Research article 21 Apr 2020
Research article | 21 Apr 2020
Stratocumulus cloud clearings: statistics from satellites, reanalysis models, and airborne measurements
Hossein Dadashazar et al.
Related authors
Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Paola Angela Bañaga, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Mojtaba Azadi Agdham, Avelino Arellano, Grace Betito, Rachel Braun, Andrea F. Corral, Hossein Dadashazar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Edwin Eloranta, Robert Holz, Gabrielle Leung, Lin Ma, Alexander B. MacDonald, James Bernard Simpas, Connor Stahl, Shane Marie Visaga, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1028, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Firework emissions change the physicochemical and optical properties of water-soluble particles, which subsequently alters the background aerosol's respirability, influence on surroundings, ability to uptake gases, and viability as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There was heavy aerosol loading due to fireworks in the boundary layer. The aerosol constituents were largely water-soluble and submicrometer in size due to both inorganic salts in firework materials and gas-to-particle conversion.
Alexander B. MacDonald, Ali Hossein Mardi, Hossein Dadashazar, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Ewan Crosbie, Haflidi H. Jonsson, Richard C. Flagan, John H. Seinfeld, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7645–7665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7645-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7645-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how humans affect Earth's climate requires understanding of how particles in the air affect the number concentration of droplets in a cloud (Nd). We use the air-equivalent mass concentration of different chemical species contained in cloud water to predict Nd. In this study we found that the prediction of Nd is (1) best described by total sulfate; (2) improved when considering up to five species; and (3) dependent on factors like turbulence, smoke presence, and in-cloud height.
Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Rachel A. Braun, Connor Stahl, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Hossein Dadashazar, Miguel Ricardo Hilario, Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Lin Ma, Alexander B. MacDonald, Preciosa Corazon Pabroa, John Robin Yee, James Bernard Simpas, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10675–10696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10675-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10675-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to report size-resolved PM mass and composition in metro Manila, Philippines. The results, which focus on the southwest monsoon season (SWM), are important with regard to understanding the competition between local sources and long-range transport, characterizing the properties of aerosol impacted by both aqueous processing and wet scavenging, and providing contextual data for comparison with other monsoonal regions and coastal megacities.
Ewan Crosbie, Matthew D. Brown, Michael Shook, Luke Ziemba, Richard H. Moore, Taylor Shingler, Edward Winstead, K. Lee Thornhill, Claire Robinson, Alexander B. MacDonald, Hossein Dadashazar, Armin Sorooshian, Andreas Beyersdorf, Alexis Eugene, Jeffrey Collett Jr., Derek Straub, and Bruce Anderson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5025–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Cloud drop composition provides valuable insight into atmospheric processes, but separating liquid samples from the airstream in a controlled way at flight speeds has proven difficult. The features of the design have been analysed with detailed numerical flow simulations and the new probe has demonstrated improved efficiency and performance through extensive flight testing.
Hossein Dadashazar, Rachel A. Braun, Ewan Crosbie, Patrick Y. Chuang, Roy K. Woods, Haflidi H. Jonsson, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1495–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1495-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows with airborne data that in the thin layer above stratocumulus clouds, the entrainment interface layer (EIL), aerosol size distributions are influenced both by new particle formation and by pollutants above and below the EIL. These results are important with regard to understanding aerosol–cloud–climate interactions as the aerosol in this layer can influence the characteristics of stratocumulus clouds, which are the dominant cloud type by global area.
Richard H. Moore, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Adam T. Ahern, Stephen Zimmerman, Lauren Montgomery, Pedro Campuzano Jost, Claire E. Robinson, Luke D. Ziemba, Edward L. Winstead, Bruce E. Anderson, Charles A. Brock, Matthew D. Brown, Gao Chen, Ewan C. Crosbie, Hongyu Guo, Jose L. Jimenez, Carolyn E. Jordan, Ming Lyu, Benjamin A. Nault, Nicholas E. Rothfuss, Kevin J. Sanchez, Melinda Schueneman, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Nicholas L. Wagner, and Jian Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-21, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-21, 2021
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric particles are everywhere and exist in a range of sizes from a few nanometers to hundreds of microns. Because particle size determines the behavior of chemical and physical processes, accurately measuring particle sizes is an important and integral part of atmospheric field measurements! Here, we discuss the performance of two, commonly-used particle sizers and how changes in particle composition and optical properties may result in sizing uncertainties, which we quantify.
Betty Croft, Randall V. Martin, Richard H. Moore, Luke D. Ziemba, Ewan C. Crosbie, Hongyu Liu, Lynn M. Russell, Georges Saliba, Armin Wisthaler, Markus Müller, Arne Schiller, Martí Galí, Rachel Y.-W. Chang, Erin E. McDuffie, Kelsey R. Bilsback, and Jeffrey R. Pierce
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1889–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study measurements combined with GEOS-Chem-TOMAS modeling suggest that several not-well-understood key factors control northwest Atlantic aerosol number and size. These synergetic and climate-relevant factors include particle formation near and above the marine boundary layer top, particle growth by marine secondary organic aerosol on descent, particle formation/growth related to dimethyl sulfide, sea spray aerosol, and ship emissions.
David Painemal, Douglas Spangenberg, William L. Smith Jr., Patrick Minnis, Brian Cairns, Richard H. Moore, Ewan Crosbie, Claire Robinson, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, and Luke Ziemba
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-7, 2021
Preprint under review for AMT
Alka Singh, John Thomas Reager, and Ali Behrangi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 511–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-511-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study demonstrates the utility of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) for obtaining statistics of hydrological droughts, i.e., recovery periods and required precipitation in different precipitation scenarios. The findings of this study are that the GRACE-based drought index is valid for estimating the required precipitation for drought recovery, and the period of drought recovery depends on the intensity of the precipitation.
Carolyn E. Jordan, Ryan M. Stauffer, Brian T. Lamb, Charles H. Hudgins, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Gregory L. Schuster, Richard H. Moore, Ewan C. Crosbie, Edward L. Winstead, Bruce E. Anderson, Robert F. Martin, Michael A. Shook, Luke D. Ziemba, Andreas J. Beyersdorf, Claire E. Robinson, Chelsea A. Corr, and Maria A. Tzortziou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 695–713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-695-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
First field data from a custom-built in situ instrument measuring hyperspectral (300–700 nm, 0.8 nm resolution) ambient atmospheric aerosol extinction are presented. The advantage of this capability is that it can be directly linked to other in situ techniques that measure physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Second-order polynomials provided a better fit to the data than traditional power law fits, yielding greater discrimination among distinct ambient aerosol populations.
Carolyn E. Jordan, Ryan M. Stauffer, Brian T. Lamb, Michael Novak, Antonio Mannino, Ewan C. Crosbie, Gregory L. Schuster, Richard H. Moore, Charles H. Hudgins, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Bruce E. Anderson, Robert F. Martin, Michael A. Shook, Luke D. Ziemba, Andreas J. Beyersdorf, Claire E. Robinson, Chelsea A. Corr, and Maria A. Tzortziou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 715–736, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ measurements of ambient atmospheric aerosol hyperspectral (300–700 nm) optical properties (extinction, total absorption, water- and methanol-soluble absorption) were observed around the Korean peninsula. Such in situ observations provide a direct link between ambient aerosol optical properties and their physicochemical properties. The benefit of hyperspectral measurements is evident as simple mathematical functions could not fully capture the observed spectral detail of ambient aerosols.
Kevin J. Sanchez, Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Georges Saliba, Chia-Li Chen, Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Michael A. Shook, Ewan C. Crosbie, Luke D. Ziemba, Matthew D. Brown, Taylor J. Shingler, Claire E. Robinson, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Carolyn Jordan, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Jack Porter, Thomas G. Bell, Eric S. Saltzman, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and Richard H. Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 831–851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Models describing atmospheric airflow were combined with satellite measurements representative of marine phytoplankton and other meteorological variables. These combined variables were compared to measured aerosol to identify upwind influences on aerosol concentrations. Results indicate that phytoplankton production rates upwind impact the aerosol mass. Also, results suggest that the condensation of mass onto short-lived large sea spray particles may be a significant sink of aerosol mass.
Yongkang Xue, Tandong Yao, Aaron A. Boone, Ismaila Diallo, Ye Liu, Xubin Zeng, William K.-M. Lau, Shiori Sugimoto, Qi Tang, Xiaoduo Pan, Peter J. van Oevelen, Daniel Klocke, Myung-Seo Koo, Zhaohui Lin, Yuhei Takaya, Tomonori Sato, Constantin Ardilouze, Subodh K. Saha, Mei Zhao, Xin-Zhong Liang, Frederic Vitart, Xin Li, Ping Zhao, David Neelin, Weidong Guo, Miao Yu, Yun Qian, Samuel S. P. Shen, Yang Zhang, Kun Yang, Ruby Leung, Jing Yang, Yuan Qiu, Michael A. Brunke, Sin Chan Chou, Michael Ek, Tianyi Fan, Hong Guan, Hai Lin, Shunlin Liang, Stefano Materia, Tetsu Nakamura, Xin Qi, Retish Senan, Chunxiang Shi, Hailan Wang, Helin Wei, Shaocheng Xie, Haoran Xu, Hongliang Zhang, Yanling Zhan, Weiping Li, Xueli Shi, Paulo Nobre, Yi Qin, Jeff Dozier, Craig R. Ferguson, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Qing Bao, Jinming Feng, Jinkyu Hong, Songyou Hong, Huilin Huang, Duoying Ji, Zhenming Ji, Shichang Kang, Yanluan Lin, Weiguang Liu, Ryan Muncaster, Yan Pan, Daniele Peano, Patricia de Rosnay, Hiroshi G. Takahashi, Jianping Tang, Guiling Wang, Shuyu Wang, Weicai Wang, Xu Zhou, and Yuejian Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-329, 2021
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper overviews the history and research objectives of the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) initiative called
Impact of initialized Land Surface temperature and Snowpack on Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction(LS4P) and provides the first phase experimental protocol (LS4P-I). The LS4P introduces spring land surface temperature/subsurface temperature anomalies over high mountain areas as a crucial factor that can lead to significant improvement in summer precipitation prediction.
Connor Stahl, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Rachel A. Braun, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Alexander B. MacDonald, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Preciosa Corazon Pabroa, John Robin Yee, James Bernard Simpas, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15907–15935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15907-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15907-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term (16-month) high-frequency (weekly) measurements of size-resolved aerosol composition are reported. Important insights are discussed about factors (e.g., transport, fires, precipitation, photo-oxidation) impacting the mass size distributions of organic and sulfonic acids at a coastal megacity with diverse meteorology. The size-resolved nature of the data yielded one such finding that organic acids preferentially adsorb to dust rather than sea salt particles.
Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Paola Angela Bañaga, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Mojtaba Azadi Agdham, Avelino Arellano, Grace Betito, Rachel Braun, Andrea F. Corral, Hossein Dadashazar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Edwin Eloranta, Robert Holz, Gabrielle Leung, Lin Ma, Alexander B. MacDonald, James Bernard Simpas, Connor Stahl, Shane Marie Visaga, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1028, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Firework emissions change the physicochemical and optical properties of water-soluble particles, which subsequently alters the background aerosol's respirability, influence on surroundings, ability to uptake gases, and viability as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There was heavy aerosol loading due to fireworks in the boundary layer. The aerosol constituents were largely water-soluble and submicrometer in size due to both inorganic salts in firework materials and gas-to-particle conversion.
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ewan Crosbie, Michael Shook, Jeffrey S. Reid, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, James Bernard B. Simpas, Luke Ziemba, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Phu Nguyen, Joseph Turk, Edward Winstead, Claire E. Robinson, Jian Wang, Jiaoshi Zhang, Yang Wang, Subin Yoon, James Flynn, Sergio L. Alvarez, Ali Behrangi, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-961, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes long-range transport from major Asian pollution sources into the northwest Pacific and the impact of scavenging on these air masses. We combined aircraft observations, HYSPLIT trajectories, reanalysis, and satellite retrievals to reveal distinct composition and size distribution profiles associated with specific emission sources and wet scavenging. Results of this work have implications international policymaking related to climate and health.
Alexander B. MacDonald, Ali Hossein Mardi, Hossein Dadashazar, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Ewan Crosbie, Haflidi H. Jonsson, Richard C. Flagan, John H. Seinfeld, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7645–7665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7645-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7645-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how humans affect Earth's climate requires understanding of how particles in the air affect the number concentration of droplets in a cloud (Nd). We use the air-equivalent mass concentration of different chemical species contained in cloud water to predict Nd. In this study we found that the prediction of Nd is (1) best described by total sulfate; (2) improved when considering up to five species; and (3) dependent on factors like turbulence, smoke presence, and in-cloud height.
Alireza Farahmand, E. Natasha Stavros, John T. Reager, Ali Behrangi, James T. Randerson, and Brad Quayle
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1097–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires result in billions of dollars of losses each year. Most wildfire predictions have a 10 d lead-time. This study introduces a framework for a 1-month lead-time prediction of wildfires based on vapor pressure deficit and surface soil moisture in the US. The results show that the model can successfully predict burned area with relatively small margins of error. This is especially important for operational wildfire management such as national resource allocation.
Rachel A. Braun, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Alexander B. MacDonald, James Bernard Simpas, Connor Stahl, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2387–2405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2387-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2387-2020, 2020
Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Rachel A. Braun, Connor Stahl, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Hossein Dadashazar, Miguel Ricardo Hilario, Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Lin Ma, Alexander B. MacDonald, Preciosa Corazon Pabroa, John Robin Yee, James Bernard Simpas, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10675–10696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10675-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10675-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to report size-resolved PM mass and composition in metro Manila, Philippines. The results, which focus on the southwest monsoon season (SWM), are important with regard to understanding the competition between local sources and long-range transport, characterizing the properties of aerosol impacted by both aqueous processing and wet scavenging, and providing contextual data for comparison with other monsoonal regions and coastal megacities.
Michael A. Brunke, John J. Cassano, Nicholas Dawson, Alice K. DuVivier, William J. Gutowski Jr., Joseph Hamman, Wieslaw Maslowski, Bart Nijssen, J. E. Jack Reeves Eyre, José C. Renteria, Andrew Roberts, and Xubin Zeng
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4817–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4817-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4817-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Regional Arctic System Model version 1 (RASM1) was recently developed for high-resolution simulation of the coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–land system in the Arctic. Its simulation of the atmosphere–land–ocean–sea ice interface is evaluated by using the spread in recent reanalyses and a global Earth system model as baselines. Such comparisons reveal that RASM1 simulates precipitation well and improves the simulation of surface fluxes over sea ice.
Barbara Ervens, Armin Sorooshian, Abdulmonam M. Aldhaif, Taylor Shingler, Ewan Crosbie, Luke Ziemba, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16099–16119, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16099-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16099-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a new framework that can be used to identify emission scenarios in which aerosol populations are most likely modified by chemical processes in clouds. We show that in neither very polluted nor in very clean air masses is this the case. Only if the ratio of possible aerosol mass precursors (sulfur dioxide, some organics) and preexisting aerosol mass is sufficiently high will aerosol particles show substantially modified physicochemical properties upon cloud processing.
William H. Brune, Xinrong Ren, Li Zhang, Jingqiu Mao, David O. Miller, Bruce E. Anderson, Donald R. Blake, Ronald C. Cohen, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, Thomas F. Hanisco, L. Gregory Huey, Benjamin A. Nault, Jeff Peischl, Ilana Pollack, Thomas B. Ryerson, Taylor Shingler, Armin Sorooshian, Kirk Ullmann, Armin Wisthaler, and Paul J. Wooldridge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14493–14510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14493-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14493-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thunderstorms pull in polluted air from near the ground, transport it up through clouds containing lightning, and deposit it at altitudes where airplanes fly. The resulting chemical mixture in this air reacts to form ozone and particles, which affect climate. In this study, aircraft observations of the reactive gases responsible for this chemistry generally agree with modeled values, even in ice clouds. Thus, atmospheric oxidation chemistry appears to be mostly understood for this environment.
Ewan Crosbie, Matthew D. Brown, Michael Shook, Luke Ziemba, Richard H. Moore, Taylor Shingler, Edward Winstead, K. Lee Thornhill, Claire Robinson, Alexander B. MacDonald, Hossein Dadashazar, Armin Sorooshian, Andreas Beyersdorf, Alexis Eugene, Jeffrey Collett Jr., Derek Straub, and Bruce Anderson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5025–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new aircraft-mounted probe for collecting samples of cloud water has been designed, fabricated, and extensively tested. Cloud drop composition provides valuable insight into atmospheric processes, but separating liquid samples from the airstream in a controlled way at flight speeds has proven difficult. The features of the design have been analysed with detailed numerical flow simulations and the new probe has demonstrated improved efficiency and performance through extensive flight testing.
Hossein Dadashazar, Rachel A. Braun, Ewan Crosbie, Patrick Y. Chuang, Roy K. Woods, Haflidi H. Jonsson, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1495–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1495-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows with airborne data that in the thin layer above stratocumulus clouds, the entrainment interface layer (EIL), aerosol size distributions are influenced both by new particle formation and by pollutants above and below the EIL. These results are important with regard to understanding aerosol–cloud–climate interactions as the aerosol in this layer can influence the characteristics of stratocumulus clouds, which are the dominant cloud type by global area.
J. E. Jack Reeves Eyre and Xubin Zeng
The Cryosphere, 11, 1591–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1591-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1591-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We have used extensive air temperature measurements (~ 1400 station-years) to assess more than 10 gridded datasets over the Greenland ice sheet. We recommend the best datasets for estimating past melting of the ice sheet and show that choice of dataset is important for evaluating 31 earth system models. Most, but not all, of the datasets show similar history of temperature changes over the 20th century, and the earth system models generally capture long-term warming but not decadal variations.
Jeffrey S. Reid, Peng Xian, Brent N. Holben, Edward J. Hyer, Elizabeth A. Reid, Santo V. Salinas, Jianglong Zhang, James R. Campbell, Boon Ning Chew, Robert E. Holz, Arunas P. Kuciauskas, Nofel Lagrosas, Derek J. Posselt, Charles R. Sampson, Annette L. Walker, E. Judd Welton, and Chidong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14041–14056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14041-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14041-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes aspects of the 2012 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) operations period, the largest within the Maritime Continent. Included were an enhanced deployment of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometers, multiple lidars, and a Singapore supersite. Simultaneously, a ship was dispatched to the Palawan Archipelago and Sulu Sea of the Philippines for September 2012 to observe transported smoke and pollution as it entered the southwest monsoon trough.
Jeffrey S. Reid, Nofel D. Lagrosas, Haflidi H. Jonsson, Elizabeth A. Reid, Samuel A. Atwood, Thomas J. Boyd, Virendra P. Ghate, Peng Xian, Derek J. Posselt, James B. Simpas, Sherdon N. Uy, Kimo Zaiger, Donald R. Blake, Anthony Bucholtz, James R. Campbell, Boon Ning Chew, Steven S. Cliff, Brent N. Holben, Robert E. Holz, Edward J. Hyer, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Arunas P. Kuciauskas, Simone Lolli, Min Oo, Kevin D. Perry, Santo V. Salinas, Walter R. Sessions, Alexander Smirnov, Annette L. Walker, Qing Wang, Liya Yu, Jianglong Zhang, and Yongjing Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14057–14078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14057-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14057-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes aspects of the 2012 7 Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) operations period, the largest within the Maritime Continent. Included were an enhanced deployment of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometers, multiple lidars, and a Singapore supersite. Simultaneously, a ship was dispatched to the Palawan Archipelago and Sulu Sea of the Philippines for September 2012 to observe transported smoke and pollution as it entered the southwest monsoon trough.
Eunsil Jung, Bruce A. Albrecht, Armin Sorooshian, Paquita Zuidema, and Haflidi H. Jonsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11395–11413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11395-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11395-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the qualitative behavior of precipitation response to aerosol loadings with cloud depths for warm boundary layer clouds (stratocumulus and shallow marine cumulus), using aircraft measurements across four field campaigns. The finding shows that precipitation responds similarly to aerosol loadings for both stratocumulus and cumulus clouds, regardless of cloud type. Precipitation is most susceptible to aerosol perturbations in the medium–deep depth of clouds.
Pawel K. Misztal, Jeremy C. Avise, Thomas Karl, Klaus Scott, Haflidi H. Jonsson, Alex B. Guenther, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9611–9628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9611-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, for the first time regional BVOC models are compared with direct regional measurements of fluxes from aircraft, allowing assessment of model accuracy at scales relevant to air quality modeling. We directly assess modeled isoprene emission inventories which are important for regional air quality simulations of ozone and secondary particle concentrations.
Eunsil Jung, Bruce A. Albrecht, Graham Feingold, Haflidi H. Jonsson, Patrick Chuang, and Shaunna L. Donaher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8643–8666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8643-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8643-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study discusses the properties and variations of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation associated with shallow marine cumulus clouds observed in the North-Atlantic trades during a field campaign (aircraft measurements), which included the most intense African dust event of 2010 at Barbados. The results provide characteristics of Saharan dust as well as marine shallow cumulus clouds from radar measurements, which can provide a basis for the numerical study.
E. Crosbie, J.-S. Youn, B. Balch, A. Wonaschütz, T. Shingler, Z. Wang, W. C. Conant, E. A. Betterton, and A. Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6943–6958, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6943-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6943-2015, 2015
E. Jung, B. A. Albrecht, H. H. Jonsson, Y.-C. Chen, J. H. Seinfeld, A. Sorooshian, A. R. Metcalf, S. Song, M. Fang, and L. M. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5645–5658, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5645-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5645-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To study the effect of giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) on precipitation processes in stratocumulus clouds, 1-10 µm diameter salt particles were released from an aircraft while flying near the cloud top off the central coast of California. The analyses suggest that GCCN result in a four-fold increase in the cloud base rainfall rate and depletion of the cloud water due to rainout.
S. P. Hersey, R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh, and R. Burger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4259–4278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A decadal aerosol climatology of South Africa's major metropolitan areas is presented, utilizing data from multiple satellite platforms and 19 ground-monitoring sites. Remotely sensed data are dominated by a seasonal signal corresponding to transported biomass burning during austral spring, while ground data are dominated by domestic burning in low-income areas during austral winter. We report poor agreement between satellite- and ground-based aerosol measurements.
R. Rosolem, T. Hoar, A. Arellano, J. L. Anderson, W. J. Shuttleworth, X. Zeng, and T. E. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4363–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, 2014
P. K. Misztal, T. Karl, R. Weber, H. H. Jonsson, A. B. Guenther, and A. H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10631–10647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10631-2014, 2014
A. I. Gevaert, A. J. Teuling, R. Uijlenhoet, S. B. DeLong, T. E. Huxman, L. A. Pangle, D. D. Breshears, J. Chorover, J. D. Pelletier, S. R. Saleska, X. Zeng, and P. A. Troch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3681–3692, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3681-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3681-2014, 2014
J. D. Fast, J. Allan, R. Bahreini, J. Craven, L. Emmons, R. Ferrare, P. L. Hayes, A. Hodzic, J. Holloway, C. Hostetler, J. L. Jimenez, H. Jonsson, S. Liu, Y. Liu, A. Metcalf, A. Middlebrook, J. Nowak, M. Pekour, A. Perring, L. Russell, A. Sedlacek, J. Seinfeld, A. Setyan, J. Shilling, M. Shrivastava, S. Springston, C. Song, R. Subramanian, J. W. Taylor, V. Vinoj, Q. Yang, R. A. Zaveri, and Q. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10013–10060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10013-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10013-2014, 2014
P. Shao, X. Zeng, and X. Zeng
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-991-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-991-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
A. Wonaschütz, M. Coggon, A. Sorooshian, R. Modini, A. A. Frossard, L. Ahlm, J. Mülmenstädt, G. C. Roberts, L. M. Russell, S. Dey, F. J. Brechtel, and J. H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9819–9835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9819-2013, 2013
A. Sorooshian, T. Shingler, A. Harpold, C. W. Feagles, T. Meixner, and P. D. Brooks
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7361–7379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7361-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7361-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Vertical dependence of horizontal variation of cloud microphysics: observations from the ACE-ENA field campaign and implications for warm-rain simulation in climate models
Breakup of nocturnal low-level stratiform clouds during the southern West African monsoon season
Effects of thermodynamics, dynamics and aerosols on cirrus clouds based on in situ observations and NCAR CAM6
Towards parameterising atmospheric concentrations of ice-nucleating particles active at moderate supercooling
Meteorological and cloud conditions during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition
Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe
Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans
Properties of Arctic liquid and mixed-phase clouds from shipborne Cloudnet observations during ACSE 2014
The evolution of cloud and aerosol microphysics at the summit of Mt. Tai, China
Ice-nucleating particle concentrations of the past: insights from a 600-year-old Greenland ice core
Lagrangian matches between observations from aircraft, lidar and radar in an orographic warm conveyor belt
Impact of the Variability in Vertical Separation between Biomass-Burning Aerosols and Marine Stratocumulus on Cloud Microphysical Properties over the Southeast Atlantic
Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution over Western Ghats of India: wet versus dry spells of Indian Summer Monsoon
Continuous secondary ice production initiated by updrafts through the melting layer in mountainous regions
The Prevalence of Precipitation from Polar Supercooled Clouds
Influence of low-level blocking and turbulence on the microphysics of a mixed-phase cloud in an inner-Alpine valley
Observed Trends of Clouds and Precipitation (1983–2009): Implications for Their Cause(s)
Joint Cloud Water Path and Rain Water Path Retrievals from ORACLES Observations
Measurement report: Ice nucleating abilities of biomass burning, African dust, and sea spray aerosol particles over the Yucatan Peninsula
Captured Cirrus Ice Particles in High Definition
Ice-supersaturated air masses in the northern mid-latitudes from regular in situ observations by passenger aircraft: vertical distribution, seasonality and tropospheric fingerprint
Supercooled drizzle development in response to semi-coherent vertical velocity fluctuations within an orographic-layer cloud
Supercooled liquid water cloud observed, analysed, and modelled at the top of the planetary boundary layer above Dome C, Antarctica
Open cells exhibit weaker entrainment of free-tropospheric biomass burning aerosol into the south-east Atlantic boundary layer
Small ice particles at slightly supercooled temperatures in tropical maritime convection
Statistical analysis of ice microphysical properties in tropical mesoscale convective systems derived from cloud radar and in situ microphysical observations
Biomass burning aerosol as a modulator of the droplet number in the southeast Atlantic region
Conceptual model of diurnal cycle of low-level stratiform clouds over southern West Africa
The structure of turbulence and mixed-phase cloud microphysics in a highly supercooled altocumulus cloud
Characterization of aerosol particles at Cabo Verde close to sea level and at the cloud level – Part 2: Ice-nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater
A new look at the environmental conditions favorable to secondary ice production
Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction
Evaluation of hygroscopic cloud seeding in liquid-water clouds: a feasibility study
The impact of fluctuations and correlations in droplet growth by collision–coalescence revisited – Part 2: Observational evidence of gel formation in warm clouds
The diurnal cycle of the smoky marine boundary layer observed during August in the remote southeast Atlantic
Characterization of aerosol properties at Cyprus, focusing on cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles
Subsiding shells and the distribution of up- and downdraughts in warm cumulus clouds over land
Sensitivity of GPS tropospheric estimates to mesoscale convective systems in West Africa
The sensitivity of oceanic precipitation to sea surface temperature
Aerosol influences on low-level clouds in the West African monsoon
Supercooled liquid fogs over the central Greenland Ice Sheet
Droplet inhomogeneity in shallow cumuli: the effects of in-cloud location and aerosol number concentration
On the distinctiveness of observed oceanic raindrop distributions
Ice-nucleating particles in a coastal tropical site
Mixed-phase orographic cloud microphysics during StormVEx and IFRACS
Classification of Arctic multilayer clouds using radiosonde and radar data in Svalbard
Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics
Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA
A novel approach for characterizing the variability in mass–dimension relationships: results from MC3E
New type of evidence for secondary ice formation at around −15 °C in mixed-phase clouds
Zhibo Zhang, Qianqian Song, David B. Mechem, Vincent E. Larson, Jian Wang, Yangang Liu, Mikael K. Witte, Xiquan Dong, and Peng Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3103–3121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the small-scale variations and covariations of cloud microphysical properties, namely, cloud liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration, in marine boundary layer clouds based on in situ observation from the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) campaign. We discuss the dependence of cloud variations on vertical location in cloud and the implications for warm-rain simulations in the global climate models.
Maurin Zouzoua, Fabienne Lohou, Paul Assamoi, Marie Lothon, Véronique Yoboue, Cheikh Dione, Norbert Kalthoff, Bianca Adler, Karmen Babić, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, and Solène Derrien
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2027–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2027-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2027-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field experiment conducted in June and July 2016, we analyzed the daytime breakup of continental low-level stratiform clouds over southern West Africa in order to provide complementary guidance for model evaluation during the monsoon season. Those clouds exhibit weaker temperature and moisture jumps at the top compared to marine stratiform clouds. Their lifetime and the transition towards shallow convective clouds during daytime hours depend on their coupling with the surface.
Ryan Patnaude, Minghui Diao, Xiaohong Liu, and Suqian Chu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1835–1859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive, in situ observation dataset of cirrus clouds was developed based on seven field campaigns, ranging from 87° N–75° S. The observations were compared with a global climate model. Several key factors for cirrus cloud formation were examined, including thermodynamics, dynamics, aerosol indirect effects and geographical locations. Model biases include lower ice mass concentrations, smaller ice crystals and weaker aerosol indirect effects.
Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Michael A. Sprenger, Zamin A. Kanji, Jan Henneberger, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 657–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation above land starts with ice in clouds. It is promoted by extremely rare particles. Some ice-nucleating particles (INPs) cause cloud droplets to already freeze above −15°C, a temperature at which many clouds begin to snow. We found that the abundance of such INPs among other particles of similar size is highest in precipitating air masses and lowest when air carries desert dust. This brings us closer to understanding the interactions between land, clouds, and precipitation.
Jutta Vüllers, Peggy Achtert, Ian M. Brooks, Michael Tjernström, John Prytherch, Annika Burzik, and Ryan Neely III
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 289–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides interesting new results on the thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer, cloud conditions, and fog characteristics in the Arctic during the Arctic Ocean 2018 campaign. It provides information for interpreting further process studies on aerosol–cloud interactions and shows substantial differences in thermodynamic conditions and cloud characteristics based on comparison with previous campaigns. This certainly raises the question of whether it is just an exceptional year.
Jann Schrod, Erik S. Thomson, Daniel Weber, Jens Kossmann, Christopher Pöhlker, Jorge Saturno, Florian Ditas, Paulo Artaxo, Valérie Clouard, Jean-Marie Saurel, Martin Ebert, Joachim Curtius, and Heinz G. Bingemer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15983–16006, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ice-nucleating particle (INP) data are presented from four semi-pristine sites located in the Amazon, the Caribbean, Germany and the Arctic. Average INP concentrations did not differ by orders of magnitude between the sites. For all sites short-term variability dominated the time series, which lacked clear trends and seasonalities. Common drivers to explain the INP levels and their variations could not be identified, illustrating the complex nature of heterogeneous ice nucleation.
André Welti, E. Keith Bigg, Paul J. DeMott, Xianda Gong, Markus Hartmann, Mike Harvey, Silvia Henning, Paul Herenz, Thomas C. J. Hill, Blake Hornblow, Caroline Leck, Mareike Löffler, Christina S. McCluskey, Anne Marie Rauker, Julia Schmale, Christian Tatzelt, Manuela van Pinxteren, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15191–15206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ship-based measurements of maritime ice nuclei concentrations encompassing all oceans are compiled. From this overview it is found that maritime ice nuclei concentrations are typically 10–100 times lower than over continents, while concentrations are surprisingly similar in different oceanic regions. The analysis of the influence of ship emissions shows no effect on the data, making ship-based measurements an efficient strategy for the large-scale exploration of ice nuclei concentrations.
Peggy Achtert, Ewan J. O'Connor, Ian M. Brooks, Georgia Sotiropoulou, Matthew D. Shupe, Bernhard Pospichal, Barbara J. Brooks, and Michael Tjernström
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14983–15002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14983-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14983-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present observations of precipitating and non-precipitating Arctic liquid and mixed-phase clouds during a research cruise along the Russian shelf in summer and autumn of 2014. Active remote-sensing observations, radiosondes, and auxiliary measurements are combined in the synergistic Cloudnet retrieval. Cloud properties are analysed with respect to cloud-top temperature and boundary layer structure. About 8 % of all liquid clouds show a liquid water path below the infrared black body limit.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Jann Schrod, Dominik Kleinhenz, Maria Hörhold, Tobias Erhardt, Sarah Richter, Frank Wilhelms, Hubertus Fischer, Martin Ebert, Birthe Twarloh, Damiano Della Lunga, Camilla M. Jensen, Joachim Curtius, and Heinz G. Bingemer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12459–12482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations of the last 6 centuries are presented from an ice core in Greenland. The data are accompanied by physical and chemical aerosol data. INPs are correlated to the dust signal from the ice core and seem to follow the annual input of mineral dust. We find no clear trend in the INP concentration. However, modern-day concentrations are higher and more variable than the concentrations of the past. This might have significant atmospheric implications.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1019, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Siddhant Gupta, Greg M. McFarquhar, Joseph R. O'Brien, David J. Delene, Michael R. Poellot, Amie Dobracki, James R. Podolske, Jens Redemann, Samuel E. LeBlanc, Michal Segal-Rozenhaimer, and Kristina Pistone
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1039, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Observations from the 2016 NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign examine how biomass-burning aerosols from southern Africa affect marine stratocumulus cloud decks over the southeast Atlantic. Instances of contact and separation between aerosols and clouds are examined to quantify the impact of aerosol mixing into cloud top on cloud drop numbers and sizes. This information is needed for improving Earth system models and satellite retrievals.
Uriya Veerendra Murali Krishna, Subrata Kumar Das, Ezhilarasi Govindaraj Sulochana, Bhowmik Utsav, Sachin Madhukar Deshpande, and Govindan Pandithurai
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1011, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Annika Lauber, Jan Henneberger, Claudia Mignani, Fabiola Ramelli, Julie T. Pasquier, Jörg Wieder, Maxime Hervo, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-986, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate prediction of the ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) is important to determine the radiation budget, lifetime, and precipitation formation of clouds. Even though secondary ice processes can increase the ICNC by several orders of magnitude, they are poorly constrained and lack a well-founded quantification. During measurements on a mountain slope, a high ICNC of small ice crystals was observed just below 0 °C, attributed to a secondary ice process and parameterized in this study.
Israel Silber, Ann M. Fridlind, Johannes Verlinde, Andrew S. Ackerman, Grégory V. Cesana, and Daniel A. Knopf
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-993, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-993, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ground-based radar and sounding measurements over Alaska (Antarctica) indicate that more than 85 % (75 %) of supercooled clouds are precipitating at cloud base, and 75 % (50 %) are precipitating to the surface. Such high prevalence is reconciled with lesser spaceborne estimates by considering radar sensitivity. Results provide a strong observational constraint for polar cloud processes in large-scale models.
Fabiola Ramelli, Jan Henneberger, Robert Oscar David, Annika Lauber, Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Jörg Wieder, Johannes Bühl, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, Maxime Hervo, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-774, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Interactions between dynamics, microphysics and orography can enhance precipitation. Yet the exact role of these interactions is still uncertain. Here we investigate the role of low-level blocking and turbulence for hydrometeor growth by combining remote sensing and in situ observations. The observations show that blocked flow can induce the formation of liquid layers and that turbulence can enhance ice growth, demonstrating the importance of local flow effects for orographic precipitation.
Xiang Zhong, Shaw Chen Liu, Run Liu, Xinlu Wang, Jiajia Mo, and Yanzi Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-577, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The spatial distributions of the linear trends of total cloud cover and precipitation are both characterized by the widening of Hadley circulation and poleward shifts of the jet streams associated with global warming. Global warming, AMO and PDO can explain 67 %, 49 % and 38 % of the spatial variabilities of the linear trends in cloud cover, respectively. The reduction of total cloud cover in China is primarily driven by the moisture-convection-latent heat feedback cycle under global warming.
Andrew M. Dzambo, Tristan L'Ecuyer, Kenneth Sinclair, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, Siddhant Gupta, Greg McFarquhar, Joseph R. O'Brien, Brian Cairns, Andrzej P. Wasilewski, and Mikhail Alexandrov
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-849, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This work highlights a new algorithm using data collected from the 2016–2018 NASA ORACLES field campaign. This algorithm synthesizes cloud and rain measurements to attain estimates of cloud and precipitation properties over the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Estimates produced by this algorithm compare well against in-situ estimates. increased rain fractions and rain rates are found in regions of atmospheric instability. This dataset can be used to explore aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions.
Fernanda Córdoba, Carolina Ramirez-Romero, Diego Cabrera, Graciela B. Raga, Javier Miranda, Harry Alvarez-Ospina, Daniel Rosas, Bernardo Figueroa, Jong S. Kim, Jacqueline Yakobi-Hancock, Talib Amador, Wilfrido Gutierrez, Manuel Garcia, Allan K. Bertram, Darrel Baumgardner, and Luis A. Ladino
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-783, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Most precipitation from deep clouds over the continents and in the intertropical convergence zone is strongly influenced by the presence of ice crystals, whose formation requires the presence of aerosol particles. In the present study the ability of three different aerosol types (i.e., marine aerosol, biomass burning, and African dust) to facilitate ice particle formation was assessed in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
Nathan Magee, Katie Boaggio, Samantha Staskiewicz, Aaron Lynn, Xuanyi Zhao, Nicholas Tusay, Terance Schuh, Manisha Bandamede, Lucas Bancroft, David Connolly, Kevin Hurler, Bryan Miner, and Elissa Khoudary
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-486, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The cryo-electron microscopy images and analysis in this paper result from the first balloon-borne capture, preservation, and high-resolution imaging of ice particles from cirrus clouds. The images show cirrus particle complexity in unprecedented detail, revealing unexpected morphology, a mixture of surface roughness scales and patterns, embedded aerosols, and a large variety of habits within a single cloud. The results should inform ongoing efforts to refine modeling of cirrus radiative impact.
Andreas Petzold, Patrick Neis, Mihal Rütimann, Susanne Rohs, Florian Berkes, Herman G. J. Smit, Martina Krämer, Nicole Spelten, Peter Spichtinger, Philippe Nédélec, and Andreas Wahner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8157–8179, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8157-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8157-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The first analysis of 15 years of global-scale water vapour and relative humidity observations by passenger aircraft in the MOZAIC and IAGOS programmes resolves detailed features of water vapour and ice-supersaturated air in the mid-latitude tropopause. Key results provide in-depth insight into seasonal and regional variability and chemical signatures of ice-supersaturated air masses, including trend analyses, and show a close link to cirrus clouds and their highly important effects on climate.
Adam Majewski and Jeffrey R. French
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5035–5054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5035-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5035-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study reports formation of supercooled drizzle drops in response to repeating kilometer-wide updrafts and downdrafts within a mixed-phase, mountain-layer cloud containing very little ice despite cold cloud top temperatures (T ~ -30°C). The discrete, embedded hydrometeor growth layers and downwind transition to drizzle production at cloud top indicates the relative importance of kinematic mechanisms in determining the location of precipitation development in cloud.
Philippe Ricaud, Massimo Del Guasta, Eric Bazile, Niramson Azouz, Angelo Lupi, Pierre Durand, Jean-Luc Attié, Dana Veron, Vincent Guidard, and Paolo Grigioni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4167–4191, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4167-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4167-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thin (~ 100 m) supercooled liquid water (SLW, water staying in liquid phase below 0 °C) clouds have been detected, analysed, and modelled over the Dome C (Concordia, Antarctica) station during the austral summer 2018–2019 using observations and meteorological analyses. The SLW clouds were observed at the top of the planetary boundary layer and the SLW content was always strongly underestimated by the model indicating an incorrect simulation of the surface energy budget of the Antarctic Plateau.
Steven J. Abel, Paul A. Barrett, Paquita Zuidema, Jianhao Zhang, Matt Christensen, Fanny Peers, Jonathan W. Taylor, Ian Crawford, Keith N. Bower, and Michael Flynn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4059–4084, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4059-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4059-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In situ measurements of a free-tropospheric (FT) biomass burning aerosol plume in contact with the boundary layer inversion overriding a pocket of open cells (POC) and surrounding stratiform cloud are presented. The data highlight the contrasting thermodynamic, aerosol and cloud properties in the two cloud regimes and further demonstrate that the cloud regime plays a key role in regulating the flow of FT aerosols into the boundary layer, which has implications for the aerosol indirect effect.
Gary Lloyd, Thomas Choularton, Keith Bower, Jonathan Crosier, Martin Gallagher, Michael Flynn, James Dorsey, Dantong Liu, Jonathan W. Taylor, Oliver Schlenczek, Jacob Fugal, Stephan Borrmann, Richard Cotton, Paul Field, and Alan Blyth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3895–3904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3895-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3895-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of liquid and ice cloud particles were made using an aircraft to penetrate fresh growing convective clouds in the tropical Atlantic. We found small ice particles at surprisingly high temperatures just below freezing. At colder temperatures secondary ice processes rapidly generated high concentrations of ice crystals.
Emmanuel Fontaine, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Delphine Leroy, Julien Delanoë, Alain Protat, Fabien Dezitter, John Walter Strapp, and Lyle Edward Lilie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3503–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3503-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3503-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates properties of ice hydrometeors (shape, concentration, density, and size) in deep convective systems. The analysis focuses on similarities and differences over four locations in the tropical troposphere. It shows that measurements as a function of temperature and radar reflectivity factors tend to be similar in the four types of deep convective systems when concentrations of ice are larger than 0.1 g m-3.
Mary Kacarab, K. Lee Thornhill, Amie Dobracki, Steven G. Howell, Joseph R. O'Brien, Steffen Freitag, Michael R. Poellot, Robert Wood, Paquita Zuidema, Jens Redemann, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3029–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3029-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3029-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find that extensive biomass burning aerosol plumes from southern Africa can profoundly influence clouds in the southeastern Atlantic. Concurrent variations in vertical velocity, however, are found to magnify the relationship between boundary layer aerosol and the cloud droplet number. Neglecting these covariances may strongly bias the sign and magnitude of aerosol impacts on the cloud droplet number.
Fabienne Lohou, Norbert Kalthoff, Bianca Adler, Karmen Babić, Cheikh Dione, Marie Lothon, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, and Maurin Zouzoua
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2263–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2263-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2263-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A conceptual model of the low-level stratiform clouds (LLSCs), which develop almost every night in southern West Africa, is built with the dataset acquired during the DACCIWA (Dynamics Aerosol Chemistry Cloud Interactions in West Africa) ground-based field experiment. Several processes occur during the four phases composing this diurnal cycle: the cooling of the air until saturation (stable and jet phases), LLSC and low-level jet interactions (stratus phase), and LLSC breakup (convective phase).
Paul A. Barrett, Alan Blyth, Philip R. A. Brown, and Steven J. Abel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1921–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1921-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1921-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present new in situ observations from altocumulus clouds made with a research aircraft. By carefully measuring the cloud top height, we are able to study the turbulence and cloud properties in high vertical resolution, something not presented before. The clouds contain both ice particles and liquid drops, even though the temperature is −30 °C. These measurements will hopefully assist future developers of climate models to verify and assess the performance of simulations.
Xianda Gong, Heike Wex, Manuela van Pinxteren, Nadja Triesch, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Jasmin Lubitz, Christian Stolle, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Thomas Müller, Hartmut Herrmann, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we examined number concentrations of ice nucleating particles (INPs) at Cabo Verde in the oceanic sea surface microlayer and underlying seawater, in the air close to both sea level and cloud level, and in cloud water. The results show that most INPs are supermicron in size, that INP number concentrations in air fit well to those in cloud water and that sea spray aerosols at maximum contributed a small fraction of all INPs in the air at Cabo Verde.
Alexei Korolev, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Luis A. Ladino, R. Paul Lawson, Jason Milbrandt, and Earle Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1391–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts identification of mechanisms of secondary ice production (SIP) based on the observation of small faceted ice crystals. It was found that in both mesoscale convective systems and frontal clouds, SIP was observed right above the melting layer and extended to the higher altitudes with colder temperatures. A principal conclusion of this work is that the freezing drop shattering mechanism is plausibly accounting for the measured ice concentrations in the observed condition.
Killian P. Brennan, Robert O. David, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 163–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To contribute to our understanding of the liquid water-to-ice ratio in mixed-phase clouds, this study provides a spatial and temporal dataset of ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations in meltwater of 88 snow samples across 17 locations in the Swiss Alps. The impact of altitude, terrain, time since last snowfall and depth on freezing temperatures was also investigated. The measured INP concentrations provide an estimate of cloud glaciation temperatures important for cloud lifetime.
Fei Wang, Zhanqing Li, Qi Jiang, Gaili Wang, Shuo Jia, Jing Duan, and Yuquan Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14967–14977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14967-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14967-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Though many laboratory, modeling, and field experimental studies on cloud seeding have been conducted for more than a half-century, assessing the effectiveness of cloud seeding is still very challenging due to the notorious difficulties in gaining convincing scientific evidences. The goals of this study are to evaluate any consequence of aircraft hygroscopic seeding and to develop a feasible method for analyzing the cloud seeding effect for stratocumulus clouds.
Lester Alfonso, Graciela B. Raga, and Darrel Baumgardner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14917–14932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14917-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14917-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to find some observational evidence of gel formation in clouds, by analyzing the distribution of the largest droplet at an early stage of cloud formation, and to show that the mass of the gel (
lucky droplet) is a mixture of Gaussian and Gumbel distributions. The results obtained may help advance the understanding of precipitation formation and are a novel application of the theory of critical phenomena in cloud physics.
Jianhao Zhang and Paquita Zuidema
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14493–14516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14493-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14493-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary layer (BL) semi-direct effects in the remote SE Atlantic are investigated using LASIC field measurements and satellite retrievals. Low-cloud cover and cloud liquid water path decrease with increasing smoke loadings in the BL. Daily-mean surface-based mixed layer is warmer by 0.5 K, moisture accumulates near the surface throughout the night, and the BL deepens by 200 m, with LWPs and cloud top heights increasing, in the sunlit morning hours, as part of the smoke-altered BL diurnal cycle.
Xianda Gong, Heike Wex, Thomas Müller, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kristina Höhler, Konrad Kandler, Nan Ma, Barbara Dietel, Thea Schiebel, Ottmar Möhler, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10883–10900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For the diverse aerosol on Cyprus, we found the following: new particle formation can be a source of cloud condensation nuclei. Particle hygroscopicity showed that particles ~<100 nm contained mostly organic material, while larger ones were more hygroscopic. Two separate methods obtained similar concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INP), with mostly no evidence of a local origin. Different parameterizations overestimated INP concentration in this rather polluted region.
Christian Mallaun, Andreas Giez, Georg J. Mayr, and Mathias W. Rotach
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9769–9786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9769-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9769-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents airborne measurements in shallow convection over land to investigate the dynamic properties of clouds focusing on possible narrow downdraughts in the surrounding of the clouds. A characteristic narrow downdraught region (
subsiding shell) is found directly outside the cloud borders for the mean vertical wind distribution. The
subsiding shellresults from the distribution of the highly variable updraughts and downdraughts in the near vicinity of the cloud.
Samuel Nahmani, Olivier Bock, and Françoise Guichard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9541–9561, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9541-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a cloud system that occurs in connection with an ensemble of thunderstorms and produces a contiguous precipitation area of the order of 100 km or more. Numerous questions related to MCSs remain poorly answered (e.g., their life cycle, and interactions between physical processes and atmospheric circulations). This work shows how a GPS technique can provide relevant and complementary information on MCSs passing over or in the vicinity of observation stations.
Jörg Burdanowitz, Stefan A. Buehler, Stephan Bakan, and Christian Klepp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9241–9252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9241-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9241-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature over the ocean determines how precipitation potentially changes in a warming climate. This relationship has hardly been studied over ocean due to a lack of long-term oceanic data. Our study shows how the precipitation sensitivity depends on resolution, what process limits oceanic precipitation and how the event duration depends on temperature. This provides valuable information for future climate observations, modeling and understanding.
Jonathan W. Taylor, Sophie L. Haslett, Keith Bower, Michael Flynn, Ian Crawford, James Dorsey, Tom Choularton, Paul J. Connolly, Valerian Hahn, Christiane Voigt, Daniel Sauer, Régis Dupuy, Joel Brito, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Thierry Bourriane, Cyrielle Denjean, Phil Rosenberg, Cyrille Flamant, James D. Lee, Adam R. Vaughan, Peter G. Hill, Barbara Brooks, Valéry Catoire, Peter Knippertz, and Hugh Coe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8503–8522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8503-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8503-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Low-level clouds cover a wide area of southern West Africa (SWA) and play an important role in the region's climate, reflecting sunlight away from the surface. We performed aircraft measurements of aerosols and clouds over SWA during the 2016 summer monsoon and found pollution, and polluted clouds, across the whole region. Smoke from biomass burning in Central Africa is transported to West Africa, causing a polluted background which limits the effect of local pollution on cloud properties.
Christopher J. Cox, David C. Noone, Max Berkelhammer, Matthew D. Shupe, William D. Neff, Nathaniel B. Miller, Von P. Walden, and Konrad Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7467–7485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7467-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7467-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Fogs are frequently reported by observers on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Fogs play a role in the hydrological and energetic balances of the ice sheet surface, but as yet the properties of Greenland fogs are not well known. We observed fogs in all months from Summit Station for 2 years and report their properties. Annually, fogs impart a slight warming to the surface and a case study suggests that they are particularly influential by providing insulation during the coldest part of the day in summer.
Dillon S. Dodson and Jennifer D. Small Griswold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7297–7317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7297-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7297-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work looks at how the amount of aerosols contained in cloud affects the spatial orientation of the cloud droplets. Droplet orientation is important because it can lead to changes in the amount of time it takes precipitation to form. The results show that the aerosol amount does not have any effect on the droplet orientation. It is found however that the droplets are spaced closer together (there is increased droplet clustering) at cloud edge and top, as compared to center and bottom.
David Ian Duncan, Patrick Eriksson, Simon Pfreundschuh, Christian Klepp, and Daniel C. Jones
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6969–6984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Raindrop size distributions have not been systematically studied over the oceans but are significant for remotely sensing, assimilating, and modeling rain. Here we investigate raindrop populations with new global in situ data, compare them against satellite estimates, and explore a new technique to classify the shapes of these distributions. The results indicate the inadequacy of a commonly assumed shape in some regions and the sizable impact of shape variability on satellite measurements.
Luis A. Ladino, Graciela B. Raga, Harry Alvarez-Ospina, Manuel A. Andino-Enríquez, Irma Rosas, Leticia Martínez, Eva Salinas, Javier Miranda, Zyanya Ramírez-Díaz, Bernardo Figueroa, Cedric Chou, Allan K. Bertram, Erika T. Quintana, Luis A. Maldonado, Agustín García-Reynoso, Meng Si, and Victoria E. Irish
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6147–6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents results obtained during a field campaign conducted in the tropical village of Sisal located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Air masses arriving in Sisal during the passage of cold fronts have surprisingly higher ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations than the campaign average. The high concentrations of INPs at T > −15 C and the supermicron size of the INPs suggest that biological particles may have been a significant contributor to the INP population in Sisal.
Douglas H. Lowenthal, A. Gannet Hallar, Robert O. David, Ian B. McCubbin, Randolph D. Borys, and Gerald G. Mace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5387–5401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5387-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5387-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Snow and liquid cloud particles were measured during the StormVEx and IFRACS programs at Storm Peak Lab to better understand snow formation in wintertime mountain clouds. We found significant interactions between the ice and liquid phases of the cloud. A relationship between large droplet and small ice crystal concentrations suggested snow formation by droplet freezing. Blowing snow can bias surface measurements, but its effect was ambiguous, calling for further work on this issue.
Maiken Vassel, Luisa Ickes, Marion Maturilli, and Corinna Hoose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5111–5126, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5111-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5111-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Multilayer clouds are coexisting clouds at different heights. We evaluate measurements and find that Arctic multilayer clouds occur in 29 % of the investigated days at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Multilayer clouds can interact by ice crystals falling from the upper cloud into the lower cloud. This is possible in 23 % of the investigated days, and in 9 % it is not possible. Weather models are still error-prone in the Arctic and we suggest that multilayer clouds should be included more in future work.
Marie Mazoyer, Frédéric Burnet, Cyrielle Denjean, Gregory C. Roberts, Martial Haeffelin, Jean-Charles Dupont, and Thierry Elias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4323–4344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4323-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In situ microphysical measurements collected during 23 fog events at SIRTA (south of Paris) are examined here. An original iterative method based on the κ-Köhler theory has been used to compute statistics of their activation properties. Useful information is provided to constrain and validate numerical simulations. The paper demonstrates that supersaturation encountered in these fogs is too low to observe a correlation between concentrations of aerosols > 200 nm and droplet concentrations.
Andrew C. Martin, Gavin Cornwell, Charlotte M. Beall, Forest Cannon, Sean Reilly, Bas Schaap, Dolan Lucero, Jessie Creamean, F. Martin Ralph, Hari T. Mix, and Kimberly Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4193–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4193-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4193-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols that promote ice formation in clouds were investigated during an atmospheric river that caused significant rain in northern California. We found that biological particles produced by local terrestrial ecosystems greatly enhanced cloud ice when meteorology allowed for their injection to the storm. The local terrestrial particles had greater impact on clouds than particles transported from across the Pacific Ocean, lending additional insight to which aerosols are important for cloud ice.
Joseph A. Finlon, Greg M. McFarquhar, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Robert M. Rauber, Hugh Morrison, Wei Wu, and Pengfei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3621–3643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3621-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach describing the relationship between ice crystal mass (m) and dimension (D) is derived, characterizing it as a set of
equally realizableparameters based on the natural variability in cloud conditions observed by aircraft over the Great Plains. Results from this approach address shortcomings of microphysical parameterization schemes and remote sensing retrievals that employ a single m–D relation for a given ice species or environment.
Claudia Mignani, Jessie M. Creamean, Lukas Zimmermann, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-877-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A snow crystal can be generated from an ice nucleating particle or from an ice splinter. In this study we made use of the fact that snow crystals with a particular shape (dendrites) grow within a narrow temperature range (−12 to −17 °C) and can be analysed individually for the presence of an ice nucleating particle. Our direct approach revealed that only one in eight crystals contained such a particle and was of primary origin. The other crystals must have grown from ice splinters.
Cited articles
Albrecht, B. A.: Parameterization of Trade-Cumulus Cloud Amounts,
J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0097:POTCCA>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Albrecht, B. A., Fairall, C. W., Thomson, D. W., White, A. B., Snider, J.
B., and Schubert, W. H.: Surface-Based Remote-Sensing of the Observed and
the Adiabatic Liquid Water-Content of Stratocumulus Clouds,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 89–92, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i001p00089, 1990.
Albrecht, B. A., Jensen, M. P., and Syrett, W. J.: Marine Boundary-Layer
Structure and Fractional Cloudiness, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 14209–14222,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00827, 1995.
Beardsley, R. C., Dorman, C. E., Friehe, C. A., Rosenfeld, L. K., and
Winant, C. D.: Local Atmospheric Forcing during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics
Experiment 1. A Description of the Marine Boundary-Layer and Atmospheric
Conditions over a Northern California Upwelling Region,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 92, 1467–1488, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC02p01467, 1987.
Bennartz, R.: Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet
number concentration from satellite, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D02201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007547, 2007.
Bosilovich, M. G., Lucchesi, R., and Suarez, M. : MERRA-2: File
specification. GMAO Office Note No. 9 (Version 1.1), 73 pp., available
at: https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Bosilovich785.pdf (last access: 17 April 2020), 2016.
Braun, R. A., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Crosbie, E., Jonsson, H. H.,
Woods, R. K., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Cloud
Adiabaticity and Its Relationship to Marine Stratocumulus Characteristics
Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 13790–13806,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029287, 2018.
Bretherton, C. S. and Wyant, M. C.: Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric
stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 54,
148–167, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0148:MTLTSA>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Bretherton, C. S., Klinker, E., Betts, A. K., and Coakley, J. A.: Comparison
of Ceilometer, Satellite, and Synoptic Measurements of Boundary-Layer
Cloudiness and the ECMWF Diagnostic Cloud Parameterization Scheme during
ASTEX, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2736–2751, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2736:COCSAS>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Bretherton, C. S., Blossey, P. N., and Jones, C. R.: Mechanisms of marine
low cloud sensitivity to idealized climate perturbations: A single-LES
exploration extending the CGILS cases, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 5, 316–337,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20019, 2013.
Brueck, M., Nuijens, L., and Stevens, B.: On the Seasonal and Synoptic
Time-Scale Variability of the North Atlantic Trade Wind Region and Its
Low-Level Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 1428–1446, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0054.1, 2015.
Brunke, M. A., Ma, P.-L., Reeves Eyre, J. E. J., Rasch, P. J., Sorooshian,
A., and Zeng, X.: Subtropical marine low stratiform cloud deck spatial
errors in the E3SMv1 Atmosphere Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 12598–12607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084747, 2019.
Buchard, V., da Silva, A. M., Colarco, P. R., Darmenov, A., Randles, C. A., Govindaraju, R., Torres, O., Campbell, J., and Spurr, R.: Using the OMI aerosol index and absorption aerosol optical depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5743–5760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5743-2015, 2015.
Burk, S. D. and Thompson, W. T.: The summertime low-level jet and marine
boundary layer structure along the California coast, Mon. Weather Rev., 124,
668–686, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0668:TSLLJA>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N.,
Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric
aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with
satellite and Sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461–483,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Coakley, J. A., Durkee, P. A., Nielsen, K., Taylor, J. P., Platnick, S.,
Albrecht, B. A., Babb, D., Chang, F. L., Tahnk, W. R., Bretherton, C. S.,
and Hobbs, P. V.: The appearance and disappearance of ship tracks on large
spatial scales, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2765–2778, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2765:TAADOS>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Coggon, M. M., Sorooshian, A., Wang, Z., Craven, J. S., Metcalf, A. R., Lin,
J. J., Nenes, A., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.:
Observations of continental biogenic impacts on marine aerosol and clouds
off the coast of California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6724–6748,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021228, 2014.
Crosbie, E., Wang, Z., Sorooshian, A., Chuang, P. Y., Craven, J. S., Coggon,
M. M., Brunke, M., Zeng, X. B., Jonsson, H., Woods, R. K., Flagan, R. C.,
and Seinfeld, J. H.: Stratocumulus Cloud Clearings and Notable Thermodynamic
and Aerosol Contrasts across the Clear-Cloudy Interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 73,
1083–1099, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0137.1, 2016.
Crosbie, E., Brown, M. D., Shook, M., Ziemba, L., Moore, R. H., Shingler, T., Winstead, E., Thornhill, K. L., Robinson, C., MacDonald, A. B., Dadashazar, H., Sorooshian, A., Beyersdorf, A., Eugene, A., Collett Jr., J., Straub, D., and Anderson, B.: Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5025–5048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018, 2018.
Dadashazar, H., Wang, Z., Crosbie, E., Brunke, M., Zeng, X. B., Jonsson, H.,
Woods, R. K., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Sorooshian, A.:
Relationships between giant sea salt particles and clouds inferred from
aircraft physicochemical data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 3421–3434,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026019, 2017.
Dadashazar, H., Braun, R. A., Crosbie, E., Chuang, P. Y., Woods, R. K., Jonsson, H. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Aerosol characteristics in the entrainment interface layer in relation to the marine boundary layer and free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1495–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1495-2018, 2018.
Durkee, P. A., Noone, K. J., Ferek, R. J., Johnson, D. W., Taylor, J. P.,
Garrett, T. J., Hobbs, P. V., Hudson, J. G., Bretherton, C. S., Innis, G.,
Frick, G. M., Hoppel, W. A., O'Dowd, C. D., Russell, L. M., Gasparovic, R.,
Nielsen, K. E., Tessmer, S. A., Ostrom, E., Osborne, S. R., Flagan, R. C.,
Seinfeld, J. H., and Rand, H.: The impact of ship-produced aerosols on the
microstructure and albedo of warm marine stratocumulus clouds: A test of
MAST hypotheses 1i and 1ii, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2554–2569, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2554:TIOSPA>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R., and Hastie, T.: A working guide to boosted
regression trees, J. Anim. Ecol., 77, 802–813, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x, 2008.
Friedman, J. H.: Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine,
Ann. Stat., 29, 1189–1232, 2001.
Friedman, J. H. and Meulman, J. J.: Multiple additive regression trees with
application in epidemiology, Stat. Med., 22, 1365–1381, https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1501, 2003.
Fuchs, J., Cermak, J., and Andersen, H.: Building a cloud in the southeast Atlantic: understanding low-cloud controls based on satellite observations with machine learning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16537–16552, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16537-2018, 2018.
Garreaud, R. D. and Munoz, R. C.: The low-level jet off the west coast of
subtropical South America: Structure and variability, Mon. Weather Rev., 133,
2246–2261, https://doi.org/10.1175/Mwr2972.1, 2005.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L.,
Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K.,
Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., da
Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G. K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M.,
Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The Modern-Era Retrospective
Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30,
5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jcli-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
Gerber, H., Arends, B. G., and Ackerman, A. S.: New microphysics sensor for
aircraft use, Atmos. Res., 31, 235–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90001-9, 1994.
Haack, T., Burk, S. D., Dorman, C., and Rogers, D.: Supercritical flow
interaction within the Cape Blanco-Cape Mendocino Orographic Complex, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 688–708, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0688:SFIWTC>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Hahn, C. J. and Warren, S. G.: A gridded climatology of clouds over land
(1971–96) and ocean (1954–97) from surface observations worldwide. Numeric
Data Package NDP-026E ORNL/CDIAC-153, CDIAC, Department of Energy, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2007.
Hartmann, D. L. and Short, D. A.: On the Use of Earth Radiation Budget
Statistics for Studies of Clouds and Climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1233–1250,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1233:OTUOER>2.0.CO;2, 1980.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J. H.: The elements of statistical
learning: data mining, inference, and prediction, 2nd ed., Springer series
in statistics, Springer, New York, 2009.
Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: Studies of the mechanisms and rate with
which nitrogen species are incorporated into cloud water and precipitation,
Second Annual Report on Project CAPA-21-80 to the Coordinating Research
Council, 1986.
Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Jonsson, H. H., and Woods, R. K.: The contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to aerosol light-scattering and CCN activity in the California coastal zone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7341–7351, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7341-2010, 2010.
Herman, G. F., Wu, M. L. C., and Johnson, W. T.: The Effect of Clouds on the
Earths Solar and Infrared Radiation Budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1251–1261,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1251:Teocot>2.0.Co;2, 1980.
Hubanks, P. A., King, M. D., Platnick, S., and Pincus, R.: MODIS atmosphere
L3 gridded product algorithm theoretical basis document, ATBD Reference
Number: ATBD-MOD-30, 2019.
Juliano, T. W., Parish, T. R., Rahn, D. A., and Leon, D. C.: An Atmospheric
Hydraulic Jump in the Santa Barbara Channel, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 56,
2981–2998, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0396.1, 2017.
Juliano, T. W., Lebo, Z. J., Thompson, G., and Rahn, D. A.: A New
Perspective on Coastally Trapped Disturbances Using Data from the Satellite
Era, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 631–651, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-18-0002.1, 2019a.
Juliano, T. W., Coggon, M. M., Thompson, G., Rahn, D. A., Seinfeld, J. H.,
Sorooshian, A., and Lebo, Z. J.: Marine Boundary Layer Clouds Associated
with Coastally Trapped Disturbances: Observations and Model Simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 2963–2993, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jas-D-18-0317.1, 2019b.
Jung, E., Albrecht, B. A., Jonsson, H. H., Chen, Y.-C., Seinfeld, J. H., Sorooshian, A., Metcalf, A. R., Song, S., Fang, M., and Russell, L. M.: Precipitation effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei artificially introduced into stratocumulus clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5645–5658, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5645-2015, 2015.
Klein, S. A.: Synoptic variability of low-cloud properties and
meteorological parameters in the subtropical trade wind boundary layer, J.
Climate, 10, 2018–2039, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2018:SVOLCP>2.0.CO;2,
1997.
Klein, S. A. and Hartmann, D. L.: The Seasonal Cycle of Low Stratiform
Clouds, J. Climate, 6, 1587–1606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1587:TSCOLS>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Klein, S. A., Hartmann, D. L., and Norris, J. R.: On the Relationships among
Low-Cloud Structure, Sea-Surface Temperature, and Atmospheric Circulation in
the Summertime Northeast Pacific, J. Climate, 8, 1140–1155, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1140:OTRALC>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Kloesel, K. A.: Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Clearing Episodes Observed during
Fire, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 565–578,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0565:MSCCEO>2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Lacis, A. A. and Hansen, J. E.: Parameterization for Absorption of
Solar-Radiation in Earths Atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118–133, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<0118:APFTAO>2.0.CO;2, 1974.
Lima, D. C. A., Soares, P. M. M., Semedo, A., and Cardoso, R. M.: A global
view of coastal low-level wind jets using an ensemble ofreanalyses, J. Climate, 31, 1525–1546,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0395.1, 2018.
Lu, M. L., Sorooshian, A., Jonsson, H. H., Feingold, G., Flagan, R. C., and
Seinfeld, J. H.: Marine stratocumulus aerosol-cloud relationships in the
MASE-II experiment: Precipitation susceptibility in eastern Pacific marine
stratocumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D24203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012774, 2009.
MacDonald, A. B., Dadashazar, H., Chuang, P. Y., Crosbie, E., Wang, H. L.,
Wang, Z., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Sorooshian,
A.: Characteristic Vertical Profiles of Cloud Water Composition in Marine
Stratocumulus Clouds and Relationships With Precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3704–3723, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027900, 2018.
Mardi, A. H., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Braun, R. A., Crosbie, E.,
Xian, P., Thorsen, T. J., Coggon, M. M., Fenn, M. A., Ferrare, R. A., Hair,
J. W., Woods, R. K., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and
Sorooshian, A.: Biomass Burning Plumes in the Vicinity of the California
Coast: Airborne Characterization of Physicochemical Properties, Heating
Rates, and Spatiotemporal Features, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 13560–13582,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029134, 2018.
Mardi, A. H., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Crosbie, E., Coggon, M. M.,
Aghdam, M. A., Woods, R. K., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H.,
and Sorooshian, A.: Effects of Biomass Burning on Stratocumulus Droplet
Characteristics, Drizzle Rate, and Composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
12301–12318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031159, 2019.
Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., and Spice, A.: The Measurement and
Parameterization of Effective Radius of Droplets in Warm Stratocumulus
Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823–1842, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Maudlin, L. C., Wang, Z., Jonsson, H. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Impact of
wildfires on size-resolved aerosol composition at a coastal California site,
Atmos. Environ., 119, 59–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.039, 2015.
McCoy, D. T., Bender, F. A. M., Mohrmann, J. K. C., Hartmann, D. L., Wood,
R., and Grosvenor, D. P.: The global aerosol-cloud first indirect effect
estimated using MODIS, MERRA, and AeroCom, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
1779–1796, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026141, 2017.
Menzel, W. P. and Purdom, J. F. W.: Introducing GOES-1: The first of a new
generation of geostationary operational environmental satellites, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75,
757–781, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0757:IGITFO>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Modini, R. L., Frossard, A. A., Ahlm, L., Russell, L. M., Corrigan, C. E.,
Roberts, G. C., Hawkins, L. N., Schroder, J. C., Bertram, A. K., Zhao, R.,
Lee, A. K. Y., Abbatt, J. P. D., Lin, J., Nenes, A., Wang, Z., Wonaschutz,
A., Sorooshian, A., Noone, K. J., Jonsson, H., Seinfeld, J. H.,
Toom-Sauntry, D., Macdonald, A. M., and Leaitch, W. R.: Primary marine
aerosol-cloud interactions off the coast of California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
120, 4282–4303, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022963, 2015.
Munoz, R. C. and Garreaud, R. D.: Dynamics of the low-level jet off the west
coast of subtropical South America, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 3661–3677,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3074.1, 2005.
Myers, T. A. and Norris, J. R.: Observational Evidence That Enhanced
Subsidence Reduces Subtropical Marine Boundary Layer Cloudiness, J. Climate,
26, 7507–7524, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jcli-D-12-00736.1, 2013.
Neiburger, M., Johnson, D. S., and Chien, C. W.: Part 1: The Inversion over
the Eastern North Pacific Ocean. Studies of the Structure of the Atmosphere
over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in Summer, Univ. of California Publications
in Meteor., No. 1, University of California Press, 1–94, 1961.
Nicholls, S. and Leighton, J.: An observational study of the structure of
stratiform cloud sheets: Part I. Structure, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
112, 431–460, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247209, 1986.
Norris, J. R. and Leovy, C. B.: Interannual Variability in Stratiform
Cloudiness and Sea-Surface Temperature, J. Climate, 7, 1915–1925, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1915:IVISCA>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Otsu, N.: A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms,
IEEE T. Sys. Man Cyb., 9, 62–66,
1979.
Painemal, D. and Minnis, P.: On the dependence of albedo on cloud
microphysics over marine stratocumulus clouds regimes determined from Clouds
and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D09299, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017902, 2012.
Painemal, D. and Zuidema, P.: Microphysical variability in southeast Pacific Stratocumulus clouds: synoptic conditions and radiative response, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6255–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6255-2010, 2010.
Parish, T. R.: Forcing of the summertime low-level jet along the California
coast, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2421–2433, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<2421:FOTSLL>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Parish, T. R., Rahn, D. A., and Leon, D. C.: Aircraft Measurements and
Numerical Simulations of an Expansion Fan off the California Coast, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 55, 2053–2062, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0101.1, 2016.
Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel,
O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J.,
Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., and Duchesnay, E.:
Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 12, 2825–2830,
2011.
Platnick, S., King, M. D., Ackerman, S. A., Menzel, W. P., Baum, B. A.,
Riedi, J. C., and Frey, R. A.: The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and
examples from Terra, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 459–473, https://doi.org/10.1109/Tgrs.2002.808301, 2003.
Platnick, S., Meyer, K. G., King, M. D., Wind, G., Amarasinghe, N.,
Marchant, B., Arnold, G. T., Zhang, Z. B., Hubanks, P. A., Holz, R. E.,
Yang, P., Ridgway, W. L., and Riedi, J.: The MODIS Cloud Optical and
Microphysical Products: Collection 6 Updates and Examples From Terra and
Aqua, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 55, 502–525, https://doi.org/10.1109/Tgrs.2016.2610522, 2017.
Prabhakar, G., Ervens, B., Wang, Z., Maudlin, L. C., Coggon, M. M., Jonsson,
H. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Sources of nitrate in
stratocumulus cloud water: Airborne measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE and
2013 NiCE studies, Atmos. Environ., 97, 166–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.019, 2014.
Rahn, D. A. and Garreaud, R.: Marine boundary layer over the subtropical southeast Pacific during VOCALS-REx – Part 2: Synoptic variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4507–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4507-2010, 2010.
Rahn, D. A., Parish, T. R., and Leon, D.: Observations of Large Wind Shear
above the Marine Boundary Layer near Point Buchon, California, J. Atmos. Sci.,
73, 3059–3077, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jas-D-15-0363.1, 2016.
Randall, D. A.: Stratocumulus Cloud Deepening through Entrainment, Tellus A,
36, 446–457, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v36i5.11646, 1984.
Ranjha, R., Svensson, G., Tjernström, M., and Semedo, A.: Global
distribution and seasonal variability of coastal low level jets derived from
ERA-Interim reanalysis, Tellus A, 65, 20412, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20412, 2013.
Russell, L. M., Sorooshian, A., Seinfeld, J. H., Albrecht, B. A., Nenes, A.,
Ahlm, L., Chen, Y. C., Coggon, M., Craven, J. S., Flagan, R. C., Frossard,
A. A., Jonsson, H., Jung, E., Lin, J. J., Metcalf, A. R., Modini, R.,
Mulmenstadt, J., Roberts, G. C., Shingler, T., Song, S., Wang, Z., and
Wonaschutz, A.: Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 709–729, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-12-00015.1, 2013.
Sanchez, K. J., Russell, L. M., Modini, R. L., Frossard, A. A., Ahlm, L.,
Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Hawkins, L. N., Schroder, J. C., Bertram,
A. K., Zhao, R., Lee, A. K. Y., Lin, J. J., Nenes, A., Wang, Z., Wonaschutz,
A., Sorooshian, A., Noone, K. J., Jonsson, H., Toom, D., Macdonald, A. M.,
Leaitch, W. R., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Meteorological and aerosol effects on
marine cloud microphysical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 4142–4161,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024595, 2016.
Sorooshian, A., Wang, Z., Coggon, M. M., Jonsson, H. H., and Ervens, B.:
Observations of Sharp Oxalate Reductions in Stratocumulus Clouds at Variable
Altitudes: Organic Acid and Metal Measurements During the 2011 E-PEACE
Campaign, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7747–7756, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4012383, 2013a.
Sorooshian, A., Wang, Z., Feingold, G., and L'Ecuyer, T. S.: A satellite
perspective on cloud water to rain water conversion rates and relationships
with environmental conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6643–6650,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50523, 2013b.
Sorooshian, A., MacDonald, A. B., Dadashazar, H., Bates, K. H., Coggon, M.
M., Craven, J. S., Crosbie, E., Hersey, S. P., Hodas, N., Lin, J. J., Marty,
A. N., Maudlin, L. C., Metcalf, A. R., Murphy, S. M., Padro, L. T.,
Prabhakar, G., Rissman, T. A., Shingler, T., Varutbangkul, V., Wang, Z.,
Woods, R. K., Chuang, P. Y., Nenes, A., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and
Seinfeld, J. H.: A multi-year data set on aerosol-cloud-precipitation
meteorology interactions for marine stratocumulus clouds, Figshare,
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5099983.v3, 2017.
Sorooshian, A., MacDonald, A. B., Dadashazar, H., Bates, K. H., Coggon, M.
M., Craven, J. S., Crosbie, E., Hersey, S. P., Hodas, N., Lin, J. J., Marty,
A. N., Maudlin, L. C., Metcalf, A. R., Murphy, S. M., Padro, L. T.,
Prabhakar, G., Rissman, T. A., Shingler, T., Varutbangkul, V., Wang, Z.,
Woods, R. K., Chuang, P. Y., Nenes, A., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and
Seinfeld, J. H.: A multi-year data set on
aerosol-cloud-precipitation-meteorology interactions for marine
stratocumulus clouds, Sci. Data, 5, 180026, https://doi.org/10.1038/Sdata.2018.26, 2018.
Sorooshian, A., Anderson, B., Bauer, S. E., Braun, R. A., Cairns, B.,
Crosbie, E., Dadashazar, H., Diskin, G., Ferrare, R., Flagan, R. C., Hair,
J., Hostetler, C., Jonsson, H. H., Kleb, M. M., Liu, H. Y., MacDonald, A.
B., McComiskey, A., Moore, R., Painemal, D., Russell, L. M., Seinfeld, J.
H., Shook, M., Smith, W. L., Thornhill, K., Tselioudis, G., Wang, H. L.,
Zeng, X. B., Zhang, B., Ziemba, L., and Zuidema, P.:
Aerosol-Cloud-Meteorology Interaction Airborne Field Investigations: Using
Lessons Learned from the US West Coast in the Design of ACTIVATE off the US
East Coast, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 1511–1528, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-18-0100.1, 2019.
Stephens, G. L. and Greenwald, T. J.: The Earths Radiation Budget and Its
Relation to Atmospheric Hydrology. 2. Observations of Cloud Effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 15325–15340, https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd00972, 1991.
Stevens, B., Lenschow, D. H., Vali, G., Gerber, H., Bandy, A., Blomquist,
B., Brenguier, J. L., Bretherton, C. S., Burnet, F., Campos, T., Chai, S.,
Faloona, I., Friesen, D., Haimov, S., Laursen, K., Lilly, D. K., Loehrer, S.
M., Malinowski, S. P., Morley, B., Petters, M. D., Rogers, D. C., Russell,
L., Savic-Jovac, V., Snider, J. R., Straub, D., Szumowski, M. J., Takagi,
H., Thornton, D. C., Tschudi, M., Twohy, C., Wetzel, M., and van Zanten, M.
C.: Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus – Dycoms-II, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579–593, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-5-579, 2003.
Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer
Academic, 666 pp., 1988.
Tibshirani, R.: Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B Met., 58,
267–288, 1996.
Wang, S. P., Albrecht, B. A., and Minnis, P.: A Regional Simulation of
Marine Boundary-Layer Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4022–4043, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<4022:ARSOMB>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Wang, Z., Sorooshian, A., Prabhakar, G., Coggon, M. M., and Jonsson, H. H.:
Impact of emissions from shipping, land, and the ocean on stratocumulus
cloud water elemental composition during the 2011 E-PEACE field campaign,
Atmos. Environ., 89, 570–580, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.020, 2014.
Wang, Z., Ramirez, M. M., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Crosbie, E.,
Bates, K. H., Coggon, M. M., Craven, J. S., Lynch, P., Campbell, J. R.,
Aghdam, M. A., Woods, R. K., Jonsson, H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H.,
and Sorooshian, A.: Contrasting cloud composition between coupled and
decoupled marine boundary layer clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
11679–11691, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025695, 2016.
Wood, R.: Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part II:
Microphysical aspects, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3034–3050, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jas3530.1, 2005a.
Wood, R.: Drizzle in stratiform boundary layer clouds. Part 1: Vertical and
horizontal structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3011–3033, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jas3529.1, 2005b.
Wood, R.: Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stratocumulus
through cloud thinning, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2657–2669, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jas3942.1, 2007.
Wood, R.: Stratocumulus Clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 2373–2423, https://doi.org/10.1175/Mwr-D-11-00121.1, 2012.
Wood, R. and Bretherton, C. S.: Boundary layer depth, entrainment, and
decoupling in the cloud-capped subtropical and tropical marine boundary
layer, J. Climate, 17, 3576–3588,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3576:BLDEAD>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Wood, R. and Bretherton, C. S.: On the relationship between stratiform low
cloud cover and lower-tropospheric stability, J. Climate, 19, 6425–6432,
https://doi.org/10.1175/Jcli3988.1, 2006.
Yuter, S. E., Hader, J. D., Miller, M. A., and Mechem, D. B.: Abrupt cloud
clearing of marine stratocumulus in the subtropical southeast Atlantic,
Science, 361, 697–701, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar5836,
2018.
Zemba, J. and Friehe, C. A.: The Marine Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Jet in
the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 92, 1489–1496,
https://doi.org/10.1029/Jc092ic02p01489, 1987.
Zuidema, P., Painemal, D., de Szoeke, S., and Fairall, C.: Stratocumulus
Cloud-Top Height Estimates and Their Climatic Implications, J. Climate, 22,
4652–4666, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2708.1, 2009.
Short summary
Clearings in the marine-boundary-layer (MBL) cloud deck of the Pacific Ocean were studied. Remote sensing, reanalysis, and airborne data were used along with machine-learning modeling to characterize the spatiotemporal nature of clearings and factors governing their growth. The most significant implications of our results are linked to modeling of fog and MBL clouds, with implications for societal and environmental issues like climate, military operations, transportation, and coastal ecology.
Clearings in the marine-boundary-layer (MBL) cloud deck of the Pacific Ocean were studied....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint