Articles | Volume 23, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10015-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10015-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
What chemical species are responsible for new particle formation and growth in the Netherlands? A hybrid positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using aerosol composition (ACSM) and size (SMPS)
Farhan R. Nursanto
Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Environmental Sciences Group,
Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, 6708PB, the
Netherlands
Roy Meinen
Department of
Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
Rupert Holzinger
Department of
Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
Maarten C. Krol
Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Environmental Sciences Group,
Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, 6708PB, the
Netherlands
Department of
Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, the
Netherlands
Xinya Liu
Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research
Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the
Netherlands
Ulrike Dusek
Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research
Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the
Netherlands
Bas Henzing
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO),
Princetonlaan 6, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Environmental Sciences Group,
Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, 6708PB, the
Netherlands
Related authors
Farhan R. Nursanto, Douglas A. Day, Roy Meinen, Rupert Holzinger, Harald Saathoff, Jinglan Fu, Jan Mulder, Ulrike Dusek, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3051–3072, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is of increasing importance to monitor nitrate pollution that can harm ecosystems. However, commonly used aerosol monitoring equipment cannot distinguish inorganic from organic forms of nitrate, which may have different consequences for the environment. We describe a method to differentiate types of nitrates that can be applied to ambient monitoring to improve understanding of its formation and impact.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Joram Hooghiem, Rigel Kivi, Thomas Laemmel, Michel Ramonet, Markus Leuenberger, Peter Nyfeler, Sophia Louise Baartman, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3079, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous vertical profiles and discrete stratospheric samples of carbonyl sulfide (COS) were collected deploying the balloon-borne AirCore, LISA and BigLISA samplers and measured on a Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer (QCLS). Our measurements show good accordance with previous COS observations. Moreover, laboratory tests of ozone (O3) scrubbers proved squalene to remove O3 very efficiently without biasing the measurements of other trace gases.
Farhan R. Nursanto, Douglas A. Day, Roy Meinen, Rupert Holzinger, Harald Saathoff, Jinglan Fu, Jan Mulder, Ulrike Dusek, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3051–3072, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is of increasing importance to monitor nitrate pollution that can harm ecosystems. However, commonly used aerosol monitoring equipment cannot distinguish inorganic from organic forms of nitrate, which may have different consequences for the environment. We describe a method to differentiate types of nitrates that can be applied to ambient monitoring to improve understanding of its formation and impact.
Getachew Agmuas Adnew, Gerbrand Koren, Neha Mehendale, Sergey Gromov, Maarten Krol, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents high-precision measurements of ∆′17O(CO2). Key findings include the extension of the N2O–∆′17O correlation to the upper troposphere and the identification of significant differences in the N2O–∆′17O slope in StratoClim samples. Additionally, the ∆′17O measurements are used to estimate global stratospheric production and surface removal of ∆′17O, providing an independent estimate of global vegetation CO2 exchange.
Johann Rasmus Nüß, Nikos Daskalakis, Fabian Günther Piwowarczyk, Angelos Gkouvousis, Oliver Schneising, Michael Buchwitz, Maria Kanakidou, Maarten C. Krol, and Mihalis Vrekoussis
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2861–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2861-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate carbon monoxide emissions through inverse modeling, an approach where measurements of tracers in the atmosphere are fed to a model to calculate backwards in time (inverse) where the tracers came from. We introduce measurements from a new satellite instrument and show that, in most places globally, these on their own sufficiently constrain the emissions. This alleviates the need for additional datasets, which could shorten the delay for future carbon monoxide source estimates.
Sophie L. Baartman, Steven M. Driever, Maarten Wassenaar, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Nerea Ubierna Lopez, Leon Mossink, Maria E. Popa, Ara Cho, Lisa Wingate, Thomas Röckmann, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, and Maarten C. Krol
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-215, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-215, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake fluxes and isotope discrimination was measured in sunflower and papyrus plants, using a plant chamber approach and varying light availability. COS and CO2 isotope discrimination in plants have never been jointly measured before. COS isotope discrimination did not differ between the species, nor with changing light. CO2 fluxes and isotope values provided additional useful information for data interpretation.
Maitane Iturrate-Garcia, Thérèse Salameh, Paul Schlauri, Annarita Baldan, Martin K. Vollmer, Evdokia Stratigou, Sebastien Dusanter, Jianrong Li, Stefan Persijn, Anja Claude, Rupert Holzinger, Christophe Sutour, Tatiana Macé, Yasin Elshorbany, Andreas Ackermann, Céline Pascale, and Stefan Reimann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 371–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-371-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-371-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and comparable measurements of oxygenated organic compounds (OVOCs) are crucial in assessing tropospheric ozone burdens and trends. However, the monitoring of many OVOCs remains challenging because of their low atmospheric abundance and lack of stable and traceable calibration standards. This paper describes the calibration standards developed for OVOCs at a low amount of substance fractions (<100 nmol mol-1) to transfer traceability of the International System of Units to the field.
Alba Mols, Klaas Folkert Boersma, Hugo Denier van der Gon, and Maarten Krol
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-49, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-49, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We created a new method to estimate city air pollution (NOx emissions) using satellite data. Testing showed our approach works well to track how pollution spreads in urban areas. By combining observations with prior knowledge, we improved the accuracy of emission estimates. Applying this method in Paris, we found emissions were 9 % lower than expected and dropped significantly during COVID-19 lockdowns. Our method offers a reliable way to monitor pollution and support environmental policies.
Xinya Liu, Diego Alves Gouveia, Bas Henzing, Arnoud Apituley, Arjan Hensen, Danielle van Dinther, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9597–9614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is important for their effect on climate. This is usually measured by lidar, which has limitations, most notably the assumption of a lidar ratio. Our study shows that routine surface-level aerosol measurements are able to predict this lidar ratio reasonably well within the lower layers of the atmosphere and thus provide a relatively simple and cost-effective method to improve lidar measurements.
Maarten Krol, Bart van Stratum, Isidora Anglou, and Klaas Folkert Boersma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8243–8262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents detailed plume simulations of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide that are emitted from four large industrial facilities world-wide. Results from the high-resolution simulations that include atmospheric chemistry are compared to nitrogen dioxide observations from satellites. We find good performance of the model and show that common assumptions that are used in simplified models need revision. This work is important for the monitoring of emissions using satellite data.
Sandro Meier, Erik F. M. Koene, Maarten Krol, Dominik Brunner, Alexander Damm, and Gerrit Kuhlmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7667–7686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are important air pollutants. This study addresses the challenge of accurately estimating NOx emissions from NO2 satellite observations. We develop a realistic model to convert NO2 to NOx by using simulated plumes from various power plants. We apply the model to satellite NO2 observations, significantly reducing biases in estimated NOx emissions. The study highlights the potential for a consistent, high-resolution estimation of NOx emissions using satellite data.
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Norbert Glatthor, Stephen A. Montzka, Marc von Hobe, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6047–6070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The global budget of atmospheric COS can be optimised by inverse modelling using TM5-4DVAR, with the co-constraints of NOAA surface observations and MIPAS satellite data. We found reduced COS biosphere uptake from inversions and improved land and ocean separation using MIPAS satellite data assimilation. Further improvements are expected from better quantification of COS ocean and biosphere fluxes.
Xinya Liu, Bas Henzing, Arjan Hensen, Jan Mulder, Peng Yao, Danielle van Dinther, Jerry van Bronckhorst, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3405–3420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (TOF-ACSM) following the implementation of the PM2.5 aerodynamic lens and a capture vaporizer (CV). The results showed that it significantly improved the accuracy and precision of ACSM in the field observations. The paper elucidates the measurement outcomes of various instruments and provides an analysis of their biases. This comprehensive evaluation is expected to benefit the ACSM community and other aerosol field measurements.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Steven van Heuven, Andrea Scifo, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Ivan Mammarella, Ute Karstens, Jin Ma, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3539–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a tool to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plants during photosynthesis. However, understanding its sources and sinks is critical to preventing biases in this estimate. Combining observations and models, this study proves that regional sources occasionally influence the measurements at the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.; 53°24′ N, 6°21′ E) in the Netherlands. Moreover, it estimates nighttime COS fluxes to be −3.0 ± 2.6 pmol m−2 s−1.
Ara Cho, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Richard Wehr, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 20, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a useful constraint for estimating photosynthesis. To simulate COS leaf flux better in the SiB4 model, we propose a novel temperature function for enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and optimize conductances using observations. The optimal activity of CA occurs below 40 °C, and Ball–Woodrow–Berry parameters are slightly changed. These reduce/increase uptakes in the tropics/higher latitudes and contribute to resolving discrepancies in the COS global budget.
Philip T. M. Carlsson, Luc Vereecken, Anna Novelli, François Bernard, Steven S. Brown, Bellamy Brownwood, Changmin Cho, John N. Crowley, Patrick Dewald, Peter M. Edwards, Nils Friedrich, Juliane L. Fry, Mattias Hallquist, Luisa Hantschke, Thorsten Hohaus, Sungah Kang, Jonathan Liebmann, Alfred W. Mayhew, Thomas Mentel, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Justin Shenolikar, Ralf Tillmann, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Rongrong Wu, Andreas Wahner, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Hendrik Fuchs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3147–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of the night-time oxidation of the most abundant hydrocarbon, isoprene, in chamber experiments shows the importance of reaction pathways leading to epoxy products, which could enhance particle formation, that have so far not been accounted for. The chemical lifetime of organic nitrates from isoprene is long enough for the majority to be further oxidized the next day by daytime oxidants.
David R. Worton, Sergi Moreno, Kieran O'Daly, and Rupert Holzinger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1061–1072, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry is widely used in the environmental, health, and food and beverage sectors. As a result, there is a need for accurate and comparable measurements. In this work we have developed a 20-component gravimetrically prepared traceable primary reference material (gas standard in a high-pressure cylinder) to enable quantitative and comparable measurements. The accuracy of all components was better than 3 %–10 % with stabilities of better than 1–2 years.
Jianbing Jin, Bas Henzing, and Arjo Segers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1641–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1641-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1641-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol models and satellite retrieval algorithms rely on different aerosol size assumptions. In practice, differences between simulations and observations do not always reflect the difference in aerosol amount. To avoid inconsistencies, we designed a hybrid assimilation approach. Different from a standard aerosol optical depth (AOD) assimilation that directly assimilates AODs, the hybrid one estimates aerosol size parameters by assimilating Ängström observations before assimilating the AODs.
Peter J. M. Bosman and Maarten C. Krol
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 47–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-47-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-47-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an inverse modelling framework constructed around a simple model for the atmospheric boundary layer. This framework can be fed with various observation types to study the boundary layer and land–atmosphere exchange. With this framework, it is possible to estimate model parameters and the associated uncertainties. Some of these parameters are difficult to obtain directly by observations. An example application for a grassland in the Netherlands is included.
Srijana Lama, Sander Houweling, K. Folkert Boersma, Ilse Aben, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16053–16071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16053-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16053-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydroxyl radical (OH) is the important chemical species that determines the lifetime of some greenhouse gases and trace gases. OH plays a vital role in air pollution chemistry. OH has a short lifetime and is extremely difficult to measure directly. OH concentrations derived from the chemistry transport model (CTM) have uncertainties of >50 %. Therefore, in this study, OH is derived indirectly using satellite date in urban plumes.
Stijn Naus, Lucas G. Domingues, Maarten Krol, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Luciana V. Gatti, John B. Miller, Emanuel Gloor, Sourish Basu, Caio Correia, Gerbrand Koren, Helen M. Worden, Johannes Flemming, Gabrielle Pétron, and Wouter Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14735–14750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14735-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14735-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assimilate MOPITT CO satellite data in the TM5-4D-Var inverse modelling framework to estimate Amazon fire CO emissions for 2003–2018. We show that fire emissions have decreased over the analysis period, coincident with a decrease in deforestation rates. However, interannual variations in fire emissions are large, and they correlate strongly with soil moisture. Our results reveal an important role for robust, top-down fire CO emissions in quantifying and attributing Amazon fire intensity.
Roland Vernooij, Patrik Winiger, Martin Wooster, Tercia Strydom, Laurent Poulain, Ulrike Dusek, Mark Grosvenor, Gareth J. Roberts, Nick Schutgens, and Guido R. van der Werf
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4271–4294, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape fires are a substantial emitter of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Previous studies have indicated savanna emission factors to be highly variable. Improving fire emission estimates, and understanding future climate- and human-induced changes in fire regimes, requires in situ measurements. We present a drone-based method that enables the collection of a large amount of high-quality emission factor measurements that do not have the biases of aircraft or surface measurements.
Michelia Dam, Danielle C. Draper, Andrey Marsavin, Juliane L. Fry, and James N. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9017–9031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9017-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9017-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We performed chamber experiments to measure the composition of the gas-phase reaction products of nitrate-radical-initiated oxidation of four monoterpenes. The total organic yield, effective oxygen-to-carbon ratio, and dimer-to-monomer ratio were correlated with the observed particle formation for the monoterpene systems with some exceptions. The Δ-carene system produced the most particles, followed by β-pinene, with the α-pinene and α-thujene systems producing no particles.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3611–3628, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate two widely used observational techniques (Other Test Method (OTM) 33A and car drive-bys) that estimate point source gas emissions. We performed our analysis on high-resolution plume dispersion simulation. For car drive-bys we found that at least 15 repeated measurements were needed to get within 40 % of the true emissions. OTM 33A produced large errors in estimation (50 %–200 %) due to its sensitivity to dispersion coefficients and underlying simplifying assumptions.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Bart van Stratum, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6489–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile measurement techniques (e.g., instruments placed in cars) are often employed to identify and quantify individual sources of greenhouse gases. Due to road restrictions, those observations are often sparse (temporally and spatially). We performed high-resolution simulations of plume dispersion, with realistic weather conditions encountered in the field, to reproduce the measurement process of a methane plume emitted from an oil well and provide additional information about the plume.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Elisa Bergas-Massó, María Gonçalves-Ageitos, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, Akinori Ito, Eleni Athanasopoulou, Athanasios Nenes, Maria Kanakidou, Maarten C. Krol, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3079–3120, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We here describe the implementation of atmospheric multiphase processes in the EC-Earth Earth system model. We provide global budgets of oxalate, sulfate, and iron-containing aerosols, along with an analysis of the links among atmospheric composition, aqueous-phase processes, and aerosol dissolution, supported by comparison to observations. This work is a first step towards an interactive calculation of the deposition of bioavailable atmospheric iron coupled to the model’s ocean component.
Roland Vernooij, Ulrike Dusek, Maria Elena Popa, Peng Yao, Anupam Shaikat, Chenxi Qiu, Patrik Winiger, Carina van der Veen, Thomas Callum Eames, Natasha Ribeiro, and Guido R. van der Werf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2871-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2871-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape fires are a major source of greenhouse gases and aerosols, particularly in sub-tropical savannas. Stable carbon isotopes in emissions can be used to trace the contribution of C3 plants (e.g. trees or shrubs) and C4 plants (e.g. savanna grasses) to greenhouse gases and aerosols if the process is well understood. This helps us to link individual vegetation types to emissions, identify biomass burning emissions in the atmosphere, and improve the reconstruction of historic fire regimes.
Rupert Holzinger, Oliver Eppers, Kouji Adachi, Heiko Bozem, Markus Hartmann, Andreas Herber, Makoto Koike, Dylan B. Millet, Nobuhiro Moteki, Sho Ohata, Frank Stratmann, and Atsushi Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-95, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In spring 2018 the research aircraft Polar 5 conducted flights in the Arctic atmosphere. The flight operation was from Station Nord in Greenland, 1700 km north of the Arctic Circle (81°43'N, 17°47'W). Using a mass spectrometer we measured more than 100 organic compounds in the air. We found a clear signature of natural organic compounds that are transported from forests to the high Arctic. These compounds have the potential to change the cloud cover and energy budget of the Arctic region.
Juhi Nagori, Narcisa Nechita-Bândă, Sebastian Oscar Danielache, Masumi Shinkai, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, 2022
Publication in ACP not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The sulfur isotopes (32S and 34S) were studied to understand the sources, sinks and processes of carbonyl sulphide (COS) in the atmosphere. COS is an important source of sulfur aerosol in the stratosphere (SSA). Few measurements of COS and SSA exist, but with our 1D model, we were able to match them and show the importance of COS to sulfate formation. Moreover, we are able to highlight some important processes for the COS budget and where measurements may fill a gap in current knowledge.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Jin Ma, Aleya Kaushik, Katherine D. Haynes, Ian Baker, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Mathijs Groenink, Wouter Peters, John B. Miller, Joseph A. Berry, Jerome Ogée, Laura K. Meredith, Wu Sun, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Huilin Chen, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Max Berkelhammer, Mary E. Whelan, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Roisin Commane, Richard Wehr, and Maarten Krol
Biogeosciences, 18, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used to estimate photosynthesis. To adopt this approach on regional and global scales, we need biosphere models that can simulate COS exchange. So far, such models have not been evaluated against observations. We evaluate the COS biosphere exchange of the SiB4 model against COS flux observations. We find that the model is capable of simulating key processes in COS biosphere exchange. Still, we give recommendations for further improvement of the model.
Auke J. Visser, Laurens N. Ganzeveld, Ignacio Goded, Maarten C. Krol, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, and K. Folkert Boersma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18393–18411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dry deposition is an important sink for tropospheric ozone that affects ecosystem carbon uptake, but process understanding remains incomplete. We apply a common deposition representation in atmospheric chemistry models and a multi-layer canopy model to multi-year ozone deposition observations. The multi-layer canopy model performs better on diurnal timescales compared to the common approach, leading to a substantially improved simulation of ozone deposition and vegetation ozone impact metrics.
Vilma Kangasaho, Aki Tsuruta, Leif Backman, Pyry Mäkinen, Sander Houweling, Arjo Segers, Maarten Krol, Ed Dlugokencky, Sylvia Michel, James White, and Tuula Aalto
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-843, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the composition of carbon isotopes can help to better understand the changes in methane budgets. This study investigates how methane sources affect the seasonal cycle of the methane carbon-13 isotope during 2000–2012 using an atmospheric transport model. We found that emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources contribute. The findings raise a need to revise the magnitudes, proportion, and seasonal cycles of anthropogenic sources and northern wetland emissions.
Jianbing Jin, Arjo Segers, Hai Xiang Lin, Bas Henzing, Xiaohui Wang, Arnold Heemink, and Hong Liao
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5607–5622, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When discussing the accuracy of a dust forecast, the shape and position of the plume as well as the intensity are key elements. The position forecast determines which locations will be affected, while the intensity only describes the actual dust level. A dust forecast with position misfit directly results in incorrect timing profiles of dust loads. In this paper, an image-morphing-based data assimilation is designed for realigning a simulated dust plume to correct for the position error.
Gloria Titos, María A. Burgos, Paul Zieger, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Urs Baltensperger, Anne Jefferson, James Sherman, Ernest Weingartner, Bas Henzing, Krista Luoma, Colin O'Dowd, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Elisabeth Andrews
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13031–13050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the impact of water uptake on aerosol optical properties, in particular the aerosol light-scattering coefficient. Although in situ measurements are performed at low relative humidity (typically at
RH < 40 %), to address the climatic impact of aerosol particles it is necessary to take into account the effect that water uptake may have on the aerosol optical properties.
Rongrong Wu, Luc Vereecken, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Sungah Kang, Sascha R. Albrecht, Luisa Hantschke, Defeng Zhao, Anna Novelli, Hendrik Fuchs, Ralf Tillmann, Thorsten Hohaus, Philip T. M. Carlsson, Justin Shenolikar, François Bernard, John N. Crowley, Juliane L. Fry, Bellamy Brownwood, Joel A. Thornton, Steven S. Brown, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andreas Wahner, Mattias Hallquist, and Thomas F. Mentel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10799–10824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene is the biogenic volatile organic compound with the largest emissions rates. The nighttime reaction of isoprene with the NO3 radical has a large potential to contribute to SOA. We classified isoprene nitrates into generations and proposed formation pathways. Considering the potential functionalization of the isoprene nitrates we propose that mainly isoprene dimers contribute to SOA formation from the isoprene NO3 reactions with at least a 5 % mass yield.
Johannes G. M. Barten, Laurens N. Ganzeveld, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10229–10248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an evaluation of ocean and snow/ice O3 deposition in explaining observed hourly surface O3 at 25 pan-Arctic sites using an atmospheric meteorology/chemistry model. The model includes a mechanistic representation of ocean O3 deposition as a function of ocean biogeochemical and mixing conditions. The mechanistic representation agrees better with O3 observations in terms of magnitude and temporal variability especially in the High Arctic (> 70° N).
Stijn Naus, Stephen A. Montzka, Prabir K. Patra, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4809–4824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Following up on previous box model studies, we employ a 3D transport model to estimate variations in the hydroxyl radical (OH) from observations of methyl chloroform (MCF). We derive small interannual OH variations that are consistent with variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We also find evidence for the release of MCF from oceans in atmospheric gradients of MCF. Both findings highlight the added value of a 3D transport model since box model studies did not identify these effects.
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Lu Yang, Ting Wang, Jing Duan, Jie Guo, Haiyan Ni, Yang Chen, Qi Chen, Yongjie Li, Ulrike Dusek, Colin O'Dowd, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3685–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3685-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3685-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the seasonal variations in nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in composition, sources, and their light absorption contribution to brown carbon (BrC) aerosol in Xi'an, Northwest China. Our results show that secondary formation and vehicular emission were dominant sources in summer (~80 %), and biomass burning and coal combustion were major sources in winter (~75 %), and they indicate that the composition and sources of NACs have a profound impact on the light absorption of BrC
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Stephen A. Montzka, Norbert Glatthor, John R. Worden, Le Kuai, Elliot L. Atlas, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3507–3529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide is an important trace gas in the atmosphere and useful to estimating gross primary productivity in ecosystems, but its sources and sinks remain highly uncertain. Therefore, we applied inverse model system TM5-4DVAR to better constrain the global budget. Our finding is in line with earlier studies, pointing to missing sources in the tropics and more uptake in high latitudes. We also stress the necessity of more ground-based observations and satellite data assimilation in future.
Jakob B. Pernov, Rossana Bossi, Thibaut Lebourgeois, Jacob K. Nøjgaard, Rupert Holzinger, Jens L. Hjorth, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2895–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important constituent in the Arctic atmosphere due to their effect on aerosol and ozone formation. However, an understanding of their sources is lacking. This research presents a multiseason high-time-resolution dataset of VOCs in the Arctic and details their temporal characteristics and source apportionment. Four sources were identified: biomass burning, marine cryosphere, background, and Arctic haze.
Rosaria E. Pileci, Robin L. Modini, Michele Bertò, Jinfeng Yuan, Joel C. Corbin, Angela Marinoni, Bas Henzing, Marcel M. Moerman, Jean P. Putaud, Gerald Spindler, Birgit Wehner, Thomas Müller, Thomas Tuch, Arianna Trentini, Marco Zanatta, Urs Baltensperger, and Martin Gysel-Beer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1379–1403, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC), which is an important constituent of atmospheric aerosols, remains difficult to quantify due to various limitations of available methods. This study provides an extensive comparison of co-located field measurements, applying two methods based on different principles. It was shown that both methods indeed quantify the same aerosol property – BC mass concentration. The level of agreement that can be expected was quantified, and some reasons for discrepancy were identified.
Rob L. Modini, Joel C. Corbin, Benjamin T. Brem, Martin Irwin, Michele Bertò, Rosaria E. Pileci, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Bas Henzing, Marcel M. Moerman, Fengshan Liu, Thomas Müller, and Martin Gysel-Beer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 819–851, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extinction-minus-scattering is an important method for measuring aerosol light absorption, but its application in the field presents a number of challenges. A recently developed instrument based on this method – the CAPS PMssa – has the potential to overcome some of these challenges. We present a compilation of theory, lab measurements, and field examples to characterize this instrument and show the conditions under which it can deliver reliable absorption measurements for atmospheric aerosols.
Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Udo Frieß, François Hendrick, Carlos Alberti, Marc Allaart, Arnoud Apituley, Alkis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Stijn Berkhout, Kristof Bognar, Tim Bösch, Ilya Bruchkouski, Alexander Cede, Ka Lok Chan, Mirjam den Hoed, Sebastian Donner, Theano Drosoglou, Caroline Fayt, Martina M. Friedrich, Arnoud Frumau, Lou Gast, Clio Gielen, Laura Gomez-Martín, Nan Hao, Arjan Hensen, Bas Henzing, Christian Hermans, Junli Jin, Karin Kreher, Jonas Kuhn, Johannes Lampel, Ang Li, Cheng Liu, Haoran Liu, Jianzhong Ma, Alexis Merlaud, Enno Peters, Gaia Pinardi, Ankie Piters, Ulrich Platt, Olga Puentedura, Andreas Richter, Stefan Schmitt, Elena Spinei, Deborah Stein Zweers, Kimberly Strong, Daan Swart, Frederik Tack, Martin Tiefengraber, René van der Hoff, Michel van Roozendael, Tim Vlemmix, Jan Vonk, Thomas Wagner, Yang Wang, Zhuoru Wang, Mark Wenig, Matthias Wiegner, Folkard Wittrock, Pinhua Xie, Chengzhi Xing, Jin Xu, Margarita Yela, Chengxin Zhang, and Xiaoyi Zhao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a ground-based remote sensing measurement technique that derives atmospheric aerosol and trace gas vertical profiles from skylight spectra. In this study, consistency and reliability of MAX-DOAS profiles are assessed by applying nine different evaluation algorithms to spectral data recorded during an intercomparison campaign in the Netherlands and by comparing the results to colocated supporting observations.
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Max M. Cosijn, Lu Yang, Jie Guo, Junji Cao, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16041–16053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing and Xi'an during severe winter haze. Elemental carbon (EC) was dominated by vehicle emissions in Xi’an and coal burning in Beijing. Organic carbon (OC) increment during haze days was driven by the increase in primary and secondary OC (SOC). SOC was more from fossil sources in Beijing than Xi’an, especially during haze days. In Xi’an, no strong day–night differences in EC or OC sources suggest a large accumulation of particles.
Natalie I. Keehan, Bellamy Brownwood, Andrey Marsavin, Douglas A. Day, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6255–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6255-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6255-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new instrument (a thermal-dissociation–cavity ring-down spectrometer, TD-CRDS) for the measurement of key atmospheric gaseous and particle-phase molecules containing the nitrate functional group. Several operational considerations affecting the measurements are described, as well as several characterization experiments comparing the TD-CRDS measurements to analogous measurements from other instruments. Examples are given using a TD-CRDS for ambient and laboratory studies.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Nikos Daskalakis, Angelos Gkouvousis, Andreas Hilboll, Twan van Noije, Jason E. Williams, Philippe Le Sager, Vincent Huijnen, Sander Houweling, Tommi Bergman, Johann Rasmus Nüß, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, and Maarten C. Krol
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5507–5548, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work documents and evaluates the detailed tropospheric gas-phase chemical mechanism MOGUNTIA in the three-dimensional chemistry transport model TM5-MP. The Rosenbrock solver, as generated by the KPP software, is implemented in the chemistry code, which can successfully replace the classical Euler backward integration method. The MOGUNTIA scheme satisfactorily simulates a large suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are observed in the atmosphere at significant levels.
Patrick Dewald, Jonathan M. Liebmann, Nils Friedrich, Justin Shenolikar, Jan Schuladen, Franz Rohrer, David Reimer, Ralf Tillmann, Anna Novelli, Changmin Cho, Kangming Xu, Rupert Holzinger, François Bernard, Li Zhou, Wahid Mellouki, Steven S. Brown, Hendrik Fuchs, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10459–10475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present direct measurements of NO3 reactivity resulting from the oxidation of isoprene by NO3 during an intensive simulation chamber study. Measurements were in excellent agreement with values calculated from measured isoprene amounts and the rate coefficient for the reaction of NO3 with isoprene. Comparison of the measurement with NO3 reactivities from non-steady-state and model calculations suggests that isoprene-derived RO2 and HO2 radicals account to ~ 50 % of overall NO3 losses.
Srijana Lama, Sander Houweling, K. Folkert Boersma, Henk Eskes, Ilse Aben, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Maarten C. Krol, Han Dolman, Tobias Borsdorff, and Alba Lorente
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10295–10310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10295-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10295-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid urbanization has increased the consumption of fossil fuel, contributing the degradation of urban air quality. Burning efficiency is a major factor determining the impact of fuel burning on the environment. We quantify the burning efficiency of fossil fuel use over six megacities using satellite remote sensing data. City governance can use these results to understand air pollution scenarios and to formulate effective air pollution control strategies.
Cited articles
Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Boudries, H.,
Canagaratna, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Garforth, A. A., Li,
S.-M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Characterization of urban and rural organic
particulate in the Lower Fraser Valley using two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass
Spectrometers, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5745–5758,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.054, 2004.
Allan, J. D., Delia, A. E., Coe, H., Bower, K. N., Alfarra, M. R., Jimenez,
J. L., Middlebrook, A. M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R.,
Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: A generalised method for the extraction of
chemically resolved mass spectra from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer
data, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 909–922,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.02.007, 2004.
Amaral, S., de Carvalho, J., Costa, M., and Pinheiro, C.: An Overview of
Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments, Atmosphere, 6, 1327–1345,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6091327, 2015.
Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical
Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry, Science, 276, 1052–1058,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1052, 1997.
Asmi, E., Kivekäs, N., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Hatakka, J., Viisanen, Y., and Lihavainen, H.: Secondary new particle formation in Northern Finland Pallas site between the years 2000 and 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12959–12972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12959-2011, 2011.
Ayala, A., Brauer, M., Mauderly, J. L., and Samet, J. M.: Air pollutants and
sources associated with health effects, Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 5,
151–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0155-2, 2012.
Barsanti, K. C., Kroll, J. H., and Thornton, J. A.: Formation of
Low-Volatility Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: Recent Advancements and
Insights, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 8, 1503–1511,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02969, 2017.
Berkemeier, T., Ammann, M., Mentel, T. F., Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.:
Organic Nitrate Contribution to New Particle Formation and Growth in
Secondary Organic Aerosols from α-Pinene Ozonolysis, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 6334–6342, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00961, 2016.
Bianchi, F., Tröstl, J., Junninen, H., Frege, C., Henne, S., Hoyle, C.
R., Molteni, U., Herrmann, E., Adamov, A., Bukowiecki, N., Chen, X.,
Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Hutterli, M., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J.,
Kürten, A., Manninen, H. E., Münch, S., Peräkylä, O.,
Petäjä, T., Rondo, L., Williamson, C., Weingartner, E., Curtius, J.,
Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., Dommen, J., and Baltensperger, U.: New particle
formation in the free troposphere: A question of chemistry and timing,
Science, 352, 1109–1112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5456, 2016.
Brean, J., Dall'Osto, M., Simó, R., Shi, Z., Beddows, D. C. S., and
Harrison, R. M.: Open ocean and coastal new particle formation from sulfuric
acid and amines around the Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Geosci., 14, 383–388,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00751-y, 2021.
Carslaw, D. C. and Ropkins, K.: openair – An R package for air quality
data analysis, Environ. Modell. Softw., 27, 52–61,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.09.008, 2012.
Castro, A., Alonso-Blanco, E., González-Colino, M., Calvo, A. I.,
Fernández-Raga, M., and Fraile, R.: Aerosol size distribution in
precipitation events in León, Spain, Atmos. Res., 96, 421–435,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.014, 2010.
CBS, The Netherlands in number 2021: https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2021/how-many-farm-animals-are-there-in-the-netherlands/, (last access: 21 August 2023), 2021.
Celles, S., Filipe, Quick, J., Samuël Weber/GwendalD, Kittner, J.,
Strawberry Beach Sandals, Ogasawara, I., Bachant, P., Maussion, F.,
Kvalsvik, J., Miguel, R., Raj, S. P., McCann, J., and Sspagnol:
python-windrose/windrose: v1.8.1, [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7465610,
2022.
Chen, G., Canonaco, F., Tobler, A., Aas, W., Alastuey, A., Allan, J.,
Atabakhsh, S., Aurela, M., Baltensperger, U., Bougiatioti, A., De Brito, J.
F., Ceburnis, D., Chazeau, B., Chebaicheb, H., Daellenbach, K. R., Ehn, M.,
El Haddad, I., Eleftheriadis, K., Favez, O., Flentje, H., Font, A., Fossum,
K., Freney, E., Gini, M., Green, D. C., Heikkinen, L., Herrmann, H.,
Kalogridis, A.-C., Keernik, H., Lhotka, R., Lin, C., Lunder, C., Maasikmets,
M., Manousakas, M. I., Marchand, N., Marin, C., Marmureanu, L.,
Mihalopoulos, N., Močnik, G., Nęcki, J., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite,
J., Peter, T., Petit, J.-E., Pikridas, M., Matthew Platt, S., Pokorná,
P., Poulain, L., Priestman, M., Riffault, V., Rinaldi, M.,
Różański, K., Schwarz, J., Sciare, J., Simon, L., Skiba, A.,
Slowik, J. G., Sosedova, Y., Stavroulas, I., Styszko, K., Teinemaa, E.,
Timonen, H., Tremper, A., Vasilescu, J., Via, M., Vodička, P.,
Wiedensohler, A., Zografou, O., Cruz Minguillón, M., and Prévôt,
A. S. H.: European aerosol phenomenology −8: Harmonised source
apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets,
Environ. Int., 166, 107325,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107325, 2022.
Dada, L., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Kontkanen, J., Peräkylä, O., Lehtipalo, K., Hussein, T., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Bäck, J., and Kulmala, M.: Long-term analysis of clear-sky new particle formation events and nonevents in Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6227–6241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6227-2017, 2017.
Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., Asmi, A., Poulain, L., Hao, L., Freney,
E., Allan, J. D., Canagaratna, M., Crippa, M., Bianchi, F., de Leeuw, G.,
Eriksson, A., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., Henzing, J. S., Granier, C.,
Zemankova, K., Laj, P., Onasch, T., Prevot, A., Putaud, J. P., Sellegri, K.,
Vidal, M., Virtanen, A., Simo, R., Worsnop, D., O'Dowd, C., Kulmala, M., and
Harrison, R. M.: Novel insights on new particle formation derived from a
pan-european observing system, Sci. Rep., 8, 1482,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17343-9, 2018.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H.,
Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B.,
Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I.-H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T.,
Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurtén,
T., Nielsen, L. B., Jørgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H. G., Canagaratna, M.,
Maso, M. D., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V.-M.,
Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: A large source of
low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Elson, P., De Andrade, E. S., Lucas, G., May, R., Hattersley, R., Campbell,
E., Dawson, A., Stephane Raynaud, Scmc72, Little, B., Snow, A. D., Donkers,
K., Blay, B., Killick, P., Wilson, N., Peglar, P., Lbdreyer, Andrew,
Szymaniak, J., Berchet, A., Bosley, C., Davis, L., Filipe, Krasting, J.,
Bradbury, M., Kirkham, D., Stephenworsley, Clément, Caria, G., and
Herzmann, D.: SciTools/cartopy: v0.21.1, [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7430317, 2022.
Erisman, J. W., Galloway, J., Seitzinger, S., Bleeker, A., and
Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Reactive nitrogen in the environment and its effect on
climate change, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3,
281–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.012, 2011.
Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y., Giangrande, S. E., Li, Z., Machado, L. A.
T., Martin, S. T., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Braga,
R. C., Comstock, J. M., Feng, Z., Gao, W., Gomes, H. B., Mei, F.,
Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M. L., Pöschl, U., and de Souza, R. A. F.:
Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol
particles, Science, 359, 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8461,
2018.
Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Krotkov, N., Li, C., Joiner, J., Theys, N., Carn, S., and Moran, M. D.: A global catalogue of large SO2 sources and emissions derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11497–11519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11497-2016, 2016.
Fröhlich, R., Cubison, M. J., Slowik, J. G., Bukowiecki, N., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Schneider, J., Kimmel, J. R., Gonin, M., Rohner, U., Worsnop, D. R., and Jayne, J. T.: The ToF-ACSM: a portable aerosol chemical speciation monitor with TOFMS detection, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3225–3241, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3225-2013, 2013.
Gordon, H., Sengupta, K., Rap, A., Duplissy, J., Frege, C., Williamson, C.,
Heinritzi, M., Simon, M., Yan, C., Almeida, J., Tröstl, J., Nieminen,
T., Ortega, I. K., Wagner, R., Dunne, E. M., Adamov, A., Amorim, A.,
Bernhammer, A.-K., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Chen, X.,
Craven, J. S., Dias, A., Ehrhart, S., Fischer, L., Flagan, R. C., Franchin,
A., Fuchs, C., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Junninen,
H., Kangasluoma, J., Kim, J., Kirkby, J., Krapf, M., Kürten, A.,
Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Molteni, U., Monks,
S. A., Onnela, A., Peräkylä, O., Piel, F., Petäjä, T.,
Praplan, A. P., Pringle, K. J., Richards, N. A. D., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo,
L., Sarnela, N., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C. E., Seinfeld, J. H., Sharma,
S., Sipilä, M., Steiner, G., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A.,
Virtanen, A., Vogel, A. L., Wagner, A. C., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E.,
Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Ye, P., Zhang, X., Hansel, A., Dommen, J.,
Donahue, N. M., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J.,
and Carslaw, K. S.: Reduced anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing caused
by biogenic new particle formation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
12053–12058, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602360113, 2016.
Grantz, D. A., Garner, J. H. B., and Johnson, D. W.: Ecological effects of
particulate matter, Environ. Int., 29, 213–239,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2, 2003.
Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 355–376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-355-2007, 2007.
Haywood, J.: Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Role in Climate Change, in:
Climate Change, Elsevier, 449–463,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63524-2.00027-0, 2016.
He, L.-Y., Lin, Y., Huang, X.-F., Guo, S., Xue, L., Su, Q., Hu, M., Luan, S.-J., and Zhang, Y.-H.: Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11535–11543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11535-2010, 2010.
Heinritzi, M., Dada, L., Simon, M., Stolzenburg, D., Wagner, A. C., Fischer, L., Ahonen, L. R., Amanatidis, S., Baalbaki, R., Baccarini, A., Bauer, P. S., Baumgartner, B., Bianchi, F., Brilke, S., Chen, D., Chiu, R., Dias, A., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Finkenzeller, H., Frege, C., Fuchs, C., Garmash, O., Gordon, H., Granzin, M., El Haddad, I., He, X., Helm, J., Hofbauer, V., Hoyle, C. R., Kangasluoma, J., Keber, T., Kim, C., Kürten, A., Lamkaddam, H., Laurila, T. M., Lampilahti, J., Lee, C. P., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Mai, H., Makhmutov, V., Manninen, H. E., Marten, R., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Mentler, B., Molteni, U., Müller, T., Nie, W., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Partoll, E., Passananti, M., Petäjä, T., Pfeifer, J., Pospisilova, V., Quéléver, L. L. J., Rissanen, M. P., Rose, C., Schobesberger, S., Scholz, W., Scholze, K., Sipilä, M., Steiner, G., Stozhkov, Y., Tauber, C., Tham, Y. J., Vazquez-Pufleau, M., Virtanen, A., Vogel, A. L., Volkamer, R., Wagner, R., Wang, M., Weitz, L., Wimmer, D., Xiao, M., Yan, C., Ye, P., Zha, Q., Zhou, X., Amorim, A., Baltensperger, U., Hansel, A., Kulmala, M., Tomé, A., Winkler, P. M., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., Kirkby, J., and Curtius, J.: Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020.
Heintzenberg, J., Wehner, B., and Birmili, W.: How to find bananas in the
atmospheric aerosol?: new approach for analyzing atmospheric nucleation and
growth events, Tellus B, 59, 273–282,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00249.x, 2007.
Henschel, S., Querol, X., Atkinson, R., Pandolfi, M., Zeka, A., Le Tertre,
A., Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Chanel, O., Pascal, M., Bouland, C.,
Haluza, D., Medina, S., and Goodman, P. G.: Ambient air SO2 patterns in 6
European cities, Atmos. Environ., 79, 236–247,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.008, 2013.
Hodshire, A. L., Lawler, M. J., Zhao, J., Ortega, J., Jen, C., Yli-Juuti, T., Brewer, J. F., Kodros, J. K., Barsanti, K. C., Hanson, D. R., McMurry, P. H., Smith, J. N., and Pierce, J. R.: Multiple new-particle growth pathways observed at the US DOE Southern Great Plains field site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9321–9348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9321-2016, 2016.
Höpfner, M., Ungermann, J., Borrmann, S., Wagner, R., Spang, R., Riese,
M., Stiller, G., Appel, O., Batenburg, A. M., Bucci, S., Cairo, F.,
Dragoneas, A., Friedl-Vallon, F., Hünig, A., Johansson, S., Krasauskas,
L., Legras, B., Leisner, T., Mahnke, C., Möhler, O., Molleker, S.,
Müller, R., Neubert, T., Orphal, J., Preusse, P., Rex, M., Saathoff, H.,
Stroh, F., Weigel, R., and Wohltmann, I.: Ammonium nitrate particles formed
in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons, Nat.
Geosci., 12, 608–612, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0385-8, 2019.
Hu, W., Hu, M., Hu, W., Jimenez, J. L., Yuan, B., Chen, W., Wang, M., Wu,
Y., Chen, C., Wang, Z., Peng, J., Zeng, L., and Shao, M.: Chemical
composition, sources, and aging process of submicron aerosols in Beijing:
Contrast between summer and winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
1955–1977, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024020, 2016.
Hu, W., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Croteau, P., Canagaratna, M. R.,
Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of the new
capture vaporizer for aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) through field studies
of inorganic species, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 51, 735–754,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1296104, 2017.
Hu, W., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Nault, B. A., Park, T., Lee, T.,
Croteau, P., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez,
J. L.: Evaluation of the New Capture Vaporizer for Aerosol Mass
Spectrometers (AMS): Elemental Composition and Source Apportionment of
Organic Aerosols (OA), ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 410–421,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00002, 2018.
Hu, W. W., Hu, M., Yuan, B., Jimenez, J. L., Tang, Q., Peng, J. F., Hu, W., Shao, M., Wang, M., Zeng, L. M., Wu, Y. S., Gong, Z. H., Huang, X. F., and He, L. Y.: Insights on organic aerosol aging and the influence of coal combustion at a regional receptor site of central eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10095–10112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10095-2013, 2013.
Hussein, T., Puustinen, A., Aalto, P. P., Mäkelä, J. M., Hämeri, K., and Kulmala, M.: Urban aerosol number size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 391–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-391-2004, 2004.
Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Particle Capture Device, Aerodyne Research, Inc., United States Patent, US9267869B2, 2016.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang,
Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken,
A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L.,
Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y.
L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara,
P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J.,
E., Dunlea, J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P.
I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer,
S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A.,
Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina,
K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A.
M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E.,
Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the
Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
Jokinen, T., Lehtipalo, K., Thakur, R. C., Ylivinkka, I., Neitola, K., Sarnela, N., Laitinen, T., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., and Sipilä, M.: Measurement report: Long-term measurements of aerosol precursor concentrations in the Finnish subarctic boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2237–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2237-2022, 2022.
Joo, T., Chen, Y., Xu, W., Croteau, P., Canagaratna, M. R., Gao, D., Guo,
H., Saavedra, G., Kim, S. S., Sun, Y., Weber, R., Jayne, J., and Ng, N. L.:
Evaluation of a New Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) System at an
Urban Site in Atlanta, GA: The Use of Capture Vaporizer and PM2.5 Inlet, ACS
Earth Space Chem., 5, 2565–2576,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00173, 2021.
Kerminen, V.-M., Chen, X., Vakkari, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and
Bianchi, F.: Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: review of field
observations, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 103003,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c, 2018.
Kodros, J. K., Papanastasiou, D. K., Paglione, M., Masiol, M., Squizzato,
S., Florou, K., Skyllakou, K., Kaltsonoudis, C., Nenes, A., and Pandis, S.
N.: Rapid dark aging of biomass burning as an overlooked source of oxidized
organic aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 33028–33033,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010365117, 2020.
Kolesar, K. R., Cellini, J., Peterson, P. K., Jefferson, A., Tuch, T.,
Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., and Pratt, K. A.: Effect of Prudhoe Bay
emissions on atmospheric aerosol growth events observed in Utqiaġvik
(Barrow), Alaska, Atmos. Environ., 152, 146–155,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.019, 2017.
Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E.,
Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Schobesberger, S.,
Rantala, P., Franchin, A., Jokinen, T., Järvinen, E.,
Äijälä, M., Kangasluoma, J., Hakala, J., Aalto, P. P., Paasonen,
P., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Aalto, J., Hakola, H., Makkonen, U.,
Ruuskanen, T., Mauldin, R. L., Duplissy, J., Vehkamäki, H., Bäck,
J., Kortelainen, A., Riipinen, I., Kurtén, T., Johnston, M. V., Smith,
J. N., Ehn, M., Mentel, T. F., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen,
V.-M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol
Nucleation, Science, 339, 943–946, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227385,
2013.
Kürten, A.: New particle formation from sulfuric acid and ammonia: nucleation and growth model based on thermodynamics derived from CLOUD measurements for a wide range of conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5033–5050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5033-2019, 2019.
Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503–1522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007, 2007.
Ledoux, F., Roche, C., Cazier, F., Beaugard, C., and Courcot, D.: Influence
of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea
harbor in France, J. Environ. Sci., 71, 56–66,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.030, 2018.
Lee, S., Gordon, H., Yu, H., Lehtipalo, K., Haley, R., Li, Y., and Zhang,
R.: New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere: From Molecular Clusters to
Global Climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7098–7146,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029356, 2019.
Lehtipalo, K., Yan, C., Dada, L., Bianchi, F., Xiao, M., Wagner, R.,
Stolzenburg, D., Ahonen, L. R., Amorim, A., Baccarini, A., Bauer, P. S.,
Baumgartner, B., Bergen, A., Bernhammer, A.-K., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke,
S., Buchholz, A., Mazon, S. B., Chen, D., Chen, X., Dias, A., Dommen, J.,
Draper, D. C., Duplissy, J., Ehn, M., Finkenzeller, H., Fischer, L., Frege,
C., Fuchs, C., Garmash, O., Gordon, H., Hakala, J., He, X., Heikkinen, L.,
Heinritzi, M., Helm, J. C., Hofbauer, V., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T.,
Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Kim, C., Kirkby, J., Kontkanen, J.,
Kürten, A., Lawler, M. J., Mai, H., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Molteni,
U., Nichman, L., Nie, W., Nieminen, T., Ojdanic, A., Onnela, A., Passananti,
M., Petäjä, T., Piel, F., Pospisilova, V., Quéléver, L. L.
J., Rissanen, M. P., Rose, C., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schuchmann, S.,
Sengupta, K., Simon, M., Sipilä, M., Tauber, C., Tomé, A.,
Tröstl, J., Väisänen, O., Vogel, A. L., Volkamer, R., Wagner, A.
C., Wang, M., Weitz, L., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., et al.: Multicomponent new particle formation from sulfuric
acid, ammonia, and biogenic vapors, Sci. Adv., 4, eaau5363,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau5363, 2018.
Liu, L., Li, H., Zhang, H., Zhong, J., Bai, Y., Ge, M., Li, Z., Chen, Y.,
and Zhang, X.: The role of nitric acid in atmospheric new particle
formation, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 20, 17406–17414,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP02719F, 2018.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-715-2005, 2005.
Mahowald, N., Ward, D. S., Kloster, S., Flanner, M. G., Heald, C. L.,
Heavens, N. G., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., and Chuang, P. Y.: Aerosol
Impacts on Climate and Biogeochemistry, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 36,
45–74, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042009-094507, 2011.
Marrero-Ortiz, W., Hu, M., Du, Z., Ji, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, S., Lin, Y.,
Gomez-Hermandez, M., Peng, J., Li, Y., Secrest, J., Zamora, M. L., Wang, Y.,
An, T., and Zhang, R.: Formation and Optical Properties of Brown Carbon from
Small α-Dicarbonyls and Amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53,
117–126, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03995, 2019.
Maso, M. D., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P.
P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric
aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II,
Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.
Mensah, A. A., Holzinger, R., Otjes, R., Trimborn, A., Mentel, Th. F., ten Brink, H., Henzing, B., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4723–4742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4723-2012, 2012.
Modini, R. L., Ristovski, Z. D., Johnson, G. R., He, C., Surawski, N., Morawska, L., Suni, T., and Kulmala, M.: New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7607–7621, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7607-2009, 2009.
Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S.,
Kimmel, J. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.:
Characterization of Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Meat Cooking,
Trash Burning, and Motor Vehicles with High-Resolution Aerosol Mass
Spectrometry and Comparison with Ambient and Chamber Observations, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 43, 2443–2449, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8011518, 2009.
Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Slowik, J. G., Richter, R., Reche, C., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Seco, R., Peñuelas, J., Jiménez, J. L., Crippa, M., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Identification and quantification of organic aerosol from cooking and other sources in Barcelona using aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1649–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1649-2012, 2012.
Mohr, C., Thornton, J. A., Heitto, A., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Lutz, A.,
Riipinen, I., Hong, J., Donahue, N. M., Hallquist, M., Petäjä, T.,
Kulmala, M., and Yli-Juuti, T.: Molecular identification of organic vapors
driving atmospheric nanoparticle growth, Na. Commun., 10, 4442,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12473-2, 2019.
Mooibroek, D., Schaap, M., Weijers, E. P., and Hoogerbrugge, R.: Source
apportionment and spatial variability of PM2.5 using measurements at five
sites in the Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4180–4191,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.017, 2011.
Mordas, G., Plauškaitė, K., Prokopčiuk, N., Dudoitis, V.,
Bozzetti, C., and Ulevicius, V.: Observation of new particle formation on
Curonian Spit located between continental Europe and Scandinavia, J. Aerosol Sci., 97, 38–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.03.002,
2016.
Németh, Z. and Salma, I.: Spatial extension of nucleating air masses in the Carpathian Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8841–8848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8841-2014, 2014.
Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625–4641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.
Ng, N. L., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A., Canagaratna, M. R., Croteau, P. L.,
Onasch, T. B., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y. L., and Jayne,
J. T.: An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for Routine Monitoring
of the Composition and Mass Concentrations of Ambient Aerosol, Aerosol
Sci. Technol., 45, 780–794,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.560211, 2011.
Nieminen, T., Asmi, A., Maso, M. D., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P.,
Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Trends in atmospheric
new-particle formation: 16 years of observations in a boreal-forest
environment, Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 191–214, 2014.
Olin, M., Okuljar, M., Rissanen, M. P., Kalliokoski, J., Shen, J., Dada, L.,
Lampimäki, M., Wu, Y., Lohila, A., Duplissy, J., Sipilä, M.,
Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Dal Maso, M.: Measurement report:
Atmospheric new particle formation in a coastal agricultural site explained
with binPMF analysis of nitrate CI-APi-TOF spectra,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-261, 2022.
Paatero, P.: The Multilinear Engine – A Table-Driven, Least Squares Program
for Solving Multilinear Problems, Including the n-Way Parallel Factor
Analysis Model, J. Comput. Graph. Stat., 8,
854–888, https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.1999.10474853, 1999.
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative
factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values,
Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
Paglione, M., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mensah, A. A., Finessi, E., Giulianelli, L., Sandrini, S., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Schlag, P., Piazzalunga, A., Tagliavini, E., Henzing, J. S., and Decesari, S.: Identification of humic-like substances (HULIS) in oxygenated organic aerosols using NMR and AMS factor analyses and liquid chromatographic techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-25-2014, 2014.
Peltola, M., Rose, C., Trueblood, J. V., Gray, S., Harvey, M., and Sellegri, K.: New particle formation in coastal New Zealand with a focus on open-ocean air masses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6231–6254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6231-2022, 2022.
Peng, Y., Liu, X., Dai, J., Wang, Z., Dong, Z., Dong, Y., Chen, C., Li, X.,
Zhao, N., and Fan, C.: Aerosol size distribution and new particle formation
events in the suburb of Xi'an, northwest China, Atmos. Environ.,
153, 194–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.022, 2017.
Pfeifer, S., Birmili, W., Schladitz, A., Müller, T., Nowak, A., and Wiedensohler, A.: A fast and easy-to-implement inversion algorithm for mobility particle size spectrometers considering particle number size distribution information outside of the detection range, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-95-2014, 2014.
Pope, C. A., Coleman, N., Pond, Z. A., and Burnett, R. T.: Fine particulate
air pollution and human mortality: 25+ years of cohort studies,
Environ. Res., 183, 108924,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108924, 2020.
Pospisilova, V., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Bell, D. M., El Haddad, I., Mohr,
C., Huang, W., Heikkinen, L., Xiao, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H.,
Baltensperger, U., and Slowik, J. G.: On the fate of oxygenated organic
molecules in atmospheric aerosol particles, Sci. Adv., 6, eaax8922,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8922, 2020.
Pushpawela, B., Jayaratne, R., and Morawska, L.: The influence of wind speed
on new particle formation events in an urban environment, Atmos.
Res., 215, 37–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.023, 2019.
Qi, X. M., Ding, A. J., Nie, W., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Herrmann, E., Xie, Y. N., Zheng, L. F., Manninen, H., Aalto, P., Sun, J. N., Xu, Z. N., Chi, X. G., Huang, X., Boy, M., Virkkula, A., Yang, X.-Q., Fu, C. B., and Kulmala, M.: Aerosol size distribution and new particle formation in the western Yangtze River Delta of China: 2 years of measurements at the SORPES station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12445–12464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12445-2015, 2015.
Riccobono, F., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C. E., Dommen, J., Ortega, I. K.,
Rondo, L., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David,
A., Downard, A., Dunne, E. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C.,
Franchin, A., Hansel, A., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A.,
Kürten, A., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V.,
Mathot, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Praplan, A. P.,
Santos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Spracklen,
D. V., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G.,
Vaattovaara, P., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E.,
Wex, H., Wimmer, D., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Kirkby,
J., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Baltensperger, U.: Oxidation Products
of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric Particles,
Science, 344, 717–721, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243527, 2014.
Riipinen, I., Yli-Juuti, T., Pierce, J. R., Petäjä, T., Worsnop, D.
R., Kulmala, M., and Donahue, N. M.: The contribution of organics to
atmospheric nanoparticle growth, Nat. Geosci., 5, 453–458,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1499, 2012.
Salimi, F., Crilley, L. R., Stevanovic, S., Ristovski, Z., Mazaheri, M., He, C., Johnson, G., Ayoko, G., and Morawska, L.: Insights into the growth of newly formed particles in a subtropical urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13475–13485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13475-2015, 2015.
Schlag, P., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Blom, M. J., Canonaco, F., Henzing, J. S., Moerman, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Holzinger, R.: Aerosol source apportionment from 1-year measurements at the CESAR tower in Cabauw, the Netherlands, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8831–8847, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8831-2016, 2016.
Schneider, J., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Helas, G., Gwaze, P.,
Schmid, O., Andreae, M. O., and Kirchner, U.: Mass spectrometric analysis
and aerodynamic properties of various types of combustion-related aerosol
particles, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 258, 37–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.07.008, 2006.
Schobesberger, S., Junninen, H., Bianchi, F., Lönn, G., Ehn, M.,
Lehtipalo, K., Dommen, J., Ehrhart, S., Ortega, I. K., Franchin, A.,
Nieminen, T., Riccobono, F., Hutterli, M., Duplissy, J., Almeida, J.,
Amorim, A., Breitenlechner, M., Downard, A. J., Dunne, E. M., Flagan, R. C.,
Kajos, M., Keskinen, H., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Kürten, A., Kurtén,
T., Laaksonen, A., Mathot, S., Onnela, A., Praplan, A. P., Rondo, L.,
Santos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Sipilä, M., Tomé,
A., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Vehkamäki, H., Wimmer, D., Baltensperger, U.,
Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Hansel, A., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M.,
Donahue, N. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Molecular understanding of atmospheric
particle formation from sulfuric acid and large oxidized organic molecules,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 17223–17228,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306973110, 2013.
Sellegri, K., Rose, C., Marinoni, A., Lupi, A., Wiedensohler, A., Andrade,
M., Bonasoni, P., and Laj, P.: New Particle Formation: A Review of
Ground-Based Observations at Mountain Research Stations, Atmosphere, 10,
493, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090493, 2019.
Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Reddington, C. L., Pickering, S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Baltensperger, U., Weingartner, E., Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Kivekäs, N., Komppula, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kouvarakis, G., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Weller, R., Gras, J., Laj, P., Sellegri, K., Bonn, B., Krejci, R., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Minikin, A., Harrison, R. M., Talbot, R., and Sun, J.: Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4775–4793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010, 2010.
Stull, R. B. (Ed.): An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer
Netherlands, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988.
Sun, Y., Du, W., Fu, P., Wang, Q., Li, J., Ge, X., Zhang, Q., Zhu, C., Ren, L., Xu, W., Zhao, J., Han, T., Worsnop, D. R., and Wang, Z.: Primary and secondary aerosols in Beijing in winter: sources, variations and processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8309–8329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8309-2016, 2016.
Tiszenkel, L.: ltisz/Banana-Plot: Banana-Plot, [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8264977, 2023.
Tröstl, J., Chuang, W. K., Gordon, H., Heinritzi, M., Yan, C., Molteni,
U., Ahlm, L., Frege, C., Bianchi, F., Wagner, R., Simon, M., Lehtipalo, K.,
Williamson, C., Craven, J. S., Duplissy, J., Adamov, A., Almeida, J.,
Bernhammer, A.-K., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Dias, A., Ehrhart, S.,
Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Fuchs, C., Guida, R., Gysel, M., Hansel, A.,
Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kim,
J., Krapf, M., Kürten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lawler, M., Leiminger, M.,
Mathot, S., Möhler, O., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T.,
Piel, F. M., Miettinen, P., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sarnela, N.,
Schobesberger, S., Sengupta, K., Sipilä, M., Smith, J. N., Steiner, G.,
Tomè, A., Virtanen, A., Wagner, A. C., Weingartner, E., Wimmer, D.,
Winkler, P. M., Ye, P., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Dommen, J., Kirkby, J.,
Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., and
Baltensperger, U.: The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial
particle growth in the atmosphere, Nature, 533, 527–531,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18271, 2016.
Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
van der Swaluw, E., Asman, W. A. H., van Jaarsveld, H., and Hoogerbrugge,
R.: Wet deposition of ammonium, nitrate and sulfate in the Netherlands over
the period 1992–2008, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3819–3826,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.017, 2011.
Wagner, R., Yan, C., Lehtipalo, K., Duplissy, J., Nieminen, T., Kangasluoma, J., Ahonen, L. R., Dada, L., Kontkanen, J., Manninen, H. E., Dias, A., Amorim, A., Bauer, P. S., Bergen, A., Bernhammer, A.-K., Bianchi, F., Brilke, S., Mazon, S. B., Chen, X., Draper, D. C., Fischer, L., Frege, C., Fuchs, C., Garmash, O., Gordon, H., Hakala, J., Heikkinen, L., Heinritzi, M., Hofbauer, V., Hoyle, C. R., Kirkby, J., Kürten, A., Kvashnin, A. N., Laurila, T., Lawler, M. J., Mai, H., Makhmutov, V., Mauldin III, R. L., Molteni, U., Nichman, L., Nie, W., Ojdanic, A., Onnela, A., Piel, F., Quéléver, L. L. J., Rissanen, M. P., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Sengupta, K., Simon, M., Stolzenburg, D., Stozhkov, Y., Tröstl, J., Viisanen, Y., Vogel, A. L., Wagner, A. C., Xiao, M., Ye, P., Baltensperger, U., Curtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Gallagher, M., Hansel, A., Smith, J. N., Tomé, A., Winkler, P. M., Worsnop, D., Ehn, M., Sipilä, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15181–15197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017, 2017.
Wamelink, G. W. W., de Knegt, B., Pouwels, R., Schuiling, C., Wegman, R. M.
A., Schmidt, A. M., van Dobben, H. F., and Sanders, M. E.: Considerable
environmental bottlenecks for species listed in the Habitats and Birds
Directives in the Netherlands, Biol. Conserv., 165, 43–53,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.012, 2013.
Wang, M., Kong, W., Marten, R., He, X.-C., Chen, D., Pfeifer, J., Heitto,
A., Kontkanen, J., Dada, L., Kürten, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Manninen, H. E.,
Amanatidis, S., Amorim, A., Baalbaki, R., Baccarini, A., Bell, D. M.,
Bertozzi, B., Bräkling, S., Brilke, S., Murillo, L. C., Chiu, R., Chu,
B., De Menezes, L.-P., Duplissy, J., Finkenzeller, H., Carracedo, L. G.,
Granzin, M., Guida, R., Hansel, A., Hofbauer, V., Krechmer, J., Lehtipalo,
K., Lamkaddam, H., Lampimäki, M., Lee, C. P., Makhmutov, V., Marie, G.,
Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Mentler, B., Müller, T., Onnela, A.,
Partoll, E., Petäjä, T., Philippov, M., Pospisilova, V.,
Ranjithkumar, A., Rissanen, M., Rörup, B., Scholz, W., Shen, J., Simon,
M., Sipilä, M., Steiner, G., Stolzenburg, D., Tham, Y. J., Tomé, A.,
Wagner, A. C., Wang, D. S., Wang, Y., Weber, S. K., Winkler, P. M., Wlasits,
P. J., Wu, Y., Xiao, M., Ye, Q., Zauner-Wieczorek, M., Zhou, X., Volkamer,
R., Riipinen, I., Dommen, J., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M.,
Worsnop, D. R., Kirkby, J., Seinfeld, J. H., El-Haddad, I., Flagan, R. C.,
and Donahue, N. M.: Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid
and ammonia condensation, Nature, 581, 184–189,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2270-4, 2020.
Wang, M., Xiao, M., Bertozzi, B., Marie, G., Rörup, B., Schulze, B.,
Bardakov, R., He, X.-C., Shen, J., Scholz, W., Marten, R., Dada, L.,
Baalbaki, R., Lopez, B., Lamkaddam, H., Manninen, H. E., Amorim, A., Ataei,
F., Bogert, P., Brasseur, Z., Caudillo, L., De Menezes, L.-P., Duplissy, J.,
Ekman, A. M. L., Finkenzeller, H., Carracedo, L. G., Granzin, M., Guida, R.,
Heinritzi, M., Hofbauer, V., Höhler, K., Korhonen, K., Krechmer, J. E.,
Kürten, A., Lehtipalo, K., Mahfouz, N. G. A., Makhmutov, V.,
Massabò, D., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Mentler, B., Müller, T.,
Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Philippov, M., Piedehierro, A. A., Pozzer,
A., Ranjithkumar, A., Schervish, M., Schobesberger, S., Simon, M., Stozhkov,
Y., Tomé, A., Umo, N. S., Vogel, F., Wagner, R., Wang, D. S., Weber, S.
K., Welti, A., Wu, Y., Zauner-Wieczorek, M., Sipilä, M., Winkler, P. M.,
Hansel, A., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., Flagan, R. C., Curtius, J.,
Riipinen, I., Gordon, H., Lelieveld, J., El-Haddad, I., Volkamer, R.,
Worsnop, D. R., Christoudias, T., Kirkby, J., Möhler, O., and Donahue,
N. M.: Synergistic HNO3–H2SO−4–NH3 upper tropospheric particle formation,
Nature, 605, 483–489, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4, 2022.
Wehner, B., Werner, F., Ditas, F., Shaw, R. A., Kulmala, M., and Siebert, H.: Observations of new particle formation in enhanced UV irradiance zones near cumulus clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11701–11711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11701-2015, 2015.
Weimer, S., Alfarra, M. R., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., Prévôt, A. S.
H., and Baltensperger, U.: Organic aerosol mass spectral signatures from
wood-burning emissions: Influence of burning conditions and wood type, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D10304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009309, 2008.
Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjäraa, A. M., Asmi, E., Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Villani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren, J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Hüglin, C., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Grüning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R., Monahan, C., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H.-G., Keck, L., Jiang, J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Löschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-657-2012, 2012.
Wong, J. P. S., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Changes in Light Absorptivity
of Molecular Weight Separated Brown Carbon Due to Photolytic Aging, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 51, 8414–8421, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01739,
2017.
Wu, Z., Hu, M., Lin, P., Liu, S., Wehner, B., and Wiedensohler, A.: Particle
number size distribution in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, China,
Atmos. Environ., 42, 7967–7980,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.022, 2008.
Xing, J., Wang, J., Mathur, R., Wang, S., Sarwar, G., Pleim, J., Hogrefe, C., Zhang, Y., Jiang, J., Wong, D. C., and Hao, J.: Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017, 2017.
Xu, W., Croteau, P., Williams, L., Canagaratna, M., Onasch, T., Cross, E.,
Zhang, X., Robinson, W., Worsnop, D., and Jayne, J.: Laboratory
characterization of an aerosol chemical speciation monitor with PM2.5
measurement capability, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 69–83,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1241859, 2017.
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N. L.,
Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via
factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem.,
401, 3045–3067, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y, 2011.
Zhang, R., Khalizov, A., Wang, L., Hu, M., and Xu, W.: Nucleation and Growth
of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 112, 1957–2011,
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2001756, 2012.
Zhang, X., McVay, R. C., Huang, D. D., Dalleska, N. F., Aumont, B., Flagan,
R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Formation and evolution of molecular products in
α-pinene secondary organic aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
112, 14168–14173, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517742112, 2015.
Zhao, D., Pullinen, I., Fuchs, H., Schrade, S., Wu, R., Acir, I.-H., Tillmann, R., Rohrer, F., Wildt, J., Guo, Y., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., Kang, S., Vereecken, L., and Mentel, T. F.: Highly oxygenated organic molecule (HOM) formation in the isoprene oxidation by NO3 radical, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9681–9704, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9681-2021, 2021.
Zheng, Y., Cheng, X., Liao, K., Li, Y., Li, Y. J., Huang, R.-J., Hu, W., Liu, Y., Zhu, T., Chen, S., Zeng, L., Worsnop, D. R., and Chen, Q.: Characterization of anthropogenic organic aerosols by TOF-ACSM with the new capture vaporizer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2457–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2457-2020, 2020.
Short summary
Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful air pollutant that depends on the complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, in different regions and seasons, the way that PM is formed and grows can differ. In this study, we use a combined statistical analysis of the chemical composition and particle size distribution to determine what drives particle formation and growth across seasons, using varying wind directions to elucidate the role of different sources.
Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful air pollutant that depends on the complex mixture of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint