Articles | Volume 23, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2119-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2119-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
13 Feb 2023
Measurement report |
| 13 Feb 2023
| 13 Feb 2023
Measurement report: Chemical components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols over Tianjin, North China: year-round observations
Zhichao Dong
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Zhanjie Xu
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Yu Wang
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Peisen Li
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Pingqing Fu
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Cong-Qiang Liu
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System
Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Related authors
Zhichao Dong, Subba Rao Devineni, Xiaoli Fu, Zhanjie Xu, Mingyu Li, Pingqing Fu, Cong-Qiang Liu, and Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-899, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-899, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We developed new method to detect and measure organosulfates in PM2.5. By synthesizing organosulfates and combining them with commercial standards, we improved detection accuracy. Testing air samples from Tianjin, China, we found wintertime levels of organosulfates were much higher than in other regions. Our results show how human actions directly impact air quality and provide a tool to track pollution sources. This work helps scientists understand and address harmful aerosols in environments.
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Peisen Li, Zhanjie Xu, Junjun Deng, Xueyan Zhao, Xiaomai Zhao, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5887–5905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive study of optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in fine aerosols from Tianjin, China, implied that biological emissions are major sources of BrC in summer, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions are in cold periods. The direct radiation absorption caused by BrC in short wavelengths contributed about 40 % to that caused by BrC in 300–700 nm. Water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC contains more protein-like chromophores (PLOM) than that of water-soluble BrC.
Qinghao Guo, Haofei Zhang, Bo Long, Lehui Cui, Yiyang Sun, Hao Liu, Yaxin Liu, Yunting Xiao, Pingqing Fu, and Jialei Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9249–9262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9249-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9249-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limonene, a natural compound from plants, reacts with pollutants to form airborne particles that influence air quality and climate. Using advanced models with explicit chemical mechanisms, we show how different reaction pathways shape organonitrate formation, with some increasing and others decreasing particle levels. This approach enhances predictions of pollution and climate impacts while deepening our understanding of how natural and human-made emissions interact in the atmosphere.
Wenxin Zhang, Wei Hu, Mutong Niu, Quanfei Zhu, Na An, Qiang Zhang, Rui Jin, Xiaoli Fu, Jian Hao, Jianbo Yang, Jingle Liu, Jing Shi, Suqin Han, Junjun Deng, Libin Wu, Yuqi Feng, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2269, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2269, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated airborne endotoxins varying with height and season in northern China. By analyzing specific hydroxy fatty acids in aerosols, we estimated endotoxins at ground level and higher altitudes. Higher concentrations were observed near the ground during winter, likely driven by microbial emissions and combustion sources. Our findings suggest that air pollution and meteorological factors can influence endotoxin concentrations, posing potential health risks in urban environments.
Hanzheng Zhu, Yaman Liu, Man Yue, Shihui Feng, Pingqing Fu, Kan Huang, Xinyi Dong, and Minghuai Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5175–5197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5175-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5175-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Dust-soluble iron deposition from East Asia plays an important role in the marine ecology of the Northwest Pacific. Using the developed model, our findings highlight a dual trend: a decrease in the overall deposition of soluble iron from dust but an increase in the solubility of the iron itself due to the enhanced atmospheric processing. The study underscores the critical roles of both dust emission and atmospheric processing in soluble iron deposition and marine ecology.
Mingyu Li, Zhanjie Xu, Zhichao Dong, Junjun Deng, Pingqing Fu, and Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1335, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1335, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the seasonal and diurnal variability of fine aerosol composition in two forest ecosystems in North and South China. Carbonaceous/nitrogenous compound concentrations were higher in winter than summer at both sites. The forest fine aerosols in high latitude exhibited significantly greater influence from fossil fuel combustion compared to that in low latitude.
Yanyou Wu, Mohamed Aboueldahab, and Congqiang Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1764, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The complex biochemical intricacies of modern photosynthesis may trace back to Earth's primordial geological processes, providing a transformative perspective on the continuum between inorganic and organic evolution. Origins of bicarbonate photolysis in photosynthetic O2 evolution may trace back to early abiotic O2-generating systems.
Xuemei Yang, Jie Zhang, Khan M. G. Mostofa, Mohammad Mohinuzzaman, H. Henry Teng, Nicola Senesi, Giorgio S. Senesi, Jie Yuan, Yu Liu, Si-Liang Li, Xiaodong Li, Baoli Wang, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Biogeosciences, 22, 1745–1765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1745-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1745-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The solubility characteristics of soil humic acids (HAs), fulvic acids (FAs), and protein-like substances (PLSs) at varying pH levels remain unclear. The key findings include the following: HA solubility increases with increasing pH and decreases with decreasing pH; HApH6 and HApH1 contribute to 39.1–49.2% and 3.1–24.1% of dissolved organic carbon, respectively; and HApH2, FA, and PLSs are highly soluble at acidic pHs and are transported by ambient water. These issues are crucial for sustainable soil management.
Zhichao Dong, Subba Rao Devineni, Xiaoli Fu, Zhanjie Xu, Mingyu Li, Pingqing Fu, Cong-Qiang Liu, and Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-899, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-899, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We developed new method to detect and measure organosulfates in PM2.5. By synthesizing organosulfates and combining them with commercial standards, we improved detection accuracy. Testing air samples from Tianjin, China, we found wintertime levels of organosulfates were much higher than in other regions. Our results show how human actions directly impact air quality and provide a tool to track pollution sources. This work helps scientists understand and address harmful aerosols in environments.
Yaxin Liu, Yunting Xiao, Lehui Cui, Qinghao Guo, Yiyang Sun, Pingqing Fu, Cong-Qiang Liu, and Jialei Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-763, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-763, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Dust carries iron deposits into the ocean, providing essential nutrients for the growth of marine phytoplankton, influencing their carbon uptake capacity. A model constrained by global datasets on dust iron content, ocean iron solubility, and dissolved iron concentrations was used to assess the contributions of 11 major dust sources to carbon uptake in 8 marine areas, enhancing understanding of the impact of global dust emissions on marine deposition and carbon cycle with decreased uncertainty.
Rui Jin, Wei Hu, Peimin Duan, Ming Sheng, Dandan Liu, Ziye Huang, Mutong Niu, Libin Wu, Junjun Deng, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1805–1829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1805-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1805-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The metabolic capacity of atmospheric microorganisms after settling into habitats is poorly understood. We studied the molecular composition of exometabolites for cultured typical airborne microbes and traced their metabolic processes. Bacteria and fungi produce highly oxidized exometabolites and have significant variations in metabolism among different strains. These insights are pivotal for assessing the biogeochemical impacts of atmospheric microorganisms following their deposition.
Hongyi Li, Ting Yang, Lars Nerger, Dawei Zhang, Di Zhang, Guigang Tang, Haibo Wang, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Hang Su, and Zifa Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8495–8519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To accurately characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of particulate matter <2.5 µm chemical components, we developed the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System with the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (NAQPMS-PDAF) v2.0 for chemical components with non-Gaussian and nonlinear properties. NAQPMS-PDAF v2.0 has better computing efficiency, excels when used with a small ensemble size, and can significantly improve the simulation performance of chemical components.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Peisen Li, Zhanjie Xu, Junjun Deng, Xueyan Zhao, Xiaomai Zhao, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5887–5905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive study of optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in fine aerosols from Tianjin, China, implied that biological emissions are major sources of BrC in summer, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions are in cold periods. The direct radiation absorption caused by BrC in short wavelengths contributed about 40 % to that caused by BrC in 300–700 nm. Water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC contains more protein-like chromophores (PLOM) than that of water-soluble BrC.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, Xiaohong Yao, and Mingjie Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3129–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are important for aerosol climatic effects but are poorly understood. For the first time, an online coupled regional chemistry–climate model is applied to explore the characteristics of emission, distribution, and direct and indirect radiative effects of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific, which reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in perturbing cloud and radiation and promotes understanding of global aerosol climatic impact.
Mutong Niu, Shu Huang, Wei Hu, Yajie Wang, Wanyun Xu, Wan Wei, Qiang Zhang, Zihan Wang, Donghuan Zhang, Rui Jin, Libin Wu, Junjun Deng, Fangxia Shen, and Pingqing Fu
Biogeosciences, 20, 4915–4930, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4915-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sugar compounds in air can trace the source of bioaerosols that affect public health and climate. In rural north China, we observed increased fungal activity at night and less variable bacterial community diversity. Certain night-increasing sugar compounds were more closely related to fungi than bacteria. The fungal community greatly influenced sugar compounds, while bacteria played a limited role. Caution is advised when using sugar compounds to trace airborne microbes, particularly bacteria.
Lehui Cui, Yunting Xiao, Wei Hu, Lei Song, Yujue Wang, Chao Zhang, Pingqing Fu, and Jialei Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5403–5425, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene is a crucial non-methane biogenic volatile organic compound with the largest global emissions, which has high chemical reactivity and serves as the primary source of natural secondary organic aerosols. This study built a module to present a 20-year global hourly dataset of marine phytoplankton-generated biological and photochemistry-generated isoprene emissions in the sea microlayers based on the latest advancements in biological, physical, and chemical processes.
Jingjing Meng, Yachen Wang, Yuanyuan Li, Tonglin Huang, Zhifei Wang, Yiqiu Wang, Min Chen, Zhanfang Hou, Houhua Zhou, Keding Lu, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14481–14503, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the effect of COVID-19 lockdown (LCD) measures on the formation and evolutionary process of diacids and related compounds from field observations. Results demonstrate that more aged organic aerosols are observed during the LCD due to the enhanced photochemical oxidation. Our study also found that the reactivity of 13C was higher than that of 12C in the gaseous photochemical oxidation, leading to higher δ13C values of C2 during the LCD than before the LCD.
Li Wu, Hyo-Jin Eom, Hanjin Yoo, Dhrubajyoti Gupta, Hye-Rin Cho, Pingqing Fu, and Chul-Un Ro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12571–12588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hygroscopicity of ambient marine aerosols is of critical relevance to investigate their atmospheric impacts, which, however, remain uncertain due to their complex compositions and mixing states. Therefore, a study on the hygroscopic behavior of ambient marine aerosols for understanding the phase states when interacting with water vapor at different RH levels and their subsequent impacts on the heterogeneous chemical reactions, atmospheric environment, and human health is of vital importance.
Qi Yuan, Yuanyuan Wang, Yixin Chen, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Liang Xu, Wei Hu, Dantong Liu, Pingqing Fu, Huiwang Gao, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9385–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study for the first time found large amounts of liquid–liquid phase separation particles with soot redistributing in organic coatings instead of sulfate cores in the eastern Tibetan Plateau atmosphere. The particle size and the ratio of the organic matter coating thickness to soot size are two of the major possible factors that likely affect the soot redistribution process. The soot redistribution process promoted the morphological compaction of soot particles.
Dandan Liu, Yun Zhang, Shujun Zhong, Shuang Chen, Qiaorong Xie, Donghuan Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Wei Hu, Junjun Deng, Libin Wu, Chao Ma, Haijie Tong, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8383–8402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, we found that β-pinene oxidation-derived highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) exhibit higher yield at high ozone concentration, while limonene oxidation-derived HOMs exhibit higher yield at moderate ozone concentration. The distinct molecular response of HOMs and low-volatile species in different biogenic secondary organic aerosols to ozone concentrations provides a new clue for more accurate air quality prediction and management.
Lei Kong, Xiao Tang, Jiang Zhu, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Meng Gao, Huangjian Wu, Miaomiao Lu, Qian Wu, Shuyuan Huang, Wenxuan Sui, Jie Li, Xiaole Pan, Lin Wu, Hajime Akimoto, and Gregory R. Carmichael
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6217–6240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6217-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6217-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A multi-air-pollutant inversion system has been developed in this study to estimate emission changes in China during COVID-19 lockdown. The results demonstrate that the lockdown is largely a nationwide road traffic control measure with NOx emissions decreasing by ~40 %. Emissions of other species only decreased by ~10 % due to smaller effects of lockdown on other sectors. Assessment results further indicate that the lockdown only had limited effects on the control of PM2.5 and O3 in China.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
Shujun Zhong, Shuang Chen, Junjun Deng, Yanbing Fan, Qiang Zhang, Qiaorong Xie, Yulin Qi, Wei Hu, Libin Wu, Xiaodong Li, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Jialei Zhu, Xin Wang, Di Liu, Xiaole Pan, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, Yisheng Xu, Haijie Tong, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2061–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the role of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime urban aerosols by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Results demonstrate that the SOA loading is an important factor associated with the oxidation degree, nitrate group content, and chemodiversity of nitrooxy–organosulfates. Our study also found that the hydrolysis of nitrooxy–organosulfates is a possible pathway for the formation of organosulfates.
Xiaoying Niu, Wei Pu, Pingqing Fu, Yang Chen, Yuxuan Xing, Dongyou Wu, Ziqi Chen, Tenglong Shi, Yue Zhou, Hui Wen, and Xin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14075–14094, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14075-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14075-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we do the first investigation of WSOC in seasonal snow of northeastern China. The results revealed the regional-specific compositions and sources of WSOC due to different natural environments and anthropogenic activities. The abundant concentrations of WSOC and its absorption properties contributed to a crucial impact on the snow albedo and radiative effect. We established that our study could raise awareness of carbon cycling processes, hydrological processes, and climate change.
Zhiqiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Chun Chen, Bo You, Aodong Du, Weiqi Xu, Yan Li, Zhijie Li, Lu Lei, Wei Zhou, Jiaxing Sun, Yanmei Qiu, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10409–10423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive characterization of water-soluble organic aerosol and the first mass spectral characterization of water-insoluble organic aerosol in the cold season in Beijing by integrating online and offline aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. WSOA comprised dominantly secondary OA and showed large changes during the transition season from autumn to winter. WIOA was characterized by prominent hydrocarbon ions series, low oxidation states, and significant day–night differences.
Jiaxing Sun, Yele Sun, Conghui Xie, Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Zhe Wang, Lei Li, Xubing Du, Fugui Huang, Yan Li, Zhijie Li, Xiaole Pan, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7619–7630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the chemical composition and mixing state of BC-containing particles at urban and rural sites in winter in the North China Plain and evaluated their impact on light absorption enhancement. BC was dominantly mixed with organic carbon, nitrate, and sulfate, and the mixing state evolved significantly as a function of relative humidity (RH) at both sites. The absorption enhancement depended strongly on coated secondary inorganic aerosol and was up to ~1.3–1.4 during aging processes.
Junjun Deng, Hao Ma, Xinfeng Wang, Shujun Zhong, Zhimin Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Yanbing Fan, Wei Hu, Libin Wu, Xiaodong Li, Lujie Ren, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Xiaole Pan, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6449–6470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) plays an important role in climate change and atmospheric chemistry. Here we investigated the seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble BrC in PM2.5 in the megacity Tianjin in coastal China. Results of the source apportionments from the combination with organic molecular compositions and optical properties of water-soluble BrC reveal a large contribution from primary bioaerosol particles to BrC in the urban atmosphere.
Yanhong Zhu, Weijun Li, Yue Wang, Jian Zhang, Lei Liu, Liang Xu, Jingsha Xu, Jinhui Shi, Longyi Shao, Pingqing Fu, Daizhou Zhang, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2191–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The solubilities of iron in fine particles in a megacity in Eastern China were studied under haze, fog, dust, clear, and rain weather conditions. For the first time, a receptor model was used to quantify the sources of dissolved and total iron aerosol. Microscopic analysis further confirmed the aging of iron aerosol during haze and fog conditions that facilitated dissolution of insoluble iron.
Yaqing Zhou, Nan Ma, Qiaoqiao Wang, Zhibin Wang, Chunrong Chen, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Long Peng, Yao He, Linhong Xie, Shaowen Zhu, Yuxuan Zhang, Guo Li, Wanyun Xu, Peng Cheng, Uwe Kuhn, Guangsheng Zhou, Pingqing Fu, Qiang Zhang, Hang Su, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2029–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes size-resolved particle effective densities and their evolution associated with emissions and aging processes in a rural area of the North China Plain. Particle effective density exhibits a high-frequency bimodal distribution, and two density modes exhibit opposite trends with increasing particle size. SIA and BC mass fractions are key factors of particle effective density, and a value of 0.6 g cm−3 is appropriate to represent BC effective density in bulk particles.
Jiaxing Sun, Zhe Wang, Wei Zhou, Conghui Xie, Cheng Wu, Chun Chen, Tingting Han, Qingqing Wang, Zhijie Li, Jie Li, Pingqing Fu, Zifa Wang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 561–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-561-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-561-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed 9-year measurements of BC and aerosol optical properties from 2012 to 2020 in Beijing, China. Our results showed large reductions in BC and light extinction coefficient due to the Clean Air Action Plan. As a response, both SSA and mass extinction efficiency (MEE) showed considerable increases, demonstrating a future challenge in visibility improvement. The primary and secondary BrC was also separated and quantified, and the changes in radiative forcing of BC and BrC were estimated.
Yuting Zhang, Hang Liu, Shandong Lei, Wanyun Xu, Yu Tian, Weijie Yao, Xiaoyong Liu, Qi Liao, Jie Li, Chun Chen, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Jinyuan Xin, Junji Cao, Xiaole Pan, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17631–17648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the authors used a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) to characterize the particle size, mixing state, and optical properties of black carbon aerosols in rural areas of the North China Plain in winter. Relatively warm and high-RH environments (RH > 50 %, −4° < T < 4 °) were more favorable to rBC aging than dry and cold environments (RH < 60 %, T < −8°). The paper emphasizes the importance of meteorological parameters in the mixing state of black carbon.
Deepchandra Srivastava, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Siqi Hou, Natalia Moreno Palmerola, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14703–14724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the source apportionment of PM2.5 performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) at urban and rural sites in Beijing. These factors are interpreted as traffic emissions, biomass burning, road and soil dust, coal and oil combustion, and secondary inorganics. PMF failed to resolve some sources identified by CMB and AMS and appears to overestimate the dust sources. Comparison with earlier PMF studies from the Beijing area highlights inconsistent findings using this method.
Michael Biggart, Jenny Stocker, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, David Carruthers, Sue Grimmond, Yiqun Han, Pingqing Fu, and Simone Kotthaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13687–13711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Heat-related illnesses are of increasing concern in China given its rapid urbanisation and our ever-warming climate. We examine the relative impacts that land surface properties and anthropogenic heat have on the urban heat island (UHI) in Beijing using ADMS-Urban. Air temperature measurements and satellite-derived land surface temperatures provide valuable means of evaluating modelled spatiotemporal variations. This work provides critical information for urban planners and UHI mitigation.
Hong Ren, Wei Hu, Lianfang Wei, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhao, Linjie Li, Libin Wu, Wanyu Zhao, Lujie Ren, Mingjie Kang, Qiaorong Xie, Sihui Su, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12949–12963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents vertical profiles of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the urban boundary layer based on a 325 m tower in Beijing in late summer. The increases in the isoprene and toluene SOAs with height were found to be more related to regional transport, whereas the decrease in those from monoterpenes and sesquiterpene were more subject to local emissions. Such complicated vertical distributions of SOA should be considered in future modeling work.
Qiaorong Xie, Sihui Su, Jing Chen, Yuqing Dai, Siyao Yue, Hang Su, Haijie Tong, Wanyu Zhao, Lujie Ren, Yisheng Xu, Dong Cao, Ying Li, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, Cong-Qiang Liu, Kimitaka Kawamura, Guibin Jiang, Yafang Cheng, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11453–11465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the role of nighttime chemistry during Chinese New Year's Eve that enhances the formation of nitrooxy organosulfates in the aerosol phase. Results show that anthropogenic precursors, together with biogenic ones, considerably contribute to the formation of low-volatility nitrooxy OSs. Our study provides detailed molecular composition of firework-related aerosols, which gives new insights into the physicochemical properties and potential health effects of urban aerosols.
Haijie Tong, Fobang Liu, Alexander Filippi, Jake Wilson, Andrea M. Arangio, Yun Zhang, Siyao Yue, Steven Lelieveld, Fangxia Shen, Helmi-Marja K. Keskinen, Jing Li, Haoxuan Chen, Ting Zhang, Thorsten Hoffmann, Pingqing Fu, William H. Brune, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Maosheng Yao, Thomas Berkemeier, Manabu Shiraiwa, and Ulrich Pöschl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10439–10455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured radical yields of aqueous PM2.5 extracts and found lower yields at higher concentrations of PM2.5. Abundances of water-soluble transition metals and aromatics in PM2.5 were positively correlated with the relative fraction of •OH but negatively correlated with the relative fraction of C-centered radicals among detected radicals. Composition-dependent reactive species yields may explain differences in the reactivity and health effects of PM2.5 in clean versus polluted air.
Siqi Hou, Di Liu, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Xuefang Wu, Deepchandra Srivastava, Pingqing Fu, Linjie Li, Yele Sun, Athanasia Vlachou, Vaios Moschos, Gary Salazar, Sönke Szidat, André S. H. Prévôt, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8273–8292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a newly developed method which combines radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to enable source apportionment of primary and secondary fossil vs. non-fossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols at an urban and a rural site of Beijing. The source apportionment results were compared with those by chemical mass balance and AMS/ACSM-PMF methods. Correlations of WINSOC and WSOC with different sources of OC were also performed to elucidate the formation mechanisms of SOC.
Jingsha Xu, Di Liu, Xuefang Wu, Tuan V. Vu, Yanli Zhang, Pingqing Fu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Bo Zheng, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7321–7341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment of fine aerosols in an urban site of Beijing used a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. Seven primary sources (industrial/residential coal burning, biomass burning, gasoline/diesel vehicles, cooking and vegetative detritus) explained an average of 75.7 % and 56.1 % of fine OC in winter and summer, respectively. CMB was found to resolve more primary OA sources than AMS-PMF, but the latter apportioned more secondary OA sources.
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Steven J. Campbell, Kate Wolfer, Battist Utinger, Joe Westwood, Zhi-Hui Zhang, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Sarah S. Steimer, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Nicholas Straw, Steven Thomson, Atallah Elzein, Yele Sun, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Alastair C. Lewis, Roy M. Harrison, William J. Bloss, Miranda Loh, Mark R. Miller, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP), a metric widely suggested as a potential measure of particle toxicity, in Beijing in summer and winter using four acellular assays. We correlate PM2.5 OP with a comprehensive range of atmospheric and particle composition measurements, demonstrating inter-assay differences and seasonal variation of PM2.5 OP. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we highlight specific particle chemical components and sources that influence OP.
Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Yanmei Qiu, Ying Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, Eleni Karnezi, Spyros N. Pandis, Conghui Xie, Zhijie Li, Jiaxing Sun, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, Zifa Wang, Jiang Zhu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Nga Lee Ng, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5463–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here aerosol volatility and viscosity at a rural site (Gucheng) and an urban site (Beijing) in the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated in summer and winter. Our results showed that organic aerosol (OA) in winter in the NCP is more volatile than that in summer due to enhanced primary emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. We also found that OA existed mainly as a solid in winter in Beijing but as semisolids in Beijing in summer and Gucheng in winter.
Santosh Kumar Verma, Kimitaka Kawamura, Fei Yang, Pingqing Fu, Yugo Kanaya, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4959–4978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4959-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4959-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied aerosol samples collected in autumn 2007 with day and night intervals in a rural site of Mangshan, north of Beijing, for sugar compounds (SCs) that are abundant organic aerosol components and can influence the air quality and climate. We found higher concentrations of biomass burning (BB) products at nighttime than daytime, whereas pollen tracers and other SCs showed an opposite diurnal trend, because this site is meteorologically characterized by a mountain/valley breeze.
Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Liang Xu, Qi Yuan, Dantong Liu, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Zongbo Shi, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2251–2265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We found that large numbers of light-absorbing primary organic particles with high viscosity, especially tarballs, from domestic coal and biomass burning occurred in rural and even urban hazes in the winter of North China. For the first time, we characterized the atmospheric aging process of these burning-related primary organic particles by microscopic analysis and further evaluated their light absorption enhancement resulting from the “lensing effect” of secondary inorganic coatings.
Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how emission controls will impact ozone, an understanding of the sources and sinks of OH and the chemical cycling between peroxy radicals is needed. This paper presents measurements of OH, HO2 and total RO2 taken in central Beijing. The radical observations are compared to a detailed chemistry model, which shows that under low NO conditions, there is a missing OH source. Under high NOx conditions, the model under-predicts RO2 and impacts our ability to model ozone.
Rutambhara Joshi, Dantong Liu, Eiko Nemitz, Ben Langford, Neil Mullinger, Freya Squires, James Lee, Yunfei Wu, Xiaole Pan, Pingqing Fu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Qiang Zhang, Ruili Wu, Oliver Wild, Michael Flynn, Hugh Coe, and James Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 147–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is a component of particulate matter which has significant effects on climate and human health. Sources of BC include biomass burning, transport, industry and domestic cooking and heating. In this study, we measured BC emissions in Beijing, finding a dominance of traffic emissions over all other sources. The quantitative method presented here has benefits for revising widely used emissions inventories and for understanding BC sources with impacts on air quality and climate.
W. Joe F. Acton, Zhonghui Huang, Brian Davison, Will S. Drysdale, Pingqing Fu, Michael Hollaway, Ben Langford, James Lee, Yanhui Liu, Stefan Metzger, Neil Mullinger, Eiko Nemitz, Claire E. Reeves, Freya A. Squires, Adam R. Vaughan, Xinming Wang, Zhaoyi Wang, Oliver Wild, Qiang Zhang, Yanli Zhang, and C. Nicholas Hewitt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15101–15125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality in Beijing is of concern to both policy makers and the general public. In order to address concerns about air quality it is vital that the sources of atmospheric pollutants are understood. This work presents the first top-down measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in Beijing. These measurements are used to evaluate the emissions inventory and assess the impact of VOC emission from the city centre on atmospheric chemistry.
Eloise J. Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa Kramer, William Bloss, Tuan Vu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14847–14871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper details atmospheric chemistry in a megacity (Beijing), focussing on radicals which mediate the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and particles. Highly polluted conditions were experienced, including the highest ever levels of nitric oxide (NO), with simultaneous radical measurements. Radical concentrations were large during "haze" events, demonstrating active photochemistry. Modelling showed that our understanding of the chemistry at high NOx levels is incomplete.
Junjun Deng, Hao Guo, Hongliang Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Xin Wang, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14419–14435, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One-year source apportionment of BC aerosols in a coastal city in China was conducted with the light-absorption observation-based method and source-oriented model. Source contributions identified by the two source apportionment methods were compared. Temporal variability, potential sources and transport pathways of BC from fossil fuel and biomass burning were characterized. Significant influence of biomass burning in North and East–Central China on BC in the region was highlighted.
Jingsha Xu, Shaojie Song, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Lianfang Wei, Qiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Lu Lei, Chao Zhang, Xiaohong Yao, Dihui Chen, Weijun Li, Miaomiao Wu, Hezhong Tian, Lining Luo, Shengrui Tong, Weiran Li, Junling Wang, Guoliang Shi, Yanqi Huangfu, Yingze Tian, Baozhu Ge, Shaoli Su, Chao Peng, Yang Chen, Fumo Yang, Aleksandra Mihajlidi-Zelić, Dragana Đorđević, Stefan J. Swift, Imogen Andrews, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Ye Sun, Agung Kramawijaya, Jinxiu Han, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Clarissa Baldo, Siqi Hou, Feixue Zheng, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Yongchun Liu, Markku Kulmala, Pingqing Fu, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6325–6341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An interlaboratory comparison was conducted for the first time to examine differences in water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) measured by 10 labs using ion chromatography (IC) and by two online aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) methods. Major ions including SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ agreed well in 10 IC labs and correlated well with ACSM data. WSII interlab variability strongly affected aerosol acidity results based on ion balance, but aerosol pH computed by ISORROPIA II was very similar.
Junfeng Wang, Jianhuai Ye, Dantong Liu, Yangzhou Wu, Jian Zhao, Weiqi Xu, Conghui Xie, Fuzhen Shen, Jie Zhang, Paul E. Ohno, Yiming Qin, Xiuyong Zhao, Scot T. Martin, Alex K. Y. Lee, Pingqing Fu, Daniel J. Jacob, Qi Zhang, Yele Sun, Mindong Chen, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14091–14102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the organics in total submicron matter and those coated on BC cores during summertime in Beijing and found large differences between them. Traffic-related OA was associated significantly with BC, while cooking-related OA did not coat BC. In addition, a factor likely originated from primary biomass burning OA was only identified in BC-containing particles. Such a unique BBOA requires further field and laboratory studies to verify its presence and elucidate its properties and impacts.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1016, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are so far poorly understood. An on-line coupled regional chemistry-climate model is developed to firstly explore and characterize the seasonality and annual feature of emission, distribution and radiative effects of marine organic aerosols specifically for the western Pacific over East Asia. This study reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in radiation and cloud and would be valuable for climate research at both regional and global scales.
Wei Hu, Kotaro Murata, Chunlan Fan, Shu Huang, Hiromi Matsusaki, Pingqing Fu, and Daizhou Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4477–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first estimate of the status of bacteria in long-distance-transported Asian dust, demonstrating that airborne dust, which can carry viable and nonviable bacteria on particle surfaces, is an efficient medium for constantly spreading bacteria at regional and even global scales. Such data are essential to better model and understand the roles and activities of bioaerosols in environmental evolution and climate change and the potential risks of bioaerosols to human health.
Wanyu Zhao, Hong Ren, Kimitaka Kawamura, Huiyun Du, Xueshun Chen, Siyao Yue, Qiaorong Xie, Lianfang Wei, Ping Li, Xin Zeng, Shaofei Kong, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10331–10350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10331-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10331-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our observations provide detailed information on the abundance and vertical distribution of dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in PM2.5 collected at three heights based on a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing in summer. Our results demonstrate that organic acids at the ground surface are largely associated with local traffic emissions, while long-range atmospheric transport followed by photochemical ageing contributes more in the urban boundary layer than the ground surface.
Cited articles
Aggarwal, S. G. and Kawamura, K.: Carbonaceous and inorganic composition in
long-range transported aerosols over northern Japan: Implication for aging
of water-soluble organic fraction, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2532–2540,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.032, 2009.
Aggarwal, S. G., Kawamura, K., Umarji, G. S., Tachibana, E., Patil, R. S., and Gupta, P. K.: Organic and inorganic markers and stable C-, N-isotopic compositions of tropical coastal aerosols from megacity Mumbai: sources of organic aerosols and atmospheric processing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4667–4680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4667-2013, 2013.
Andreae, M. O., Schmid, O., Yang, H., Chand, D., Zhen Yu, J., Zeng, L.-M.,
and Zhang, Y.-H.: Optical properties and chemical composition of the
atmospheric aerosol in urban Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 42,
6335–6350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.030, 2008.
Ballentine, D. C., Macko, S. A., and Turekian, V. C.: Variability of stable
carbon isotopic compositions in individual fatty acids from combustion of C4
and C3 plants: implications for biomass burning, Chem. Geol., 152,
151–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00103-X, 1998.
Behera, S. N., Betha, R., and Balasubramanian, R.: Insights into Chemical
Coupling among Acidic Gases, Ammonia and Secondary Inorganic Aerosols,
Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 1282–1296, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.11.0328,
2013.
Bei, N., Zhao, L., Wu, J., Li, X., Feng, T., and Li, G.: Impacts of sea-land
and mountain-valley circulations on the air pollution in
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH): A case study, Environ. Pollut., 234,
429–438, 2018.
Bencs, L., Ravindra, K., de Hoog, J., Spolnik, Z., Bleux, N., Berghmans, P.,
Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., and Van Grieken, R.: Appraisal of measurement
methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over
six different areas of Northern Belgium, Environ. Pollut., 158, 3421–3430,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.012, 2010.
Bikkina, S., Kawamura, K., and Sarin, M.: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fine mode aerosols (PM2.5) over the Bay of Bengal: impact of continental sources, Tellus B, 68, 31518, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v68.31518, 2016.
Bikkina, S., Andersson, A., Ram, K., Sarin, M. M., Sheesley, R. J.,
Kirillova, E. N., Rengarajan, R., Sudheer, A. K., and Gustafsson, O.: Carbon
isotope-constrained seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol sources from an
urban location (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 4903–4923, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025634, 2017a.
Bikkina, S., Kawamura, K., and Sarin, M.: Secondary organic aerosol
formation over coastal ocean: Inferences from atmospheric water-soluble low
molecular weight organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4347–4357,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05986, 2017b.
Blanchard, C. L. and Hidy, G. M.: Effects of changes in sulfate, ammonia,
and nitric acid on particulate nitrate concentrations in the southeastern
United States, J. Air Waste Manage., 53,
283–290, 2003.
Brown, S. S. and Stutz, J.: Nighttime radical observations and chemistry,
Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6405–6447, 2012.
Cachier, H., Buat-Ménard, M. P., Fontugne, M., and Chesselet, R.: Long–range transport of continentally–derived particulate carbon in the marine atmosphere: Evidence from stable carbon isotope studies, Tellus B, 38, 161–177, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v38i3-4.15125, 1986.
Cao, F., Zhang, S. C., Kawamura, K., and Zhang, Y. L.: Inorganic markers, carbonaceous components and stable carbon isotope from biomass burning aerosols in Northeast China, Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1244–1251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.099, 2016.
Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Ho, K. F., Zhang, R. J.,
Jin, Z. D., Shen, Z. X., Chen, G. C., Kang, Y. M., Zou, S. C., Zhang, L. Z.,
Qi, S. H., Dai, M. H., Cheng, Y., and Hu, K.: Spatial and seasonal
distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China, J. Geophys.
Res., 112, D22S11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008205, 2007.
Cao, J. J., Chow, J. C., Tao, J., Lee, S. C., Watson, J. G., Ho, K. F., Wang, G. H., Zhu, C. S., and Han, Y. M.: Stable carbon isotopes in aerosols from Chinese cities: Influence of fossil fuels, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1359–1363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.056, 2011.
Cape, J. N., Cornell, S. E., Jickells, T. D., and Nemitz, E.: Organic
nitrogen in the atmosphere – Where does it come from? A review of sources
and methods, Atmos. Res., 102, 30–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.009, 2011.
Chen, Q.-X., Huang, C.-L., Xiao, T., Yuan, Y., Mao, Q.-J., and Tan, H.-P.: Characterization of atmospheric aerosols and source apportionment analyses in urban Harbin, northeast China, Infrared Phys. Techn., 103, 103109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103109, 2019.
Chen, Y., Zheng, M., Edgerton, E. S., Ke, L., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: PM2.5 source apportionment in the southeastern U.S.: Spatial and seasonal variations during 2001–2005, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D08304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016572, 2012.
Chesselet, R., Fontugne, M., Buat-Ménard, P., Ezat, U., and Lambert, C. E.: The origin of particulate organic carbon in the marine atmosphere as indicated by its stable carbon isotopic composition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 345–348, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i004p00345, 1981.
Chow, J. C., Bachmann, J. D., Wierman, S. S. G., Mathai, C. V., Malm, W. C.,
White, W. H., Mueller, P. K., Kumar, N., and Watson, J. G.: Visibility:
Science and Regulation, J. Air Waste Manage., 52, 973–999, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470844, 2002.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Mauderly, J. L., Costa, D. L., Wyzga, R. E.,
Vedal, S., Hidy, G. M., Altshuler, S. L., Marrack, D., Heuss, J. M., Wolff,
G. T., Arden Pope III, C., and Dockery, D. W.: Health Effects of Fine
Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect, J. Air Waste
Manage., 56, 1368–1380, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464545, 2006.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L. W. A., Chang, M. C. O., Robinson, N.
F., Trimble, D., and Kohl, S.: The IMPROVE_A Temperature
Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis: Maintaining Consistency with a
Long-Term Database, J. Air Waste Manage.,
57, 1014–1023, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1014, 2007.
Cloern, J. E., Canuel, E. A., and Harris, D.: Stable carbon and nitrogen
isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco
Bay estuarine system, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 713–729,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.3.0713, 2002.
Cui, H., Mao, P., Zhao, Y., Nielsen, C. P., and Zhang, J.: Patterns in atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in China: emission estimates and observed concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8657–8678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8657-2015, 2015.
Dan, M., Zhuang, G., Li, X., Tao, H., and Zhuang, Y.: The characteristics of
carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2.5 in Beijing, Atmos.
Environ., 38, 3443–3452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052,
2004.
Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque, J. F., Bey, I., Eickhout, B., Fiore, A.
M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L. W., Krol, M., Kulshrestha, U. C.,
Lawrence, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Rast, S., Shindell, D., Stevenson, D., Van
Noije, T., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergman, D., Butler, T., Cofala, J.,
Collins, B., Doherty, R., Ellingsen, K., Galloway, J., Gauss, M., Montanaro,
V., Müller, J. F., Pitari, G., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Solmon, F.,
Strahan, S., Schultz, M., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Wild, O.: Nitrogen and
sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
20, GB4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006.
Dong, Z., Pavuluri, C. M., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Li, P., Fu, P., and Liu, C.-Q.: Year-round observations of bulk components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols at Tianjin, North China, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5140861, 2021.
Draper, D. C., Myllys, N., Hyttinen, N., Møller, K. H., Kjaergaard, H.
G., Fry, J. L., Smith, J. N., and Kurtén, T.: Formation of Highly
Oxidized Molecules from NO3 Radical Initiated Oxidation of Δ-3-Carene: A
Mechanistic Study, ACS Earth Space Chem., 3, 1460–1470, 2019.
Duan, F., He, K., Ma, Y., Jia, Y., Yang, F., Lei, Y., Tanaka, S., and Okuta,
T.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing, China, Chemosphere,
60, 355–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.035, 2005.
Duarte, R. M. B. O., Piñeiro-Iglesias, M., López-Mahía, P.,
Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., Moreda-Piñeiro, J., Silva, A. M. S., and Duarte,
A. C.: Comparative study of atmospheric water-soluble organic aerosols
composition in contrasting suburban environments in the Iberian Peninsula
Coast, Sci. Total Environ., 648, 430–441,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.171, 2019.
Fajardie, F., Tempère, J.-F., Manoli, J.-M., Touret, O., Blanchard, G.,
and Djéga-Mariadassou, G.: Activity of Rhx+ Species in CO Oxidation
and NO Reduction in a CO/NO/O2 Stoichiometric Mixture over a
Rh/CeO2-ZrO2 Catalyst, J. Catal., 179, 469–476,
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1998.2222, 1998.
Feng, J., Hu, M., Chan, C. K., Lau, P. S., Fang, M., He, L., and Tang, X.: A
comparative study of the organic matter in PM2.5 from three Chinese
megacities in three different climatic zones, Atmos. Environ., 40,
3983–3994, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.017, 2006.
Feng, Y., Chen, Y., Guo, H., Zhi, G., Xiong, S., Li, J., Sheng, G., and Fu,
J.: Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 samples in
Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 92, 434–442,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.01.003, 2009.
Freyer, H. D.: Seasonal trends of NH
Fu, P. Q., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., Li, J., Sun, Y. L., Liu, Y., Tachibana, E., Aggarwal, S. G., Okuzawa, K., Tanimoto, H., Kanaya, Y., and Wang, Z. F.: Diurnal variations of organic molecular tracers and stable carbon isotopic composition in atmospheric aerosols over Mt. Tai in the North China Plain: an influence of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8359–8375, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8359-2012, 2012.
Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z.,
Freney, J. R., Martinelli, L. A., Seitzinger, S. P., and Sutton, M. A.:
Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and
potential solutions, Science, 320, 889–892, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136674, 2008.
Garbaras, A., Masalaite, A., Garbariene, I., Ceburnis, D., Krugly, E., Remeikis, V., Puida, E., Kvietkus, K., and Martuzevicius, D.: Stable carbon fractionation in size-segregated aerosol particles produced by controlled biomass burning, J. Aerosol Sci., 79, 86–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.10.005, 2015.
Gu, B., Chang, J., Min, Y., Ge, Y., Zhu, Q., Galloway, J. N., and Peng, C.:
The role of industrial nitrogen in the global nitrogen biogeochemical cycle,
Sci. Rep., 3, 2579, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02579, 2013.
Gu, B., Ju, X., Chang, J., Ge, Y., and Vitousek, P. M.: Integrated reactive
nitrogen budgets and future trends in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112,
8792–8797, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510211112, 2015.
Gu, J., Bai, Z., Liu, A., Wu, L., Xie, Y., Li, W., Dong, H., and Zhang, X.: Characterization of atmospheric organic carbon and element carbon of PM2.5 and PM10 at Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 10, 167–176, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2009.12.0080, 2010.
Hasheminassab, S., Daher, N., Shafer, M. M., Schauer, J. J., Delfino, R. J., and Sioutas, C.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in retirement communities of the Los Angeles Basin, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 528–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.044, 2014.
He, K., Yang, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., Yao, X., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S., Chan,
T., and Mulawa, P.: The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China,
Atmos. Environ., 35, 4959–4970,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00301-6, 2001.
Hoefs, J.: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer, New York, ISBN 3-540-61126-6, 1997.
Huang, H., Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Tsang, P. K., Ho, S. S. H., Zou, C. W.,
Zou, S. C., Cao, J. J., and Xu, H. M.: Characteristics of carbonaceous
aerosol in PM2.5: Pearl Delta River Region, China, Atmos. Res.,
104–105, 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.016, 2012.
Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y.,
Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P.,
Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G.,
Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J.,
Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., and
Prevot, A. S.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution
during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774,
2014.
Huang, X.-F., Xue, L., Tian, X.-D., Shao, W.-W., Sun, T.-L., Gong, Z.-H.,
Ju, W.-W., Jiang, B., Hu, M., and He, L.-Y.: Highly time-resolved
carbonaceous aerosol characterization in Yangtze River Delta of China:
Composition, mixing state and secondary formation, Atmos. Environ.,
64, 200–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.059, 2013.
Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Peng, C., and Yang, F.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in PM2.5 at Wanzhou in the Southwest of China, Atmosphere, 9, 37, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9020037, 2018.
Ji, D., Li, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Cheng, M., Sun, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, L.,
Tang, G., Hu, B., Chao, N., Wen, T., and Miao, H.: The heaviest particulate
air-pollution episodes occurred in northern China in January, 2013: Insights
gained from observation, Atmos. Environ., 92, 546–556,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.048, 2014.
Jickells, T. D., Kelly, S. D., Baker, A. R., Biswas, K., Dennis, P. F.,
Spokes, L. J., Witt, M., and Yeatman, S. G.: Isotopic evidence for a marine
ammonia source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1374, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016728,
2003.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S., Zhang,
Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken,
A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L.,
Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y.
L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara,
P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J.,
Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P.
I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer,
S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A.,
Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina,
K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A.
M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E.,
Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the
atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
Kawamura, K., Kobayashi, M., Tsubonuma, N., Mochida, M., Watanabe, T., and Lee, M.: Organic and inorganic compositions of marine aerosols from East Asia: Seasonal variations of water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids, major ions, total carbon and nitrogen, and stable C and N isotopic composition, in: Geochemical Investigation in Earth and Space Science: A Tribute to Isaac R. Kaplan, edited by: Hill, R. J., Leventhal, J., Aizenshtat, Z., Baedecker, M. J., Claypool, G., Eganhouse, R., Goldhaber, M., and Peters, K., The Geochemical Society, Publication No. 9, 243–265, 2004.
Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., and Ganszky, I.: Characterization of
water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ICC 1-1–ICC 1-8,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000603, 2002.
Kong, S., Han, B., Bai, Z., Chen, L., Shi, J., and Xu, Z.: Receptor modeling
of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP in different seasons and long-range
transport analysis at a coastal site of Tianjin, China, Sci. Total
Environ., 408, 4681–4694,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.005, 2010.
Kundu, S., Kawamura, K., and Lee, M.: Seasonal variation of the
concentrations of nitrogenous species and their nitrogen isotopic ratios in
aerosols at Gosan, Jeju Island: Implications for atmospheric processing and
source changes of aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20305,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013323, 2010.
Kunwar, B., Kawamura, K., and Zhu, C.: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of ambient aerosols collected from Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim, an outflow region of Asian dusts and pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 131, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.035, 2016.
Laden, F., Neas, L. M., Dockery, D. W., and Schwartz, J.: Association of
fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six
U.S. cities, Environ. Health Persp., 108, 941–947,
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108941, 2000.
Lai, S., Zhao, Y., Ding, A., Zhang, Y., Song, T., Zheng, J., Ho, K. F., Lee, S.-C., and Zhong, L.: Characterization of PM2.5 and the major chemical components during a 1-year campaign in rural Guangzhou, Southern China, Atmos. Res., 167, 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.08.007, 2016.
Larson, S. M. and Cass, G. R.: Characteristics of summer midday
low-visibility events in the Los Angeles area, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 23, 281–289, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00180a003, 1989.
Li, H., Wang, Q. g., Yang, M., Li, F., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Wu, H., and Qian, X.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China, Atmos. Res., 181, 288–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.005, 2016.
Li, M., Hu, M., Du, B., Guo, Q., Tan, T., Zheng, J., Huang, X., He, L., Wu, Z., and Guo, S.: Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 chemical composition in a coastal city of Southeast China, Sci.Total Environ., 605–606, 337–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.260, 2017.
Li, P., Pavuluri, C. M., Dong, Z., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Fu, P., and Liu, C. Q.:
Characteristics, Seasonality, and Secondary Formation Processes of Diacids
and Related Compounds in Fine Aerosols During Warm and Cold Periods:
Year-Round Observations at Tianjin, North China,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035435, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035435, 2021.
Li, P., Pavuluri, C. M., Dong, Z., Xu, Z., Fu, P., and Liu, C.-Q.:
Year-round observations of stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxylic
acids, oxoacids and α-Dicarbonyls in fine aerosols at Tianjin, North
China: Implications for origins and aging, Sci. Total Environ.,
834, 155385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155385, 2022.
Li, P.-H., Han, B., Huo, J., Lu, B., Ding, X., Chen, L., Kong, S.-F., Bai,
Z.-P., and Wang, B.: Characterization, Meteorological Influences and Source
Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols during the Autumn-winter Period in
Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 283–294, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.09.0140, 2012.
Li, W., Bai, Z., Liu, A., Chen, J., and Chen, L.: Characteristics of Major
PM2.5 Components during Winter in Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air
Qual. Res., 9, 105–119, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2008.11.0054, 2009.
Li, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Zheng,
Y., Geng, G., Wallington, T. J., Han, W., Shen, W., and He, K.: Attribution
of PM2.5 exposure in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to emissions:
implication to control strategies, Sci. Bull., 62, 957–964,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.06.005, 2017.
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Lin, H. C., Schwartz, C. S., Lee, Y. H., and Wang, T.:
Three-dimensional variational assimilation of MODIS aerosol optical depth:
Implementation and application to a dust storm over East Asia, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D23206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016159, 2011.
Luo, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Xiao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., and Wang, W.:
PM2.5 pollution in a petrochemical industry city of northern China:
Seasonal variation and source apportionment, Atmos. Res., 212,
285–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.029, 2018.
Lyu, X.-P., Wang, Z.-W., Cheng, H.-R., Zhang, F., Zhang, G., Wang, X.-M.,
Ling, Z.-H., and Wang, N.: Chemical characteristics of submicron
particulates (PM1.0) in Wuhan, Central China, Atmos. Res.,
161–162, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.04.009, 2015.
Martinelli, L. A., Camargo, P. B., Lara, L. B. L. S., Victoria, R. L., and
Artaxo, P.: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk aerosol
particles in a C4 plant landscape of southeast Brazil, Atmos.
Environ., 36, 2427–2432, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00454-X,
2002.
Matsumoto, K., Takusagawa, F., Suzuki, H., and Horiuchi, K.: Water-soluble
organic nitrogen in the aerosols and rainwater at an urban site in Japan:
Implications for the nitrogen composition in the atmospheric deposition,
Atmos. Environ., 191, 267–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.056, 2018.
McNeill, V. F., Woo, J. L., Kim, D. D., Schwier, A. N., Wannell, N. J.,
Sumner, A. J., and Barakat, J. M.: Aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol
and organosulfate formation in atmospheric aerosols: A modeling study,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8075–8081, https://doi.org/10.1021/es3002986,
2012.
Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y.: Climate effects of black
carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250–2253,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075159, 2002.
Ming, L., Jin, L., Li, J., Fu, P., Yang, W., Liu, D., Zhang, G., Wang, Z.,
and Li, X.: PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Chemical
compositions, seasonal variations, and regional pollution events,
Environ. Pollut., 223, 200–212,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.013, 2017.
Miyazaki, Y., Kawamura, K., Jung, J., Furutani, H., and Uematsu, M.: Latitudinal distributions of organic nitrogen and organic carbon in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3037–3049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3037-2011, 2011.
Mkoma, S. L., Kawamura, K., Tachibana, E., and Fu, P.: Stable carbon and
nitrogen isotopic compositions of tropical atmospheric aerosols: sources and
contribution from burning of C3 and C4 plants to organic aerosols, Tellus B, 66, 20176, 10.3402/tellusb.v66.20176,
2014.
Moore, H.: Isotopic measurement of atmospheric nitrogen compounds, Tellus, 26, 169–174, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9767, 1974.
Morin, S., Savarino, J., Frey, M. M., Domine, F., Jacobi, H.-W., Kaleschke,
L., and Martins, J. M. F.: Comprehensive isotopic composition of atmospheric
nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean boundary layer from 65∘ S to
79∘ N, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D05303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010696, 2009.
Ng, N. L., Brown, S. S., Archibald, A. T., Atlas, E., Cohen, R. C., Crowley, J. N., Day, D. A., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Fuchs, H., Griffin, R. J., Guzman, M. I., Herrmann, H., Hodzic, A., Iinuma, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lee, B. H., Luecken, D. J., Mao, J., McLaren, R., Mutzel, A., Osthoff, H. D., Ouyang, B., Picquet-Varrault, B., Platt, U., Pye, H. O. T., Rudich, Y., Schwantes, R. H., Shiraiwa, M., Stutz, J., Thornton, J. A., Tilgner, A., Williams, B. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017.
Ottley, C. J. and Harrison, R. M.: The spatial distribution and particle size of some inorganic nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine species over the North Sea, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 26, 1689–1699, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90067-U, 1992.
Padhy, P. and Varshney, C.: Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from tropical plant species in India, Chemosphere, 59, 1643–1653, 2005.
Pavuluri, C. M. and Kawamura, K.: Enrichment of 13C in diacids and related compounds during photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols: New proxy for organic aerosols aging, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 36467, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36467, 2016.
Pavuluri, C. M. and Kawamura, K.: Seasonal changes in TC and WSOC and their
13C isotope ratios in Northeast Asian aerosols: land
surface–biosphere–atmosphere interactions, Acta Geochim., 36, 355–358,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0157-3, 2017.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., Tachibana, E., and Swaminathan, T.: Elevated
nitrogen isotope ratios of tropical Indian aerosols from Chennai:
Implication for the origins of aerosol nitrogen in South and Southeast Asia,
Atmos. Environ., 44, 3597–3604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.039,
2010.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., Aggarwal, S. G., and Swaminathan, T.: Characteristics, seasonality and sources of carbonaceous and ionic components in the tropical aerosols from Indian region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8215–8230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8215-2011, 2011.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., Uchida, M., Kondo, M., and Fu, P.: Enhanced
modern carbon and biogenic organic tracers in Northeast Asian aerosols
during spring/summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118,
2362–2371, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50244, 2013.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., and Fu, P. Q.: Atmospheric chemistry of nitrogenous aerosols in northeastern Asia: biological sources and secondary formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9883–9896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9883-2015, 2015a.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., Mihalopoulos, N., and Fu, P.:
Characteristics, seasonality and sources of inorganic ions and trace metals
in North-east Asian aerosols, Environ. Chem., 12, 338–349,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14186, 2015b.
Pavuluri, C. M., Kawamura, K., and Swaminathan, T.: Time-resolved
distributions of bulk parameters, diacids, ketoacids and α-dicarbonyls and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of TC and TN in
tropical Indian aerosols: Influence of land/sea breeze and secondary
processes, Atmos. Res., 153, 188–199,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.08.011, 2015c.
Perri, M. J., Lim, Y. B., Seitzinger, S. P., and Turpin, B. J.:
Organosulfates from glycolaldehyde in aqueous aerosols and clouds:
Laboratory studies, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2658–2664,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.031, 2010.
Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and
Health Effects, 37, 7520–7540, https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200607299, 2006.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols,
climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119–2124,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064034, 2001.
Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage,
A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.:
Rethinking organic aerosols: semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging,
Science, 315, 1259–1262, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.
Rudolph, J.: Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Measurements: A New Tool to
Understand Atmospheric Processing of Volatile Organic Compounds, in: Global
Atmospheric Change and its Impact on Regional Air Quality, edited by:
Barnes, I., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 37–42, 2002.
Russell, A. G., Mcrae, G. J., and Cass, G. R.: Mathematical modeling of the
formation and transport of ammonium nitrate aerosol, Atmos.
Environ., 17, 949–964, 1983.
Samet, J. M., Zeger, S. L., Dominici, F., Curriero, F., Coursac, I.,
Dockery, D. W., Schwartz, J., and Zanobetti, A.: The National Morbidity,
Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part II: Morbidity and mortality from
air pollution in the United States, Research report (Health Effects
Institute), 94, 5–70, discussion 71–79, 2000.
Schaap, M., Spindler, G., Schulz, M., Acker, K., Maenhaut, W., Berner, A.,
Wieprecht, W., Streit, N., Müller, K., and Brüggemann, E.: Artefacts
in the sampling of nitrate studied in the “INTERCOMP” campaigns of
EUROTRAC-AEROSOL, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6487–6496, 2004.
Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., and Neas, L. M.: Is Daily Mortality Associated
Specifically with Fine Particles?, J. Air Waste Manage., 46, 927–939,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467528, 1996.
Sillanpää, M., Frey, A., Hillamo, R., Pennanen, A. S., and Salonen, R. O.: Organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particulate matter of six urban environments in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2869–2879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2869-2005, 2005.
Song, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, P., Zheng, L., Yuan, Q., Wang, S., Huang,
X., Xu, W., Cao, Z., Gromov, S., and Lai, S.: Influence of biomass burning
on atmospheric aerosols over the western South China Sea: Insights from
ions, carbonaceous fractions and stable carbon isotope ratios, Environ.
Pollut., 242, 1800–1809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.088, 2018.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Ho, K., Zhang, R., Lin, Z., Zhang, Z., Lin, M., Cao, J.,
Liu, S., and Wang, G.: Impact of PM2.5 chemical compositions on aerosol
light scattering in Guangzhou – the largest megacity in South China,
Atmos. Res., 135–136, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.015, 2014.
Turekian, V. C., Macko, S., Ballentine, D., Swap, R. J., and Garstang, M.: Causes of bulk carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionations in the products of vegetation burns: laboratory studies, Chem. Geol., 152, 181–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00105-3, 1998.
