Articles | Volume 24, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 03 Apr 2024
| 03 Apr 2024
Chemical properties and single-particle mixing state of soot aerosol in Houston during the TRACER campaign
Ryan N. Farley
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
James E. Lee
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Laura-Hélèna Rivellini
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Alex K. Y. Lee
Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Rachael Dal Porto
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Christopher D. Cappa
Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Kyle Gorkowski
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Abu Sayeed Md Shawon
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Katherine B. Benedict
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Allison C. Aiken
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Manvendra K. Dubey
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Related authors
Ryan N. Farley, Sonya Collier, Christopher D. Cappa, Leah R. Williams, Timothy B. Onasch, Lynn M. Russell, Hwajin Kim, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15039–15056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soot particles, also known as black carbon (BC), have important implications for global climate and regional air quality. After the particles are emitted, BC can be coated with other material, impacting the aerosol properties. We selectively measured the composition of particles containing BC to explore their sources and chemical transformations in the atmosphere. We focus on a persistent, multiday fog event in order to study the effects of chemical reactions occurring within liquid droplets.
Nathaniel W. May, Noah Bernays, Ryan Farley, Qi Zhang, and Daniel A. Jaffe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2747–2764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2747-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2747-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2019 at Mt. Bachelor Observatory, we observed smoke from wildfires with transport times ranging from less than a day up to 2 weeks. Aerosol absorption of multi-day transported smoke was dominated by black carbon, while smoke with shorter transport times had greater brown carbon absorption. Notably, Siberian smoke exhibited aerosol scattering and physical properties indicative of contributions from larger particles than typically observed in smoke.
Wenqing Jiang, Lijuan Li, Lu Yu, Hwajin Kim, Yele Sun, and Qi Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3949, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3949, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how sunlight changes natural organic matter in fog droplets and the tiny airborne particles formed after the water evaporation. Advanced analyses showed that sunlight makes this material more oxidized, nitrogen-enriched, chemically transformed, and different in light absorption and volatility. These sunlight-driven changes influence the particles’ behavior in the air, affecting air quality, climate, and how long they remain suspended in the atmosphere.
Mutian Ma, Laura-Hélèna Rivellini, Yichen Zong, Markus Kraft, Liya E. Yu, and Alex King Yin Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8185–8211, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8185-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8185-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work advances our understanding of the emission and atmospheric evolution of black carbon (BC) particles in Singapore, a complex urban environment impacted by multiple local and regional combustion sources, based on the improved source apportionment analysis of real-time aerosol mass spectrometry measurement.
Marc N. Fiddler, Vaios Moschos, Megan M. McRee, Abu Sayeed Md Shawon, Kyle Gorkowski, James E. Lee, Nevil A. Franco, Katherine B. Benedict, Samir Kattel, Chelia Thompson, Manvendra K. Dubey, and Solomon Bililign
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2720, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The study used a photoacoustic spectrometer as a reference instrument to determine the multiple-scattering correction factor Cλ for an AE33 aethalometer at three wavelengths, which we believe is critical for aerosol absorption measurements using aethalometer. This is an important parametrization of Cλ specifically geared towards BB aerosol from African fuels under different aging states, and is of particular importance for future field work in that continent which is at present least studied.
Mohit L. Dubey, Andre Santos, Andrew B. Moyes, Ken Reichl, James E. Lee, Manvendra K. Dubey, Corentin LeYhuelic, Evan Variano, Emily Follansbee, Fotini K. Chow, and Sébastien C. Biraud
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2987–3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2987-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2987-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Orphaned wells, meaning wells lacking responsible owners, pose a significant and poorly understood environmental challenge. We propose, develop and test a novel method for estimating emissions from orphaned wells using a forced advection sampling technique (FAST) that can overcome many of the limitations in current methods (cost, accuracy, safety). Our results suggest that the FAST method can provide a low-cost alternative to existing methods over a range of leak rates.
Camilo Serrano Damha, Kyle Gorkowski, and Andreas Zuend
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5773–5792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5773-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5773-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented the BAT-VBS (Binary Activity Thermodynamics volatility basis set) aerosol thermodynamics model in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to efficiently account for organic aerosol water uptake, nonideal mixing, and impacts on the gas–particle partitioning of semi-volatile organics. Compared to GEOS-Chem's complex (dry) scheme, we show that the BAT-VBS model can predict substantial enhancements in organic aerosol mass concentration at moderate-to-high relative humidity.
Nevil A. Franco, Kyle Gorkowski, and Katherine B. Benedict
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1503, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new, medium-sized metal chamber to observe how tiny aerosol particles behave in very dry conditions. We used the chamber to track how particles clump together over time. We found that although the particles behave differently at first, they eventually settle into similar patterns, with soot clumping a bit more due to its unique shape. Overall, our work demonstrates that the chamber produces reliable results and can be adapted for future studies under more humid conditions.
Emily Follansbee, James E. Lee, Mohit L. Dubey, Jonathan F. Dooley, Curtis Shuck, Ken Minschwaner, Andre Santos, Sebastien C. Biraud, and Manvendra K. Dubey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-344, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-344, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work uses ambient methane and wind measurements to quantify methane emissions from a leaking orphaned oil and gas well using Gaussian plume inversions. Our analysis shows that existing Gaussian plume methods that assume atmospheric stability are prone to large errors. We report a more robust analysis that determines plume dispersion coefficients from our in situ observations. Our technique enables more accurate methane quantification of orphaned oil and gas wells to prioritize plugging.
Fan Mei, Qi Zhang, Damao Zhang, Jerome D. Fast, Gourihar Kulkarni, Mikhail S. Pekour, Christopher R. Niedek, Susanne Glienke, Israel Silber, Beat Schmid, Jason M. Tomlinson, Hardeep S. Mehta, Xena Mansoura, Zezhen Cheng, Gregory W. Vandergrift, Nurun Nahar Lata, Swarup China, and Zihua Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3425–3444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the unique capability of the ArcticShark, an uncrewed aerial system, in measuring vertically resolved atmospheric properties. Data from 32 research flights in 2023 reveal seasonal patterns and correlations with conventional measurements. The consistency and complementarity of in situ and remote sensing methods are highlighted. The study demonstrates the ArcticShark’s versatility in bridging data gaps and improving the understanding of vertical atmospheric structures.
Kathryn A. Moore, Thomas C. J. Hill, Chamika K. Madawala, Raymond J. Leibensperger III, Samantha Greeney, Christopher D. Cappa, M. Dale Stokes, Grant B. Deane, Christopher Lee, Alexei V. Tivanski, Kimberly A. Prather, and Paul J. DeMott
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3131–3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3131-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3131-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents results from the first study in a new wind–wave channel at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The experiment tested how wind over the ocean surface influences production of sea spray particles, which are important for radiative forcing and cloud formation in the atmosphere. We found that particle concentration and chemical composition varied with wind speed and that variations were driven by changes in wind and wave breaking rather than seawater biology or chemistry.
Kavitha Mottungan, Chayan Roychoudhury, Vanessa Brocchi, Benjamin Gaubert, Wenfu Tang, Mohammad Amin Mirrezaei, John McKinnon, Yafang Guo, David W. T. Griffith, Dietrich G. Feist, Isamu Morino, Mahesh K. Sha, Manvendra K. Dubey, Martine De Mazière, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Paul O. Wennberg, Ralf Sussmann, Rigel Kivi, Tae-Young Goo, Voltaire A. Velazco, Wei Wang, and Avelino F. Arellano Jr.
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5861–5885, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A combination of data analysis techniques is introduced to separate local and regional influences on observed levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane from an established ground-based remote sensing network. We take advantage of the covariations in these trace gases to identify the dominant type of sources driving these levels. Applying these methods in conjunction with existing approaches to other datasets can better address uncertainties in identifying sources and sinks.
Jonathan F. Dooley, Kenneth Minschwaner, Manvendra K. Dubey, Sahar H. El Abbadi, Evan D. Sherwin, Aaron G. Meyer, Emily Follansbee, and James E. Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5091–5111, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas originating from both natural and human activities. We describe a new uncrewed aerial system (UAS) designed to measure methane emission rates over a wide range of scales. This system has been used for direct quantification of point sources and distributed emitters over scales of up to 1 km. The system uses simultaneous measurements of methane and ethane to distinguish between different kinds of natural and human-related emission sources.
Zihan Zhu, Javier González-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time.
Jianzhong Xu, Xinghua Zhang, Wenhui Zhao, Lixiang Zhai, Miao Zhong, Jinsen Shi, Junying Sun, Yanmei Liu, Conghui Xie, Yulong Tan, Kemei Li, Xinlei Ge, Qi Zhang, and Shichang Kang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1875–1900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1875-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1875-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive aerosol observation project was carried out in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surroundings in recent years to investigate the properties and sources of atmospheric aerosols as well as their regional differences by performing multiple intensive field observations. The release of this dataset can provide basic and systematic data for related research in the atmospheric, cryospheric, and environmental sciences in this unique region.
Jian Zhao, Valter Mickwitz, Yuanyuan Luo, Ella Häkkinen, Frans Graeffe, Jiangyi Zhang, Hilkka Timonen, Manjula Canagaratna, Jordan E. Krechmer, Qi Zhang, Markku Kulmala, Juha Kangasluoma, Douglas Worsnop, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1527–1543, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1527-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1527-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol constitutes a significant portion of atmospheric fine particles but is less characterized due to its vast number of constituents. Recently, we developed a system for online measurements of particle-phase highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs). In this work, we systematically characterized the system, developed a new unit to enhance its performance, and demonstrated the essential role of thermograms in inferring volatility and quantifying HOMs in organic aerosols.
Xinlei Ge, Yele Sun, Justin Trousdell, Mindong Chen, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 423–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to enhance the application of the Aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) in characterizing organic nitrogen (ON) species within aerosol particles and droplets. A thorough analysis was conducted on 75 ON standards that represent a diverse spectrum of ambient ON types. The results underscore the capacity of the HR-AMS in examining the concentration and chemistry of atmospheric ON compounds, thereby offering insights into their sources and environmental impacts.
Lan Ma, Reed Worland, Laura Heinlein, Chrystal Guzman, Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Keith J. Bein, Qi Zhang, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of three photooxidants – the hydroxyl radical, triplet excited states of organic carbon, and singlet molecular oxygen – in fine particles collected over a year. Concentrations are highest in extracts of fresh biomass burning particles, largely because they have the highest particle concentrations and highest light absorption. When normalized by light absorption, rates of formation for each oxidant are generally similar for the four particle types we observed.
Ryan N. Farley, Sonya Collier, Christopher D. Cappa, Leah R. Williams, Timothy B. Onasch, Lynn M. Russell, Hwajin Kim, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15039–15056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soot particles, also known as black carbon (BC), have important implications for global climate and regional air quality. After the particles are emitted, BC can be coated with other material, impacting the aerosol properties. We selectively measured the composition of particles containing BC to explore their sources and chemical transformations in the atmosphere. We focus on a persistent, multiday fog event in order to study the effects of chemical reactions occurring within liquid droplets.
Lan Ma, Reed Worland, Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Chrystal Guzman, Keith J. Bein, Qi Zhang, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8805–8821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although photooxidants are important in airborne particles, little is known of their concentrations. By measuring oxidants in a series of particle dilutions, we predict their concentrations in aerosol liquid water (ALW). We find •OH concentrations in ALW are on the order of 10−15 M, similar to their cloud/fog values, while oxidizing triplet excited states and singlet molecular oxygen have ALW values of ca. 10−13 M and 10−12 M, respectively, roughly 10–100 times higher than in cloud/fog drops.
Kevin J. Nihill, Matthew M. Coggon, Christopher Y. Lim, Abigail R. Koss, Bin Yuan, Jordan E. Krechmer, Kanako Sekimoto, Jose L. Jimenez, Joost de Gouw, Christopher D. Cappa, Colette L. Heald, Carsten Warneke, and Jesse H. Kroll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7887–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we collect emissions from controlled burns of biomass fuels that can be found in the western United States into an environmental chamber in order to simulate their oxidation as they pass through the atmosphere. These findings provide a detailed characterization of the composition of the atmosphere downwind of wildfires. In turn, this will help to explore the effects of these changing emissions on downwind populations and will also directly inform atmospheric and climate models.
Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Cort Anastasio, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7103–7120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) form and evolve from a phenolic carbonyl commonly present in biomass burning smoke. The composition and optical properties of the aqSOA are significantly affected by photochemical reactions and are dependent on the oxidants' concentration and identity in water. During photoaging, the aqSOA initially becomes darker, but prolonged aging leads to the formation of volatile products, resulting in significant mass loss and photobleaching.
Michaela Mühl, Jochen Schmitt, Barbara Seth, James E. Lee, Jon S. Edwards, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, and Hubertus Fischer
Clim. Past, 19, 999–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our ice core measurements show that methane, ethane, and propane concentrations are significantly elevated above their past atmospheric background for Greenland ice samples containing mineral dust. The underlying co-production process happens during the classical discrete wet extraction of air from the ice sample and affects previous reconstructions of the inter-polar difference of methane as well as methane stable isotope records derived from dust-rich Greenland ice.
Amie Dobracki, Paquita Zuidema, Steven G. Howell, Pablo Saide, Steffen Freitag, Allison C. Aiken, Sharon P. Burton, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, Jens Redemann, and Robert Wood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4775–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Southern Africa produces approximately one-third of the world’s carbon from fires. The thick smoke layer can flow westward, interacting with the southeastern Atlantic cloud deck. The net radiative impact can alter regional circulation patterns, impacting rainfall over Africa. We find that the smoke is highly absorbing of sunlight, mostly because it contains more black carbon than smoke over the Northern Hemisphere.
Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Aaron G. Meyer, Harrison A. Parker, Manvendra Dubey, and Francesca M. Hopkins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4521–4543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires are increasing in the western USA, making it critical to understand the impacts of greenhouse gases and air pollutants on the atmosphere. We used a ground-based remote sensing technique to measure the greenhouse gases and aerosol in the atmosphere. We isolate a large smoke plume from a nearby wildfire and calculate variables to understand the fuel properties and combustion phases. We find that a significant amount of methane is emitted from the 2020 California wildfire season.
Francesca Gallo, Janek Uin, Kevin J. Sanchez, Richard H. Moore, Jian Wang, Robert Wood, Fan Mei, Connor Flynn, Stephen Springston, Eduardo B. Azevedo, Chongai Kuang, and Allison C. Aiken
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4221–4246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a summary statistic of multiday aerosol plume transport event influences on aerosol physical properties and the cloud condensation nuclei budget at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Facility in the eastern North Atlantic (ENA). An algorithm that integrates aerosol properties is developed and applied to identify multiday aerosol transport events. The influence of the aerosol plumes on aerosol populations at the ENA is successively assessed.
Brendan Byrne, David F. Baker, Sourish Basu, Michael Bertolacci, Kevin W. Bowman, Dustin Carroll, Abhishek Chatterjee, Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Noel Cressie, David Crisp, Sean Crowell, Feng Deng, Zhu Deng, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Manvendra K. Dubey, Sha Feng, Omaira E. García, David W. T. Griffith, Benedikt Herkommer, Lei Hu, Andrew R. Jacobson, Rajesh Janardanan, Sujong Jeong, Matthew S. Johnson, Dylan B. A. Jones, Rigel Kivi, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Shamil Maksyutov, John B. Miller, Scot M. Miller, Isamu Morino, Justus Notholt, Tomohiro Oda, Christopher W. O'Dell, Young-Suk Oh, Hirofumi Ohyama, Prabir K. Patra, Hélène Peiro, Christof Petri, Sajeev Philip, David F. Pollard, Benjamin Poulter, Marine Remaud, Andrew Schuh, Mahesh K. Sha, Kei Shiomi, Kimberly Strong, Colm Sweeney, Yao Té, Hanqin Tian, Voltaire A. Velazco, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Thorsten Warneke, John R. Worden, Debra Wunch, Yuanzhi Yao, Jeongmin Yun, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, and Ning Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 963–1004, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in the carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems result in emissions and removals of CO2. These can be driven by anthropogenic activities (e.g., deforestation), natural processes (e.g., fires) or in response to rising CO2 (e.g., CO2 fertilization). This paper describes a dataset of CO2 emissions and removals derived from atmospheric CO2 observations. This pilot dataset informs current capabilities and future developments towards top-down monitoring and verification systems.
Nathaniel W. May, Noah Bernays, Ryan Farley, Qi Zhang, and Daniel A. Jaffe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2747–2764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2747-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2747-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2019 at Mt. Bachelor Observatory, we observed smoke from wildfires with transport times ranging from less than a day up to 2 weeks. Aerosol absorption of multi-day transported smoke was dominated by black carbon, while smoke with shorter transport times had greater brown carbon absorption. Notably, Siberian smoke exhibited aerosol scattering and physical properties indicative of contributions from larger particles than typically observed in smoke.
Christopher R. Niedek, Fan Mei, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Zihua Zhu, Beat Schmid, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 955–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-955-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-955-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This novel micronebulization aerosol mass spectrometry (MS) technique requires a low sample volume (10 μL) and can quantify nanogram levels of organic and inorganic particulate matter (PM) components when used with 34SO4. This technique was successfully applied to PM samples collected from uncrewed atmospheric measurement platforms and provided chemical information that agrees well with real-time data from a co-located aerosol chemical speciation monitor and offline data from secondary ion MS.
Joshin Kumar, Theo Paik, Nishit J. Shetty, Patrick Sheridan, Allison C. Aiken, Manvendra K. Dubey, and Rajan K. Chakrabarty
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4569–4583, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4569-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate long-term measurement of aerosol light absorption is vital for assessing direct aerosol radiative forcing. Light absorption by aerosols at the US Department of Energy long-term climate monitoring SGP site is measured using the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), which suffers from artifacts and biases difficult to quantify. Machine learning offers a promising path forward to correct for biases in the long-term absorption dataset at the SGP site and similar Class-I areas.
Xinghua Zhang, Wenhui Zhao, Lixiang Zhai, Miao Zhong, Jinsen Shi, Junying Sun, Yanmei Liu, Conghui Xie, Yulong Tan, Kemei Li, Xinlei Ge, Qi Zhang, Shichang Kang, and Jianzhong Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-211, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive aerosol observation project was carried out in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in recent years to investigate the properties and sources of atmospheric aerosols as well as their regional differences by performing multiple short-term intensive field observations. The real-time online high-time-resolution (hourly) data of aerosol properties in the different TP region are integrated in a new dataset and can provide supporting for related studies in in the TP.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Jon S. Sauer, Alexia N. Moore, Julie Dinasquet, Sarah Amiri, Emily B. Franklin, Kathryn Mayer, Margaux Winter, Clare K. Morris, Tyler Price, Francesca Malfatti, Daniel R. Crocker, Christopher Lee, Christopher D. Cappa, Allen H. Goldstein, Kimberly A. Prather, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1601–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1601-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1601-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report measurements of gas-phase volatile organosulfur molecules made during a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom experiment. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol (MeSH), and benzothiazole accounted for on average over 90 % of total gas-phase sulfur emissions. This work focuses on factors controlling the production and emission of DMS and MeSH and the role of non-DMS molecules (such as MeSH and benzothiazole) in secondary sulfate formation in coastal marine environments.
Thomas E. Taylor, Christopher W. O'Dell, David Crisp, Akhiko Kuze, Hannakaisa Lindqvist, Paul O. Wennberg, Abhishek Chatterjee, Michael Gunson, Annmarie Eldering, Brendan Fisher, Matthäus Kiel, Robert R. Nelson, Aronne Merrelli, Greg Osterman, Frédéric Chevallier, Paul I. Palmer, Liang Feng, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Manvendra K. Dubey, Dietrich G. Feist, Omaira E. García, David W. T. Griffith, Frank Hase, Laura T. Iraci, Rigel Kivi, Cheng Liu, Martine De Mazière, Isamu Morino, Justus Notholt, Young-Suk Oh, Hirofumi Ohyama, David F. Pollard, Markus Rettinger, Matthias Schneider, Coleen M. Roehl, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Kei Shiomi, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Yao Té, Voltaire A. Velazco, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Thorsten Warneke, and Debra Wunch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 325–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-325-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-325-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an analysis of an 11-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations derived using an optimal estimation retrieval algorithm on measurements made by the GOSAT satellite. The new product (version 9) shows improvement over the previous version (v7.3) as evaluated against independent estimates of CO2 from ground-based sensors and atmospheric inversion systems. We also compare the new GOSAT CO2 values to collocated estimates from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2.
Amie Dobracki, Paquita Zuidema, Steve Howell, Pablo Saide, Steffen Freitag, Allison C. Aiken, Sharon P. Burton, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, Jens Redemann, and Robert Wood
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1081, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The global maximum of shortwave-absorbing aerosol above cloud occurs above the southeast Atlantic, where the biomass-burning aerosol provides a distinct aerosol radiative warming of regional climate. The smoke aerosols are unusually highly absorbing of sunlight. This study seeks to understand the cause. We conclude the aerosol is already strongly absorbing at the fire emission source, but that chemical aging, through encouraging a net loss of organic aerosol, also contributes.
Nicole Jacobs, William R. Simpson, Kelly A. Graham, Christopher Holmes, Frank Hase, Thomas Blumenstock, Qiansi Tu, Matthias Frey, Manvendra K. Dubey, Harrison A. Parker, Debra Wunch, Rigel Kivi, Pauli Heikkinen, Justus Notholt, Christof Petri, and Thorsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16661–16687, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Spatial patterns of carbon dioxide seasonal cycle amplitude and summer drawdown timing derived from the OCO-2 satellite over northern high latitudes agree well with corresponding estimates from two models. The Asian boreal forest is anomalous with the largest amplitude and earliest seasonal drawdown. Modeled land contact tracers suggest that accumulated CO2 exchanges during atmospheric transport play a major role in shaping carbon dioxide seasonality in northern high-latitude regions.
Taylor S. Jones, Jonathan E. Franklin, Jia Chen, Florian Dietrich, Kristian D. Hajny, Johannes C. Paetzold, Adrian Wenzel, Conor Gately, Elaine Gottlieb, Harrison Parker, Manvendra Dubey, Frank Hase, Paul B. Shepson, Levi H. Mielke, and Steven C. Wofsy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13131–13147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13131-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13131-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane emissions from leaks in natural gas pipes are often a large source in urban areas, but they are difficult to measure on a city-wide scale. Here we use an array of innovative methane sensors distributed around the city of Indianapolis and a new method of combining their data with an atmospheric model to accurately determine the magnitude of these emissions, which are about 70 % larger than predicted. This method can serve as a framework for cities trying to account for their emissions.
Fan Mei, Jian Wang, Shan Zhou, Qi Zhang, Sonya Collier, and Jianzhong Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13019–13029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13019-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13019-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on understanding aerosol's ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and its variations with organic oxidation level and volatility using measurements at a rural site. Aerosol properties were examined from four air mass sources. The results help improve the accurate representation of aerosol from different ambient aerosol emissions, transformation pathways, and atmospheric processes in a climate model.
Mutian Ma, Laura-Hélèna Rivellini, YuXi Cui, Megan D. Willis, Rio Wilkie, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Junfeng Wang, Xinlei Ge, and Alex K. Y. Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2799–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2799-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2799-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical characterization of organic coatings is important to advance our understanding of the physio-chemical properties and atmospheric processing of black carbon (BC) particles. This work develops two approaches to improve the elemental analysis of oxygenated organic coatings using a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Analyzing ambient data with the new approaches indicated that secondary organics that coated on BC were likely less oxygenated compared to those externally mixed with BC.
Junfeng Wang, Jianhuai Ye, Dantong Liu, Yangzhou Wu, Jian Zhao, Weiqi Xu, Conghui Xie, Fuzhen Shen, Jie Zhang, Paul E. Ohno, Yiming Qin, Xiuyong Zhao, Scot T. Martin, Alex K. Y. Lee, Pingqing Fu, Daniel J. Jacob, Qi Zhang, Yele Sun, Mindong Chen, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14091–14102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the organics in total submicron matter and those coated on BC cores during summertime in Beijing and found large differences between them. Traffic-related OA was associated significantly with BC, while cooking-related OA did not coat BC. In addition, a factor likely originated from primary biomass burning OA was only identified in BC-containing particles. Such a unique BBOA requires further field and laboratory studies to verify its presence and elucidate its properties and impacts.
Lawrence I. Kleinman, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, Kouji Adachi, Peter R. Buseck, Sonya Collier, Manvendra K. Dubey, Anna L. Hodshire, Ernie Lewis, Timothy B. Onasch, Jeffery R. Pierce, John Shilling, Stephen R. Springston, Jian Wang, Qi Zhang, Shan Zhou, and Robert J. Yokelson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13319–13341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13319-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13319-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols from wildfires affect the Earth's temperature by absorbing light or reflecting it back into space. This study investigates time-dependent chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of aerosols generated by wildfires in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Wildfire smoke plumes were traversed by an instrumented aircraft at locations near the fire and up to 3.5 h travel time downwind. Although there was no net aerosol production, aerosol particles grew and became more efficient scatters.
Hwajin Kim, Qi Zhang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11527–11550, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Severe spring haze and influences of long-range transport in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) in March 2019 were investigated. Simultaneous downwind (SMA) and upwind (Beijing) measurements using AMS and ACSM over the same period showed that PM species can be transported in approximately 2 d. Nitrate was the most responsible, and sulfate and two regional-transport-influenced SOAs also contributed. Enhancement of Pb also showed that the haze in the SMA was influenced by the regional transport.
Nicole Jacobs, William R. Simpson, Debra Wunch, Christopher W. O'Dell, Gregory B. Osterman, Frank Hase, Thomas Blumenstock, Qiansi Tu, Matthias Frey, Manvendra K. Dubey, Harrison A. Parker, Rigel Kivi, and Pauli Heikkinen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5033–5063, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The boreal forest is the largest seasonally varying biospheric CO2-exchange region on Earth. This region is also undergoing amplified climate warming, leading to concerns about the potential for altered regional carbon exchange. Satellite missions, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) project, can measure CO2 abundance over the boreal forest but need validation for the assurance of accuracy. Therefore, we carried out a ground-based validation of OCO-2 CO2 data at three locations.
Cited articles
Ahmed, M., Rappenglück, B., Das, S., and Chellam, S.: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds, CO, SO2 and trace metals in a complex urban atmosphere, Environ. Adv., 6, 100127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100127, 2021.
Allan, J. D., Delia, A. E., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Alfarra, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 909–922, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.02.007, 2004.
Al-Naiema, I. M., Hettiyadura, A. P. S., Wallace, H. W., Sanchez, N. P., Madler, C. J., Cevik, B. K., Bui, A. A. T., Kettler, J., Griffin, R. J., and Stone, E. A.: Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Houston, Texas: insights to secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15601–15622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15601-2018, 2018.
Anastasopolos, A. T., Sofowote, U. M., Hopke, P. K., Rouleau, M., Shin, T., Dheri, A., Peng, H., Kulka, R., Gibson, M. D., Farah, P., and Sundar, N.: Air quality in Canadian port cities after regulation of low-sulphur marine fuel in the North American Emissions Control Area, Sci. Total Environ., 791, 147949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147949, 2021.
Andreae, M. O.: Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: Long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols, Science, 220, 1148–1151, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4602.1148, 1983.
Andreae, M. O.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Mar. Chem., 30, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(90)90059-L, 1990.
Andreae, M. O., Ferek, R. J., Bermond, F., Byrd, K. P., Engstrom, R. T., Hardin, S., Houmere, P. D., Lemarrec, F., and Raemdonck, H.: Dimethyl sulfide in the Marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 12891–12900, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd02374, 1985.
Avery, A. M., Williams, L. R., Fortner, E. C., Robinson, W. A., and Onasch, T. B.: Particle detection using the dual-vaporizer configuration of the soot particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 55, 254–267, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1844132, 2020.
Banta, R. M., Senff, C. J., Nielsen-Gammon, J., Darby, L. S., Ryerson, T. B., Alvarez, R. J., Sandberg, S. R., Williams, E. J., and Trainer, M.: A bad air day in Houston, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 657–669, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-5-657, 2005.
Bates, T. S., Lamb, B. K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., and Stoiber, R. E.: Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sourees, J. Atmos. Chem., 14, 315–337, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115242, 1992.
Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D., Schulz, K., Covert, D. S., Johnson, J. E., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Angevine, W. M., Tucker, S. C., Brewer, W. A., and Stohl, A.: Boundary layer aerosol chemistry during TexAQS/GoMACCS 2006: Insights into aerosol sources and transformation processes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010023, 2008.
Bean, J. K., Faxon, C. B., Leong, Y. J., Wallace, H. W., Cevik, B. K., Ortiz, S., Canagaratna, M. R., Usenko, S., Sheesley, R. J., Griffin, R. J., and Ruiz, L. H.: Composition and sources of particulate matter measured near Houston, TX: Anthropogenic-biogenic interactions, Atmosphere, 7, 73, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7050073, 2016.
Bibi, Z., Coe, H., Brooks, J., Williams, P. I., Reyes-Villegas, E., Priestley, M., Percival, C. J., and Allan, J. D.: Technical note: A new approach to discriminate different black carbon sources by utilising fullerene and metals in positive matrix factorisation analysis of high-resolution soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10763–10777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10763-2021, 2021.
Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W.: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 27–67, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500421521, 2006.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., Deangelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Bozlaker, A., Prospero, J. M., Fraser, M. P., and Chellam, S.: Quantifying the contribution of long-range saharan dust transport on particulate matter concentrations in Houston, Texas, using detailed elemental analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10179–10187, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4015663, 2013.
Bozlaker, A., Prospero, J. M., Price, J., and Chellam, S.: Identifying and Quantifying the Impacts of Advected North African Dust on the Concentration and Composition of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter in Houston and Galveston, Texas, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12282–12300, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030792, 2019.
Caicedo, V., Rappenglueck, B., Cuchiara, G., Flynn, J., Ferrare, R., Scarino, A. J., Berkoff, T., Senff, C., Langford, A., and Lefer, B.: Bay Breeze and Sea Breeze Circulation Impacts on the Planetary Boundary Layer and Air Quality From an Observed and Modeled DISCOVER-AQ Texas Case Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7359–7378, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030523, 2019.
Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Ghertner, D. A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Silva, P. J., Williams, P., Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K. L., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chase studies of particulate emissions from in-use New York City vehicles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 555–573, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820490465504, 2004.
Cao, L. M., Wei, J., He, L. Y., Zeng, H., Li, M. L., Zhu, Q., Yu, G. H., and Huang, X. F.: Aqueous aging of secondary organic aerosol coating onto black carbon: Insights from simultaneous L-ToF-AMS and SP-AMS measurements at an urban site in southern China, J. Clean. Prod., 330, 129888, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129888, 2022.
Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S., Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hayden, K. L., Jobson, B. T., Kolesar, K. R., Lack, D. A., Lerner, B. M., Li, S., Mellon, D., Nuamaan, I., Olfert, J. S., Petaja, T., Quinn, P. K., Song, C., Subramanian, R., Williams, E., and Zaveri, R. A.: Radiative Absorption Enhancements Due to the Mixing State of Atmospheric Black Carbon, Science, 337, 1078–1082, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223447, 2012.
Cappa, C. D., Zhang, X., Russell, L. M., Collier, S., Lee, A. K. Y., Chen, C. L., Betha, R., Chen, S., Liu, J., Price, D. J., Sanchez, K. J., McMeeking, G. R., Williams, L. R., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D. R., Abbatt, J., and Zhang, Q.: Light Absorption by Ambient Black and Brown Carbon and its Dependence on Black Carbon Coating State for Two California, USA, Cities in Winter and Summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 1550–1577, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029501, 2019.
Carbone, S., Onasch, T., Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Saarnio, K., Sueper, D., Rönkkö, T., Pirjola, L., Häyrinen, A., Worsnop, D., and Hillamo, R.: Characterization of trace metals on soot aerosol particles with the SP-AMS: detection and quantification, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4803–4815, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4803-2015, 2015.
Carbone, S., Timonen, H. J., Rostedt, A., Happonen, M., Keskinen, J., Ristimaki, J., Korpi, H., Artaxo, P., Worsnop, D., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Hillamo, R., Saarikoski, S., Keskinen, J., Ristimaki, J., Korpi, H., Artaxo, P., Canagaratna, M., Worsnop, D., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Hillamo, R., and Saarikoski, S.: Distinguishing fuel and lubricating oil combustion products in diesel engine exhaust particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 53, 594–607, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1584389, 2019.
Chang, R. Y.-W., Slowik, J. G., Shantz, N. C., Vlasenko, A., Liggio, J., Sjostedt, S. J., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: The hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of ambient organic aerosol at a field site subject to biogenic and anthropogenic influences: relationship to degree of aerosol oxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5047–5064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5047-2010, 2010.
Collier, S., Zhou, S., Kuwayama, T., Forestieri, S., Brady, J., Zhang, M., Kleeman, M., Cappa, C., Bertram, T., and Zhang, Q.: Organic PM emissions from vehicles: Composition, O
Collier, S., Williams, L. R., Onasch, T. B., Cappa, C. D., Zhang, X., Russell, L. M., Chen, C. L., Sanchez, K. J., Worsnop, D. R., and Zhang, Q.: Influence of Emissions and Aqueous Processing on Particles Containing Black Carbon in a Polluted Urban Environment: Insights From a Soot Particle-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6648–6666, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027851, 2018.
Corbin, J. C., Sierau, B., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Keller, A., Kim, J., Petzold, A., Onasch, T. B., Lohmann, U., and Mensah, A. A.: Mass spectrometry of refractory black carbon particles from six sources: carbon-cluster and oxygenated ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2591–2603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2591-2014, 2014.
Corbin, J. C., Lohmann, U., Sierau, B., Keller, A., Burtscher, H., and Mensah, A. A.: Black carbon surface oxidation and organic composition of beech-wood soot aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11885–11907, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11885-2015, 2015.
Cubison, M. J., Ortega, A. M., Hayes, P. L., Farmer, D. K., Day, D., Lechner, M. J., Brune, W. H., Apel, E., Diskin, G. S., Fisher, J. A., Fuelberg, H. E., Hecobian, A., Knapp, D. J., Mikoviny, T., Riemer, D., Sachse, G. W., Sessions, W., Weber, R. J., Weinheimer, A. J., Wisthaler, A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12049–12064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12049-2011, 2011.
Das, S., Miller, B. V., Prospero, J. M., Gaston, C. J., Royer, H. M., Blades, E., Sealy, P., and Chellam, S.: Coupling Sr-Nd-Hf Isotope Ratios and Elemental Analysis to Accurately Quantify North African Dust Contributions to PM2.5 in a Complex Urban Atmosphere by Reducing Mineral Dust Collinearity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7729–7740, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01233, 2022.
DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061249n, 2006.
Emerson, E. W., Katich, J. M., and Farmer, D. K.: Direct Measurements of Dry and Wet Deposition of Black Carbon Over a Grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 12277–12290, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028954, 2018.
Falk, J., Korhonen, K., Malmborg, V. B., Gren, L., Eriksson, A. C., Karjalainen, P., Markkula, L., Bengtsson, P., Virtanen, A., Svenningsson, B., Pagels, J., and Kristensen, T. B.: Immersion Freezing Ability of Freshly Emitted Soot with Various Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Atmosphere, 12, 1173, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091173, 2021.
Farley, R. and Zhang, Q.: TRACER-CAT laser only SP-AMS measurements, ARM archive [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1958716, 2023.
Fierce, L., Riemer, N., and Bond, T. C.: Toward Reduced Representation of Mixing State For Simulating Aerosol Effects on Climate, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 971–980, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0028.1, 2017.
Fierce, L., Onasch, T. B., Cappa, C. D., Mazzoleni, C., China, S., Bhandari, J., Davidovits, P., Al Fischer, D., Helgestad, T., Lambe, A. T., Sedlacek, A. J., Smith, G. D., and Wolff, L.: Radiative absorption enhancements by black carbon controlled by particle-to-particle heterogeneity in composition, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 5196–5203, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919723117, 2020.
Fofie, E. A., Donahue, N. M., and Asa-Awuku, A.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity and droplet formation of primary and secondary organic aerosol mixtures, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 52, 242–251, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1392480, 2018.
Fortner, E. C., Brooks, W. A., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Massoli, P., Jayne, J. T., Franklin, J. P., Knighton, W. B., Wormhoudt, J., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., and Herndon, S. C.: Particulate emissions measured during the TCEQ comprehensive flare emission study, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 12586–12592, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202692y, 2012.
Ge, X., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Ruehl, C., and Setyan, A.: Effect of aqueous-phase processing on aerosol chemistry and size distributions in Fresno, California, during wintertime, Environ. Chem., 9, 221–235, 2012a.
Ge, X., Setyan, A., Sun, Y., and Zhang, Q.: Primary and secondary organic aerosols in Fresno, California during wintertime: Results from high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018026, 2012b.
Gorkowski, K., Lee, J. E., Farley, R. N., Dal Porto, R., Cappa, C. D., Zhang, Q., Shawon, A. S., Benedict, K. B., Aiken, A. C., and Dubey, M. K.: Properties of Transported Dust Aerosol During TRACER, in preparation, 2024.
Gysel, M., Crosier, J., Topping, D. O., Whitehead, J. D., Bower, K. N., Cubison, M. J., Williams, P. I., Flynn, M. J., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 6131–6144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-6131-2007, 2007.
Healy, R. M., Evans, G. J., Murphy, M., Tritscher, T., Laborde, M., Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., Poulain, L., Kamilli, K. A., Wiedensohler, A., Connor, I. P. O., Mcgillicuddy, E., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Predicting hygroscopic growth using single particle chemical composition estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 9567–9577, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021888, 2014.
Healy, R. M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C., Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Jaroudi, E., Zimmerman, N., Hilker, N., Murphy, M., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Abbatt, J. P. D., Wenger, J. C., and Evans, G. J.: Light-absorbing properties of ambient black carbon and brown carbon from fossil fuel and biomass burning sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6619–6633, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023382, 2015.
Hodnebrog, Ø., Myhre, G., and Samset, B.: How shorter black carbon lifetime alters its climate effect, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6065, 2014.
International Maritime Organization (IMO): IMO 2020 – cleaner shipping for cleaner air, International Maritime Organization (IMO), https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/34-IMO-2020-sulphur-limit-.aspx (last access: 24 March 2024), 2020.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.002, 2021.
Jahn, L. G., Jahl, L. G., Bland, G. D., Bowers, B. B., Monroe, L. W., and Sullivan, R. C.: Metallic and crustal elements in biomass-burning aerosol and ash: Prevalence, significance, and similarity to soil particles, ACS Earth Sp. Chem., 5, 136–148, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00191, 2021.
Lack, D. A. and Cappa, C. D.: Impact of brown and clear carbon on light absorption enhancement, single scatter albedo and absorption wavelength dependence of black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4207–4220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4207-2010, 2010.
Lambe, A. T., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Croasdale, D. R., Wright, J. P., Ahern, A. T., Williams, L. R., Worsnop, D. R., Brune, W. H., and Davidovits, P.: Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8913–8928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8913-2011, 2011.
Lambe, A. T., Ahern, A. T., Wright, J. P., Croasdale, D. R., Davidovits, P., and Onasch, T. B.: Oxidative aging and cloud condensation nuclei activation of laboratory combustion soot, J. Aerosol Sci., 79, 31–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.10.001, 2015.
Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Onasch, T. B., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol in an urban environment: single particle characterization using the soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1823-2015, 2015.
Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Wenger, J. C., Evans, G. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Single-particle characterization of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA): evidence for non-uniform mixing of high molecular weight organics and potassium, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5561–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5561-2016, 2016.
Lee, A. K. Y., Chen, C.-L., Liu, J., Price, D. J., Betha, R., Russell, L. M., Zhang, X., and Cappa, C. D.: Formation of secondary organic aerosol coating on black carbon particles near vehicular emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15055–15067, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15055-2017, 2017.
Lee, A. K. Y., Rivellini, L. H., Chen, C. L., Liu, J., Price, D. J., Betha, R., Russell, L. M., Zhang, X., and Cappa, C. D.: Influences of Primary Emission and Secondary Coating Formation on the Particle Diversity and Mixing State of Black Carbon Particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 9429–9438, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03064, 2019.
Lee, J. E., Gorkowski, K., Meyer, A. G., Benedict, K. B., Aiken, A. C., and Dubey, M. K.: Wildfire Smoke Demonstrates Significant and Predictable Black Carbon Light Absorption Enhancements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099334, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099334, 2022.
Levy, M. E., Zhang, R., Khalizov, A. F., Zheng, J., Collins, D. R., Glen, C. R., Wang, Y., Yu, X. Y., Luke, W., Jayne, J. T., and Olaguer, E.: Measurements of submicron aerosols in Houston, Texas during the 2009 SHARP field campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10518–10534, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50785, 2013.
Li, W., Wang, Y., Bernier, C., and Estes, M.: Identification of Sea Breeze Recirculation and Its Effects on Ozone in Houston, TX, During DISCOVER-AQ 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033165, 2020.
Liu, F., Yon, J., Fuentes, A., Lobo, P., Gregory, J., and Corbin, J. C.: Review of recent literature on the light absorption properties of black carbon: Refractive index, mass absorption cross section, and absorption function, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 54, 33–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1676878, 2020.
Liu, X., Ma, P.-L., Wang, H., Tilmes, S., Singh, B., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., and Rasch, P. J.: Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 505–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016, 2016.
Ma, M., Rivellini, L.-H., Kasthuriarachchi, N., Zhu, Q., Zong, Y., Yu, W., Yang, W., Kraft, M., and Lee, A. K. Y.: Effects of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn) blended fuel on diesel engine emission: Insight from soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry and aethalometer measurements, Atmos. Environ. X, 18, 100216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100216, 2023.
Motos, G., Schmale, J., Corbin, J. C., Zanatta, M., Baltensperger, U., and Gysel-Beer, M.: Droplet activation behaviour of atmospheric black carbon particles in fog as a function of their size and mixing state, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2183–2207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2183-2019, 2019.
Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Chhabra, P. S., Seinfeld, J. H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6465–6474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6465-2011, 2011.
NOAA: HYSPLIT model, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA [code], https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php (last access: 24 March 2024), 2024.
Onasch, T. B., Trimborn, A., Fortner, E. C., Jayne, J. T., Kok, G. L., Williams, L. R., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.: Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: Development, validation, and initial application, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 804–817, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.663948, 2012.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
Peng, J., Hu, M., Guo, S., Du, Z., Zheng, J., Shang, D., Zamora, M. L., Zeng, L., Shao, M., Wu, Y. S., Zheng, J., Wang, Y., Glen, C. R., Collins, D. R., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4266–4271, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602310113, 2016.
Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
Popovicheva, O., Kireeva, E., Persiantseva, N., Timofeev, M., Bladt, H., Ivleva, N. P., Niessner, R., and Moldanová, J.: Microscopic characterization of individual particles from multicomponent ship exhaust, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 3101–3110, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30338h, 2012.
Price, D. J., Chen, C. L., Russell, L. M., Lamjiri, M. A., Betha, R., Sanchez, K., Liu, J., Lee, A. K. Y., and Cocker, D. R.: More unsaturated, cooking-type hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol particle emissions from renewable diesel compared to ultra low sulfur diesel in at-sea operations of a research vessel, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 51, 135–146, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1238033, 2017.
Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156, 2008.
Riemer, N. and West, M.: Quantifying aerosol mixing state with entropy and diversity measures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11423–11439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11423-2013, 2013.
Rivellini, L.-H., Adam, M. G., Kasthuriarachchi, N., and Lee, A. K. Y.: Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols in Singapore: insight from black carbon fragments and trace metal ions detected by a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5977–5993, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5977-2020, 2020.
Rivera, C., Mellqvist, J., Samuelsson, J., Lefer, B., Alvarez, S., and Patel, M. R.: Quantification of NO2 and SO2 emissions from the houston ship channel and texas city industrial areas during the 2006 texas air quality study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012675, 2010.
Schulze, B. C., Wallace, H. W., Bui, A. T., Flynn, J. H., Erickson, M. H., Alvarez, S., Dai, Q., Usenko, S., Sheesley, R. J., and Griffin, R. J.: The impacts of regional shipping emissions on the chemical characteristics of coastal submicron aerosols near Houston, TX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14217–14241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14217-2018, 2018.
Sonntag, D. B., Bailey, C. R., Fulper, C. R., and Baldauf, R. W.: Contribution of Lubricating Oil to Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4191–4199, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203747f, 2012.
Sun, Y. L., Zhang, Q., Schwab, J. J., Yang, T., Ng, N. L., and Demerjian, K. L.: Factor analysis of combined organic and inorganic aerosol mass spectra from high resolution aerosol mass spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8537–8551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8537-2012, 2012.
Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Cubison, M. J., Zhang, Q., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., and Jimenez, J. L.: Three-dimensional factorization of size-resolved organic aerosol mass spectra from Mexico City, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 195–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-195-2012, 2012.
University of Colorado: TOF-AMS software downloads, University of Colorado [code], https://cires1.colorado.edu/jimenez-group/ToFAMSResources/ToFSoftware/index.html (last access: 24 March 2024), 2024.
Wang, J., Ye, J., Liu, D., Wu, Y., Zhao, J., Xu, W., Xie, C., Shen, F., Zhang, J., Ohno, P. E., Qin, Y., Zhao, X., Martin, S. T., Lee, A. K. Y., Fu, P., Jacob, D. J., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Chen, M., and Ge, X.: Characterization of submicron organic particles in Beijing during summertime: comparison between SP-AMS and HR-AMS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14091–14102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020, 2020.
Wang, X., Ye, X., Chen, J., Wang, X., Yang, X., Fu, T.-M., Zhu, L., and Liu, C.: Direct links between hygroscopicity and mixing state of ambient aerosols: estimating particle hygroscopicity from their single-particle mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6273–6290, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6273-2020, 2020.
Wang, Y., Ma, P. L., Peng, J., Zhang, R., Jiang, J. H., Easter, R. C., and Yung, Y. L.: Constraining Aging Processes of Black Carbon in the Community Atmosphere Model Using Environmental Chamber Measurements, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 2514–2526, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001387, 2018.
Watson-Parris, D., Christensen, M. W., Laurenson, A., Clewley, D., Gryspeerdt, E., and Stier, P.: Shipping regulations lead to large reduction in cloud perturbations, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2206885119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2206885119, 2022.
Williams, L. R., Gonzalez, L. A., Peck, J., Trimborn, D., McInnis, J., Farrar, M. R., Moore, K. D., Jayne, J. T., Robinson, W. A., Lewis, D. K., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Trimborn, A., Timko, M. T., Magoon, G., Deng, R., Tang, D., de la Rosa Blanco, E., Prévôt, A. S. H., Smith, K. A., and Worsnop, D. R.: Characterization of an aerodynamic lens for transmitting particles greater than 1 micrometer in diameter into the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3271–3280, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3271-2013, 2013.
Willis, M. D., Lee, A. K. Y., Onasch, T. B., Fortner, E. C., Williams, L. R., Lambe, A. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Collection efficiency of the soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) for internally mixed particulate black carbon, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4507–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4507-2014, 2014.
Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Riemer, N., West, M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Wenger, J. C., Evans, G. J., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Lee, A. K. Y.: Quantification of black carbon mixing state from traffic: implications for aerosol optical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4693–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4693-2016, 2016.
Willis, M. D., Bozem, H., Kunkel, D., Lee, A. K. Y., Schulz, H., Burkart, J., Aliabadi, A. A., Herber, A. B., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Aircraft-based measurements of High Arctic springtime aerosol show evidence for vertically varying sources, transport and composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 57–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-57-2019, 2019.
Worton, D. R., Isaacman, G., Gentner, D. R., Dallmann, T. R., Chan, A. W. H., Ruehl, C., Kirchstetter, T. W., Wilson, K. R., Harley, R. A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Lubricating Oil Dominates Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Motor Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3698–3706, https://doi.org/10.1021/es405375j, 2014.
Wu, Y., Liu, D., Wang, J., Shen, F., Chen, Y., Cui, S., Ge, S., Wu, Y., Chen, M., and Ge, X.: Characterization of Size-Resolved Hygroscopicity of Black Carbon-Containing Particle in Urban Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 14212–14221, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05546, 2019.
Xie, C., Xu, W., Wang, J., Liu, D., Ge, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, Q., Du, W., Zhao, J., Zhou, W., Li, J., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Worsnop, D., and Sun, Y.: Light absorption enhancement of black carbon in urban Beijing in summer, Atmos. Environ., 213, 499–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.041, 2019.
Yang, Y., Fu, Y., Lin, Q., Jiang, F., Lian, X., Li, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, G., Bi, X., Wang, X., and Sheng, G.: Recent advances in quantifying wet scavenging efficiency of black carbon aerosol, Atmosphere, 10, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040175, 2019.
Ye, Q., Gu, P., Li, H. Z., Robinson, E. S., Lipsky, E., Kaltsonoudis, C., Lee, A. K. Y., Apte, J. S., Robinson, A. L., Sullivan, R. C., Presto, A. A., and Donahue, N. M.: Spatial Variability of Sources and Mixing State of Atmospheric Particles in a Metropolitan Area, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 6807–6815, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01011, 2018.
Yoon, S., Usenko, S., and Sheesley, R. J.: Fine and Coarse Carbonaceous Aerosol in Houston, TX, during DISCOVER-AQ, Atmosphere, 11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS11050482, 2020.
Young, D. E., Kim, H., Parworth, C., Zhou, S., Zhang, X., Cappa, C. D., Seco, R., Kim, S., and Zhang, Q.: Influences of emission sources and meteorology on aerosol chemistry in a polluted urban environment: results from DISCOVER-AQ California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5427–5451, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5427-2016, 2016.
Yu, C., Pasternak, D., Lee, J., Yang, M., Bell, T., Bower, K., Wu, H., Liu, D., Reed, C., Bauguitte, S., Cliff, S., Trembath, J., Coe, H., and Allan, J. D.: Characterizing the Particle Composition and Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Shipping Emission in Western Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 15604–15612, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04039, 2020.
Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols in Pittsburgh: insights into sources and processes of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289–3311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3289-2005, 2005.
Zuberi, B., Johnson, K. S., Aleks, G. K., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Laskin, A.: Hydrophilic properties of aged soot, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 2–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021496, 2005.
Short summary
The black carbon aerosol composition and mixing state were characterized using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Single-particle measurements revealed the major role of atmospheric processing in modulating the black carbon mixing state. A significant fraction of soot particles were internally mixed with oxidized organic aerosol and sulfate, with implications for activation as cloud nuclei.
The black carbon aerosol composition and mixing state were characterized using a soot particle...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint