We show that in mixed-phase clouds, ice forming by riming, that is, freezing of supercooled liquid directly on ice particles, differs in its isotope composition than the liquid, contrary to the existing view in the literature. This isotopic change is the same for riming in tropical to polar precipitation. Our results provide a robust tool for cloud processes studies, for better understanding past climates from ice cores data, and for improving micro-physics schemes in climate models.

Total column ozone (TCO) records from six ground-based networks are compiled and evaluated using multiple satellites and reanalysis data. Station performance (1940–2024) is assessed using harmonized metrics. Ground-based annual means agree within ±2 %, while pre-satellite reanalyses show larger biases (up to −5 %). The resulting quality-assessed dataset supports trend analysis and satellite validation.

Air flowing over mountains generates waves reaching high into the atmosphere, sometimes producing turbulence relevant to aircraft safety and forecasting. Using simulations tested against aircraft observations, we found that fine detail is needed to capture small-scale features realistically, while overall wave patterns emerge at coarser resolution regardless of turbulence scheme. This work can help improve flight safety and weather predictions by making turbulence forecasts more reliable.