Articles | Volume 23, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15209-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15209-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Dec 2023
Research article |
| 14 Dec 2023
| 14 Dec 2023
A satellite chronology of plumes from the April 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent
Isabelle A. Taylor
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
COMET, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
Roy G. Grainger
COMET, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
Andrew T. Prata
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
now at: School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Simon R. Proud
NCEO, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
NCEO, RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OX11, UK
now at: RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OX11, UK
Tamsin A. Mather
COMET, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
David M. Pyle
COMET, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
Related authors
Andrew T. Prata, Roy G. Grainger, Isabelle A. Taylor, Adam C. Povey, Simon R. Proud, and Caroline A. Poulsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5985–6010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations are often used to track ash clouds and estimate their height, particle sizes and mass; however, satellite-based techniques are always associated with some uncertainty. We describe advances in a satellite-based technique that is used to estimate ash cloud properties for the June 2019 Raikoke (Russia) eruption. Our results are significant because ash warning centres increasingly require uncertainty information to correctly interpret,
aggregate and utilise the data.
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Konstantinos Michailidis, Pascal Hedelt, Isabelle A. Taylor, Antje Inness, Lieven Clarisse, Dimitris Balis, Dmitry Efremenko, Diego Loyola, Roy G. Grainger, and Christian Retscher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5665–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions eject large amounts of ash and trace gases into the atmosphere. The use of space-borne instruments enables the global monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions in an economical and risk-free manner. The main aim of this paper is to present its extensive verification, accomplished within the ESA S5P+I: SO2LH project, over major recent volcanic eruptions, against collocated space-borne measurements, as well as assess its impact on the forecasts provided by CAMS.
Johannes de Leeuw, Anja Schmidt, Claire S. Witham, Nicolas Theys, Isabelle A. Taylor, Roy G. Grainger, Richard J. Pope, Jim Haywood, Martin Osborne, and Nina I. Kristiansen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10851–10879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the NAME dispersion model in combination with high-resolution SO2 satellite data from TROPOMI, we investigate the dispersion of volcanic SO2 from the 2019 Raikoke eruption. NAME accurately simulates the dispersion of SO2 during the first 2–3 weeks after the eruption and illustrates the potential of using high-resolution satellite data to identify potential limitations in dispersion models, which will ultimately help to improve efforts to forecast the dispersion of volcanic clouds.
Alice R. Paine, Joost Frieling, Timothy M. Shanahan, Tamsin A. Mather, Nicholas McKay, Stuart A. Robinson, David M. Pyle, Isabel M. Fendley, Ruth Kiely, and William D. Gosling
Clim. Past, 21, 817–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-817-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Few tropical mercury (Hg) records extend beyond ~ 12 ka, meaning our current understanding of Hg behaviour may not fully account for the impact of long-term hydroclimate changes on the Hg cycle in these environments. Here, we present an ~ 96 kyr Hg record from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. A coupled response is observed between Hg flux and shifts in sediment composition reflective of changes in lake level, suggesting that hydroclimate may be a key driver of tropical Hg cycling over millennial timescales.
Daniel J. V. Robbins, Caroline A. Poulsen, Steven T. Siems, Simon R. Proud, Andrew T. Prata, Roy G. Grainger, and Adam C. Povey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3279–3302, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme wildfire events are becoming more common with climate change. The smoke plumes associated with these wildfires are not captured by current operational satellite products due to their high optical thickness. We have developed a novel aerosol retrieval for the Advanced Himawari Imager to study these plumes. We find very high values of optical thickness not observed in other operational satellite products, suggesting these plumes have been missed in previous studies.
Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas J. Aubry, Claudia Timmreck, Anja Schmidt, Lieven Clarisse, Fred Prata, Nicolas Theys, Andrew T. Prata, Graham Mann, Hyundeok Choi, Simon Carn, Richard Rigby, Susan C. Loughlin, and John A. Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5765–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2019 Raikoke eruption (Kamchatka, Russia) generated one of the largest emissions of particles and gases into the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative, an international effort, provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption and assess its climate impact. The eruption led to a minor global surface cooling of 0.02 °C in 2020 which is negligible relative to warming induced by human greenhouse gas emissions.
Rui Song, Adam Povey, and Roy G. Grainger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2521–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we explored aerosols, tiny atmospheric particles affecting the Earth's climate. Using data from two lidar-equipped satellites, ALADIN and CALIOP, we examined a 2020 Saharan dust event. The newer ALADIN's results aligned with CALIOP's. By merging their data, we corrected CALIOP's discrepancies, enhancing the dust event depiction. This underscores the significance of advanced satellite instruments in aerosol research. Our findings pave the way for upcoming satellite missions.
Alice R. Paine, Isabel M. Fendley, Joost Frieling, Tamsin A. Mather, Jack H. Lacey, Bernd Wagner, Stuart A. Robinson, David M. Pyle, Alexander Francke, Theodore R. Them II, and Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos
Biogeosciences, 21, 531–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many important processes within the global mercury (Hg) cycle operate over thousands of years. Here, we explore the timing, magnitude, and expression of Hg signals retained in sediments of lakes Prespa and Ohrid over the past ∼90 000 years. Divergent signals suggest that local differences in sediment composition, lake structure, and water balance influence the local Hg cycle and determine the extent to which sedimentary Hg signals reflect local- or global-scale environmental changes.
Stephen P. Hesselbo, Aisha Al-Suwaidi, Sarah J. Baker, Giorgia Ballabio, Claire M. Belcher, Andrew Bond, Ian Boomer, Remco Bos, Christian J. Bjerrum, Kara Bogus, Richard Boyle, James V. Browning, Alan R. Butcher, Daniel J. Condon, Philip Copestake, Stuart Daines, Christopher Dalby, Magret Damaschke, Susana E. Damborenea, Jean-Francois Deconinck, Alexander J. Dickson, Isabel M. Fendley, Calum P. Fox, Angela Fraguas, Joost Frieling, Thomas A. Gibson, Tianchen He, Kat Hickey, Linda A. Hinnov, Teuntje P. Hollaar, Chunju Huang, Alexander J. L. Hudson, Hugh C. Jenkyns, Erdem Idiz, Mengjie Jiang, Wout Krijgsman, Christoph Korte, Melanie J. Leng, Timothy M. Lenton, Katharina Leu, Crispin T. S. Little, Conall MacNiocaill, Miguel O. Manceñido, Tamsin A. Mather, Emanuela Mattioli, Kenneth G. Miller, Robert J. Newton, Kevin N. Page, József Pálfy, Gregory Pieńkowski, Richard J. Porter, Simon W. Poulton, Alberto C. Riccardi, James B. Riding, Ailsa Roper, Micha Ruhl, Ricardo L. Silva, Marisa S. Storm, Guillaume Suan, Dominika Szűcs, Nicolas Thibault, Alfred Uchman, James N. Stanley, Clemens V. Ullmann, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Madeleine L. Vickers, Sonja Wadas, Jessica H. Whiteside, Paul B. Wignall, Thomas Wonik, Weimu Xu, Christian Zeeden, and Ke Zhao
Sci. Dril., 32, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present initial results from a 650 m long core of Late Triasssic to Early Jurassic (190–202 Myr) sedimentary strata from the Cheshire Basin, UK, which is shown to be an exceptional record of Earth evolution for the time of break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. Further work will determine periodic changes in depositional environments caused by solar system dynamics and used to reconstruct orbital history.
Moch Syarif Romadhon, Daniel Peters, and Roy Gordon Grainger
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-140, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-140, 2023
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The role of atmospheric aerosols on the Earth's climate and air quality is difficult to be determined quantitatively due to the drawback of available instruments. A widely used instrument to study the role is Optical Particle Counter (OPC). However, an assumption of particle refractive index is needed by OPCs to estimate particle size. This paper discusses SPARCLE 2: a new OPC that does not require such assumption. It was validated using standard particles and used to measure ambient air.
Morgan T. Jones, Ella W. Stokke, Alan D. Rooney, Joost Frieling, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, David J. Wilson, Henrik H. Svensen, Sverre Planke, Thierry Adatte, Nicolas Thibault, Madeleine L. Vickers, Tamsin A. Mather, Christian Tegner, Valentin Zuchuat, and Bo P. Schultz
Clim. Past, 19, 1623–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are periods in Earth’s history when huge volumes of magma are erupted at the Earth’s surface. The gases released from volcanic eruptions and from sediments heated by the magma are believed to have caused severe climate changes in the geological past. We use a variety of volcanic and climatic tracers to assess how the North Atlantic Igneous Province (56–54 Ma) affected the oceans and atmosphere during a period of extreme global warming.
Edward Gryspeerdt, Adam C. Povey, Roy G. Grainger, Otto Hasekamp, N. Christina Hsu, Jane P. Mulcahy, Andrew M. Sayer, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4115–4122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of aerosols on clouds is one of the largest uncertainties in the human forcing of the climate. Aerosol can increase the concentrations of droplets in clouds, but observational and model studies produce widely varying estimates of this effect. We show that these estimates can be reconciled if only polluted clouds are studied, but this is insufficient to constrain the climate impact of aerosol. The uncertainty in aerosol impact on clouds is currently driven by cases with little aerosol.
Andrew T. Prata, Roy G. Grainger, Isabelle A. Taylor, Adam C. Povey, Simon R. Proud, and Caroline A. Poulsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5985–6010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations are often used to track ash clouds and estimate their height, particle sizes and mass; however, satellite-based techniques are always associated with some uncertainty. We describe advances in a satellite-based technique that is used to estimate ash cloud properties for the June 2019 Raikoke (Russia) eruption. Our results are significant because ash warning centres increasingly require uncertainty information to correctly interpret,
aggregate and utilise the data.
Natalie J. Harvey, Helen F. Dacre, Cameron Saint, Andrew T. Prata, Helen N. Webster, and Roy G. Grainger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8529–8545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the event of a volcanic eruption, airlines need to make decisions about which routes are safe to operate and ensure that airborne aircraft land safely. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of a statistical technique that best combines ash information from satellites and a suite of computer forecasts of ash concentration to provide a range of plausible estimates of how much volcanic ash emitted from a volcano is available to undergo long-range transport.
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Konstantinos Michailidis, Pascal Hedelt, Isabelle A. Taylor, Antje Inness, Lieven Clarisse, Dimitris Balis, Dmitry Efremenko, Diego Loyola, Roy G. Grainger, and Christian Retscher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5665–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions eject large amounts of ash and trace gases into the atmosphere. The use of space-borne instruments enables the global monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions in an economical and risk-free manner. The main aim of this paper is to present its extensive verification, accomplished within the ESA S5P+I: SO2LH project, over major recent volcanic eruptions, against collocated space-borne measurements, as well as assess its impact on the forecasts provided by CAMS.
Luca Bugliaro, Dennis Piontek, Stephan Kox, Marius Schmidl, Bernhard Mayer, Richard Müller, Margarita Vázquez-Navarro, Daniel M. Peters, Roy G. Grainger, Josef Gasteiger, and Jayanta Kar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1029–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of ash dispersion in the atmosphere is an important task for satellite remote sensing since ash represents a threat to air traffic. We present an AI-based method that retrieves the spatial extension and properties of volcanic ash clouds with high temporal resolution during day and night by means of geostationary satellite measurements. This algorithm, trained on realistic observations simulated with a radiative transfer model, runs operationally at the German Weather Service.
Johannes de Leeuw, Anja Schmidt, Claire S. Witham, Nicolas Theys, Isabelle A. Taylor, Roy G. Grainger, Richard J. Pope, Jim Haywood, Martin Osborne, and Nina I. Kristiansen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10851–10879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the NAME dispersion model in combination with high-resolution SO2 satellite data from TROPOMI, we investigate the dispersion of volcanic SO2 from the 2019 Raikoke eruption. NAME accurately simulates the dispersion of SO2 during the first 2–3 weeks after the eruption and illustrates the potential of using high-resolution satellite data to identify potential limitations in dispersion models, which will ultimately help to improve efforts to forecast the dispersion of volcanic clouds.
Cited articles
Ackerman, S. A., Schreiner, A. J., Schmit, T. J., Woolf, H. M., Li, J., and Pavolonis, M.: Using the GOES Sounder to monitor upper level SO2 from volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D14S11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009622, 2008. a
Aspinall, W., Sighurdsson, H., and Shepherd, J.: Eruption of Soufrière Volcano on St. Vincent Island, 1971–1972, Science, 181, 117–124, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.181.4095.117, 1973. a
Aubry, T. J., Engwell, S., Bonadonna, C., Carazzo, G., Scollo, S., Van Eaton, A. R., Taylor, I. A., Jessop, D., Eychenne, J., Gouhier, M., Mastin, L. G., Wallace, K. L., Biass, S., Bursik, M., Grainger, R. G., Jellinek, A. M., and Schmidt, A.: The Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, version 1.0): A new observational database to support explosive eruptive column model validation and development, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 417, 107295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107295, 2021. a
Babu, S., Nguyen, L., Sheu, G.-R., Griffith, S., Pani, S., Huang, H.-Y., and Lin, N.-H.: Long-range transport of La Soufrière volcanic plume to the western North Pacific: Influence on atmospheric mercury and aerosol properties, Atmos. Environ., 268, 118806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118806, 2022. a, b, c
Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L. J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H., Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T., Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., and Takahashi, M.: The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179–229, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073, 2001. a
Barclay, J., Robertson, R., Scarlett, J. P., Pyle, D. M., and Armijos, M. T.: Disaster aid? Mapping historical responses to volcanic eruptions from 1800–2000 in the English-speaking Eastern Caribbean: their role in creating vulnerabilities, Disasters, 46, S10–S50, https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12537, 2022. a
Blumstein, D., Chalon, G., Carlier, T., Buil, C., Hebert, P., Maciaszek, T., Ponce, G., Phulpin, T., Tournier, B., Simeoni, D., Astruc, P., Clauss, A., Kayal, G., and Jegou, R.: IASI instrument: Technical overview and measured performances, P. Soc. Photo.-Opt. Ins., 5543, 196–207, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560907, 2004. a
Brazier, S., Davis, A., Sigurdsson, H., and Sparks, R.: Fall-out and deposition of volcanic ash during the 1979 explosive eruption of the soufriere of St. Vincent, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 14, 335–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(82)90069-5, 1982. a
Bruckert, J., Hirsch, L., Horváth, A., Kahn, R. A., Kölling, T., Muser, L. O., Timmreck, C., Vogel, H., Wallis, S., and Hoshyaripour, G. A.: Dispersion and Aging of Volcanic Aerosols after the La Soufrière Eruption in April 2021, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037694, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037694, 2023. a, b, c
Camejo-Harry, M., Pascal, K., Euillades, P., Grandin, R., Hamling, I., Euillades, L., Contreras-Arratia, R., Ryan, G. A., Latchman, J. L., Lynch, L., and Jo, M.: Monitoring volcano deformation at La Soufrière, St. Vincent during the 2020-21 eruption with insights into its magma plumbing system architecture, Geol. Soc., London, Special Publications, 539, SP539–2022–270, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-270, 2024. a
Carboni, E., Grainger, R., Walker, J., Dudhia, A., and Siddans, R.: A new scheme for sulphur dioxide retrieval from IASI measurements: application to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption of April and May 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11417–11434, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11417-2012, 2012. a, b, c, d
Carboni, E., Grainger, R. G., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., Thomas, G. E., Siddans, R., Smith, A. J. A., Dudhia, A., Koukouli, M. E., and Balis, D.: The vertical distribution of volcanic SO2 plumes measured by IASI, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4343–4367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4343-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d
Carboni, E., Mather, T. A., Schmidt, A., Grainger, R. G., Pfeffer, M. A., Ialongo, I., and Theys, N.: Satellite-derived sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4851–4862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4851-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Carn, S., Krueger, A., Bluth, G., Schaefer, S., Krotkov, N., Watson, I., and Datta, S.: Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions, 177–202, Geological Society, London, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.213.01.11, 2003. a, b
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P. F., Prata, A. J., Hurtmans, D., Razavi, A., Phulpin, T., Hadji-Lazaro, J., and Clerbaux, C.: Tracking and quantifying volcanic SO2 with IASI, the September 2007 eruption at Jebel at Tair, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7723–7734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7723-2008, 2008. a
Clarisse, L., Prata, F., Lacour, J.-L., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: A correlation method for volcanic ash detection using hyperspectral infrared measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L19806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044828, 2010a. a, b
Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Prata, A. J., Karagulian, F., Clerbaux, C., De Mazière, M., and Coheur, P.-F.: Retrieving radius, concentration, optical depth, and mass of different types of aerosols from high-resolution infrared nadir spectra, Appl. Opt., 49, 3713–3722, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.003713, 2010b. a
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Chefdeville, S., Lacour, J.-L., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: Infrared satellite observations of hydrogen sulfide in the volcanic plume of the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047402, 2011. a
Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Ngadi, Y., and Coheur, P.-F.: Retrieval of sulphur dioxide from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-581-2012, 2012. a
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Theys, N., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: The 2011 Nabro eruption, a SO2 plume height analysis using IASI measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3095–3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3095-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009. a, b
Druitt, T. H., Young, S. R., Baptie, B., Bonadonna, C., Calder, E. S., Clarke, A. B., Cole, P. D., Harford, C. L., Herd, R. A., Luckett, R., Ryan, G., and Voight, B.: Episodes of cyclic Vulcanian explosive activity with fountain collapse at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 21, 281–306, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.13, 2002. a
Dualeh, E., Ebmeier, S., Wright, T., Poland, M., Grandin, R., Stinton, A., Camejo-Harry, M., Esse, B., and Burton, M.: Rapid pre-explosion increase in dome extrusion rate at La Soufrière, St. Vincent quantified from synthetic aperture radar backscatter, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 603, 117980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117980, 2023. a
Esse, B., Burton, M., Hayer, C., Contreras-Arratia, R., Christopher, T., Joseph, E. P., Varnam, M., and Johnson, C.: SO2 emissions during the 2021 eruption of La Soufrière St. Vincent, revealed with back-trajectory analysis of TROPOMI imagery, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 539, SP539–2022–77, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-77, 2024. a, b
EUMETSAT: IASI atmospheric spectra (L1C product) from the EPS Metop-A satellite: CEDA mirror archive for STFC, NCAS, NCEO. EUMETSAT [data set], https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/ea46600afc4559827f31dbfbb8894c2e (last access: 28 June 2022), 2009b. a
EUMETSAT: IASI atmospheric spectra (L1C product) from the EPS Metop-B satellite: CEDA mirror archive for STFC, NCAS, NCEO. NERC Earth Observation Data Centre [data set], https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/0092c4fe29f76c1b99b4dc19133f361a (last access: 28 June 2022), 2014. a
EUMETSAT: IASI atmospheric spectra (L1C product) from the EPS Metop - C satellite: CEDA mirror archive for STFC, NCAS, NCEO. EUMETSAT [data set], https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/58648f7210c84c44a91dc128d8d750d8 (last access: 28 June 2022), 2021. a
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: ECMWF Operational Regular Gridded Data at 1.125 degrees resolution. NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre [data set], https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/a67f1b4d9db7b1528b800ed48198bdac (last access:28 June 2022), 2012. a
Fiske, R. and Sigurdsson, H.: Soufriere Volcano, St. Vincent: Observations of Its 1979 Eruption from the Ground, Aircraft, and Satellites, 216, 1105–1106, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4550.1105, 1982. a, b
Fuller, W. H., Sokol, S., and Hunt, W. H.: Airborne Lidar Measurements of the Soufriere Eruption of 17 April 1979, Science, 216, 1113–1115, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4550.1113, 1982. a, b
Glaze, L., Francis, P., Self, S., and Rothery, D.: The 16 September 1986 eruption of Lascar volcano, north Chile: Satellite investigations, Bull. Volcanol., 51, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067952, 1989. a
Global Volcanism Program: Report on Soufrière St. Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) — March 2021, edited by: Bennis, K. L. and Venzke, E., Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 46:3, Smithsonian Institution, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202103-360150, 2021a. a, b
Global Volcanism Program: Report on Soufriere St. Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), in: Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 7 April–13 April 2021, edited by: Sennert, S K., Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey, https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?wvar=GVP.WVAR20210407-360150 (last access: 4 December 2023), 2021c. a
Global Volcanism Program: Report on Sangay (Ecuador), edited by: Crafford, A. E. and Venzke, E., Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 46, 7, Smithsonian Institution, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN202107-352090, 2021d. a
Guermazi, H., Sellitto, P., Cuesta, J., Eremenko, M., Lachatre, M., Mailler, S., Carboni, E., Salerno, G., Caltabiano, T., Menut, L., Serbaji, M. M., Rekhiss, F., and Legras, B.: Quantitative Retrieval of Volcanic Sulphate Aerosols from IASI Observations, Remote Sens., 13, 1808, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091808, 2021. a
Gupta, A., Bennartz, R., Fauria, K., and Mittal, T.: Eruption chronology of the December 2021 to January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption sequence, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 314, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00606-3, 2022. a
Hedelt, P., Efremenko, D. S., Loyola, D. G., Spurr, R., and Clarisse, L.: Sulfur dioxide layer height retrieval from Sentinel-5 Precursor/TROPOMI using FP_ILM, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5503–5517, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5503-2019, 2019. a
Holasek, R. E. and Self, S.: GOES weather satellite observations and measurements of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens eruption, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 100, 8469–8487, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03137, 1995. a
Holasek, R. E., Self, S., and Woods, A. W.: Satellite observations and interpretation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption plumes, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 101, 27635–27655, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB01179, 1996a. a
Holasek, R. E., Woods, A. W., and Self, S.: Experiments on gas-ash separation processes in volcanic umbrella plumes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 70, 169–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00054-2, 1996b. a
Horváth, Á., Carr, J. L., Wu, D. L., Bruckert, J., Hoshyaripour, G. A., and Buehler, S. A.: Measurement report: Plume heights of the April 2021 La Soufrière eruptions from GOES-17 side views and GOES-16–MODIS stereo views, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12311–12330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12311-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Joseph, E., Camejo-Harry, M., Christopher, T., Contrera-Arratia, R., Edwards, S., Graham, O., Johnson, M., Juman, A., Latchman, J. L., Lynch, L., Miller, V. L., Papadopoulos, I., Pascal, K., Robertson, R., Ryan, G., Stinton, A., Grandin, R., Hamling, I., Jo, M.-J., Barclay, J., Cole, P., Davies, B., and Sparks, R.: Responding to eruptive transitions during the 2020–2021 eruption of La Soufrière volcano, St. Vincent, Nat. Commun., 13, 4129, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31901-4, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Koukouli, M.-E., Michailidis, K., Hedelt, P., Taylor, I. A., Inness, A., Clarisse, L., Balis, D., Efremenko, D., Loyola, D., Grainger, R. G., and Retscher, C.: Volcanic SO2 layer height by TROPOMI/S5P: evaluation against IASI/MetOp and CALIOP/CALIPSO observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5665–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, 2022. a, b, c
Krueger, A. F.: Geostationary Satellite Observations of the April 1979 Soufriere Eruptions, Science, 216, 1108–1109, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4550.1108, 1982. a, b, c
Lechner, P., Tupper, A., Guffanti, M., Loughlin, S., and Casadevall, T.: Volcanic Ash and Aviation – The Challenges of Real-Time, Global Communication of a Natural Hazard, 51–64, Adv. Volcanol., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_49, 2017. a
Lindsey, D., Schmit, T. J., MacKenzie, W. M., Jewitt, C. P., Gunshor, M. M., and Grasso, L.: 10.35 µm: atmospheric window on the GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager with less moisture attenuation, J. Appl. Remote Sens., 6, 063598, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.6.063598, 2012. a
Maes, K., Vandenbussche, S., Klüser, L., Kumps, N., and de Mazière, M.: Vertical Profiling of Volcanic Ash from the 2011 Puyehue Cordón Caulle Eruption Using IASI, Remote Sens., 8, 103, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8020103, 2016. a
Martínez-Alonso, S., Deeter, M. N., Worden, H. M., Clerbaux, C., Mao, D., and Gille, J. C.: First satellite identification of volcanic carbon monoxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053275, 2012. a
McCormick, M. P., Kent, G. S., Yue, G. K., and Cunnold, D. M.: Stratospheric Aerosol Effects from Soufriere Volcano as Measured by the SAGE Satellite System, Science, 216, 1115–1118, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.216.4550.1115, 1982. a
Moxnes, E. D., Kristiansen, N. I., Stohl, A., Clarisse, L., Durant, A., Weber, K., and Vogel, A.: Separation of ash and sulfur dioxide during the 2011 Grímsvötn eruption, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 7477–7501, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021129, 2014. a
NOAA: About the NOAA Open Data Dissemination (NODD) Program, NOAA, https://www.noaa.gov/information-technology/open-data-dissemination, last access: 9 November 2022. a
Park, S. S., Kim, J., Lee, J., Lee, S., Kim, J. S., Chang, L. S., and Ou, S.: Combined dust detection algorithm by using MODIS infrared channels over East Asia, Remote Sens. Environ., 141, 24–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.019, 2014. a
Pavolonis, M. J., Sieglaff, J. M., and Cintineo, J. L.: Chapter 10 - Remote Sensing of Volcanic Ash with the GOES-R Series, in: The GOES-R Series, edited by: Goodman, S. J., Schmit, T. J., Daniels, J., and Redmon, R. J., 103–124, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-814327-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814327-8.00010-X, 2020. a
Prata, A.: Observations of volcanic ash clouds in the 10-12 μm window using AVHRR/2 data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 10, 751–761, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168908903916, 1989a. a
Prata, A. J.: Infrared radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1293–1296, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i011p01293, 1989b. a
Prata, A. and Tupper, A.: Aviation hazards from volcanoes: the state of the science, Nat. Hazards, 51, 239–244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9415-y, 2009. a
Prata, A. J. and Grant, I. F.: Retrieval of microphysical and morphological properties of volcanic ash plumes from satellite data: Application to Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2153–2179, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757615, 2001. a, b, c
Prata, A. T., Grainger, R. G., Taylor, I. A., Povey, A. C., Proud, S. R., and Poulsen, C. A.: Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5985–6010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5985-2022, 2022. a, b
Prata, F., Bluth, G., Rose, B., Schneider, D., and Tupper, A.: Comments on “Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique”, Remote Sens. Environ., 78, 341–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00231-0, 2001. a, b
Prata, F., Woodhouse, M., Huppert, H. E., Prata, A., Thordarson, T., and Carn, S.: Atmospheric processes affecting the separation of volcanic ash and SO2 in volcanic eruptions: inferences from the May 2011 Grímsvötn eruption, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10709–10732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10709-2017, 2017. a
Pyle, D. M.: What Can We Learn from Records of Past Eruptions to Better Prepare for the Future?, in: Observing the Volcano World. Advances in Volcanology, edited by: Fearnley, C. J., Bird, D. K., Haynes, K., McGuire, W. J., and Jolly, G., 445–462, Springer, Cham, ISBN 978-3-319-44097-2, 2017. a
Reed, R. J., Campbell, W. J., Rasmussen, L. A., and Rogers, D. G.: Evidence of a downward-propagating, annual wind reversal in the equatorial stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 813–818, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i003p00813, 1961. a
Robertson, R.: An assessment of the risk from future eruptions of the Soufriere volcano of St. Vincent, West Indies, Nat. Hazards, 11, 163–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00634531, 1995. a
Robertson, R. E. A., Joseph, E. P., Barclay, J., and Sparks, R. S. J.: About this title – The 2020-21 Eruption of La Soufrière Volcano, St Vincent, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 539, SP539, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-000, 2024. a
Rose, W. I., Delene, D. J., Schneider, D. J., Bluth, G. J. S., Krueger, A. J., Sprod, I., McKee, C., Davies, H. L., and Ernst, G. G. J.: Ice in the 1994 Rabaul eruption cloud: implications for volcano hazard and atmospheric effects, Nature, 375, 477–479, https://doi.org/10.1038/375477a0, 1995. a
Saunders, R., Matricardi, M., and Brunel, P.: An Improved Fast Radiative Transfer Model for Assimilation of Satellite Radiance Observations, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1407–1425, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1999.49712555615, 1999. a
Scaillet, B., Luhr, J. F., and Carroll, M. R.: Petrological and Volcanological Constraints on Volcanic Sulfur Emissions to the Atmosphere, in: Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, edited by: Robock, A. and Oppenheimer, C., 11–40, American Geophysical Union (AGU), ISBN 9781118668542, https://doi.org/10.1029/139GM02, 2004. a
Schmidt, A. and Black, B. A.: Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 50, 627–661, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816, 2022. a, b
Schmit, T. J., Gunshor, M. M., Menzel, W. P., Gurka, J. J., Li, J., and Bachmeier, A. S.: Introducing the Next-Generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 1079–1096, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-8-1079, 2005. a
Schmit, T. J., Griffith, P., Gunshor, M. M., Daniels, J. M., Goodman, S. J., and Lebair, W. J.: A Closer Look at the ABI on the GOES-R Series, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 681 – 698, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00230.1, 2017. a, b
Sears, T., Thomas, G., Carboni, E., Smith, A., and Grainger, R.: SO2 as a possible proxy for volcanic ash in aviation hazard avoidance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5698‐5709, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50505, 2013. a, b
Shepherd, J. and Sigurdsson, H.: Mechanism of the 1979 explosive eruption of soufriere volcano, St. Vincent, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 13, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(82)90023-3, 1982. a
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G., Pieri, D., and Berg, J.: Failures in Detecting Volcanic Ash from a Satellite-Based Technique, Remote Sens. Environ., 72, 191–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00103-0, 2000. a
Simpson, J. J., Hufford, G. L., Servranckx, R., Berg, J., and Pieri, D.: Airborne Asian Dust: Case Study of Long-Range Transport and Implications for the Detection of Volcanic Ash, Weather Forecast., 18, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0121:AADCSO>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Smart, D. and Sales, T.: Volcanic lightning observed at La Soufrière, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles, Weather, 76, 277–278, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.4021, 2021. a
Sparks, S. R. J., Aspinall, W. P., Barclay, J., Renfrew, I. A., Contreras-Arratia, R., and Stewart, R.: Analysis of magma flux and eruption intensity during the 2021 explosive activity at La Soufrière, St Vincent, West Indies, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 539, SP539–2022–286, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP539-2022-286, 2024. a, b, c, d, e, f
Taylor, I. A. and Grainger, R. G.: Retrieved sulfur dioxide column amounts and heights from the IASI instrument (9–30 April 2021) v1.0, NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, [dataset], https://doi.org/10.5285/b80870de014a43a498fc2684e78f32af, 2023. a
Taylor, I. A., Carboni, E., Ventress, L. J., Mather, T. A., and Grainger, R. G.: An adaptation of the CO2 slicing technique for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer to obtain the height of tropospheric volcanic ash clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3853–3883, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3853-2019, 2019. a
Taylor, I. A., Grainger, R. G., Prata, A. T., Proud, S. R., Mather, T. A., and Pyle, D. M.: Animations of images produced with data from the Advanced Baseline Instrument (ABI) showing plumes from the April 2021 La Soufrière eruption, University of Oxford [data set, video], https://doi.org/10.5287/ora-b7ox6djxe, 2023. a, b
Thomas, H. E. and Prata, A. J.: Sulphur dioxide as a volcanic ash proxy during the April–May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6871–6880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6871-2011, 2011. a
Thomas, H. E. and Watson, I. M.: Observations of volcanic emissions from space: current and future perspectives, Nat. Hazards, 54, 323–354, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9471-3, 2010. a
Thompson, J. O., Contreras-Arratia, R., Befus, K. S., and Ramsey, M. S.: Thermal and seismic precursors to the explosive eruption at La Soufrière Volcano, St. Vincent in April 2021, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 592, 117621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117621, 2022. a
Tupper, A. and Kinoshita, K.: Satellite, Air and Ground Observations of Volcanic Clouds over Islands of the Southwest Pacific, South Pacific Study, 23, 21–46, 2003. a
Tupper, A. and Wunderman, R.: Reducing discrepancies in ground and satellite-observed eruption heights, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 186, 22–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.015, 2009. a
Tupper, A., Carn, S., Davey, J., Kamada, Y., Potts, R., Prata, F., and Tokuno, M.: An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruptions in the western “Ring of Fire”, Remote Sens. Environ., 91, 27–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.004, 2004. a
Ventress, L. J., McGarragh, G., Carboni, E., Smith, A. J., and Grainger, R. G.: Retrieval of ash properties from IASI measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5407–5422, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5407-2016, 2016. a
Walker, J. C., Dudhia, A., and Carboni, E.: An effective method for the detection of trace species demonstrated using the MetOp Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1567–1580, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1567-2011, 2011. a, b, c
Walker, J., Carboni, E., Dudhia, A., and Grainger, R.: Improved detection of sulphur dioxide in volcanic plumes using satellite-based hyperspectral infrared measurements: Application to the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00U16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016810, 2012. a, b, c
Watt, S., Mather, T., and Pyle, D.: Vulcanian explosion cycles: Patterns and predictability, Geology, 35, 839–842, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23562A.1, 2007. a
Woods, A. and Self, S.: Thermal disequilibrium at the top of volcanic clouds and its effect on estimates of the column height, Nature, 355, 628–630, https://doi.org/10.1038/355628a0, 1992. a
Yu, T., Rose, W. I., and Prata, A. J.: Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic ash mapping and retrievals using “split window” IR data from GOES and AVHRR, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, AAC10-1–AAC10-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000706, 2002. a
Yue, J., Miller, S. D., Straka III, W. C., Noh, Y.-J., Chou, M.-Y., Kahn, R., and Flower, V.: La Soufriere Volcanic Eruptions Launched Gravity Waves Into Space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL097952, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097952, 2022. a, b, c
Zakšek, K., Hort, M., Zaletelj, J., and Langmann, B.: Monitoring volcanic ash cloud top height through simultaneous retrieval of optical data from polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2589–2606, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2589-2013, 2013. a, b, c, d
Zhu, Y., Toon, O., Jensen, E., Bardeen, C., Mills, M., Tolbert, M., Yu, P., and Woods, S.: Persisting volcanic ash particles impact stratospheric SO2 lifetime and aerosol optical properties, Nat. Commun., 11, 4526, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18352-5, 2020. a, b
Zhu, Y., Bardeen, C., Tilmes, S., Mills, M., Wang, X., Harvey, V., Taha, G., Kinnison, D., Portmann, R., Yu, P., Rosenlof, K., Avery, M., Kloss, C., Li, C., Glanville, A., Millán, L., Deshler, T., Krotkov, N., and Toon, O.: Perturbations in stratospheric aerosol evolution due to the water-rich plume of the 2022 Hunga-Tonga eruption, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 248, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00580-w, 2022. a
Short summary
This study looks at sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ash emissions from the April 2021 eruption of La Soufrière on St Vincent. Using satellite data, 35 eruptive events were identified. Satellite data were used to track SO2 as it was transported around the globe. The majority of SO2 was emitted into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Similarities with the 1979 eruption of La Soufrière highlight the value of studying these eruptions to be better prepared for future eruptions.
This study looks at sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ash emissions from the April 2021 eruption of La...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint