Articles | Volume 24, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10323-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10323-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 18 Sep 2024
| 18 Sep 2024
Distinctive aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions in marine boundary layer clouds from the ACE-ENA and SOCRATES aircraft field campaigns
Xiaojian Zheng
Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
now at: Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
Xiquan Dong
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Timothy Logan
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Yuan Wang
Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Related authors
Anik Das, Baike Xi, Xiaojian Zheng, and Xiquan Dong
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-124, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-124, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the cloud phase and macrophysical properties of Southern Ocean clouds is crucial to enhancing our understanding of the region. The cloud radar and in-situ probes during the SOCRATES aircraft campaign are used to develop a new method to determine cloud boundaries and dominant phase. Low clouds (<3km) are found to be the most dominant cloud type (~90%), with liquid being the most dominant phase type, followed by ice and mixed with a greater incidence of drizzle around the cloud base.
Yuan Wang, Xiaojian Zheng, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, and Yuk L. Yung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8591–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine boundary layer clouds remain poorly predicted in global climate models due to multiple entangled uncertainty sources. This study uses the in situ observations from a recent field campaign to constrain and evaluate cloud physics in a simplified version of a climate model. Progress and remaining issues in the cloud physics parameterizations are identified. We systematically evaluate the impacts of large-scale forcing, microphysical scheme, and aerosol concentrations on the cloud property.
Yuhan Wang, Lucas Bastien, Yuan Wang, Ling Jin, and Robert Harley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3629, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is making heatwaves and stagnant weather more frequent, which can worsen air pollution. We studied how these extreme conditions affect the sources of summer ozone in California's Central Valley. Using a state-of-the-art modeling tool, we found that weather changes can greatly shift which, where, and when to reduce emissions for the largest air quality benefits. Our results highlight the need to account for extreme weather in designing effective air quality strategies.
Hsiang-He Lee, Xue Zheng, Shaoyue Qiu, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6069–6091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6069-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6069-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how aerosol–cloud interactions affect warm boundary layer stratiform clouds over the eastern North Atlantic. High-resolution weather model simulations reveal that non-rain clouds at the edge of cloud systems are prone to evaporation, leading to an aerosol drying effect and a transition of aerosols back to the accumulation mode for future activation. The study shows that this dynamic behavior is often not adequately represented in most previous prescribed-aerosol simulations.
Anik Das, Baike Xi, Xiaojian Zheng, and Xiquan Dong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-874, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-874, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method to identify cloud boundaries and phases for marine boundary layer clouds over the Southern Ocean using airborne cloud radar and in situ probe data collected during the SOCRATES campaign. Single-layer low-level clouds (<3 km) were found to be dominating (85 %) across all observed samples. Phase classification showed 48.8 % liquid, 23.3 % mixed, and 6.9 % ice. Results support cloud process understanding and improve satellite and climate model studies.
Anik Das, Baike Xi, Xiaojian Zheng, and Xiquan Dong
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-124, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-124, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the cloud phase and macrophysical properties of Southern Ocean clouds is crucial to enhancing our understanding of the region. The cloud radar and in-situ probes during the SOCRATES aircraft campaign are used to develop a new method to determine cloud boundaries and dominant phase. Low clouds (<3km) are found to be the most dominant cloud type (~90%), with liquid being the most dominant phase type, followed by ice and mixed with a greater incidence of drizzle around the cloud base.
Elyse A. Pennington, Yuan Wang, Benjamin C. Schulze, Karl M. Seltzer, Jiani Yang, Bin Zhao, Zhe Jiang, Hongru Shi, Melissa Venecek, Daniel Chau, Benjamin N. Murphy, Christopher M. Kenseth, Ryan X. Ward, Havala O. T. Pye, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2345–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the air quality in Los Angeles (LA), we improved the CMAQ model by using dynamic traffic emissions and new secondary organic aerosol schemes to represent volatile chemical products. Source apportionment demonstrates that the urban areas of the LA Basin and vicinity are NOx-saturated, with the largest sensitivity of O3 to changes in volatile organic compounds in the urban core. The improvement and remaining issues shed light on the future direction of the model development.
Da Gao, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Yuan Wang, Brian Gaudet, Yun Zhu, Xiaochun Wang, Jiewen Shen, Shengyue Li, Yicong He, Dejia Yin, and Zhaoxin Dong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14359–14373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14359-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14359-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface PM2.5 concentrations can be enhanced by aerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs) and aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs). In this study, we found PM2.5 enhancement induced by ACIs shows a significantly smaller decrease ratio than that induced by ARIs in China with anthropogenic emission reduction from 2013 to 2021, making ACIs more important for enhancing PM2.5 concentrations. ACI-induced PM2.5 enhancement needs to be emphatically considered to meet the national PM2.5 air quality standard.
Shuaiqi Tang, Adam C. Varble, Jerome D. Fast, Kai Zhang, Peng Wu, Xiquan Dong, Fan Mei, Mikhail Pekour, Joseph C. Hardin, and Po-Lun Ma
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6355–6376, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the ability of Earth system model (ESM) predictions, we developed a tool called ESMAC Diags to understand how aerosols, clouds, and aerosol–cloud interactions are represented in ESMs. This paper describes its version 2 functionality. We compared the model predictions with measurements taken by planes, ships, satellites, and ground instruments over four regions across the world. Results show that this new tool can help identify model problems and guide future development of ESMs.
Yun Lin, Yuan Wang, Jen-Shan Hsieh, Jonathan H. Jiang, Qiong Su, Lijun Zhao, Michael Lavallee, and Renyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13835–13852, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause catastrophic damage to coastal regions. We used a numerical model that explicitly simulates aerosol–cloud interaction and atmosphere–ocean coupling. We show that aerosols and ocean coupling work together to make TC storms bigger but weaker. Moreover, TCs in polluted air have more rainfall and higher sea levels, leading to more severe storm surges and flooding. Our research highlights the roles of aerosols and ocean-coupling feedbacks in TC hazard assessment.
Yuan Wang, Xiaojian Zheng, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, and Yuk L. Yung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8591–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine boundary layer clouds remain poorly predicted in global climate models due to multiple entangled uncertainty sources. This study uses the in situ observations from a recent field campaign to constrain and evaluate cloud physics in a simplified version of a climate model. Progress and remaining issues in the cloud physics parameterizations are identified. We systematically evaluate the impacts of large-scale forcing, microphysical scheme, and aerosol concentrations on the cloud property.
Baike Xi, Xiquan Dong, Xiaojian Zheng, and Peng Wu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3761–3777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops an innovative method to determine the cloud phases over the Southern Ocean (SO) using the combination of radar and lidar measurements during the ship-based field campaign of MARCUS. Results from our study show that the low-level, deep, and shallow cumuli are dominant, and the mixed-phase clouds occur more than single phases over the SO. The mixed-phase cloud properties are similar to liquid-phase (ice-phase) clouds in the midlatitudes (polar) region of the SO.
Yun Lin, Yuan Wang, Bowen Pan, Jiaxi Hu, Song Guo, Misti Levy Zamora, Pengfei Tian, Qiong Su, Yuemeng Ji, Jiayun Zhao, Mario Gomez-Hernandez, Min Hu, and Renyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4951–4967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4951-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4951-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Severe regional haze events, which are characterized by exceedingly high levels of fine particulate matter (PM), occur frequently in many developing countries (such as China and India), with profound implications for human health, weather, and climate. Our work establishes a synthetic view for the dominant regional features during severe haze events, unraveling rapid in situ PM production and inefficient transport, both of which are amplified by atmospheric stagnation.
Xiaojian Zheng, Baike Xi, Xiquan Dong, Peng Wu, Timothy Logan, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 335–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses ground-based observations to investigate the physical processes in the aerosol–cloud interactions in non-precipitating marine boundary layer clouds, over the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Results show that the cloud responses to the aerosols are diminished with limited water vapor supply, while they are enhanced with increasing water vapor availability. The clouds are found to be most sensitive to the aerosols under sufficient water vapor and strong boundary layer turbulence.
Zhibo Zhang, Qianqian Song, David B. Mechem, Vincent E. Larson, Jian Wang, Yangang Liu, Mikael K. Witte, Xiquan Dong, and Peng Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3103–3121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the small-scale variations and covariations of cloud microphysical properties, namely, cloud liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration, in marine boundary layer clouds based on in situ observation from the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) campaign. We discuss the dependence of cloud variations on vertical location in cloud and the implications for warm-rain simulations in the global climate models.
Jiarui Wu, Naifang Bei, Yuan Wang, Xia Li, Suixin Liu, Lang Liu, Ruonan Wang, Jiaoyang Yu, Tianhao Le, Min Zuo, Zhenxing Shen, Junji Cao, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2229–2249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A source-oriented version of the WRF-Chem model is developed to conduct source identification of wintertime PM2.5 in the North China Plain. Trans-boundary transport of air pollutants generally dominates the haze pollution in Beijing and Tianjin. The air quality in Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi is generally controlled by local emissions. Primary aerosol species, such as EC and POA, are generally controlled by local emissions, while secondary aerosol shows evident regional characteristics.
Yuan Wang, Xiaojian Zheng, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, Peng Wu, Timothy Logan, and Yuk L. Yung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14741–14755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14741-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14741-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A recent aircraft field campaign near the Azores in the summer of 2017 provides ample observations of aerosols and clouds with detailed vertical information. This study utilizes those observational data in combination with the aerosol-aware large-eddy simulations and aerosol reanalysis data to examine the significance of the long-range-transported aerosol effect on marine-boundary-layer clouds. It is the first time that the ACE-ENA aircraft campaign data are used for this topic.
Brigitte Rooney, Yuan Wang, Jonathan H. Jiang, Bin Zhao, Zhao-Cheng Zeng, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14597–14616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires have become increasingly prevalent. Intense smoke consisting of particulate matter (PM) leads to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The record-breaking Camp Fire ravaged Northern California for two weeks in 2018. Here, we employ a comprehensive chemical transport model along with ground-based and satellite observations to characterize the PM concentrations across Northern California and to investigate the pollution sensitivity predictions to key parameters of the model.
Dale M. Ward, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, Peng Wu, Xiaojian Zheng, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-817, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Marine boundary layer clouds in subtropical regions strongly impact global energy balance, but complete understanding of the processes that control their development remain elusive. We analyze aircraft in-situ measurements of clouds collected in a field campaign for cases that contain organized structures tens of kilometres in extent embedded within a larger overcast cloud field. Failure to account for these structures can lead to misrepresentation in models and satellite retrievals.
Cited articles
ACE-ENA: Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic: Campaign Datasets, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility, ACE-ENA [data set], https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/aaf2017ace-ena (last access: 13 August 2023), 2023.
Albrecht B. A.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227, 1989.
Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D., Scubert, W. H., and Frisch, A. S.: The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment—ASTEX, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 889–904, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0889:Taste>2.0.Co;2, 1995.
Albrecht, B., Fang, M., and Ghate, V.: Exploring Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Entrainment Processes and Parameterizations by Using Doppler Cloud Radar Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 729–742, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0147.1, 2016.
Albrecht, B., Ghate, V., Mohrmann, J., Wood, R., Zuidema, P., Bretherton, C., Schwartz, C., Eloranta, E., Glienke, S., Donaher, S., Sarkar, M., McGibbon, J., Nugent, A. D., Shaw, R. A., Fugal, J., Minnis, P., Paliknoda, R., Lussier, L., Jensen, J., Vivekanandan, J., Ellis, S., Tsai, P., Rilling, R., Haggerty, J., Campos, T., Stell, M., Reeves, M., Beaton, S., Allison, J., Stossmeister, G., Hall, S., and Schmidt, S.: Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET): Following the Evolution of Boundary Layer Cloud Systems with the NSF–NCAR GV, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 93–121, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0180.1, 2019.
Atlas, R., Mohrmann, J., Finlon, J., Lu, J., Hsiao, I., Wood, R., and Diao, M.: The University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7079–7101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7079-2021, 2021.
Atlas, R. L., Bretherton, C. S., Blossey, P. N., Gettelman, A., Bardeen, C., Lin, P., and Ming, Y.: How Well Do Large-Eddy Simulations and Global Climate Models Represent Observed Boundary Layer Structures and Low Clouds Over the Summertime Southern Ocean?, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002205, 2020.
Aumont, O., Belviso, S., and Monfray, P.: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) sea surface distributions simulated from a global three-dimensional ocean carbon cycle model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 4-1–4-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000111, 2002.
Baumgardner, D. and Korolev, A.: Airspeed Corrections for Optical Array Probe Sample Volumes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 1224–1229, 1997.
Baumgardner, D., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Cotton, R., Crosier, J., Field, P., Gurganus, C., Heymsfield, A., Korolev, A., Krämer, M., Lawson, P., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., and Um, J.: Cloud Ice Properties: In Situ Measurement Challenges, Meteor. Mon., 58, 9.1–9.23, 2017.
Bellouin, N., Quaas, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Kinne, S., Stier, P., Watson-Parris, D., Boucher, O., Carslaw, K. S., Christensen, M., Daniau, A. L., Dufresne, J. L., Feingold, G., Fiedler, S., Forster, P., Gettelman, A., Haywood, J. M., Lohmann, U., Malavelle, F., Mauritsen, T., McCoy, D. T., Myhre, G., Mülmenstädt, J., Neubauer, D., Possner, A., Rugenstein, M., Sato, Y., Schulz, M., Schwartz, S. E., Sourdeval, O., Storelvmo, T., Toll, V., Winker, D., and Stevens, B.: Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000660, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000660, 2020.
Braun, R. A., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Crosbie, E., Jonsson, H. H., Woods, R. K., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Cloud Adiabaticity and Its Relationship to Marine Stratocumulus Characteristics Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 13790–13806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029287, 2018.
Brenguier, J.-L., Burnet, F., and Geoffroy, O.: Cloud optical thickness and liquid water path – does the k coefficient vary with droplet concentration?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9771–9786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9771-2011, 2011.
Brost, R. A., Wyngaard, J. C., and Lenschow, D. H.: Marine Stratocumulus Layers. Part II: Turbulence Budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 818–836, 1982.
Brunke, M. A., Cutler, L., Urzua, R. D., Corral, A. F., Crosbie, E., Hair, J., Hostetler, C., Kirschler, S., Larson, V., Li, X.-Y., Ma, P.-L., Minke, A., Moore, R., Robinson, C. E., Scarino, A. J., Schlosser, J., Shook, M., Sorooshian, A., Lee Thornhill, K., Voigt, C., Wan, H., Wang, H., Winstead, E., Zeng, X., Zhang, S., and Ziemba, L. D.: Aircraft Observations of Turbulence in Cloudy and Cloud-Free Boundary Layers Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean From ACTIVATE and Implications for the Earth System Model Evaluation and Development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036480, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036480, 2022.
Chen, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., and Peng, Y.: Height Dependency of aerosol–cloud Interaction Regimes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 491–506, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027431, 2018.
Chen, S., Yau, M. K., and Bartello, P.: Turbulence Effects of Collision Efficiency and Broadening of Droplet Size Distribution in Cumulus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 203–217, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0123.1, 2018.
Chen, Y.-C., Christensen, M. W., Stephens, G. L., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Satellite-based estimate of global aerosol–cloud radiative forcing by marine warm clouds, Nat. Geosci., 7, 643–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2214, 2014.
Chen, Y.-C., Xue, L., Lebo, Z. J., Wang, H., Rasmussen, R. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: A comprehensive numerical study of aerosol–cloud-precipitation interactions in marine stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9749–9769, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9749-2011, 2011.
Christensen, M. W., Ma, P.-L., Wu, P., Varble, A. C., Mülmenstädt, J., and Fast, J. D.: Evaluation of aerosol–cloud interactions in E3SM using a Lagrangian framework, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2789–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2789-2023, 2023.
Comstock, K. K., Wood, R., Yuter, S. E., and Bretherton, C. S.: Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 2891–2918, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.187, 2004.
Cooper, W. A., Friesen, R. B., Hayman, M., Jensen, J., Lenschow, D. H., Romashkin, P., Schanot, A., Spuler, S., Stith, J., and Wolff, C.: Characterization of Uncertainty in Measurements of Wind from the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V Research Aircraft (No. NCAR/TN-528+STR), NCAR Technical Notes, NCAR, https://doi.org/10.5065/D60G3HJ8, 2016.
Covert, D. S., Kapustin, V. N., Bates, T. S., and Quinn, P. K.: Physical properties of marine boundary layer aerosol particles of the mid-Pacific in relation to sources and meteorological transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 6919–6930, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD03068, 1996.
D'Alessandro, J. J., McFarquhar, G. M., Wu, W., Stith, J. L., Jensen, J. B., and Rauber, R. M.: Characterizing the Occurrence and Spatial Heterogeneity of Liquid, Ice, and Mixed Phase Low-Level Clouds Over the Southern Ocean Using in Situ Observations Acquired During SOCRATES, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD034482, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034482, 2021.
Danker, J., Sourdeval, O., McCoy, I. L., Wood, R., and Possner, A.: Exploring relations between cloud morphology, cloud phase, and cloud radiative properties in Southern Ocean's stratocumulus clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10247–10265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10247-2022, 2022.
Desai, N., Liu, Y., Glienke, S., Shaw, R. A., Lu, C., Wang, J., and Gao, S.: Vertical Variation of Turbulent Entrainment Mixing Processes in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds Using High-Resolution Digital Holography, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033527, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033527, 2021.
Diamond, M. S., Dobracki, A., Freitag, S., Small Griswold, J. D., Heikkila, A., Howell, S. G., Kacarab, M. E., Podolske, J. R., Saide, P. E., and Wood, R.: Time-dependent entrainment of smoke presents an observational challenge for assessing aerosol–cloud interactions over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14623–14636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14623-2018, 2018.
Dong, X. and Minnis, P.: Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Remote Sensing, in: Fast Processes in Large‐Scale Atmospheric Models, in: Geophysical Monograph Series, Wiley, 141–199, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119529019.ch6, 2023.
Dong, X., Schwantes, A. C., Xi, B., and Wu, P.: Investigation of the marine boundary layer cloud and CCN properties under coupled and decoupled conditions over the Azores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6179–6191, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022939, 2015.
Dong, X., Zheng, X., Xi, B., and Xie, S.: A Climatology of Midlatitude Maritime Cloud Fraction and Radiative Effect Derived from the ARM ENA Ground-Based Observations, J. Climate, 36, 531–546, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0290.1, 2023.
Duong, H. T., Sorooshian, A., and Feingold, G.: Investigating potential biases in observed and modeled metrics of aerosol–cloud-precipitation interactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4027–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4027-2011, 2011.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125261, 2006.
Fan, C., Wang, M., Rosenfeld, D., Zhu, Y., Liu, J., and Chen, B.: Strong Precipitation Suppression by Aerosols in Marine Low Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086207, 2020.
Feingold, G. and McComiskey, A.: ARM's Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation Research (Aerosol Indirect Effects), Meteor. Mon., 57, 22.21–22.15, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0022.1, 2016.
Feingold, G. and Siebert, H.: Cloud – Aerosol Interactions from the Micro to the Cloud Scale, from the Strungmann Forum Report, Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation, 2, edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-01287-4, 2009.
Feingold, G., Kreidenweis, S. M., Stevens, B., and Cotton, W. R.: Numerical simulations of stratocumulus processing of cloud condensation nuclei through collision-coalescence, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 21391–21402, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01552, 1996.
Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Stevens, B., and Cotton, W. R.: On the relationship among cloud turbulence, droplet formation and drizzle as viewed by Doppler radar, microwave radiometer and lidar, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 22195–22203, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900482, 1999.
Feingold, G., Eberhard, W. L., Veron, D. E., and Previdi, M.: First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016633, 2003.
Flossmann, A. I., Hall, W. D., and Pruppacher, H. R.: A Theoretical Study of the Wet Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants. Part I: The Redistribution of Aerosol Particles Captured through Nucleation and Impaction Scavenging by Growing Cloud Drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 583–606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0583:ATSOTW>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Gao, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Mei, F., Wang, J., Zhu, L., and Yan, S.: Contrasting Scale Dependence of Entrainment-Mixing Mechanisms in Stratocumulus Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL086970, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL086970, 2020.
Ghate, V. P. and Cadeddu, M. P.: Drizzle and Turbulence Below Closed Cellular Marine Stratocumulus Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 5724–5737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030141, 2019.
Ghate, V. P., Cadeddu, M. P., Zheng, X., and O'Connor, E.: Turbulence in the Marine Boundary Layer and Air Motions below Stratocumulus Clouds at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 60, 1495–1510, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0087.1, 2021.
Glienke, S. and Mei, F.: Two-dimensional stereo (2D-S) probe instrument handbook, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-233, https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-233.pdf (last access: 17 September 2024), 2019.
Glienke, S. and Mei, F.: Fast cloud droplet probe (FCDP)instrument handbook, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-238, https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-238.pdf (last access: 17 September 2024), 2020.
Goldberger, L.: Passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe aboard aircraft (PCASP-AIR) with signal processing package 200 instrument handbook, DOE/SC-ARM-TR-241, https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-241.pdf (last access: 17 September 2024), 2020.
Grabowski, W. W. and Wang, L.-P.: Growth of Cloud Droplets in a Turbulent Environment, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 45, 293–324, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140750, 2013.
Grosvenor, D. P., Sourdeval, O., Zuidema, P., Ackerman, A., Alexandrov, M. D., Bennartz, R., Boers, R., Cairns, B., Chiu, J. C., Christensen, M., Deneke, H., Diamond, M., Feingold, G., Fridlind, A., Hünerbein, A., Knist, C., Kollias, P., Marshak, A., McCoy, D., Merk, D., Painemal, D., Rausch, J., Rosenfeld, D., Russchenberg, H., Seifert, P., Sinclair, K., Stier, P., van Diedenhoven, B., Wendisch, M., Werner, F., Wood, R., Zhang, Z., and Quaas, J.: Remote Sensing of Droplet Number Concentration in Warm Clouds: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives, Rev. Geophys., 56, 409–453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017RG000593, 2018.
Gupta, S., McFarquhar, G. M., O'Brien, J. R., Delene, D. J., Poellot, M. R., Dobracki, A., Podolske, J. R., Redemann, J., LeBlanc, S. E., Segal-Rozenhaimer, M., and Pistone, K.: Impact of the variability in vertical separation between biomass burning aerosols and marine stratocumulus on cloud microphysical properties over the Southeast Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4615–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4615-2021, 2021.
Gupta, S., McFarquhar, G. M., O'Brien, J. R., Poellot, M. R., Delene, D. J., Miller, R. M., and Small Griswold, J. D.: Factors affecting precipitation formation and precipitation susceptibility of marine stratocumulus with variable above- and below-cloud aerosol concentrations over the Southeast Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2769–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2769-2022, 2022.
Hansen, J. E. and Travis, L. D.: Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527–610, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168069,1974.
Hill, A. A., Feingold, G., and Jiang, H.: The Influence of Entrainment and Mixing Assumption on Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in Marine Stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1450–1464, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2909.1, 2009.
Hinds, W. C.: Aerosol Technology, Properties, Behaviour, and Measurement of Airborne Particles, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York., 1999.
Hoffmann, F. and Feingold, G.: A Note on Aerosol Processing by Droplet Collision-Coalescence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103716, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103716, 2023.
Hu, A. Z., Igel, A. L., Chuang, P. Y., and Witte, M. K.: Recognition of Inter-Cloud Versus Intra-Cloud Controls on Droplet Dispersion With Applications to Microphysics Parameterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035180, 2021.
Hudson, J. G. and Noble, S.: CCN Spectral Shape and Cumulus Cloud and Drizzle Microphysics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031141, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031141, 2020.
Hudson, J. G., Noble, S., and Tabor, S.: Cloud supersaturations from CCN spectra Hoppel minima, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 3436–3452, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022669, 2015.
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781009157896, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2023.
Jensen, M. P., Ghate, V. P., Wang, D., Apoznanski, D. K., Bartholomew, M. J., Giangrande, S. E., Johnson, K. L., and Thieman, M. M.: Contrasting characteristics of open- and closed-cellular stratocumulus cloud in the eastern North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14557–14571, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14557-2021, 2021.
Jia, H., Ma, X., and Liu, Y.: Exploring aerosol–cloud interaction using VOCALS-REx aircraft measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7955–7971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7955-2019, 2019.
Jones, C. R., Bretherton, C. S., and Leon, D.: Coupled vs. decoupled boundary layers in VOCALS-REx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7143–7153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7143-2011, 2011.
Jung, E., Albrecht, B. A., Sorooshian, A., Zuidema, P., and Jonsson, H. H.: Precipitation susceptibility in marine stratocumulus and shallow cumulus from airborne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11395–11413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11395-2016, 2016.
Kang, L., Marchand, R. T., Wood, R., and McCoy, I. L.: Coalescence Scavenging Drives Droplet Number Concentration in Southern Ocean Low Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL097819, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097819, 2022.
Kang, L., Marchand, R. T., and Wood, R.: Stratocumulus Precipitation Properties Over the Southern Ocean Observed From Aircraft During the SOCRATES Campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD039831, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039831, 2024.
Kim, S.-H., Kim, J., Kim, J.-H., and Chun, H.-Y.: Characteristics of the derived energy dissipation rate using the 1 Hz commercial aircraft quick access recorder (QAR) data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2277–2298, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2277-2022, 2022.
Kuang, C. and Mei, F.: Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) Instrument Handbook – Airborne Version, DOE/SCARM-TR-227, https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-227.pdf (last access: 17 September 2024), 2020.
Lang, F., Ackermann, L., Huang, Y., Truong, S. C. H., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: A climatology of open and closed mesoscale cellular convection over the Southern Ocean derived from Himawari-8 observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2135–2152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2135-2022, 2022.
Lawson, R. P., O'Connor, D., Zmarzly, P., Weaver, K., Baker, B., Mo, Q. X., and Jonsson, H.: The 2D-S (Stereo) probe: Design and preliminary tests of a new airborne, high-speed, high-resolution particle imaging probe, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1462–1477, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1927.1, 2006.
Lehmann, K., Siebert, H., and Shaw, R. A.: Homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing in cumulus clouds: dependence on local turbulence structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3641–3659, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3012.1, 2009.
Logan, T., Xi, B., and Dong, X.: Aerosol properties and their influences on marine boundary layer cloud condensation nuclei at the ARM mobile facility over the Azores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4859–4872, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021288, 2014.
Lu, C., Liu, Y., and Niu, S.: Examination of turbulent entrainment-mixing mechanisms using a combined approach, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015944, 2011.
Lu, C., Zhu, L., Liu, Y., Mei, F., Fast, J. D., Pekour, M. S., Luo, S., Xu, X., He, X., Li, J., and Gao, S.: Observational study of relationships between entrainment rate, homogeneity of mixing, and cloud droplet relative dispersion, Atmos. Res., 293, 106900, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106900, 2023.
Lu, M.-L., Sorooshian, A., Jonsson, H. H., Feingold, G., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Marine stratocumulus aerosol–cloud relationships in the MASE-II experiment: Precipitation susceptibility in eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D24203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012774, 2009.
Magaritz, L., Pinsky, M., Krasnov, O., and Khain, A.: Investigation of Droplet Size Distributions and Drizzle Formation Using A New Trajectory Ensemble Model. Part II: Lucky Parcels, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 781–805, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2789.1, 2009.
Magaritz-Ronen, L., Pinsky, M., and Khain, A.: Drizzle formation in stratocumulus clouds: effects of turbulent mixing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1849–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1849-2016, 2016.
Mann, J. A. L., Christine Chiu, J., Hogan, R. J., O'Connor, E. J., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Stein, T. H. M., and Jefferson, A.: Aerosol impacts on drizzle properties in warm clouds from ARM Mobile Facility maritime and continental deployments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4136–4148, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021339, 2014.
Marcovecchio, A. R., Xi, B., Zheng, X., Wu, P., Dong, X., and Behrangi, A.: What Are the Similarities and Differences in Marine Boundary Layer Cloud and Drizzle Microphysical Properties During the ACE-ENA and MARCUS Field Campaigns?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037109, 2023.
McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Turner, D. D., Miller, M. A., Chiu, J. C., Min, Q., and Ogren, J. A.: An assessment of aerosol–cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D09203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011006, 2009.
McCoy, I. L., Wood, R., and Fletcher, J. K.: Identifying Meteorological Controls on Open and Closed Mesoscale Cellular Convection Associated with Marine Cold Air Outbreaks, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 11678–11702, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027031, 2017.
McCoy, I. L., McCoy, D. T., Wood, R., Regayre, L., Watson-Parris, D., Grosvenor, D. P., Mulcahy, J. P., Hu, Y., Bender, F. A. M., Field, P. R., Carslaw, K. S., and Gordon, H.: The hemispheric contrast in cloud microphysical properties constrains aerosol forcing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 18998–19006, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922502117, 2020.
McCoy, I. L., Bretherton, C. S., Wood, R., Twohy, C. H., Gettelman, A., Bardeen, C. G., and Toohey, D. W.: Influences of Recent Particle Formation on Southern Ocean Aerosol Variability and Low Cloud Properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033529, 2021.
McFarquhar, G. M., Bretherton, C. S., Marchand, R., Protat, A., DeMott, P. J., Alexander, S. P., Roberts, G. C., Twohy, C. H., Toohey, D., Siems, S., Huang, Y., Wood, R., Rauber, R. M., Lasher-Trapp, S., Jensen, J., Stith, J. L., Mace, J., Um, J., Järvinen, E., Schnaiter, M., Gettelman, A., Sanchez, K. J., McCluskey, C. S., Russell, L. M., McCoy, I. L., Atlas, R. L., Bardeen, C. G., Moore, K. A., Hill, T. C. J., Humphries, R. S., Keywood, M. D., Ristovski, Z., Cravigan, L., Schofield, R., Fairall, C., Mallet, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rainwater, B., D'Alessandro, J., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Saliba, G., Levin, E. J. T., Ding, S., Lang, F., Truong, S. C. H., Wolff, C., Haggerty, J., Harvey, M. J., Klekociuk, A. R., and McDonald, A.: Observations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Surface Radiation over the Southern Ocean: An Overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E894–E928, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1, 2021.
Mechem, D. B., Wittman, C. S., Miller, M. A., Yuter, S. E., and de Szoeke, S. P.: Joint Synoptic and Cloud Variability over the Northeast Atlantic near the Azores, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 57, 1273–1290, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0211.1, 2018.
Miller, M. A., Mages, Z., Zheng, Q., Trabachino, L., Russell, L. M., Shilling, J. E., and Zawadowicz, M. A.: Observed Relationships Between Cloud Droplet Effective Radius and Biogenic Gas Concentrations in Summertime Marine Stratocumulus Over the Eastern North Atlantic, Earth Space Sci., 9, e2021EA001929, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001929, 2022.
Muñoz-Esparza, D., Sharman, R. D., and Lundquist, J. K.: Turbulence Dissipation Rate in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observations and WRF Mesoscale Modeling during the XPIA Field Campaign, Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0186.1, 2018.
Olfert, J. S., Kulkarni, P., and Wang, J.: Measuring aerosol size distributions with the fast integrated mobility spectrometer, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 940–956, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.06.005, 2008.
Painemal, D. and Zuidema, P.: Assessment of MODIS cloud effective radius and optical thickness retrievals over the Southeast Pacific with VOCALS-REx in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D24206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016155, 2011.
Painemal, D., Chang, F.-L., Ferrare, R., Burton, S., Li, Z., Smith Jr., W. L., Minnis, P., Feng, Y., and Clayton, M.: Reducing uncertainties in satellite estimates of aerosol–cloud interactions over the subtropical ocean by integrating vertically resolved aerosol observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7167–7177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7167-2020, 2020.
Painemal, D., Spangenberg, D., Smith Jr., W. L., Minnis, P., Cairns, B., Moore, R. H., Crosbie, E., Robinson, C., Thornhill, K. L., Winstead, E. L., and Ziemba, L.: Evaluation of satellite retrievals of liquid clouds from the GOES-13 imager and MODIS over the midlatitude North Atlantic during the NAAMES campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6633–6646, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6633-2021, 2021.
Pinsky, M. B., Khain, A. P., and Shapiro, M.: Collisions of Cloud Droplets in a Turbulent Flow. Part IV: Droplet Hydrodynamic Interaction, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2462–2482, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3952.1, 2007.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer, 954 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0, 2010.
Redemann, J., Wood, R., Zuidema, P., Doherty, S. J., Luna, B., LeBlanc, S. E., Diamond, M. S., Shinozuka, Y., Chang, I. Y., Ueyama, R., Pfister, L., Ryoo, J.-M., Dobracki, A. N., da Silva, A. M., Longo, K. M., Kacenelenbogen, M. S., Flynn, C. J., Pistone, K., Knox, N. M., Piketh, S. J., Haywood, J. M., Formenti, P., Mallet, M., Stier, P., Ackerman, A. S., Bauer, S. E., Fridlind, A. M., Carmichael, G. R., Saide, P. E., Ferrada, G. A., Howell, S. G., Freitag, S., Cairns, B., Holben, B. N., Knobelspiesse, K. D., Tanelli, S., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Dzambo, A. M., Sy, O. O., McFarquhar, G. M., Poellot, M. R., Gupta, S., O'Brien, J. R., Nenes, A., Kacarab, M., Wong, J. P. S., Small-Griswold, J. D., Thornhill, K. L., Noone, D., Podolske, J. R., Schmidt, K. S., Pilewskie, P., Chen, H., Cochrane, S. P., Sedlacek, A. J., Lang, T. J., Stith, E., Segal-Rozenhaimer, M., Ferrare, R. A., Burton, S. P., Hostetler, C. A., Diner, D. J., Seidel, F. C., Platnick, S. E., Myers, J. S., Meyer, K. G., Spangenberg, D. A., Maring, H., and Gao, L.: An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1507–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1507-2021, 2021.
Rémillard, J. and Tselioudis, G.: Cloud Regime Variability over the Azores and Its Application to Climate Model Evaluation, J. Climate, 28, 9707–9720, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0066.1, 2015.
Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A Continuous-Flow Streamwise Thermal-Gradient CCN Chamber for Atmospheric Measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290913988, 2005.
Sanchez, K. J., Roberts, G. C., Diao, M., and Russell, L. M.: Measured Constraints on Cloud Top Entrainment to Reduce Uncertainty of Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus Shortwave Radiative Forcing in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090513, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090513, 2020.
Sanchez, K. J., Roberts, G. C., Saliba, G., Russell, L. M., Twohy, C., Reeves, J. M., Humphries, R. S., Keywood, M. D., Ward, J. P., and McRobert, I. M.: Measurement report: Cloud processes and the transport of biological emissions affect southern ocean particle and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3427–3446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3427-2021, 2021.
Siebert, H., Shaw, R. A., and Warhaft, Z.: Statistics of Small-Scale Velocity Fluctuations and Internal Intermittency in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 262–273, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3200.1, 2010.
Smalley, M. A., Witte, M. K., Jeong, J.-H., and Chinita, M. J.: A climatology of cold pools distinct from background turbulence at the Eastern North Atlantic observations site, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1098, 2024.
SOCRATES: Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study Campaign Dataset, Earth Observing Laboratory [data set], https://data.eol.ucar.edu/master_lists/generated/socrates/ (last access: 13 August 2023), 2023.
Sorooshian, A., Feingold, G., Lebsock, M. D., Jiang, H., and Stephens, G. L.: On the precipitation susceptibility of clouds to aerosol perturbations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038993, 2009.
Sorooshian, A., Anderson, B., Bauer, S. E., Braun, R. A., Cairns, B., Crosbie, E., Dadashazar, H., Diskin, G., Ferrare, R., Flagan, R. C., Hair, J., Hostetler, C., Jonsson, H. H., Kleb, M. M., Liu, H., MacDonald, A. B., McComiskey, A., Moore, R., Painemal, D., Russell, L. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Shook, M., Smith, W. L., Thornhill, K., Tselioudis, G., Wang, H., Zeng, X., Zhang, B., Ziemba, L., and Zuidema, P.: Aerosol–Cloud–Meteorology Interaction Airborne Field Investigations: Using Lessons Learned from the U. S. West Coast in the Design of ACTIVATE off the U. S. East Coast, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 1511–1528, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0100.1, 2019.
Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607–613, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08281, 2009.
Su, T., Li, Z., Henao, N. R., Luan, Q., and Yu, F.: Constraining effects of aerosol–cloud interaction by accounting for coupling between cloud and land surface, Science Advances, 10, eadl5044, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl5044, 2024.
Tansey, E., Marchand, R., Protat, A., Alexander, S. P., and Ding, S.: Southern Ocean Precipitation Characteristics Observed From CloudSat and Ground Instrumentation During the Macquarie Island Cloud & Radiation Experiment CRE): April 2016 to March 2017, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035370, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035370, 2022.
Terai, C. R. and Wood, R.: Aircraft observations of cold pools under marine stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9899–9914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9899-2013, 2013.
Terai, C. R., Wood, R., Leon, D. C., and Zuidema, P.: Does precipitation susceptibility vary with increasing cloud thickness in marine stratocumulus?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4567–4583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4567-2012, 2012.
Twohy, C. H., Petters, M. D., Snider, J. R., Stevens, B., Tahnk, W., Wetzel, M., Russell, L., and Burnet, F.: Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005116, 2005.
Twohy, C. H., DeMott, P. J., Russell, L. M., Toohey, D. W., Rainwater, B., Geiss, R., Sanchez, K. J., Lewis, S., Roberts, G. C., Humphries, R. S., McCluskey, C. S., Moore, K. A., Selleck, P. W., Keywood, M. D., Ward, J. P., and McRobert, I. M.: Cloud-Nucleating Particles Over the Southern Ocean in a Changing Climate, Earth's Future, 9, e2020EF001673, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001673, 2021.
Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing Laboratory: SOCRATES: Low Rate (LRT – 1 sps) Navigation, State Parameter, and Microphysics Flight-Level Data, Version 1.4, UCAR/NCAR —Earth Observing Laboratory [data set], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6M32TM9, 2022.
Uin, J. and Goldberger, L.: Ultra-High-Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer Aboard Aircraft (UHSAS-AIR) Instrument Handbook, DOE/SCARM-TR-250, from: https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-250.pdf (last access: 17 September 2024), 2020.
Uin, J. and Mei, F.: Cloud condensation nuclei particle counter instrument handbook – airborne version, DOE/SCARM-TR-225, https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-225.pdf (last access: 17 September 20204), 2019.
vanZanten, M. C., Stevens, B., Vali, G., and Lenschow, D. H.: Observations of Drizzle in Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 88–106, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3355.1, 2005.
Wacławczyk, M., Ma, Y.-F., Kopeć, J. M., and Malinowski, S. P.: Novel approaches to estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from low- and moderate-resolution velocity fluctuation time series, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4573–4585, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4573-2017, 2017.
Wallace, J. M. and Hobbs, P. V.: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, in: 2nd Edn., Academic Press/Elsevier, 483 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-732951-2, 2006.
Wang, J., Wood, R., Jensen, M. P., Chiu, J. C., Liu, Y., Lamer, K., Desai, N., Giangrande, S. E., Knopf, D. A., Kollias, P., Laskin, A., Liu, X., Lu, C., Mechem, D., Mei, F., Starzec, M., Tomlinson, J., Wang, Y., Yum, S. S., Zheng, G., Aiken, A. C., Azevedo, E. B., Blanchard, Y., China, S., Dong, X., Gallo, F., Gao, S., Ghate, V. P., Glienke, S., Goldberger, L., Hardin, J. C., Kuang, C., Luke, E. P., Matthews, A. A., Miller, M. A., Moffet, R., Pekour, M., Schmid, B., Sedlacek, A. J., Shaw, R. A., Shilling, J. E., Sullivan, A., Suski, K., Veghte, D. P., Weber, R., Wyant, M., Yeom, J., Zawadowicz, M., and Zhang, Z.: Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, E619–E641, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0220.1, 2022.
Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Dong, X., Xi, B., Wu, P., Logan, T., and Yung, Y. L.: Impacts of long-range transport of aerosols on marine-boundary-layer clouds in the eastern North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14741–14755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14741-2020, 2020.
Wang, Y., Zhao, C., McFarquhar, G. M., Wu, W., Reeves, M., and Li, J.: Dispersion of Droplet Size Distributions in Supercooled Non-precipitating Stratocumulus from Aircraft Observations Obtained during the Southern Ocean Cloud Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033720, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033720, 2021a.
Wang, Y., Zheng, G., Jensen, M. P., Knopf, D. A., Laskin, A., Matthews, A. A., Mechem, D., Mei, F., Moffet, R., Sedlacek, A. J., Shilling, J. E., Springston, S., Sullivan, A., Tomlinson, J., Veghte, D., Weber, R., Wood, R., Zawadowicz, M. A., and Wang, J.: Vertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol properties over the eastern North Atlantic: variations with season and synoptic condition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11079–11098, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11079-2021, 2021b.
Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Dong, X., Xi, B., and Yung, Y. L.: Insights of warm-cloud biases in Community Atmospheric Model 5 and 6 from the single-column modeling framework and Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8591–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, 2023.
Witte, M. K., Chuang, P. Y., Ayala, O., Wang, L.-P., and Feingold, G.: Comparison of Observed and Simulated Drop Size Distributions from Large-Eddy Simulations with Bin Microphysics, Mon. Weather Rev., 147, 477–493, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0242.1, 2019.
Wood, R.: Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3011–3033, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3529.1, 2005.
Wood, R.: Rate of loss of cloud droplets by coalescence in warm clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007553, 2006.
Wood, R., Mechoso, C. R., Bretherton, C. S., Weller, R. A., Huebert, B., Straneo, F., Albrecht, B. A., Coe, H., Allen, G., Vaughan, G., Daum, P., Fairall, C., Chand, D., Gallardo Klenner, L., Garreaud, R., Grados, C., Covert, D. S., Bates, T. S., Krejci, R., Russell, L. M., de Szoeke, S., Brewer, A., Yuter, S. E., Springston, S. R., Chaigneau, A., Toniazzo, T., Minnis, P., Palikonda, R., Abel, S. J., Brown, W. O. J., Williams, S., Fochesatto, J., Brioude, J., and Bower, K. N.: The VAMOS Ocean–Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): goals, platforms, and field operations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 627–654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-627-2011, 2011.
Wood, R., Wyant, M., Bretherton, C. S., Rémillard, J., Kollias, P., Fletcher, J., Stemmler, J., de Szoeke, S., Yuter, S., Miller, M., Mechem, D., Tselioudis, G., Chiu, J. C., Mann, J. A. L., O'Connor, E. J., Hogan, R. J., Dong, X., Miller, M., Ghate, V., Jefferson, A., Min, Q., Minnis, P., Palikonda, R., Albrecht, B., Luke, E., Hannay, C., and Lin, Y.: Clouds, Aerosols, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer: An Arm Mobile Facility Deployment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 419–440, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00180.1, 2015.
Wu, P., Dong, X., Xi, B., Liu, Y., Thieman, M., and Minnis, P.: Effects of environment forcing on marine boundary layer cloud-drizzle processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 4463–4478, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026326, 2017.
Wu, P., Dong, X., and Xi, B.: A Climatology of Marine Boundary Layer Cloud and Drizzle Properties Derived from Ground-Based Observations over the Azores, J. Climate, 33, 10133–10148, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0272.1, 2020.
Wyant, M. C., Bretherton, C. S., Wood, R., Blossey, P. N., and McCoy, I. L.: High Free-Tropospheric Aitken-Mode Aerosol Concentrations Buffer Cloud Droplet Concentrations in Large-Eddy Simulations of Precipitating Stratocumulus, J Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002930, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002930, 2022.
Xi, B., Dong, X., Zheng, X., and Wu, P.: Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3761–3777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022, 2022.
Yeom, J. M., Yum, S. S., Shaw, R. A., La, I., Wang, J., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Mei, F., Schmid, B., and Matthews, A.: Vertical Variations of Cloud Microphysical Relationships in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds Observed During the ACE-ENA Campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034700, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034700, 2021.
Zawadowicz, M. A., Suski, K., Liu, J., Pekour, M., Fast, J., Mei, F., Sedlacek, A. J., Springston, S., Wang, Y., Zaveri, R. A., Wood, R., Wang, J., and Shilling, J. E.: Aircraft measurements of aerosol and trace gas chemistry in the eastern North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7983–8002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7983-2021, 2021.
Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Goren, T., and Feingold, G.: Albedo susceptibility of northeastern Pacific stratocumulus: the role of covarying meteorological conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 861–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-861-2022, 2022.
Zhang, X., Dong, X., Xi, B., and Zheng, X.: Aerosol Properties and Their Influences on Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Condensation Nuclei over the Southern Ocean, Atmosphere-Basel, 14, 1246, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081246, 2023.
Zheng, G., Wang, Y., Aiken, A. C., Gallo, F., Jensen, M. P., Kollias, P., Kuang, C., Luke, E., Springston, S., Uin, J., Wood, R., and Wang, J.: Marine boundary layer aerosol in the eastern North Atlantic: seasonal variations and key controlling processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17615–17635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17615-2018, 2018.
Zheng, G., Wang, Y., Wood, R., Jensen, M. P., Kuang, C., McCoy, I. L., Matthews, A., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J. M., Shilling, J. E., Zawadowicz, M. A., Crosbie, E., Moore, R., Ziemba, L., Andreae, M. O., and Wang, J.: New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer, Nat. Commun., 12, 527, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20773-1, 2021.
Zheng, X., Xi, B., Dong, X., Logan, T., Wang, Y., and Wu, P.: Investigation of aerosol–cloud interactions under different absorptive aerosol regimes using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) southern Great Plains (SGP) ground-based measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3483–3501, https://doi.org/.5194/acp-20-3483-2020, 2020.
Zheng, X., Dong, X., Ward, D. M., Xi, B., Wu, P., and Wang, Y.: aerosol–cloud-Precipitation Interactions in a Closed-cell and Non-homogenous MBL Stratocumulus Cloud, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2107–2123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2013-6, 2022a.
Zheng, X., Xi, B., Dong, X., Wu, P., Logan, T., and Wang, Y.: Environmental effects on aerosol–cloud interaction in non-precipitating marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds over the eastern North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 335–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-335-2022, 2022b.
Zuidema, P., Torri, G., Muller, C., and Chandra, A.: A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment, Surv. Geophys., 38, 1283–1305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x, 2017.
Short summary
The marine boundary layer aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs) are examined using in situ measurements from two aircraft campaigns over the eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) and Southern Ocean (SOCRATES). The SOCRATES clouds have more and smaller cloud droplets. The ACE-ENA clouds exhibit stronger drizzle formation and growth. Results found distinctive aerosol–cloud interactions for two campaigns. The drizzle processes significantly alter sub-cloud aerosol budgets and impact the ACI assessments.
The marine boundary layer aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs) are examined using in situ...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint