Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2011-2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2011-2018
Research article
 | 
13 Feb 2018
Research article |  | 13 Feb 2018

Contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to ambient ammonia in the Athabasca Oil Sands and north-western Canada

Cynthia H. Whaley, Paul A. Makar, Mark W. Shephard, Leiming Zhang, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Ayodeji Akingunola, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jennifer G. Murphy, Shailesh K. Kharol, and Karen E. Cady-Pereira

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Cited articles

Aneja, V., Bunton, B., Walker, J., and Malik, B.: Measurement and analysis of atmospheric ammonia emissions from anaerobic lagoons, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1949–1958, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00547-1, 2001. a, b
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Ayres, J., Bittman, S., Girdhar, S., Sheppard, S., Niemi, D., Ratte, D., and Smith, P.: Chap. 5: Sources of Ammonia Emissions, in: The 2008 Canadian Atmospheric Assessment of Agricultural Ammonia, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada, 2009. a
Bash, J. O., Walker, J. T., Katul, G. G., Jones, M. R., Nemitz, E., and Robarge, W. P.: Estimation of In-Canopy Ammonia sources and sinks in a fertilized Zea mays field, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1683–1689, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9037269, 2010. a
Bash, J. O., Cooter, E. J., Dennis, R. L., Walker, J. T., and Pleim, J. E.: Evaluation of a regional air-quality model with bidirectional NH3 exchange coupled to an agroecosystem model, Biogeosciences, 10, 1635–1645, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1635-2013, 2013. a
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Using a modified air quality forecasting model, we have found that a significant fraction (> 50 %) of ambient ammonia comes from re-emission from plants and soils in the broader Athabasca Oil Sands region and much of Alberta and Saskatchewan. We also found that about 20 % of ambient ammonia in Alberta and Saskatchewan came from forest fires in the summer of 2013. The addition of these two processes improved modelled ammonia, which was a motivating factor in undertaking this research.
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