Turekian, V. C., Macko, S. A., and Keene, W. C.: Concentrations, isotopic
compositions, and sources of size-resolved, particulate organic carbon and
oxalate in near-surface marine air at Bermuda during spring, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4157, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002053, 2003.
Turpin, B. J. and Huntzicker, J. J.: Identification of secondary organic
aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol
concentrations during SCAQS, Atmos. Environ., 29, 3527–3544,
https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q, 1995.
Turpin, B. J., Saxena, P., and Andrews, E.: Measuring and simulating
particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects, Atmos.
Environ., 34, 2983–3013, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4, 2000.
Utsunomiya, A. and Wakamatsu, S.: Temperature and humidity dependence on
aerosol composition in the northern Kyushu, Japan, Atmos. Environ.,
30, 2379–2386, 1996.
Wan, X., Kang, S., Wang, Y., Xin, J., Liu, B., Guo, Y., Wen, T., Zhang, G.,
and Cong, Z.: Size distribution of carbonaceous aerosols at a high-altitude
site on the central Tibetan Plateau (Nam Co Station, 4730 m a.s.l.),
Atmos. Res., 153, 155–164,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.08.008, 2015.
Wan, X., Kang, S., Li, Q., Rupakheti, D., Zhang, Q., Guo, J., Chen, P., Tripathee, L., Rupakheti, M., Panday, A. K., Wang, W., Kawamura, K., Gao, S., Wu, G., and Cong, Z.: Organic molecular tracers in the atmospheric aerosols from Lumbini, Nepal, in the northern Indo-Gangetic Plain: influence of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8867–8885, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8867-2017, 2017.
Wang, G. H., Zhang, R. Y., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L. X., Zamora, M. L., Hu, M.,
Lin, Y., Peng, J. F., Guo, S., Meng, J. J., Li, J. J., Cheng, C. L., Hu, T.
F., Ren, Y. Q., Wang, Y. S., Gao, J., Cao, J. J., An, Z. S., Zhou, W. J.,
Li, G. H., Wang, J. Y., Tian, P. F., Marrero-Ortiz, W., Secrest, J., Du, Z.
F., Zheng, J., Shang, D. J., Zeng, L. M., Shao, M., Wang, W. G., Huang, Y.,
Wang, Y., Zhu, Y. J., Li, Y. X., Hu, J. X., Pan, B., Cai, L., Cheng, Y. T.,
Ji, Y. M., Zhang, F., Rosenfeld, D., Liss, P. S., Duce, R. A., Kolb, C. E.,
and Molina, M. J.: Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese
haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 13630–13635, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616540113, 2016.
Wang, J., Ho, S. S. H., Ma, S., Cao, J., Dai, W., Liu, S., Shen, Z., Huang,
R., Wang, G., and Han, Y.: Characterization of PM2.5 in Guangzhou,
China: uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment, Sci.
Total Environ., 550, 961–971, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.138, 2016.
Wang, S., Pavuluri, C. M., Ren, L., Fu, P., Zhang, Y.-L., and Liu, C.-Q.:
Implications for biomass/coal combustion emissions and secondary formation
of carbonaceous aerosols in North China, RSC Adv., 8, 38108–38117,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06127k, 2018.
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Tang, A., Yuan, H., Sun, Y., Chen, S., and Zheng, A.:
The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5 aerosol in Beijing,
Atmos. Environ., 39, 3771–3784, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.013,
2005.
Wang, Y., Jia, C., Tao, J., Zhang, L., Liang, X., Ma, J., Gao, H., Huang,
T., and Zhang, K.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of
PM2.5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical-industrialized city, Northwest
China, Sci. Total Environ., 573, 1031–1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.179,
2016a.
Wang, Y., Jia, C., Tao, J., Zhang, L., Liang, X., Ma, J., Gao, H., Huang,
T., and Zhang, K.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of
PM2.5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical-industrialized city, Northwest
China, Sci. Total Environ., 573, 1031–1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.179,
2016b.
Wang, Y., Pavuluri, C. M., Fu, P., Li, P., Dong, Z., Xu, Z., Ren, H., Fan,
Y., Li, L., Zhang, Y.-L., and Liu, C.-Q.: Characterization of Secondary
Organic Aerosol Tracers over Tianjin, North China during Summer to Autumn,
ACS Earth Space Chem., 3, 2339–2352,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00170, 2019.
Wang, Y. J., Dong, Y. P., Feng, J. L., Guan, J. J., Zhao, W., and Li, H. J.:
Characteristics and influencing factors of carbonaceous aerosols in
PM2.5 in Shanghai, China, Huan Jing Ke Xue, 31, 1755–1761, 2010.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Houck, J. E.: PM2.5 chemical source
profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and
coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995, Chemosphere, 43,
1141–1151, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00171-5, 2001.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Chen, L. W. A.: Summary of Organic and
Elemental Carbon/Black Carbon Analysis Methods and Intercomparisons, Aerosol
Air Qual. Res., 5, 65–102, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0006, 2005.
Wessels, A., Birmili, W., Albrecht, C., Hellack, B., Jermann, E., Wick, G.,
Harrison, R. M., and Schins, R. P. F.: Oxidant Generation and Toxicity of
Size-Fractionated Ambient Particles in Human Lung Epithelial Cells,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3539–3545, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9036226,
2010.
Widory, D.: Nitrogen isotopes: Tracers of origin and processes affecting
PM10 in the atmosphere of Paris, Atmos. Environ., 41,
2382–2390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.009, 2007.
Wolfe, A. H. and Patz, J. A.: Reactive Nitrogen and Human Health: Acute and
Long-term Implications, Ambio, 31, 120–125, 2002.
Xu, L., Duan, F., He, K., Ma, Y., Zhu, L., Zheng, Y., Huang, T., Kimoto, T.,
Ma, T., Li, H., Ye, S., Yang, S., Sun, Z., and Xu, B.: Characteristics of
the secondary water-soluble ions in a typical autumn haze in Beijing,
Environ. Pollut., 227, 296–305,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.076, 2017.
Xu, X. and Zhang, T.: Spatial-temporal variability of PM2.5 air quality in Beijing, China during 2013–2018, J. Environ. Manage., 262, 110263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110263, 2020.
Yan, J., Zhang, M., Jung, J., Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Xu, S., and Chen, L.:
Influence on the conversion of DMS to MSA and SO
Yang, F., Huang, L., Duan, F., Zhang, W., He, K., Ma, Y., Brook, J. R., Tan, J., Zhao, Q., and Cheng, Y.: Carbonaceous species in PM2.5 at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7893–7903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7893-2011, 2011.
Yang, H., Yu, J. Z., Ho, S. S. H., Xu, J., Wu, W.-S., Wan, C. H., Wang, X.,
Wang, X., and Wang, L.: The chemical composition of inorganic and
carbonaceous materials in PM2.5 in Nanjing, China, Atmos.
Environ., 39, 3735–3749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.010, 2005.
Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013.
Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Wang, S., He, K., and Zheng, M.: Review of
receptor-based source apportionment research of fine particulate matter and
its challenges in China, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 917–929,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.071, 2017.
Zhao, M., Huang, Z., Qiao, T., Zhang, Y., Xiu, G., and Yu, J.: Chemical characterization, the transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 in Shanghai: Seasonal variations, Atmos. Res., 158–159, 66–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.02.003, 2015.
Zhao, P., Dong, F., Yang, Y., He, D., Zhao, X., Zhang, W., Yao, Q., and Liu,
H.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in the region of Beijing,
Tianjin, and Hebei, China, Atmos. Environ., 71, 389–398,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.010, 2013.
Short summary
This study has provided comprehensive baseline data of carbonaceous and inorganic aerosols as well as their isotope ratios in the Tianjin region, North China, found that Tianjin aerosols were derived from coal combustion, biomass burning and photochemical reactions of VOCs, and also implied that the Tianjin aerosols were more aged during long-range atmospheric transport in summer via carbonaceous and isotope data analysis.
This study has provided comprehensive baseline data of carbonaceous and inorganic aerosols as...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint