Articles | Volume 22, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4763-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4763-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 12 Apr 2022
| 12 Apr 2022
Ship-based estimates of momentum transfer coefficient over sea ice and recommendations for its parameterization
Piyush Srivastava
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
now at: Centre of Excellence in Disaster and Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Ian M. Brooks
School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
John Prytherch
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Dominic J. Salisbury
School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Andrew D. Elvidge
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Ian A. Renfrew
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Margaret J. Yelland
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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Roman Pohorsky, Heather Guy, Ian Morley Brooks, Lea Haberstock, Nicolas Fauré, Paul Zieger, Julia Kojoj, Sonja Murto, Radiance Calmer, Benjamin Heutte, Michael Lonardi, Erik Schurch Thomson, Michael Tjernström, Jessie Creamean, Athanasios Nenes, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 10331–10353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10331-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10331-2026, 2026
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This study presents tethered-balloon observations above Arctic sea ice showing that enhanced aerosol concentrations above low-level clouds are commonly observed. A closure analysis demonstrates that entrainment of these aerosols is required to reproduce observed cloud droplet numbers. Simulations indicate that neglecting this source can bias longwave radiative forcing, highlighting the need for vertical aerosol observations and improved model representation of aerosol entrainment at cloud top.
Patrick C. Taylor, Armin Sorooshian, Rei Ueyama, Sebastian Schmidt, Ihab Abboud, Quincy Allison, Kevin Barry, Sebastian Becker, Holly A. Bender, Joseph R. Bennett, James B. Blair, Niklas Bohn, Linette Boisvert, Matthew D. Brown, Roelof Bruintjes, Anthony Bucholtz, Megan Buzanowicz, Brian Cairns, Filippo Calì Quaglia, Eduard Chemyakin, Bo Chen, Gao Chen, Hong Chen, Yu-Wen Chen, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Dan Chirica, Yonghoon Choi, Peter Colarco, Brian Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Maurice J. Cross, Janet Daniels, Paul DeMott, Joshua P. DiGangi, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, Glenn S. Diskin, Erica K. Dolinar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Samuel Ephraim, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Romanos Foskinis, Francesca Gallo, Lan Gao, José Luis Gómez-Amo, Daisy Gonzalez, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Pawan Gupta, Ivan Heckman, Michael Hendrickson, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ken Hirata, Michelle Hofton, Andrew L. Holen, Ulas Im, Alia L. Khan, Ralph Kahn, Alexei V. Korolev, Sonia Kreidenweis, Thomas Krumpen, Nathan Kurtz, Leslie Lait, Bradley Lamkin, Jack Landy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Paul Lawson, Samuel LeBlanc, Sean Leavor, Jing Li, Thorsten Markus, Hal Maring, Andreas H. Massling, Camille Mavis, Flynn McGinnity, Kerry Meyer, Gabriel Mojica, Richard H. Moore, Parker Morris, Giovanni Muscari, Vikas Nataraja, Amin R. Nehrir, Athanasios Nenes, Edward P. Nowottnick, Matteo Ottaviani, Chelsea Parker, Ryan Patnaude, Michael Perez, Russell J. Perkins, Colten Peterson, Alek Petty, Stevie Phothisane, Chris Polashenski, Kerri A. Pratt, Kayla M. Preisler, John Prytherch, David Rabine, Jens Redemann, Ju-Mee Ryoo, Joseph S. Schlosser, Vanessa Selimovic, Michael A. Shook, Morgan Silverman, Henrik Skov, Alexander Smirnov, Cassidy Soloff, Amy Solomon, Snorre Stamnes, Azusa Takeishi, David R. Thompson, K. Lee Thornhill, Rachel Tilling, Michael Tjernström, Monica Tosco, Pedro C. Valdelomar, David Van Gilst, Jian Wang, Zhien Wang, Andrzej Wasilewski, Manfred Wendisch, Brent Wilder, Edward L. Winstead, Albert Wu, Peng Xian, Lauren M. Zamora, Jiaoshi Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lu Zhang, Luke Ziemba, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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This article summarizes the data sets collected during the Arctic Radiation Cloud aerosol Sea ice Interaction eXperiment (ARCSIX), NASA's most comprehensive Arctic field campaign to date. The overarching goal was to quantify the contributions of surface, clouds, aerosol particles, and precipitation to summer sea ice melt. This paper describes the ARCSIX implementation including the flight strategy, instruments, complementary data sets, access, and usage details.
Hannah C. Frostenberg, Jessie M. Creamean, Erik S. Thomson, Heather Guy, Roman Pohorsky, Camille Mavis, Ian M. Brooks, Nicolas Fauré, Lea Haberstock, Julia Kojoj, Sonja Murto, Julia Schmale, Michael Tjernström, Paul Zieger, and Luisa Ickes
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2403, 2026
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Arctic low clouds containing both droplets and ice crystals strongly impact sea ice and therefore require accurate modeling. Using a high-resolution atmospheric model, we found that particle and ice concentrations, alongside ice crystal shape, strongly dictate the simulated cloud. Therefore, these specific properties should be prioritized during future Arctic observational campaigns. Furthermore, atmospheric models must be able to represent a variety of ice crystal shapes.
Theresa Mathes, Ian Brooks, Sonja Murto, Michael Tjernström, Julia Kojoj, Paul Zieger, John Prytherch, Birgit Wehner, and Andreas Held
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1792, 2026
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The Arctic is warming faster than the global average, affecting key climate processes. We investigated the exchange of particles between the surface and the atmosphere in the High Arctic over a period of five weeks using eddy covariance measurements. While ice surfaces primarily act as a sink, strong winds can also cause particles to be released, a process likely linked to blowing snow. These results enhance our understanding of particle sources and facilitate more precise climate modelling.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian Brooks, Frances Hopkins, Jani Pewter, Katie Read, and Timothy J. Smyth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-780, 2026
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Diurnal sea breeze events can have a strong but uncertain impact on coastal air quality. In this study, using 10 years of observations we show that sea breeze occurs mostly when the sea is cool, wind speeds low, and solar irradiance strong. Surface of gas and particulate pollutants are all higher during sea breeze events than on other days, increasing the rate of air quality regulation exceedance. This may be of concern for beach goers and for people who spend more time outdoors.
Martin Willett, Melissa Brooks, Andrew Bushell, Paul Earnshaw, Samantha Smith, Lorenzo Tomassini, Martin Best, Ian Boutle, Jennifer Brooke, John M. Edwards, Andrew D. Elvidge, Kalli Furtado, Catherine Hardacre, Andrew J. Hartley, Alan J. Hewitt, Ben Johnson, Adrian Lock, Andy Malcolm, Jane Mulcahy, Eike Müller, Ian A. Renfrew, Heather Rumbold, Gabriel G. Rooney, Alistair Sellar, Masashi Ujiie, Annelize van Niekerk, Andy Wiltshire, and Michael Whitall
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 1473–1517, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1473-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1473-2026, 2026
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Global Atmosphere (GA) configurations of the Unified Model (UM) and Global Land (GL) configurations of Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) are developed for use in any global atmospheric modelling application. We describe a recent iteration of these configurations, GA8GL9, which includes improvements to the representation of convection and other physical processes. GA8GL9 is used for operational weather prediction in the UK and forms the basis for the next GA and GL configuration.
Thea Bisander, John Prytherch, and Volker Brüchert
Biogeosciences, 22, 4779–4796, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4779-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4779-2025, 2025
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Coastal waters exchange greenhouse gases with the atmosphere, but their exact contributions are not well understood. This study measured carbon dioxide and methane emissions in different Baltic Sea habitats using floating chambers. The results show that methane emissions, especially from bubbling, play a dominant role in the total exchange of many habitats. When scaled up over the Stockholm archipelago, the coastal emissions add significantly to the regional greenhouse gas budget.
Theresa Mathes, Heather Guy, John Prytherch, Julia Kojoj, Ian Brooks, Sonja Murto, Paul Zieger, Birgit Wehner, Michael Tjernström, and Andreas Held
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8455–8474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8455-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8455-2025, 2025
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The Arctic is warming faster than the global average and an investigation of aerosol–cloud–sea ice interactions is crucial for studying its climate system. During the ARTofMELT Expedition 2023, particle and sensible heat fluxes were measured over different surfaces. Wide lead surfaces acted as particle sources, with the strongest sensible heat fluxes, while closed ice surfaces acted as particle sinks. In this study, methods to measure these interactions are improved, enhancing our understanding of Arctic climate processes.
Heather Guy, Andrew S. Martin, Erik Olson, Ian M. Brooks, and Ryan R. Neely III
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11103–11114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11103-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11103-2024, 2024
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Aerosol particles impact cloud properties which influence Greenland Ice Sheet melt. Understanding the aerosol population that interacts with clouds is important for constraining future melt. Measurements of aerosols at cloud height over Greenland are rare, and surface measurements are often used to investigate cloud–aerosol interactions. We use a tethered balloon to measure aerosols up to cloud base and show that surface measurements are often not equivalent to those just below the cloud.
John Prytherch, Sonja Murto, Ian Brown, Adam Ulfsbo, Brett F. Thornton, Volker Brüchert, Michael Tjernström, Anna Lunde Hermansson, Amanda T. Nylund, and Lina A. Holthusen
Biogeosciences, 21, 671–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-671-2024, 2024
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We directly measured methane and carbon dioxide exchange between ocean or sea ice and the atmosphere during an icebreaker-based expedition to the central Arctic Ocean (CAO) in summer 2021. These measurements can help constrain climate models and carbon budgets. The methane measurements, the first such made in the CAO, are lower than previous estimates and imply that the CAO is an insignificant contributor to Arctic methane emission. Gas exchange rates are slower than previous estimates.
Gillian Young McCusker, Jutta Vüllers, Peggy Achtert, Paul Field, Jonathan J. Day, Richard Forbes, Ruth Price, Ewan O'Connor, Michael Tjernström, John Prytherch, Ryan Neely III, and Ian M. Brooks
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4819–4847, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4819-2023, 2023
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In this study, we show that recent versions of two atmospheric models – the Unified Model and Integrated Forecasting System – overestimate Arctic cloud fraction within the lower troposphere by comparison with recent remote-sensing measurements made during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition. The overabundance of cloud is interlinked with the modelled thermodynamic structure, with strong negative temperature biases coincident with these overestimated cloud layers.
Ruth Price, Andrea Baccarini, Julia Schmale, Paul Zieger, Ian M. Brooks, Paul Field, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2927–2961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2927-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2927-2023, 2023
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Arctic clouds can control how much energy is absorbed by the surface or reflected back to space. Using a computer model of the atmosphere we investigated the formation of atmospheric particles that allow cloud droplets to form. We found that particles formed aloft are transported to the lowest part of the Arctic atmosphere and that this is a key source of particles. Our results have implications for the way Arctic clouds will behave in the future as climate change continues to impact the region.
Heather Guy, David D. Turner, Von P. Walden, Ian M. Brooks, and Ryan R. Neely
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5095–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5095-2022, 2022
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Fog formation is highly sensitive to near-surface temperatures and humidity profiles. Passive remote sensing instruments can provide continuous measurements of the vertical temperature and humidity profiles and liquid water content, which can improve fog forecasts. Here we compare the performance of collocated infrared and microwave remote sensing instruments and demonstrate that the infrared instrument is especially sensitive to the onset of thin radiation fog.
Helen Czerski, Ian M. Brooks, Steve Gunn, Robin Pascal, Adrian Matei, and Byron Blomquist
Ocean Sci., 18, 565–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-565-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-565-2022, 2022
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The bubbles formed by breaking waves speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and the ocean. Understanding where these gases go is an important part of understanding Earth's climate. In this paper we describe measurements of the bubbles close to the ocean surface during big storms in the North Atlantic. We observed small bubbles collecting in distinctive patterns which help us to understand the contribution they make to the ocean breathing.
Helen Czerski, Ian M. Brooks, Steve Gunn, Robin Pascal, Adrian Matei, and Byron Blomquist
Ocean Sci., 18, 587–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-587-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-587-2022, 2022
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The bubbles formed by breaking waves at the ocean surface are important because they are thought to speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and ocean. We collected data on the bubbles in the top few metres of the ocean which were created by storms in the North Atlantic. The focus in this paper is the bubble sizes and their position in the water. We saw that there are very predictable patterns and set out what happens to bubbles after a wave breaks.
Heather Guy, Ian M. Brooks, Ken S. Carslaw, Benjamin J. Murray, Von P. Walden, Matthew D. Shupe, Claire Pettersen, David D. Turner, Christopher J. Cox, William D. Neff, Ralf Bennartz, and Ryan R. Neely III
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15351–15374, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15351-2021, 2021
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We present the first full year of surface aerosol number concentration measurements from the central Greenland Ice Sheet. Aerosol concentrations here have a distinct seasonal cycle from those at lower-altitude Arctic sites, which is driven by large-scale atmospheric circulation. Our results can be used to help understand the role aerosols might play in Greenland surface melt through the modification of cloud properties. This is crucial in a rapidly changing region where observations are sparse.
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Short summary
The parameterization of surface turbulent fluxes over sea ice remains a weak point in weather forecast and climate models. Recent theoretical developments have introduced more extensive physics but these descriptions are poorly constrained due to a lack of observation data. Here we utilize a large dataset of measurements of turbulent fluxes over sea ice to tune the state-of-the-art parameterization of wind stress, and compare it with a previous scheme.
The parameterization of surface turbulent fluxes over sea ice remains a weak point in weather...
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