J., Crawford, I., Heymsfield, A., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Allen, G., Flynn, M. J., Vaughan, G., and Hacker, J.: Observations and modelling of microphysical variability, aggregation and sedimentation in tropical anvil cirrus outflow regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6609–6628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6609-2012, 2012.
Gasparini, B., Sokol, A. B., Wall, C. J., Hartmann, D. L., and Blossey, P.
N: Diurnal Differences in Tropical Maritime Anvil Cloud Evolution, J. Climate, 35, 1655–1677, 2022.
Gettelman, A. and Forster, P. M. de F.: A climatology of the tropical
tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911–924, 2002.
Gettelman, A., Hoor, P., Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Hegglin, M. I., and
Birner, T.: The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Rev.
Geophys., 49, RG3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000355, 2011.
Grabowski, W. W. and Morrison, H.: Modeling condensation in deep convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2247–2267, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0255.1, 2017.
Gryspeerdt, E., Sourdeval, O., Quaas, J., Delanoë, J., Krämer, M., and Kühne, P.: Ice crystal number concentration estimates from lidar–radar satellite remote sensing – Part 2: Controls on the ice crystal number concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14351–14370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14351-2018, 2018.
Haag, W., Kärcher, B., Ström, J., Minikin, A., Lohmann, U., Ovarlez, J., and Stohl, A.: Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1791–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1791-2003, 2003.
Harrington, J. Y. and Pokrifka, G. F.: Approximate Models for Lateral
Growth on Ice Crystal Surfaces during Vapor Depositional Growth, J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 967–98, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0307.1, 2021.
Harrington, J. Y., Sulia, K., and Morrison, H.: A Method for Adaptive Habit
Prediction in Bulk Microphysical Models. Part II: Parcel Model
Corroboration, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0152.1, 2013.
Hartmann, D. L., Gasparini, B., Berry, S. E., and Blossey, P. N.: The Life
Cycle and Net Radiative Effect of Tropical Anvil Clouds, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Sy., 10, 3012–3029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001484, 2018.
Hashino, T., de Boer, G., Okamoto, H., and Tripoli, G. J.: Relationships
between Immersion Freezing and Crystal Habit for Arctic Mixed-Phase
Clouds – A Numerical Study, J. Atmos. Sci., 77,
2411–2438, 2020.
Herman, R. L., Ray, E. A., Rosenlof, K. H., Bedka, K. M., Schwartz, M. J., Read, W. G., Troy, R. F., Chin, K., Christensen, L. E., Fu, D., Stachnik, R. A., Bui, T. P., and Dean-Day, J. M.: Enhanced stratospheric water vapor over the summertime continental United States and the role of overshooting convection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6113–6124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6113-2017, 2017.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay,
P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
Global Reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 730, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Heymsfield, A. and Wright, R.: Graupel and hail terminal velocities: Does a
“supercritical” Reynolds number apply?, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3392–3403, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0034.1, 2014.
Heymsfield, A. J. and Miloshevich, L. M.: Parameterizations for the cross-sectional area and extinction of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 936–956, 2003.
Heymsfield, A. J., Lewis, S., Bansemer, A., Iaquinta, J., Miloshevich, L.
M., Kajikawa, M., Twohy, C., and Poellot, M. R.: A general approach for
deriving the properties of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J.
Atmos. Sci., 59, 3–29, 2002.
Heymsfield, A. J., Krämer, M., Luebke, A., Brown, P., Cziczo, D. J.,
Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Lohmann, U., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., and
Tricht, K. V.: Cirrus Clouds, Meteor. Mon., 58, 2.1–2.26,
https://doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0010.1, 2017.
Holton, J. R. and Gettelman, A.: Horizontal transport and the dehydration of
the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2799–2802, 2001.
Homeyer, C. R., McAuliffe, J. D., and Bedka, K. M.: On the Development of
Above-Anvil Cirrus Plumes in Extratropical Convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 74,
1617–1633, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0269.1, 2017.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S.
A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:
Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
Ivanova, D., Mitchell, D. L., Arnott, W. P., and Poellot, M.: A GCM
parameterization for bimodal size spectra and ice mass removal rates in
mid-latitude cirrus clouds, Atmos. Res., 59, 89–113, 2001.
Janjic, Z.: Nonsingular implementation of the Mellor–Yamada level 2.5
scheme in the NCEP Meso model, National Centers for Environmental
Prediction, USA, Office Note No. 437, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/11409 (last access: 16 February 2023), 2002.
Järvinen, E., Jourdan, O., Neubauer, D., Yao, B., Liu, C., Andreae, M. O., Lohmann, U., Wendisch, M., McFarquhar, G. M., Leisner, T., and Schnaiter, M.: Additional global climate cooling by clouds due to ice crystal complexity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15767–15781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15767-2018, 2018.
Jensen, A. and Harrington, J.: Modeling ice crystal aspect ratio evolution
during riming: A single-particle growth model, J. Atmos. Sci., 72,
2569–2590, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0297.1, 2015.
Jensen, A. A., Harrington, J. Y., Morrison, H., and Milbrandt, J. A.:
Predicting Ice Shape Evolution in a Bulk Microphysics Model, J. Atmos. Sci.,
74, 2081–2104, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0350.1, 2017.
Jensen, E., Diskin, G., Lawson, Lance, P., S., Bui, T., Hlavka, D., McGill,
M., Pfister, L., Toon, O., and Gao, R.: Ice nucleation and dehydration in
the Tropical Tropopause Layer, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 2041–2046,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217104110, 2013.
Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Selkirk, H. B., Spinhirne, J. D., and Schoeberl,
M. R.: On the formation and persistence of subvisible cirrus clouds near the
tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 21361–21375,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD03575, 1996.
Jensen, E. J., Lawson, P., Baker, B., Pilson, B., Mo, Q., Heymsfield, A. J., Bansemer, A., Bui, T. P., McGill, M., Hlavka, D., Heymsfield, G., Platnick, S., Arnold, G. T., and Tanelli, S.: On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5519–5537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5519-2009, 2009.
Jiang, J. H., Su, H., Zhai, C., Perun, V. S., Del Genio, A., Nazarenko, L.
S., Donner, L. J., Horowitz, L., Seman, C., Cole, J., Gettelman, A., Ringer, M. A., Rotstayn, L., Jeffrey, S., Wu, T., Brient,
F., Dufresne, J.-L., Kawai, H., Koshiro, T., Watanabe, M., L'Écuyer, T.
S., Volodin, E. M., Iversen, T., Drange, H., Mesquita, M. D. S., Read, W.
G., Waters, J. W., Tian, B., Teixeira, J., and Stephens, G. L.: Evaluation
of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA
“A-Train” satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D14105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017237, 2012.
Jiang, Z., Verlinde, J., Clothiaux, E., Aydin, K., and Schmitt, C.: Shapes
and Fall Orientations of Ice Particle Aggregates, J. Atmos. Sci., 76,
1903–1916, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0251.1, 2019.
Kajikawa, M. and Heymsfield, A.: Aggregation of ice crystals, J. Atmos.
Sci., 46, 3108–3121, 1989.
Kärcher, B.: Supersaturation Fluctuations in Cirrus Clouds Driven by
Colored Noise, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 435–443, 2012.
Key, J. R., Yang, P., Baum, B. A., and Nasiri, S. L.: Parameterization of
shortwave ice cloud optical properties for various particle habits, J.
Geophys. Res., 107, 4181, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000742, 2002.
Khaykin, S., Pommereau, J.-P., Korshunov, L., Yushkov, V., Nielsen, J., Larsen, N., Christensen, T., Garnier, A., Lukyanov, A., and Williams, E.: Hydration of the lower stratosphere by ice crystal geysers over land convective systems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2275–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2275-2009, 2009.
Khaykin, S. M., Moyer, E., Krämer, M., Clouser, B., Bucci, S., Legras, B., Lykov, A., Afchine, A., Cairo, F., Formanyuk, I., Mitev, V., Matthey, R., Rolf, C., Singer, C. E., Spelten, N., Volkov, V., Yushkov, V., and Stroh, F.: Persistence of moist plumes from overshooting convection in the Asian monsoon anticyclone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3169–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3169-2022, 2022.
Koop, T., Luo, B., Tsias, A., and Peter, T.: Water activity as the
determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature,
406, 611–614, 2000.
Krämer, M., Rolf, C., Luebke, A., Afchine, A., Spelten, N., Costa, A., Meyer, J., Zöger, M., Smith, J., Herman, R. L., Buchholz, B., Ebert, V., Baumgardner, D., Borrmann, S., Klingebiel, M., and Avallone, L.: A microphysics guide to cirrus clouds – Part 1: Cirrus types, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3463–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3463-2016, 2016.
Krämer, M., Rolf, C., Spelten, N., Afchine, A., Fahey, D., Jensen, E., Khaykin, S., Kuhn, T., Lawson, P., Lykov, A., Pan, L. L., Riese, M., Rollins, A., Stroh, F., Thornberry, T., Wolf, V., Woods, S., Spichtinger, P., Quaas, J., and Sourdeval, O.: A microphysics guide to cirrus – Part 2: Climatologies of clouds and humidity from observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12569–12608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, 2020.
Lamraoui, F.: Sensitivity of convectively driven tropical tropopause cirrus to ice habit, Harvard Dataverse, V1 [data set], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PKDDEI, 2023.
Lamraoui, F., Booth, J. F., and Naud, C. M.: WRF Hindcasts of Cold Front
Passages over the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site: A Sensitivity Study,
Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 2417–2432, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0281.1, 2018.
Lawson, R. P., Baker, B. A., Pilson, B., and Mo, Q.: In Situ observations of
the microphysical properties of wave, cirrus and anvil clouds. Part II:
Cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3186–3203, 2006.
Lawson, R. P., Jensen, E., Mitchell, D. L., Baker, B., Mo, Q., and Pilson,
B.: Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated
in TC4 and NAMMA, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013017,
2010.
Lawson, R. P., Woods, S., Jensen, E., Erfani, E., Gurganus, C., Gallagher,
M., Connolly, P., Whiteway, J., Baran, A. J., May, P., Heymsfield, A.,
Schmitt, C. G., McFarquhar, G., Um, J., Protat, A., Bailey, M., Lance, S.,
Muehlbauer, A., Stith, J., Korolev, A., Toon, O. B., and Krämer, M.: A
Review of Ice Particle Shapes in Cirrus formed In Situ and in Anvils, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 10049–10090,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030122, 2019.
Legras, B. and Bucci, S.: Confinement of air in the Asian monsoon anticyclone and pathways of convective air to the stratosphere during the summer season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11045–11064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11045-2020, 2020.
Lin, Y. and Colle, B. A.: The 4–5 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event: Observed
Microphysics and Comparisons with the Weather Research and Forecasting
Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 1372–1392, 2009.
Lin, Y.-L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk Parameterization of the
Snow Field in a Cloud Model, J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065–1092, 1983.
Liu, H. L., Wang, P. K., and Schlesinger, R. E.: A numerical study of cirrus
clouds. Part II: Effects of ambient temperature, stability, radiation, ice
microphysics, and microdynamics on cirrus evolution, J. Atmos. Sci., 60,
1097–1119, 2003a.
Liu, H. L., Wang, P. K., and Schlesinger, R. E.: A numerical study of cirrus
clouds. Part I: Model description, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1075–1084, 2003b.
Luebke, A. E., Afchine, A., Costa, A., Grooß, J.-U., Meyer, J., Rolf, C., Spelten, N., Avallone, L. M., Baumgardner, D., and Krämer, M.: The origin of midlatitude ice clouds and the resulting influence on their microphysical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5793–5809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5793-2016, 2016.
Manney, G. L., Hegglin, M. I., Daffer, W. H., Schwartz, M. J., Santee, M.
L., and Pawson, S.: Climatology of Upper Tropospheric-Lower Stratospheric
(UTLS) Jets and Tropopauses in MERRA, J. Climate, 27, 3248–3271,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00243.1, 2014.
Miguez-Macho, G., Stenchikov, G. L., and Robock, A.: Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain
position and geometry in regional climate model simulations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 109, D13104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004495, 2004.
Milbrandt, J. A. and Morrison, H.: Parameterization of cloud microphysics
based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part III:
Introduction of multiple free categories, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 975–995,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0204.1, 2016.
Milbrandt, J. A. and Yau, M. K.: A multimoment bulk microphysics
parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme
description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3065–3081,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3535.1, 2005.
Milbrandt, J. A., Morrison, H., Dawson II, D. T., and Paukert, M.: A
triple-moment representation of ice in the Predicted Particle Properties
(P3) microphysics scheme, J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 439–458, 2021.
Mitchell, D. L., Macke, A., and Liu, Y.: Modeling cirrus clouds, part II,
Treatment of radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2967–2988, 1996.
Mitchell, D. L., Rasch, P., Ivanova, D., McFarquhar, G., and Nousianen, T.:
The impact of small ice crystal assumptions on sedimentation rates and GCM
simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033552,
2008.
Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W. W.: Modeling supersaturation and sub-grid
scale mixing with two-moment warm bulk microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 65,
792–812, 2008.
Morrison, H. and Milbrandt, J. A.: Parameterization of cloud microphysics
based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part I: Scheme
description and idealized tests, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 287–311, 2015.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics
on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated
squall line: comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev.,
137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Morrison, H., Morales, A., and Villanueva-Birriel, C.: Concurrent
sensitivities of an idealized deep convective storm to parameterization of
microphysics, horizontal grid resolution, and environmental static
stability, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 2082—2104,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00271.1, 2015.
Phillips, V. T., Formenton, M., Bansemer, A., Kudzotsa, I., and Lienert, B.:
A parameterization of sticking efficiency for collisions of snow and graupel
with ice crystals: Theory and comparison with observations, J. Atmos. Sci.,
72, 4885–4902, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0096.1, 2015.
Ploeger, F., Gottschling, C., Griessbach, S., Grooß, J.-U., Guenther, G., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Riese, M., Stroh, F., Tao, M., Ungermann, J., Vogel, B., and von Hobe, M.: A potential vorticity-based determination of the transport barrier in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13145–13159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13145-2015, 2015.
Pokrifka, G., Moyle, A., Hanson, L., and Harrington, J.: Estimating surface
attachment kinetic and growth transition influences on vapor-grown ice
crystalsm J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 2393–2410, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0303.1, 2020.
Powers, J. G., Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., Davis, C. A., Dudhia, J.,
Gill, D. O., Coen, J. L., Gochis, D. J., Ahmadov, R., Peckham, S. E., Grell,
G. A., Michalakes, J., Trahan, S., Benjamin, S. G., Alexander, C. R.,
Dimego, G. J., Wang, W., Schwartz, C. S., Romine, G. S., Liu, Z. Q., Snyder,
C., Chen, F., Barlage, M. J., Yu, W., and Duda, M. G.: The Weather Research
and Forecasting Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1717–1737, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-15-00308.1, 2017.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microstructure of Atmospheric Clouds and
Precipitation, in: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences, vol. 18, Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-0-306-48100-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0_2, 2010.
Przybylo, V. M., Sulia, K. J., Schmitt, C. G., Lebo, Z. J., and May, W. C.:
The ice Particle and Aggregate Simulator (IPAS). Part I: Extracting
dimensional properties of ice-ice aggregates for microphysical
parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 1661–1676,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0187.1, 2019.
Przybylo, V. M., Sulia, K. J., Lebo, Z. J., and Schmitt, C. G: The Ice
Particle and Aggregate Simulator (IPAS). Part II: Analysis of a Database of
Theoretical Aggregates for Microphysical Parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 1633–1649, 2022a.
Przybylo, V. M., Sulia, K. J., Lebo, Z. J., and Schmitt, C. G: The Ice
Particle and Aggregate Simulator (IPAS). Part III: Verification and Analysis
of Ice–Aggregate and Aggregate–Aggregate Collection for Microphysical
Parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 1651–1667, 2022b.
Ramaswamy, V. and Ramanathan, V.: Solar Absorption by Cirrus Clouds and the
Maintenance of the Tropical Upper Troposphere Thermal Structure, J. Atmos.
Sci., 46, 2293–2310, 1989.
Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Vomel, H., Nedoluha, G. E., and Forster, P.: Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer–Dobson circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006744, 2006.
Sanderson, B. M., Piani, C., Ingram, W. J., Stone, D. A., and Allen, M. R.:
Towards constraining climate sensitivity by linear analysis of feedback
patterns in thousands of perturbed-physics GCM simulations, Clim. Dynam., 30,
2–3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0280-7, 2008.
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Global distribution of cirrus clouds from CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D00A12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009972, 2008.
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Cirrus clouds and deep convection in the tropics: Insights from CALIPSO and CloudSat, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00H06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011916, 2009.
Schiller, C., Kramer, M., Afchine, A., Spelten, N., and Sitnikov, N.: The ice water content of Arctic, mid latitude and tropical cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010342, 2008.
Schiller, C., Grooß, J.-U., Konopka, P., Plöger, F., Silva dos Santos, F. H., and Spelten, N.: Hydration and dehydration at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9647–9660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9647-2009, 2009.
Schmitt, C. and Heymsfield, A. J.: The dimensional characteristics of ice
crystal aggregates from fractal geometry, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1605–1616,
2010.
Schmitt, C. G. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Observational quantification of the separation of simple and complex atmospheric ice particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1301–1307, 2014.
Schmitt, C. G., Heymsfield, A. J., Connolly, P., Järvinen, E., and Schnaiter, M.: A global view of atmospheric ice particle complexity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11913–11920, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071267, 2016.
Schoeberl, M. R., Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Ueyama, R., Avery, M., and
Dessler, A. E.: Convective Hydration of the Upper Troposphere and Lower
Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 4583–4593,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028286, 2018.
Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: On the control of stratospheric
humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2513–2516, 2000.
Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: A model for transport across the
tropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 765–779, 2001.
Sherwood, S. C., Ramanathan, V., Barnett, T. P., Tyree, M. K., and Roeckner,
E.: Response of an atmospheric general circulation model to radiative
forcing of tropical clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20829–20845, 1994.
Shin, H. H. and Hong, S.-Y.: Representation of the subgrid-scale turbulent
transport in convective boundary layers at gray-zone resolutions, Mon.
Weather Rev., 143, 250–271, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00116.1, 2015.
Shur, G. H., Sitnikov, N. M., and Drynkov, A. V.: A mesoscale structure of meteorological fields in the tropopause layer and in the lower stratosphere over the Southern tropics (Brazil), Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 32, 487–494, https://doi.org/10.3103/S106837390708002X, 2007.
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037, 2008.
Smith, J. B., Wilmouth, D. M., Bedka, K. M., Bowman, K. P., Homeyer, C. R., Dykema, J. A., Sargent, M. R., Clapp, C. E., Leroy, S. S., Sayres, D. S., Dean-Day, J. M., Bui, T. P., and Anderson, J. G.: A case study of convectively sourced water vapor observed in the overworld stratosphere over the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 9529–9554, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026831, 2017.
Sokol, A. B. and Hartmann, D. L.: Tropical anvil clouds: Radiative driving toward a preferred state. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125,
e2020JD033107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033107, 2020.
Solomon, S., Rosenlot, K. H., Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., Davis, S. M., Sanford, T. J., and Plattner, G.-K.: Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming, Science, 327, 1219–1223, 2010.
Sourdeval, O., Gryspeerdt, E., Krämer, M., Goren, T., Delanoë, J., Afchine, A., Hemmer, F., and Quaas, J.: Ice crystal number concentration estimates from lidar–radar satellite remote sensing – Part 1: Method and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14327–14350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14327-2018, 2018.
Stephens, G. L., Vane, D. G., Boain, R. J., Mace, G. G., Sassen, K., Wang,
Z., Illingworth, A. J., O'Conner, E. J., Rossow, W. G., Durden, S. L.,
Miller, S. D., Austin, R. T., Benedetti, A., and Mitrescu, C.: The CloudSat
mission and the A-Train, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1771–1790, 2002.
Stohl, A., Bonasoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., Collins, W. J., Feichter, J., Frank, A., Forster, C., Gerasopoulos, E., Gäggeler, H., James, P., Kentarchos, T., Kromp-Kalb, H., Krüger, B., Land, C., Meloen, J., Papayannis, A., Priller, A., Seibert, P., Sprenger, M., Roelofs, G. J., Scheel, H. E.,
Schnabel, C., Siegmund, P., Tobler, L., Trickl, T., Wernli, H., Wirth, V., Zanis, P., and Zerefos, C.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8516, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002490, 2003.
Sulia, K. J., Harrington, J. Y., and Morrison, H.: A method for adaptive habit prediction in bulk microphysical models. Part III: Applications and studies within a two-dimensional kinematic model, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3302–3320, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0316.1, 2013.
Sulia, K. J., Lebo, Z. J., Przybylo, V. M., and Schmitt, C. G: A New Method
for Ice–Ice Aggregation in the Adaptive Habit Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 133–154, 2021.
Takano, Y. and Liou, K. N.: Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. I.
Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals, J.
Atmos. Sci., 46, 3–19, 1989.
Tewari, M., Chen, F., Wang, W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M.,
Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Wegiel, J.: Implementation
and verification of the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model
(Formerly Paper Number 17.5), in: Proceedings of
the 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, 16th Conference on
Numerical Weather Prediction, 14 January 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, 11–15, abstract no. 14.2a, http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7fb523p (last access: 5 December 2022), 2004.
Thompson, G. and Eidhammer, T.: A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and
precipitation development in a large winter cyclone, J. Atmos. Sci., 71,
3636–3658, 2014.
Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall, W. D.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme, Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, 2008.
Tissier, A.-S. and Legras, B.: Convective sources of trajectories traversing the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3383–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3383-2016, 2016.
Ueyama, R., Jensen, E. J., and Pfister, L.: Convective Influence on the Humidity and Clouds in the Tropical Tropopause Layer During Boreal Summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 7576–7593, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028674, 2018.
UCAR: WRF, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) [code], https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/, last access: 5 December 2022.
Waliser, D. E., Li, J. L. F., Woods, C. P., Austin, R. T., Bacmeister, J.,
Chern, J., Del Genio, A., Jiang, J. H., Kuang, Z. M., Meng, H., Minnis, P.,
Platnick, S., Rossow, W. B., Stephens, G. L., SunMack, S., Tao, W. K.,
Tompkins, A. M., Vane, D. G., Walker, C., and Wu, D.: Cloud ice: A climate
model challenge with signs and expectations of progress, J. Geophys. Res.,
114, D00A21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010015, 2009.
Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A. H., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z.,
Hunt, W. H., and Young, S. A.: Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP
Data Processing Algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2310–2323,
2009.
Wright, J. S., Fu, R., Fueglistaler, S., Liu, Y. S., and Zhang, Y.: The influence of summertime convection over Southeast Asia on water vapor in the tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015416, 2011.
Yang, P. and Liou, K. N.: Geometric-optics – integral-equation method for
light scattering by nonspherical ice crystals, Appl. Optics, 35, 6568–6584,
1996.
Zhang, C. and Wang, Y.: Projected Future Changes of Tropical Cyclone
Activity over the Western North and South Pacific in a 20-km-Mesh Regional
Climate Model, J. Climate, 30, 5923–5941, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0597.1, 2017.
Zhao, Y., Mace, G. G., and Comstock, J. M.: The Occurrence of Particle Size Distribution Bimodality in Midlatitude Cirrus as Inferred from Ground-Based Remote Sensing Data, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1162–1177,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3354.1, 2011.
Short summary
Cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role in vertical transport. We investigate the role of different cloud regimes and the associated ice habits in regulating the properties of the TTL. We use high-resolution numerical experiments at the scales of large-eddy simulations (LESs) and aircraft measurements. We found that LES-scale parameterizations that predict ice shape are crucial for an accurate representation of TTL cirrus and thus the associated (de)hydration process.
Cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role in vertical transport. We...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint