Articles | Volume 13, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12299-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12299-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Dec 2013
Research article |
| 18 Dec 2013
Asymmetric and axisymmetric dynamics of tropical cyclones
J. Persing
Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
M. T. Montgomery
Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
J. C. McWilliams
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
R. K. Smith
Meteorological Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Jordyn E. Moscoso, Andrew L. Stewart, Daniele Bianchi, and James C. McWilliams
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 763–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-763-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-763-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This project was created to understand the across-shore distribution of plankton in the California Current System. To complete this study, we used a quasi-2-D dynamical model coupled to an ecosystem model. This paper is a preliminary study to test and validate the model against data collected by the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). We show the solution of our model solution compares well to the data and discuss our model as a tool for further model development.
Blake Rutherford, Timothy Dunkerton, Michael Montgomery, and Scott Braun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10349–10366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10349-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Whether a tropical disturbance develops into a tropical cyclone is determined by many factors including whether nearby dry air is able to intrude into the disturbance and disrupt key thermodynamic processes. In this research, we explored a way to diagnose this interaction from a time-evolving rather than instantaneous viewpoint, so that the dry air import can be seen more precisely. We expect that this framework, here applicable to Hurricane Nate (2011), will also apply to other disturbances.
Thomas M. Freismuth, Blake Rutherford, Mark A. Boothe, and Michael T. Montgomery
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8511–8519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8511-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8511-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical model analyses are used to investigate the role of dry, environmental air in the failed redevelopment of a tropical cyclone (ex-Gaston, 2010). As early as 12:00 UTC 2 September 2010, a dry layer at and above 600 hPa results in a decrease in the vertical mass flux and vertical, relative vorticity. The intrusion of dry air led to a reduction in vorticity and a compromised pouch at these middle levels. This study supports work looking at the role of dry air in moist convection.
L. L. Lussier III, M. T. Montgomery, and M. M. Bell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8795–8812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8795-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8795-2014, 2014
A. Bracco, J. D. Neelin, H. Luo, J. C. McWilliams, and J. E. Meyerson
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1673–1687, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1673-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1673-2013, 2013
M. E. Nicholls and M. T. Montgomery
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5999–6022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5999-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5999-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Dynamics | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
The marinada fall wind in the eastern Ebro sub-basin: physical mechanisms and role of the sea, orography and irrigation
The influences of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on tropospheric ozone in CMIP6 models
Technical note: Exploring parameter and meteorological uncertainty via emulation in volcanic ash atmospheric dispersion modelling
To what extent is the description of streets important in estimating local air-quality? A case study over Paris
Role of the Indian Ocean basin mode in driving the interdecadal variations of summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon boundary zone
Extreme ozone episodes in a major Mediterranean urban area
Wintertime extreme warming events in the high Arctic: characteristics, drivers, trends, and the role of atmospheric rivers
Influence of lower-tropospheric moisture on local soil moisture–precipitation feedback over the US Southern Great Plains
The Lagrangian Atmospheric Radionuclide Transport Model (ARTM) – sensitivity studies and evaluation using airborne measurements of power plant emissions
Variability and trends in the PV-gradient dynamical tropopause
Large-eddy-model closure and simulation of turbulent flux patterns over oasis surface
Impact of the Guinea coast upwelling on atmospheric dynamics, precipitation and pollutant transport over southern West Africa
Investigating multiscale meteorological controls and impact of soil moisture heterogeneity on radiation fog in complex terrain using semi-idealised simulations
Effect of the boundary layer low-level jet on fast fog spatial propagation
Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone forecasts and analysis using the ECMWF ensemble forecasting system with physical parameterization perturbations
Using synthetic case studies to explore the spread and calibration of ensemble atmospheric dispersion forecasts
Meteorological modeling sensitivity to parameterizations and satellite-derived surface datasets during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study
Trajectory enhancement of low-earth orbiter thermodynamic retrievals to predict convection: a simulation experiment
Lagrangian transport simulations using the extreme convection parameterization: an assessment for the ECMWF reanalyses
Better-constrained climate sensitivity when accounting for dataset dependency on pattern effect estimates
Determination of the chemical equator from GEOS-Chem model simulation: a focus on the tropical western Pacific region
Uncertainty in parameterized convection remains a key obstacle for estimating surface fluxes of carbon dioxide
Antarctic atmospheric Richardson number from radiosonde measurements and AMPS
Divergent convective outflow in large-eddy simulations
Modulation of daily PM2.5 concentrations over China in winter by large-scale circulation and climate change
Modeling of street-scale pollutant dispersion by coupled simulation of chemical reaction, aerosol dynamics, and CFD
Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model
Evolution of squall line variability and error growth in an ensemble of large eddy simulations
Climatology and variability of air mass transport from the boundary layer to the Asian monsoon anticyclone
Evaluation and bias correction of probabilistic volcanic ash forecasts
The representation of the trade winds in ECMWF forecasts and reanalyses during EUREC4A
Modeling approaches for atmospheric ion–dipole collisions: all-atom trajectory simulations and central field methods
Parameterizing the aerodynamic effect of trees in street canyons for the street network model MUNICH using the CFD model Code_Saturne
Quantifying the impact of meteorological uncertainty on emission estimates and the risk to aviation using source inversion for the Raikoke 2019 eruption
Acceleration of the southern African easterly jet driven by the radiative effect of biomass burning aerosols and its impact on transport during AEROCLO-sA
The Sun's role in decadal climate predictability in the North Atlantic
Future projections of daily haze-conducive and clear weather conditions over the North China Plain using a perturbed parameter ensemble
Refining an ensemble of volcanic ash forecasts using satellite retrievals: Raikoke 2019
Ship-based estimates of momentum transfer coefficient over sea ice and recommendations for its parameterization
Revising the definition of anthropogenic heat flux from buildings: role of human activities and building storage heat flux
An assessment of tropopause characteristics of the ERA5 and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalyses
Distinct evolutions of haze pollution from winter to the following spring over the North China Plain: role of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies
The foehn effect during easterly flow over Svalbard
Effect of rainfall-induced diabatic heating over southern China on the formation of wintertime haze on the North China Plain
Anthropogenic aerosol effects on tropospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (1980–2020): separating the role of zonally asymmetric forcings
Lightning-ignited wildfires and long continuing current lightning in the Mediterranean Basin: preferential meteorological conditions
Identifying source regions of air masses sampled at the tropical high-altitude site of Chacaltaya using WRF-FLEXPART and cluster analysis
Modelling spatiotemporal variations of the canopy layer urban heat island in Beijing at the neighbourhood scale
Dispersion of particulate matter (PM2.5) from wood combustion for residential heating: optimization of mitigation actions based on large-eddy simulations
Measurement report: Effect of wind shear on PM10 concentration vertical structure in the urban boundary layer in a complex terrain
Tanguy Lunel, Maria Antonia Jimenez, Joan Cuxart, Daniel Martinez-Villagrasa, Aaron Boone, and Patrick Le Moigne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7637–7666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the summer in Catalonia, a cool wind, the marinada, blows into the eastern Ebro basin in the afternoon. This study investigates its previously unclear dynamics using observations and a meteorological model. It is found to be driven by a cool marine air mass that flows over the mountains into the basin. The study shows how the sea breeze, upslope winds, larger weather patterns and irrigation play a prominent role in the formation and characteristics of the marinada.
Thanh Le, Seon-Ho Kim, Jae-Yeong Heo, and Deg-Hyo Bae
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6555–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6555-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6555-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the links between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tropospheric ozone (O3) using model data. Our results show that ENSO impacts on tropospheric O3 are mainly found over oceans, while the signature of ENSO over continents is largely unclear. These impacts in the midlatitude regions over the Southern Hemisphere may be more significant than previously known. The responses of O3 to ENSO are weak in the middle troposphere and stronger in the upper and lower troposphere.
James M. Salter, Helen N. Webster, and Cameron Saint
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6251–6274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6251-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6251-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models are used to make forecasts of volcanic ash dispersion during eruptions. These models have unknown inputs relating to the eruption itself, physical processes, and meteorological conditions. We use statistical models to predict the output of the expensive physical model and show we can account for the effects of the different inputs. We compare the model to real-world observations and show that accounting for all sources of uncertainty may lead to different conclusions about the inputs.
Alexis Squarcioni, Yelva Roustan, Myrto Valari, Youngseob Kim, Karine Sartelet, Lya Lugon, Fabrice Dugay, and Robin Voitot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1043, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the interest of using a street network model to estimate pollutant concentrations of NOx, NO2, and PM2.5 in heterogeneous urban areas, particularly those adjacent to highways, compared with the Subgrid approach embedded in the 3D eulerian model CHIMERE. However, the study also reveals comparable performance between the two approaches for the aforementioned pollutants in areas near the city centre, where urban characteristics are more uniform.
Jing Wang, Yanju Liu, Fei Cheng, Chengyu Song, Qiaoping Li, Yihui Ding, and Xiangde Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5099–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Based on long-term observational, reanalysis, and numerical model simulation datasets from 1901 through 2014, this study shows that precipitation over the East Asian monsoon boundary zone featured prominent interdecadal changes, with dry summers during the periods preceding 1927, 1939–1945, 1968–1982, and 1998–2010 and wet summers during 1928–1938, 1946–1967, and 2011 onwards. The Indian Ocean basin mode is an important oceanic modulator responsible for its interdecadal variations.
Jordi Massagué, Eduardo Torre-Pascual, Cristina Carnerero, Miguel Escudero, Andrés Alastuey, Marco Pandolfi, Xavier Querol, and Gotzon Gangoiti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4827–4850, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyses three acute ozone episodes in Barcelona (NE Spain) which have occurred only in recent years and are of particular concern due to the city's significant population. The findings uncover a complex interplay of factors, notably shared among episodes, including pollution transport at different scales and specific weather and emission patterns. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of these occurrences and improve predictive capabilities.
Weiming Ma, Hailong Wang, Gang Chen, Yun Qian, Ian Baxter, Yiling Huo, and Mark W. Seefeldt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4451–4472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme warming events with surface temperature going above 0°C can occur in the high-Arctic winter. Although reanalysis data show that these events were short-lived and occurred rarely during 1980–2021, they have become more frequent, stronger, and longer lasting latterly. A dipole pattern, comprising high- and low-pressure systems, is found to be the key in driving them. These findings have implications for the recent changes in sea ice, hydrological cycle, and ecosystem over the Arctic.
Gaoyun Wang, Rong Fu, Yizhou Zhuang, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Joseph A. Santanello, Guiling Wang, Kun Yang, and Kaighin McColl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3857–3868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3857-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3857-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the influence of lower-tropospheric humidity on land–atmosphere coupling (LAC) during warm seasons in the US Southern Great Plains. Using radiosonde data and a buoyancy model, we find that elevated LT humidity is crucial for generating afternoon precipitation events under dry soil conditions not accounted for by conventional LAC indices. This underscores the importance of considering LT humidity in understanding LAC over dry soil during droughts in the SGP.
Robert Hanfland, Dominik Brunner, Christiane Voigt, Alina Fiehn, Anke Roiger, and Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2511–2534, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To show that the three-dimensional dispersion of plumes simulated by the Atmospheric Radionuclide Transport Model within the planetary boundary layer agrees with real plumes, we identify the most important input parameters and analyse the turbulence properties of five different turbulence models in very unstable stratification conditions using their deviation from the well-mixed state. Simulations show that one model agrees slightly better in unstable stratification conditions.
Katharina Turhal, Felix Plöger, Jan Clemens, Thomas Birner, Franziska Weyland, Paul Konopka, and Peter Hoor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-471, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-471, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The tropopause separates the troposphere, the lowest atmospheric layer where weather occurs, from the stratosphere. We computed the PV-gradient (PVG) tropopause, which is based on transport barriers between both layers. In 1980–2017, the PVG tropopause shifted poleward at lower altitudes and equatorward above. These shifts may signify height-dependent changes in atmospheric transport, influencing the distribution of pollutants and, e.g., greenhouse gases responsible for global warming.
Bangjun Cao, Yaping Shao, Xianyu Yang, Xin Yin, and Shaofeng Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 275–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our novel scheme enhances large-eddy simulations (LESs) for atmosphere–land interactions. It couples LES subgrid closure with Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), overcoming MOST's limitations. Validated over diverse land surfaces, our approach outperforms existing methods, aligning well with field measurements. Robustness is demonstrated across varying model resolutions. MOST's influence strengthens with decreasing grid spacing, particularly for sensible heat flux.
Gaëlle de Coëtlogon, Adrien Deroubaix, Cyrille Flamant, Laurent Menut, and Marco Gaetani
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15507–15521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical atmospheric model, we found that cooling sea surface temperatures along the southern coast of West Africa in July cause the “little dry season”. This effect reduces humidity and pollutant transport inland, potentially enhancing West Africa's synoptic and seasonal forecasting.
Dongqi Lin, Marwan Katurji, Laura E. Revell, Basit Khan, and Andrew Sturman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14451–14479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate fog forecasting is difficult in a complex environment. Spatial variations in soil moisture could impact fog. Here, we carried out fog simulations with spatially different soil moisture in complex topography. The soil moisture was calculated using satellite observations. The results show that the spatial variations in soil moisture do not have a significant impact on where fog occurs but do impact how long fog lasts. This finding could improve fog forecasts in the future.
Shuqi Yan, Hongbin Wang, Xiaohui Liu, Fan Zu, and Duanyang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13987–14002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13987-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13987-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantitatively study the effect of the boundary layer low-level jet (BLLJ) on fast fog spatial propagation; i.e., the fog area expands very fast along a certain direction. The wind speed (10 m s−1) and direction (southeast) of the BLLJ core are consistent with fog propagation (9.6 m s−1). The BLLJ-induced temperature and moisture advections are possible reasons for fast fog propagation. The propagation speed would decrease by 6.4 m s−1 if these advections were turned off.
Miriam Saraceni, Lorenzo Silvestri, Peter Bechtold, and Paolina Bongioannini Cerlini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13883–13909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on three medicanes, tropical-like cyclones that form in the Mediterranean Sea, studied by ensemble forecasting. This involved multiple simulations of the same event by varying initial conditions and model physics parameters, especially related to convection, which showed comparable results. It is found that medicane development is influenced by the model's ability to predict precursor events and the interaction between upper and lower atmosphere dynamics and thermodynamics.
Andrew R. Jones, Susan J. Leadbetter, and Matthew C. Hort
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12477–12503, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper explores spread and calibration properties of ensemble atmospheric dispersion forecasts for hypothetical release events. Real-time forecasts from an ensemble weather prediction system were used to generate an ensemble of dispersion predictions and assessed against simulations produced using analysis meteorology. Results demonstrate good performance overall but highlight more skilful predictions for material released in the upper air compared with releases near the surface.
Jason A. Otkin, Lee M. Cronce, Jonathan L. Case, R. Bradley Pierce, Monica Harkey, Allen Lenzen, David S. Henderson, Zac Adelman, Tsengel Nergui, and Christopher R. Hain
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7935–7954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7935-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7935-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We performed model simulations to assess the impact of different parameterization schemes, surface initialization datasets, and analysis nudging on lower-tropospheric conditions near Lake Michigan. Simulations were run with high-resolution, real-time datasets depicting lake surface temperatures, green vegetation fraction, and soil moisture. The most accurate results were obtained when using high-resolution sea surface temperature and soil datasets to constrain the model simulations.
Mark T. Richardson, Brian H. Kahn, and Peter Kalmus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7699–7717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Convection over land often triggers hours after a satellite last passed overhead and measured the state of the atmosphere, and during those hours the atmosphere can change greatly. Here we show that it is possible to reconstruct most of those changes by using weather forecast winds to predict where warm and moist air parcels will travel. The results can be used to better predict where precipitation is likely to happen in the hours after satellite measurements.
Lars Hoffmann, Paul Konopka, Jan Clemens, and Bärbel Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7589–7609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric convection plays a key role in tracer transport in the troposphere. Global meteorological forecasts and reanalyses typically have a coarse spatiotemporal resolution that does not adequately resolve the dynamics, transport, and mixing of air associated with storm systems or deep convection. We discuss the application of the extreme convection parameterization in a Lagrangian transport model to improve simulations of tracer transport from the boundary layer into the free troposphere.
Angshuman Modak and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7535–7549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an improved estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) constrained based on the instrumental temperature record including the corrections for the pattern effect. The improved estimate factors in the uncertainty caused by the underlying sea-surface temperature datasets used in the estimates of pattern effect. This together with the inter-model spread lifts the corresponding IPCC AR6 estimate to 3.2 K [1.8 to 11.0], which is lower and better constrained than in past studies.
Xiaoyu Sun, Mathias Palm, Katrin Müller, Jonas Hachmeister, and Justus Notholt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7075–7090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical western Pacific (TWP) is an active interhemispheric transport region contributing significantly to the global climate. A method to determine the chemical equator was developed by model simulations of a virtual passive tracer to analyze transport in the tropics, with a focus on the TWP region. We compare the chemical equator with tropical rain belts and wind fields and obtain a vertical pattern of interhemispheric transport processes which shows tilt structure in certain seasons.
Andrew E. Schuh and Andrew R. Jacobson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6285–6297, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6285-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6285-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A comparison of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations resulting from two different atmospheric transport models showed large differences in predicted concentrations with significant space–time correlations. The vertical mixing of long-lived trace gases by convection was determined to be the main driver of these differences. The resulting uncertainty was deemed significant to the application of using atmospheric gradients of carbon dioxide to estimate surface fluxes of carbon dioxide.
Qike Yang, Xiaoqing Wu, Xiaodan Hu, Zhiyuan Wang, Chun Qing, Tao Luo, Pengfei Wu, Xianmei Qian, and Yiming Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6339–6355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6339-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6339-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The AMPS-forecasted Richardson number was first comprehensively validated over the Antarctic continent. Some potential underlying reasons for the discrepancies between the forecasts and observations were analyzed. The underlying physical processes of triggering atmospheric turbulence in Antarctica were investigated. Our results suggest that the estimated Richardson number by the AMPS is reasonable and the turbulence conditions in Antarctica are well revealed.
Edward Groot and Holger Tost
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6065–6081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6065-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6065-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is shown that the outflow from cumulonimbus clouds or thunderstorms in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in idealized high-resolution simulations (LESs) depends linearly on the net amount of latent heat released by the cloud for fixed geometry of the clouds. However, it is shown that, in more realistic situations, convective organization and aggregation (collecting mechanisms of cumulonimbus clouds) affect the amount of outflow non-linearly through non-idealized geometry.
Zixuan Jia, Carlos Ordóñez, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, Steven T. Turnock, and Fiona M. O'Connor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2829–2842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2829-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2829-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the influence of the winter large-scale circulation on daily concentrations of PM2.5 and their sensitivity to emissions. The new proposed circulation index can effectively distinguish different levels of air pollution and explain changes in PM2.5 sensitivity to emissions from local and surrounding regions. We then project future changes in PM2.5 concentrations using this index and find an increase in PM2.5 concentrations over the region due to climate change.
Chao Lin, Yunyi Wang, Ryozo Ooka, Cédric Flageul, Youngseob Kim, Hideki Kikumoto, Zhizhao Wang, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1421–1436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, SSH-aerosol, a modular box model that simulates the evolution of gas, primary, and secondary aerosols, is coupled with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, OpenFOAM and Code_Saturne. The transient dispersion of pollutants emitted from traffic in a street canyon of Greater Paris is simulated. The coupled model achieved better agreement in NO2 and PM10 with measurement data than the conventional CFD simulation which regards pollutants as passive scalars.
Johannes Mikkola, Victoria A. Sinclair, Marja Bister, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 821–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Local winds in four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of high-resolution meteorological modelling. Well-defined daytime up-valley winds are simulated in all of the valleys with some variation in the flow depth and strength among the valleys and their parts. Parts of the valleys with a steep valley floor inclination (2–5°) are associated with weaker and shallower daytime up-valley winds compared with the parts that have nearly flat valley floors (< 1°).
Edward Groot and Holger Tost
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 565–585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Thunderstorm systems play an important role in the dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere, and some of them form a well-organised line: squall lines. Simulations of such squall lines with very small initial perturbations are compared to a reference simulation. The evolution of perturbations and processes amplifying them are analysed. It is shown that the formation of new secondary thunderstorm cells (after the initial primary cells) directly ahead of the line affects the spread strongly.
Matthias Nützel, Sabine Brinkop, Martin Dameris, Hella Garny, Patrick Jöckel, Laura L. Pan, and Mijeong Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15659–15683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15659-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15659-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the Asian summer monsoon season, a large high-pressure system is present at levels close to the tropopause above Asia. We analyse how air masses are transported from surface levels to this high-pressure system, which shows distinct features from the surrounding air masses. To this end, we employ multiannual data from two complementary models that allow us to analyse the climatology as well as the interannual and intraseasonal variability of these transport pathways.
Alice Crawford, Tianfeng Chai, Binyu Wang, Allison Ring, Barbara Stunder, Christopher P. Loughner, Michael Pavolonis, and Justin Sieglaff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13967–13996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the development of a workflow which produces probabilistic and quantitative forecasts of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. The workflow includes methods of incorporating satellite observations of the ash cloud into a modeling framework as well as verification statistics that can be used to guide further model development and provide information for risk-based approaches to flight planning.
Alessandro Carlo Maria Savazzi, Louise Nuijens, Irina Sandu, Geet George, and Peter Bechtold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13049–13066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Winds are of great importance for the transport of energy and moisture in the atmosphere. In this study we use measurements from the EUREC4A field campaign and several model experiments to understand the wind bias in the forecasts produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. We are able to link the model errors to heights above 2 km and to the representation of the diurnal cycle of winds: the model makes the winds too slow in the morning and too strong in the evening.
Ivo Neefjes, Roope Halonen, Hanna Vehkamäki, and Bernhard Reischl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11155–11172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Collisions between ionic and dipolar molecules and clusters facilitate the formation of atmospheric aerosol particles, which affect global climate and air quality. We compared often-used classical approaches for calculating ion–dipole collision rates with robust atomistic computer simulations. While classical approaches work for simple ions and dipoles only, our modeling approach can also efficiently calculate reasonable collision properties for more complex systems.
Alice Maison, Cédric Flageul, Bertrand Carissimo, Yunyi Wang, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9369–9388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a parameterization of the tree crown effect on air flow and pollutant dispersion in a street network model used to simulate air quality at the street level. The new parameterization is built using a finer-scale model (computational fluid dynamics). The tree effect increases with the leaf area index and the crown volume fraction of the trees; the street horizontal velocity is reduced by up to 68 % and the vertical transfer into or out of the street by up to 23 %.
Natalie J. Harvey, Helen F. Dacre, Cameron Saint, Andrew T. Prata, Helen N. Webster, and Roy G. Grainger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8529–8545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the event of a volcanic eruption, airlines need to make decisions about which routes are safe to operate and ensure that airborne aircraft land safely. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of a statistical technique that best combines ash information from satellites and a suite of computer forecasts of ash concentration to provide a range of plausible estimates of how much volcanic ash emitted from a volcano is available to undergo long-range transport.
Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Laurent Labbouz, Cyrille Flamant, and Alma Hodzic
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8639–8658, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based, spaceborne and rare airborne observations of biomass burning aerosols (BBAs) during the AEROCLO-sA field campaign in 2017 are complemented with convection-permitting simulations with online trajectories. The results show that the radiative effect of the BBA accelerates the southern African easterly jet and generates upward motions that transport the BBAs to higher altitudes and farther southwest.
Annika Drews, Wenjuan Huo, Katja Matthes, Kunihiko Kodera, and Tim Kruschke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7893–7904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Solar irradiance varies with a period of approximately 11 years. Using a unique large chemistry–climate model dataset, we investigate the solar surface signal in the North Atlantic and European region and find that it changes over time, depending on the strength of the solar cycle. For the first time, we estimate the potential predictability associated with including realistic solar forcing in a model. These results may improve seasonal to decadal predictions of European climate.
Shipra Jain, Ruth M. Doherty, David Sexton, Steven Turnock, Chaofan Li, Zixuan Jia, Zongbo Shi, and Lin Pei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7443–7460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7443-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7443-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a range of future projections of winter haze and clear conditions over the North China Plain (NCP) using multiple simulations from a climate model for the high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). The frequency of haze conducive weather is likely to increase whereas the frequency of clear weather is likely to decrease in future. The total number of hazy days for a given winter can be as much as ˜3.5 times higher than the number of clear days over the NCP.
Antonio Capponi, Natalie J. Harvey, Helen F. Dacre, Keith Beven, Cameron Saint, Cathie Wells, and Mike R. James
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6115–6134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasts of the dispersal of volcanic ash in the atmosphere are hampered by uncertainties in parameters describing the characteristics of volcanic plumes. Uncertainty quantification is vital for making robust flight-planning decisions. We present a method using satellite data to refine a series of volcanic ash dispersion forecasts and quantify these uncertainties. We show how we can improve forecast accuracy and potentially reduce the regions of high risk of volcanic ash relevant to aviation.
Piyush Srivastava, Ian M. Brooks, John Prytherch, Dominic J. Salisbury, Andrew D. Elvidge, Ian A. Renfrew, and Margaret J. Yelland
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4763–4778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The parameterization of surface turbulent fluxes over sea ice remains a weak point in weather forecast and climate models. Recent theoretical developments have introduced more extensive physics but these descriptions are poorly constrained due to a lack of observation data. Here we utilize a large dataset of measurements of turbulent fluxes over sea ice to tune the state-of-the-art parameterization of wind stress, and compare it with a previous scheme.
Yiqing Liu, Zhiwen Luo, and Sue Grimmond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4721–4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic heat emission from buildings is important for atmospheric modelling in cities. The current building anthropogenic heat flux is simplified by building energy consumption. Our research proposes a novel approach to determine ‘real’ building anthropogenic heat emission from the changes in energy balance fluxes between occupied and unoccupied buildings. We hope to provide new insights into future parameterisations of building anthropogenic heat flux in urban climate models.
Lars Hoffmann and Reinhold Spang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4019–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an intercomparison of 2009–2018 lapse rate tropopause characteristics as derived from ECMWF's ERA5 and ERA-Interim reanalyses. Large-scale features are similar, but ERA5 shows notably larger variability, which we mainly attribute to UTLS temperature fluctuations due to gravity waves being better resolved by ECMWF's IFS forecast model. Following evaluation with radiosondes and GPS data, we conclude ERA5 will be a more suitable asset for tropopause-related studies in future work.
Linye Song, Shangfeng Chen, Wen Chen, Jianping Guo, Conglan Cheng, and Yong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1669-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1669-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that in most years when haze pollution (HP) over the North China Plain (NCP) is more (less) serious in winter, air conditions in the following spring are also worse (better) than normal. Conversely, there are some years when HP in the following spring is opposed to that in winter. It is found that North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies play important roles in HP evolution over the NCP. Thus North Atlantic SST is an important preceding signal for NCP HP evolution.
Anna A. Shestakova, Dmitry G. Chechin, Christof Lüpkes, Jörg Hartmann, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1529–1548, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the easterly orographic wind episode which occurred over Svalbard on 30–31 May 2017. This wind caused a significant temperature rise on the lee side of the mountains and greatly intensified the snowmelt. This episode was investigated on the basis of measurements collected during the ACLOUD/PASCAL field campaigns with the help of numerical modeling.
Xiadong An, Lifang Sheng, Chun Li, Wen Chen, Yulian Tang, and Jingliang Huangfu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 725–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The North China Plain (NCP) suffered many periods of haze in winter during 1985–2015, related to the rainfall-induced diabatic heating over southern China. The haze over the NCP is modulated by an anomalous anticyclone caused by the Rossby wave and a north–south circulation (NSC) induced mainly by diabatic heating. As a Rossby wave source, rainfall-induced diabatic heating supports waves and finally strengthens the anticyclone over the NCP. These changes favor haze over the NCP.
Chenrui Diao, Yangyang Xu, and Shang-Ping Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18499–18518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic aerosol (AA) emission has shown a zonal redistribution since the 1980s, with a decline in the Western Hemisphere (WH) high latitudes and an increase in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) low latitudes. This study compares the role of zonally asymmetric forcings affecting the climate. The WH aerosol reduction dominates the poleward shift of the Hadley cell and the North Pacific warming, while the EH AA forcing is largely confined to the emission domain and induces local cooling responses.
Francisco J. Pérez-Invernón, Heidi Huntrieser, Sergio Soler, Francisco J. Gordillo-Vázquez, Nicolau Pineda, Javier Navarro-González, Víctor Reglero, Joan Montanyà, Oscar van der Velde, and Nikos Koutsias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17529–17557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning-ignited fires tend to occur in remote areas and can spread significantly before suppression. Long continuing current (LCC) lightning, preferably taking place in dry thunderstorms, is believed to be the main precursor of lightning-ignited fires. We analyze fire databases of lightning-ignited fires in the Mediterranean basin and report the shared meteorological conditions of fire- and LCC-lightning-producing thunderstorms. These results can be useful to improve fire forecasting methods.
Diego Aliaga, Victoria A. Sinclair, Marcos Andrade, Paulo Artaxo, Samara Carbone, Evgeny Kadantsev, Paolo Laj, Alfred Wiedensohler, Radovan Krejci, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16453–16477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the origin of air masses sampled at Mount Chacaltaya, Bolivia. Three-quarters of the measured air has not been influenced by the surface in the previous 4 d. However, it is rare that, at any given time, the sampled air has not been influenced at all by the surface, and often the sampled air has multiple origins. The influence of the surface is more prevalent during day than night. Furthermore, during the 6-month study, one-third of the air masses originated from Amazonia.
Michael Biggart, Jenny Stocker, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, David Carruthers, Sue Grimmond, Yiqun Han, Pingqing Fu, and Simone Kotthaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13687–13711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Heat-related illnesses are of increasing concern in China given its rapid urbanisation and our ever-warming climate. We examine the relative impacts that land surface properties and anthropogenic heat have on the urban heat island (UHI) in Beijing using ADMS-Urban. Air temperature measurements and satellite-derived land surface temperatures provide valuable means of evaluating modelled spatiotemporal variations. This work provides critical information for urban planners and UHI mitigation.
Tobias Wolf, Lasse H. Pettersson, and Igor Esau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12463–12477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
House heating by wood-burning stoves is cozy and needed in boreal cities, e.g., Bergen, Norway. But smoke (aerosols) from stoves may reduce urban air quality. It can be transported over long distance excessively polluting some neighborhoods. Who will suffer the most? Our modelling study looks at urban pollution in unprecedented meter-sized details tracing smoke pathways and turbulent dispersion in a typical city. We prototype effective policy scenarios to mitigate urban air quality problems.
Piotr Sekuła, Anita Bokwa, Jakub Bartyzel, Bogdan Bochenek, Łukasz Chmura, Michał Gałkowski, and Mirosław Zimnoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12113–12139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12113-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The wind shear generated on a local scale by the diversified relief’s impact can be a factor which significantly modifies the spatial pattern of PM10 concentration. The vertical profile of PM10 over a city located in a large valley during the events with high surface-level PM10 concentrations may show a sudden decrease with height not only due to the increase in wind speed, but also due to the change in wind direction alone. Vertical aerosanitary urban zones can be distinguished.
Cited articles
Anthes, R. A.: Tropical cyclones: Their evolution, structure, and effects. Meteor. Monogro., No. 41, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 208 pp., 1982.
Anthes, R. A., Trout, J. W., and Rosenthal, S. L.: Comparisons of tropical cyclone simulations with and without the assumption of circular symmetry, Mon. Weather Rev., 99, 759–766, 1971.
Bell, M. M. and Montgomery, M. T.: Sheared deep vortical convection in pre-depression Hagupit during TC S08, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042313, 2010.
Bell, M. M., Montgomery, M. T., and Lee, W.-C.: An axisymmetric view of concentric eyewall evolution in Hurricane Rita (2005), J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2414–2432, 2012.
Bister, M. and Emanuel, K. A.: Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity, Meteor. Atm. Phys., 52, 233–240, 1998.
Black, P. G., D'Asaro, E. A., Sanford, T. B., Drennan, W. M., Zhang, J. A., French, J. R., Niiler, P. P., Terrill, E. J., and Walsh, E. J.: Air-sea exchange in hurricanes: Synthesis of observations from the coupled boundary layer air-sea transfer experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 357–374, 2007.
Braun, S., Montgomery, M., Mallen, K., and Reasor, P.: Simulation and interpretation of the genesis of tropical storm Gert (2005) as part of the NASA Tropical Cloud System and Processes Experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 999–1025, 2010.
Brown, B. R. and Hakim, G. J.: Variability and predictability of a three-dimensional hurricane, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1806–1820, 2013.
Bryan, G. H.: Effects of surface exchange coefficient and turbulence length scales on the intensity and structure of numerically simulated hurricanes, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 1125–1143, 2012.
Bryan, G. H.: Comments on "Sensitivity of tropical-cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient", Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 139, 1957–1960, 2013.
Bryan, G. H. and Fritsch, J. M.: A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical model, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2917–2928, 2002.
Bryan, G. H. and Rotunno, R.: The influence of near-surface, high-entropy air in hurricane eyes on maximum hurricane intensity, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 148–158, 2009a.
Bryan, G. H. and Rotunno, R.: Evaluation of an analytical model for the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3042–3060, 2009b.
Bryan, G. H., Rotunno, R., and Chen, Y.: The effects of turbulence on hurricane intensity. 29th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Tucson, AZ, 8C.7, 2010.
Bui, H. H., Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Peng, J.: Balance and unbalanced aspects of tropical cyclone intensification, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 1715–1731, 2009.
Camp, J. P. and Montgomery, M. T.: Hurricane maximum intensity: Past and present, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 1704–1717, 2001.
Carr III, L. E. and Williams, R. T.: Barotropic vortex stability to perturbations from axisymmetry, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3177–3191, 1989.
Carrier, G. F.: The intensification of hurricanes, J. Fluid Mech., 49, 145–158, 1971.
Carrier, G. F., Hammond, A. L., and George, O. D.: A model of the mature hurricane, J. Fluid Mech., 47, 145–170, 1971.
Chen, Y., and Yau, M. K.: Spiral bands in a simulated hurricane. Part I: Vortex Rossby wave verification, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2128–2145, 2001.
Chen, Y., Brunet, G., and Yau, M. K.: Spiral bands in a simulated hurricane. Part II: Wave activity diagnostics, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1239–1256, 2003.
Donelan, M. A., Haus, B. K., Reul, N., Plant, W. J., Stiassne, M., Graber, H. C., Brown, O. B., and Saltman, E. S.: On the limiting aerodynamic roughness in very strong winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019460, 2004.
Dunkerton, T. J., Montgomery, M. T., and Wang, Z.: Tropical cyclogenesis in a tropical wave critical layer: easterly waves, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5587–5646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5587-2009, 2009.
Durran, D. R. and Klemp, J. B.: A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain waves, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 2341–2361, 1983.
Emanuel, K. A.: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady state maintenance, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585–604, 1986.
Emanuel, K. A.: The finite amplitude nature of tropical cyclogenesis, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3431–3456, 1989.
Emanuel, K. A.: The theory of hurricanes. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 179–196, 1991
Emanuel, K. A.: Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3969–3976, 1995.
Emanuel, K. A.: Some aspects of hurricane inner-core dynamics and energetics, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1014–1026, 1997.
Emanuel, K. A.: Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity, Nature, 401, 665–669, 1999.
Emanuel, K. A.: Tropical cyclone, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 31, 75–104, 2003.
Emanuel, K. A.: Self-stratification of tropical cyclone outflow. Part II: Implications for storm intensification, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 988–996, 2012.
Emanuel, K. A. and Rotunno, R.: Self-statification of tropical cyclone outflow. Part I: Implications for storm structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2236–2249, 2011.
Emanuel, K. A., Neelin, J. D., and Bretherton, C. S.: On large-scale circulations in convecting atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1111–1143, 1994.
Emanuel, K. A., DesAutels, C., Holloway, C., and Korty, R.: Environmental control of tropical cyclone intensity, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 843–858, 2004.
Fang, J. and Zhang, F.: Initial development and genesis of Hurricane Dolly (2008), J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 655–672, 2010.
Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics (International Geophysics Series, Volume 30), Academic Press. 662 pp., 1982.
Gopalakrishnan, S. G., Marks, F., Jr., Zhang, X., Bao, J.-W., Yeh, K.-S., and Atlas, R.: The experimental HWRF system: A study on the influence of horizontal resolution on the structure and intensity changes in tropical cyclones using an idealized framework, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 1762–1784, 2011.
Guinn, T. A. and Schubert, W. H.: Hurricane spiral bands, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3380–3403, 1993.
Hack, J. J. and Schubert, W. H.: Nonlinear response of atmospheric vortices to heating by organized cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1559–1573, 1986.
Hakim, G. J.: The mean state of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1364–1376, 2011.
Haus, B. K., Jeong, D., Donelan, M. A., Zhang, J. A., and Savelyev, I.: Relative rate of sea-air heat transfer and frictional drag in very high winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042206, 2010.
Haynes, P. and McIntyre, M. E.: On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828–841, 1987.
Hendricks, E. A., Montgomery, M. T., and Davis, C. A.: The role of "vortical" hot towers in the formation of tropical cyclone Diana (1984), J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1209–1232, 2004.
Holton, J. R.: An introduction to dynamic meteorology, Academic Press, London, 535 pp., 2004.
Hoskins, B. J. and Bretherton, F. P.: Atmospheric frotogenesis models: Mathematical forulation and solution, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 11–37, 1972.
Huang, Y.-H., Montgomery, M. T., and Wu, C.-C.: Concentric eyewall formation in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008): Part II: Axisymmetric dynamical processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 662–674, 2012.
Julian, K., Legg, S., McWilliams, J., and Werne, J.: Rapidly rotating turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection, J. Fluid Mech., 322, 243–273, 1996.
Kilroy, G. and Smith, R. K.: A numerical study of rotating convection during tropical cyclogenesis, Q. J. R. Metorol. Soc., in press, 2012.
Kurihara, Y. and Bender, M. A.: Structure and analysis of the eye of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 60, 381–395, 1982.
Lilly, D. K.: On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection, Tellus, 14, 148–172, 1962.
Malkus, J. S.: On the structure of the mature hurricane eye, J. Met., 15, 337–349, 1958.
Malkus, J. S. and Riehl, H.: On the dynamics and energy transformations in steady-state hurricanes, Tellus, 12, 1–20, 1960.
Martinez, Y. H.: Diagnostic study of hurricane asymmetries using empirical normal modes, Ph. D. thesis, McGill University, 188 pp., 2008.
Martinez, Y., Brunet, G., and Yau, M. K.: On the dynamics of two-dimensional hurricane-like vortex symmetrization, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3559–3580, 2010.
Martinez, Y., Brunet, G., Yau, M. K., and Wang, X.: On the dynamics of concentric eyewall genesis: Space-time empirical normal modes diagnosis, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 457–476, 2011.
McWilliams, J. C., Graves, L. P., and Montgomery, M. T.: A formal theory for vortex Rossby waves and vortex evolution, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 97, 275–309, 2003.
Melander, M. V., McWilliams, J. C., and Zabusky, N. J.: Axisymmetrization and vorticity-gradient intensification of an isolated two-dimensional vortex through filamentation, J. Fluid Mech., 178, 137–159, 1987.
Michalke, A. and Timme, A.: On the inviscid instability of certain two-dimensional vortex-type flow. J. Fluid Mech., 29, 647–666, 1967.
Miller, B. I.: On the maximum intensity of hurricanes, J. Met., 15, 184–195, 1958.
Moeng, C.-H., McWilliams, J. C., Rotunno, R., Sullivan, P. P., and Weil, J.: Investigating 2D modeling of atmospheric convection in the PBL, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 889–903, 2004.
Möller, J. D. and Montgomery, M. T.: Tropical cyclone evolution via potential vorticity anomalies in a three-dimensional balance model, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3366–3387, 2000.
Möller, J. D. and Shapiro, L. J.: Balanced contributions to the intensification of Hurricane Opal as diagnosed from a GFDL model forecast, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 1866–1881, 2002.
Montgomery, M. T. and Enagonio, J.: Tropical cyclogenesis via convectively forced vortex Rossby waves in a three-dimensional quasigeostrophic model, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3176–3207, 1998.
Montgomery, M. T. and Kallenbach, R. J.: A theory for vortex Rossby-waves and its application to spiral bands and intensity changes in hurricanes, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 123, 435–465, 1997.
Montgomery, M. T. and Shapiro, L. J.: Generalized Charney-Stern and Fjortoft theorems for rapidly rotating vortices, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1829–1833, 1995.
Montgomery M. T. and R. K. Smith: Paradigms for tropical-cyclone intensification, Aust. Meteor. Ocean. Journl., in press, 2013.
Montgomery, M. T., Nicholls, M. E., Cram, T. A., and Saunders, A. B.: A vortical hot tower route to tropical cyclogenesis, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 355–386, 2006.
Montgomery, M. T., Nguyen, S. V., Persing, J., and Smith, R. K.: Do tropical cyclones intensify by WISHE?, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 1697–1714, 2009.
Montgomery, M. T., Smith, R. K., and Nguyen, S. V.: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1945–1953, 2010.
Montgomery, M. T., Davis, C., Dunkerton, T., Wang, Z., Velden, C., Torn, R., Majumdar, S. J., Zhang, F., Smith, R. K., Bosart, L., Bell, M. M., Haase, J. S., Heymsfield, A., Jensen, J., Campos, T., and Boothe, M. A.: The pre-depression investigation of cloud systems in the tropics (PREDICT) experiment: Scientific basis, new analysis tools, and some first results, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 93, 153–172, 2012.
Nguyen, C. M., Smith, R. K., Zhu, H., and Ulrich, W.: A minimal axisymmetric hurricane model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 2641–2661, 2002.
Nguyen, V. S., Smith, R. K., and Montgomery, M. T.: Tropical-cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 563–582, 2008.
Nguyen C. M., Reeder, M. J., Davidson, N. E., Smith, R. K., and Montgomery, M. T.: Inner-core vacillations cycles during the intensification of Hurricane Katrina, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 829–844, 2011.
Nicholls, M. E. and Montgomery, M. T.: An examination of two pathways to tropical cyclogenesis occurring in idealized simulations with a cloud-resolving numerical model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5999–6022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5999-2013, 2013.
Nolan, D. S. and Grasso, L. D.: Nonhydrostatic, three-dimensional perturbations to balanced, hurricane-like vortices. Part II: Symmetric response and nonlinear simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2717–2745, 2003.
Nolan, D. S., Yumin, M., and Stern, D. P.: Tropical cyclone intensification from asymmetric convection: Energetics and efficiency, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3377–3405, 2007.
Nolan, D. S., Stern, D. P., and Zhang, J. A.: Evaluation of planetary boundary layer parameterizations in tropical cyclones by comparison of in situ observations and high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003). Part II: Inner-core boundary layer and eyewall structure, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3675–3698, 2009a.
Nolan, D. S., Zhang, J. A., and Stern, D. P.: Evaluation of planetary boundary layer parameterizations in tropical cyclones by comparison of in situ observations and high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003). Part I: Initialization, maximum winds, and the outer-core boundary layer, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3651–3674, 2009b.
Ooyama, K. V.: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3-40, 1969.
Ooyama, K. V.: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 60, 369–380, 1982.
Persing, J. and Montgomery, M. T.: Hurricane superintensity, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2349–2371, 2003.
Persing, J. and Montgomery, M. T.: Is environmental CAPE important in the determination of maximum possible hurricane intensity?, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 542–550, 2005
Powell, M. D., Vickery, P. J., and Reinhold, R. A.: Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones, Nature, 422, 279–283, 2003.
Powell, M. D., Ulhorn, E. W., and Kepert, J. D.: Estimating maximum surface winds from hurricane reconnaissance measurements, Weather Forecast., 24, 868–883, 2009.
Raymond, D. J. and López Carrillo, C.: The vorticity budget of developing typhoon Nuri (2008), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 147**163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-147-2011, 2011.
Reasor, P. D., Montgomery, M. T., and Bosart, L. F.: Mesoscale observations of the genesis of Hurricane Dolly (1996), J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3151–3171, 2005.
Rotunno, R.: Study in tornado-like vortex dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 140–155, 1979.
Rotunno, R. and Bryan, G. H.: Effects of parameterized diffusion on simulated hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2284–2299, 2012.
Rotunno, R. and Emanuel, K. A.: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Parti II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 542–561, 1987.
Rozoff, C. M., Schubert, W. H., McNoldy, B., and Kossin, J. P.: Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 325–340, 2006.
Sanger, N. T., Montgomery, M. T., Smith, R. K., and Bell, M. M.: An observational study of tropical cyclone spin-up in Supertyphoon Jangmi (2009) from 24–27 September, Mon. Weather Rev., in press, 2013.
Schecter, D. A.: Evaluation of a reduced model for investigating hurricane formation from turbulence, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 155–178, 2011.
Schubert, W. H., Montgomery, M. T., Taft, R. K., Guinn, T. A., Fulton, S. R., Kossin, J. P., and Edwards, J. P.: Polygonal eyewalls, asymmetric eye contraction, and potential vorticity mixing in hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1197–1223, 1999.
Shapiro, L. J. and Montgomery, M. T.: A three-dimensional balance theory for rapidly rotating vortices, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3322–3335, 1993.
Shapiro, L. J. and Willoughby, H. E.: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378–394, 1982.
Shin, S. and Smith, R. K.: Tropical-cyclone intensification and predictability in a minimal three dimensional model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 1661–1671, 2008.
Sippel, J. A., Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., and Allen, S. E.: The multiple-vortex nature of tropical cyclogenesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 1796–1814, 2006.
Smagorinsky, J.: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I: The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99–164, 1963.
Smith II, G. B. and Montgomery, M. T.: Vortex axisymmetrization: Dependence on aximuthal wave-number or asymmetric radial structure changes, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 1615–1650, 1995.
Smith, R. K. and Montgomery, M. T.: Hurricane boundary-layer theory, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1665–1670, 2010.
Smith, R. K. and Thomsen, G. L.: Dependence of tropical cyclone intensification on the boundary layer representation in a numerical model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1671–1685, 2010.
Smith, R. K. and Vogl, S.: A simple model of the hurricane boundary layer revisted, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 337–351, 2008.
Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Nguyen, S. V.: Axisymmetric dynamics of tropical cyclone intensification in a three-dimensional model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 337–351, 2008.
Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Nguyen, S. V.: Tropical cyclone spin-up revisited, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 1321–1335, 2009.
Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Schmidt, C.: Dynamical constraints on the intensity and size of tropical cyclones, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1841–1855, 2011.
Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Persing, J.: On steady-state tropical cyclones, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., submitted, 2013a.
Smith, R. K., Montgomery, M. T., and Thomsen, G. L.: Sensitivity of tropical cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient in different boundary-layer schemes, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2057, 2013b.
Sprague, M., Julien, K., Knobloch, E., and Werne, J.: Numerical simulation of an asymptotically reduced system for rotationally constrained convection, J. Fluid Mechanics, 551, 141–174, 2006.
Sutyrin, G. G.: Azimuthal waves and symmetrization of an intense vortex, Sov. Phys. Dokl., 34, 104–106, 1990.
Thomsen, G. L., Smith, R. K., and Montgomery, M. T.: Tropical-cyclone flow asymmetries induced by a uniform flow revisited, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., in review, 2013.
Vigh, J. L. and Schubert, W. H.: Rapid development of the tropical cyclone warm core, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3335–3350, 2009.
Vladimirov, V. A. and Tarasov, V. F.: Turbulence structure near the core of a circular vortex. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 245, 1325–1328, 1979.
Wang, Y.: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part I: Overall structure, potential vorticity, and kinetic energy budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1213–1238, 2002a.
Wang, Y.: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1239–1262, 2002b.
Willoughby, H. E.: Forced secondary circulations in hurricanes, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3173–3183, 1979.
Willoughby, H. E.: Gradient balance in tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 265–274, 1990.
Willoughby, H. E., Clos, J., and Shoreibah, M.: Concentric eye walls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 395–411, 1982.
Wissmeier, U. and Smith, R. K.: Tropical cyclone convection: The effects of ambient vertical vorticity, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 137, 845–857, 2011.
Wu, L. and Braun, S. A.: Effects of environmentally induced asymmetries on hurricane intensity: A numerical study, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 3065–3081, 2004.
Yang, B., Wang, Y., and Wang, B.: The effects of internally generated asymmetries on tropical cyclone potential intensity, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1165–1188, 2007.
Zhang, D.-L., Liu, Y., and Yau, M. K.: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part IV: Unbalanced flows, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 92–107, 2001.
Zhang, J. A. and Drennan, W. A.: An observational study of vertical eddy diffusivity in the hurricane boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3223–3236, 2012.
Zhang, J. A. and Montgomery, M. T.: Observational estimates of the horizontal eddy diffusivity and mixing length in the low-level region of intense hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1306–1316, 2012.
Zhang, J. A., Drennan, W. M., Black, P. G., and French, J. R.: Turbulence structure of the hurricane boundary layer between the outer rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2455–2467, 2007.
Zhang, J. A., Rogers, R. F., Nolan, D. S., and Marks Jr., F. D.: On the characteristic height scales of the hurricane boundary layer, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 2523–2535, 2011.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint