Articles | Volume 22, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 29 Sep 2022
| 29 Sep 2022
Exploring the inorganic composition of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer using medium-duration balloon flights
Hazel Vernier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace
(LPC2E), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
Neeraj Rastogi
Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Hongyu Liu
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Amit Kumar Pandit
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
Kris Bedka
Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Anil Patel
Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Madineni Venkat Ratnam
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Space, Gadanki, India
Buduru Suneel Kumar
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Balloon Facility (TIFR-BF), Hyderabad, India
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
Harish Gadhavi
Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Frank Wienhold
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Gwenael Berthet
Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace
(LPC2E), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
Jean-Paul Vernier
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Related authors
Hazel Vernier, Demilson Quintão, Bruno Biazon, Eduardo Landulfo, Giovanni Souza, V. Amanda Santos, J. S. Fabio Lopes, C. P. Alex Mendes, A. S. José da Matta, K. Pinheiro Damaris, Benoit Grosslin, P. M. P. Maria Jorge, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Neeraj Rastogi, Akhil Raj, Hongyu Liu, Mahesh Kovilakam, Suvarna Fadnavis, Frank G. Wienhold, Mathieu Colombier, D. Chris Boone, Gwenael Berthet, Nicolas Dumelie, Lilian Joly, and Jean-Paul Vernier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai injected large amounts of water vapor and sea salt into the stratosphere, altering traditional views of volcanic aerosols. Using balloon-borne samplers, we collected aerosol samples and found high levels of sea salt and calcium, suggesting sulfate depletion due to gypsum formation. These findings highlight the need to consider sea salt in climate models to better predict volcanic impacts on the atmosphere and climate.
Harish Shivraj Gadhavi, Akanksha Arora, Chaithanya Jain, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Frank Hase, Matthias Max Frey, Srikanthan Ramachandran, and Achuthan Jayaraman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4497–4514, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) over South India using a ground-based spectrometer and compared the results with satellite data from GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite; Japan) and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2; NASA, USA). The satellite data have good accuracy and precision for estimating emissions. A computer model showed that changes in methane levels are influenced more by background levels than by local sources.
Jingyi Chen, Hailong Wang, Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, David Painemal, Armin Sorooshian, Sheng-Lun Tai, and Christiane Voigt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.175376670.02806644/v1, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.175376670.02806644/v1, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
NASA-validated modeling shows +4K SST & +25 % gradients distinctly alter boundary layer dynamics, cloud physics in cold-air outbreaks. Warmer SST reduces cloud cover; increases size, elongation; hydrometeors shift to ice. Sharper Gradients boost liquid water (cold upwind); reduces ice; disrupts organization. Also, SST changes alter cloud-top properties via entrained airmass origin. Resolving ocean-atmosphere coupling in global models is essential for accurate cloud feedback projections.
Vadassery Neelamana Santhosh, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Sivan Thankamani Akhil Raj, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Jean-Paul Vernier, and Frank Gunther Wienhold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8255–8270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8255-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8255-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines a lesser-known atmospheric feature, the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer, located high above the Earth. We investigated how different aerosols, such as sulfates, nitrates, and pollutants, influence the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and its surroundings. The results show that these particles can alter temperature patterns, especially during the Asian summer monsoon. This research improves our understanding of how human activities may affect regional climate.
Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Irene Bartolome Garcia, Emmanuel Briaud, Rubel Chandra Das, Stéphane Chevrier, Nicolas Dumelié, Lilian Joly, Thomas Lecas, Pauline Marbach, Felix Ploeger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Jean-Paul Vernier, Frank G. Wienhold, and Michaela I. Hegglin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2091, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2091, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2022, we detected volcanic particles in the stratosphere over France, linked to the January 2022 Hunga eruption in the South Pacific. Found between 17 and 23 km altitude, they were traced back to the tropics using trajectory simulations and satellite data. Their optical properties matched those in the Southern Hemisphere. The particles spread across the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting sunlight and slightly cooling the surface—a small but non-negligible effect.
Yann Poltera, Beiping Luo, Frank G. Wienhold, and Thomas Peter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2003, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2003, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Frost point hygrometers are the most reliable instruments for measuring water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Their greatest source of uncertainty arises from controller instabilities, which have been poorly investigated to date. The “Golden Points” and nonequilibrium correction is a new chilled mirror processing technique that enables existing instruments to measure the water vapor mixing ratio from the ground to the middle stratosphere with an unprecedented 4 % accuracy.
Sougat Kumar Sarangi, Chandan Sarangi, Niravkumar Patel, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Shantikumar Singh Ningombam, Belur Ravindra, and Madineni Venkat Ratnam
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3364, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3364, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new approach to measure cloud cover from image data taken by ground based sky observations. Our method used diverse sky images taken from various locations across the globe to train our machine learning model. We achieved a very high accuracy in detecting cloud cover, even in polluted areas. Our model surpasses traditional methods by running efficiently with minimal computational needs.
Ashutosh K. Shukla, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Shamitaksha Talukdar, Vishnu Murari, Sreenivas Gaddamidi, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Vipul Lalchandani, Kuldeep Dixit, Vinayak M. Ruge, Peeyush Khare, Mayank Kumar, Vikram Singh, Neeraj Rastogi, Suresh Tiwari, Atul K. Srivastava, Dilip Ganguly, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3765–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3765-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3765-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study delves into the elemental composition of aerosols at three sites across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), revealing distinct patterns during pollution episodes. We found significant increases in chlorine (Cl)-rich and solid fuel combustion (SFC) sources, indicating dynamic emission sources, agricultural burning impacts, and meteorological influences. Surges in Cl-rich particles during cold periods highlight their role in particle growth under high-relative-humidity conditions.
Hazel Vernier, Demilson Quintão, Bruno Biazon, Eduardo Landulfo, Giovanni Souza, V. Amanda Santos, J. S. Fabio Lopes, C. P. Alex Mendes, A. S. José da Matta, K. Pinheiro Damaris, Benoit Grosslin, P. M. P. Maria Jorge, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Neeraj Rastogi, Akhil Raj, Hongyu Liu, Mahesh Kovilakam, Suvarna Fadnavis, Frank G. Wienhold, Mathieu Colombier, D. Chris Boone, Gwenael Berthet, Nicolas Dumelie, Lilian Joly, and Jean-Paul Vernier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai injected large amounts of water vapor and sea salt into the stratosphere, altering traditional views of volcanic aerosols. Using balloon-borne samplers, we collected aerosol samples and found high levels of sea salt and calcium, suggesting sulfate depletion due to gypsum formation. These findings highlight the need to consider sea salt in climate models to better predict volcanic impacts on the atmosphere and climate.
Marion Ranaivombola, Nelson Bègue, Lucas Vaz Peres, Farahnaz Fazel-Rastgar, Venkataraman Sivakumar, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jegou, Stuart Piketh, and Hassan Bencherif
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3519–3540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3519-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3519-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
From September to October 2022, the Biomass Burning Aerosol Campaign (BiBAC) in Kruger National Park revealed a significant aerosol loading linked to biomass burning activity, with southeastward transport over southern Africa and the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin. The study revealed a predominance of biomass burning aerosols and two distinct transport mechanisms of aerosol plumes and CO, underscoring the importance of east-coast observations in understanding atmospheric dynamics.
Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Richard H. Moore, Luke D. Ziemba, Richard A. Ferrare, Hyundeok Choi, Armin Sorooshian, David Painemal, Hailong Wang, Michael A. Shook, Amy Jo Scarino, Johnathan W. Hair, Ewan C. Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Taylor J. Shingler, Chris A. Hostetler, Gao Chen, Mary M. Kleb, Gan Luo, Fangqun Yu, Mark A. Vaughan, Yongxiang Hu, Glenn S. Diskin, John B. Nowak, Joshua P. DiGangi, Yonghoon Choi, Christoph A. Keller, and Matthew S. Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2087–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2087-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2087-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model to simulate aerosol distributions and properties over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) during the winter and summer deployments in 2020 of the NASA ACTIVATE mission. Model results are evaluated against aircraft, ground-based, and satellite observations. The improved understanding of life cycle, composition, transport pathways, and distribution of aerosols has important implications for characterizing aerosol–cloud–meteorology interactions over WNAO.
Prashant Chavan, Suvarna Fadnavis, Anton Laakso, Jean-Paul Vernier, Simone Tilmes, and Rolf Müller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3825, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Our simulations with volcanoes, when compared without volcanoes, show that volcanic aerosol precursors enter the tropical stratosphere, propagating upward and enhancing sulphate aerosol and heating. This stratospheric heating caused by the volcanoes reduces the amplitude of the QBO and disrupts its phases. Since QBO also modulates tropical convection and weather, we suggest including volcanic emissions and the QBO in the weather prediction model for a better forecast.
Amit Kumar Pandit, Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas Duncan Fairlie, Kristopher M. Bedka, Melody A. Avery, Harish Gadhavi, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Sanjeev Dwivedi, Kasimahanthi Amar Jyothi, Frank G. Wienhold, Holger Vömel, Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Buduru Suneel Kumar, Tra Dinh, and Achuthan Jayaraman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14209–14238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the formation mechanism of a tropopause cirrus cloud layer observed at extremely cold temperatures over Hyderabad in India during the 2017 Asian summer monsoon using balloon-borne sensors. Ice crystals smaller than 50 µm were found in this optically thin cirrus cloud layer. Combined analysis of back trajectories, satellite, and model data revealed that the formation of this layer was influenced by waves and stratospheric hydration induced by typhoon Hato.
Nelson Bègue, Alexandre Baron, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss, Fabrice Jégou, Sergey Khaykin, Marion Ranaivombola, Tristan Millet, Thierry Portafaix, Valentin Duflot, Philippe Keckhut, Hélène Vérèmes, Guillaume Payen, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Michaël Sicard, Tetsu Sakai, Richard Querel, Ben Liley, Dan Smale, Isamu Morino, Osamu Uchino, Tomohiro Nagai, Penny Smale, John Robinson, and Hassan Bencherif
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8031–8048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the 2020 austral summer, the pristine atmosphere of the southwest Indian Ocean basin experienced significant perturbations. Numerical models indicated that the lower-stratospheric aerosol content was influenced by the intense and persistent stratospheric aerosol layer generated during the 2019–2020 extreme Australian bushfire events. Ground-based observations at Réunion confirmed the simultaneous presence of African and Australian aerosol layers.
Antonio Giordani, Michael Kunz, Kristopher M. Bedka, Heinz Jürgen Punge, Tiziana Paccagnella, Valentina Pavan, Ines M. L. Cerenzia, and Silvana Di Sabatino
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2331–2357, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the challenging representation of hazardous hailstorms, a proxy for hail frequency based on satellite detections, convective parameters from high-resolution reanalysis, and crowd-sourced reports is tested and presented. Hail likelihood peaks in mid-summer at 15:00 UTC over northern Italy and shows improved agreement with observations compared to previous estimates. By separating ambient signatures based on hail severity, enhanced appropriateness for large-hail occurrence is found.
Hengheng Zhang, Christian Rolf, Ralf Tillmann, Christian Wesolek, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Aerosol Research, 2, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs advanced tools, including scanning lidar, balloons, and UAVs, to explore aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The scanning lidar offers distinctive near-ground-level insights, enriching our comprehension of aerosol distribution from ground level to the free troposphere. This research provides valuable data for comparing remote sensing and in situ aerosol measurements, advancing our understanding of aerosol impacts on radiative transfer, clouds, and air quality.
Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas J. Aubry, Claudia Timmreck, Anja Schmidt, Lieven Clarisse, Fred Prata, Nicolas Theys, Andrew T. Prata, Graham Mann, Hyundeok Choi, Simon Carn, Richard Rigby, Susan C. Loughlin, and John A. Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5765–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2019 Raikoke eruption (Kamchatka, Russia) generated one of the largest emissions of particles and gases into the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative, an international effort, provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption and assess its climate impact. The eruption led to a minor global surface cooling of 0.02 °C in 2020 which is negligible relative to warming induced by human greenhouse gas emissions.
Piyushkumar N. Patel, Jonathan H. Jiang, Ritesh Gautam, Harish Gadhavi, Olga Kalashnikova, Michael J. Garay, Lan Gao, Feng Xu, and Ali Omar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2861–2883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are essential for understanding aerosol–cloud interactions and predicting climate change. To address this gap, we introduced a remote sensing algorithm that retrieves vertically resolved CCN number concentrations from airborne and spaceborne lidar systems. This innovation offers a global distribution of CCN concentrations from space, facilitating model evaluation and precise quantification of aerosol climate forcing.
Yaowei Li, Corey Pedersen, John Dykema, Jean-Paul Vernier, Sandro Vattioni, Amit Kumar Pandit, Andrea Stenke, Elizabeth Asher, Troy Thornberry, Michael A. Todt, Thao Paul Bui, Jonathan Dean-Day, and Frank N. Keutsch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15351–15364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15351-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15351-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 2021, the eruption of La Soufrière released sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, resulting in a spread of volcanic aerosol over the Northern Hemisphere. We conducted extensive aircraft and balloon-borne measurements after that, revealing enhanced particle concentration and altered size distribution due to the eruption. The eruption's impact on ozone depletion was minimal, contributing ~0.6 %, and its global radiative forcing effect was modest, mainly affecting tropical and midlatitude areas.
Minjie Zheng, Hongyu Liu, Florian Adolphi, Raimund Muscheler, Zhengyao Lu, Mousong Wu, and Nønne L. Prisle
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7037–7057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7037-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7037-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radionuclides 7Be and 10Be are useful tracers for atmospheric transport studies. Here we use the GEOS-Chem to simulate 7Be and 10Be with different production rates: the default production rate in GEOS-Chem and two from the state-of-the-art beryllium production model. We demonstrate that reduced uncertainties in the production rates can enhance the utility of 7Be and 10Be as tracers for evaluating transport and scavenging processes in global models.
Sophie L. Haslett, David M. Bell, Varun Kumar, Jay G. Slowik, Dongyu S. Wang, Suneeti Mishra, Neeraj Rastogi, Atinderpal Singh, Dilip Ganguly, Joel Thornton, Feixue Zheng, Yuanyuan Li, Wei Nie, Yongchun Liu, Wei Ma, Chao Yan, Markku Kulmala, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, David Hadden, Urs Baltensperger, Andre S. H. Prevot, Sachchida N. Tripathi, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9023–9036, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9023-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9023-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In Delhi, some aspects of daytime and nighttime atmospheric chemistry are inverted, and parodoxically, vehicle emissions may be limiting other forms of particle production. This is because the nighttime emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO) by traffic and biomass burning prevent some chemical processes that would otherwise create even more particles and worsen the urban haze.
Armin Sorooshian, Mikhail D. Alexandrov, Adam D. Bell, Ryan Bennett, Grace Betito, Sharon P. Burton, Megan E. Buzanowicz, Brian Cairns, Eduard V. Chemyakin, Gao Chen, Yonghoon Choi, Brian L. Collister, Anthony L. Cook, Andrea F. Corral, Ewan C. Crosbie, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Sanja Dmitrovic, Eva-Lou Edwards, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David van Gilst, Johnathan W. Hair, David B. Harper, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Nathan Jester, Michael Jones, Simon Kirschler, Mary M. Kleb, John M. Kusterer, Sean Leavor, Joseph W. Lee, Hongyu Liu, Kayla McCauley, Richard H. Moore, Joseph Nied, Anthony Notari, John B. Nowak, David Painemal, Kasey E. Phillips, Claire E. Robinson, Amy Jo Scarino, Joseph S. Schlosser, Shane T. Seaman, Chellappan Seethala, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth A. Sinclair, William L. Smith Jr., Douglas A. Spangenberg, Snorre A. Stamnes, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Holger Vömel, Andrzej P. Wasilewski, Hailong Wang, Edward L. Winstead, Kira Zeider, Xubin Zeng, Bo Zhang, Luke D. Ziemba, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3419–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3419-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3419-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) produced a unique dataset for research into aerosol–cloud–meteorology interactions. HU-25 Falcon and King Air aircraft conducted systematic and spatially coordinated flights over the northwest Atlantic Ocean. This paper describes the ACTIVATE flight strategy, instrument and complementary dataset products, data access and usage details, and data application notes.
Heinz Jürgen Punge, Kristopher M. Bedka, Michael Kunz, Sarah D. Bang, and Kyle F. Itterly
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1549–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have estimated the probability of hail events in South Africa using a combination of satellite observations, reanalysis, and insurance claims data. It is found that hail is mainly concentrated in the southeast. Multivariate stochastic modeling of event characteristics, such as multiple events per day or track dimensions, provides an event catalogue for 25 000 years. This can be used to estimate hail risk for return periods of 200 years, as required by insurance companies.
Corey E. Clapp, Jessica B. Smith, Kristopher M. Bedka, and James G. Anderson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3279–3298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Convection in the Asian monsoon provides an important pathway for the transport of boundary layer and tropospheric air, and potentially pollution and chemically active species, into the stratosphere. We analyzed the distribution of the fastest and deepest convection with geostationary satellite detections for the months of May through October of 2017. We find significant differences in the geographic and monthly distributions of cross-tropopause convection across the Asian monsoon region.
Sudipta Ghosh, Sagnik Dey, Sushant Das, Nicole Riemer, Graziano Giuliani, Dilip Ganguly, Chandra Venkataraman, Filippo Giorgi, Sachchida Nand Tripathi, Srikanthan Ramachandran, Thazhathakal Ayyappen Rajesh, Harish Gadhavi, and Atul Kumar Srivastava
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate representation of aerosols in climate models is critical for minimizing the uncertainty in climate projections. Here, we implement region-specific emission fluxes and a more accurate scheme for carbonaceous aerosol ageing processes in a regional climate model (RegCM4) and show that it improves model performance significantly against in situ, reanalysis, and satellite data over the Indian subcontinent. We recommend improving the model performance before using them for climate studies.
Varaha Ravi Kiran, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Masatomo Fujiwara, Herman Russchenberg, Frank G. Wienhold, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Mekalathur Roja Raman, Renju Nandan, Sivan Thankamani Akhil Raj, Alladi Hemanth Kumar, and Saginela Ravindra Babu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4709–4734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4709-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4709-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed and conducted the multi-instrumental BACIS (Balloon-borne Aerosol–Cloud Interaction Studies) field campaigns using balloon-borne in situ measurements and ground-based and space-borne remote sensing instruments. Aerosol-cloud interaction is quantified for liquid clouds by segregating aerosol and cloud information in a balloon profile. Overall, the observational approach proposed here demonstrated its capability for understanding the aerosol–cloud interaction process.
Varun Kumar, Stamatios Giannoukos, Sophie L. Haslett, Yandong Tong, Atinderpal Singh, Amelie Bertrand, Chuan Ping Lee, Dongyu S. Wang, Deepika Bhattu, Giulia Stefenelli, Jay S. Dave, Joseph V. Puthussery, Lu Qi, Pawan Vats, Pragati Rai, Roberto Casotto, Rangu Satish, Suneeti Mishra, Veronika Pospisilova, Claudia Mohr, David M. Bell, Dilip Ganguly, Vishal Verma, Neeraj Rastogi, Urs Baltensperger, Sachchida N. Tripathi, André S. H. Prévôt, and Jay G. Slowik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7739–7761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present source apportionment results from the first field deployment in Delhi of an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF). The EESI-TOF is a recently developed instrument capable of providing uniquely detailed online chemical characterization of organic aerosol (OA), in particular the secondary OA (SOA) fraction. Here, we are able to apportion not only primary OA but also SOA to specific sources, which is performed for the first time in Delhi.
Himadri Sekhar Bhowmik, Ashutosh Shukla, Vipul Lalchandani, Jay Dave, Neeraj Rastogi, Mayank Kumar, Vikram Singh, and Sachchida Nand Tripathi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2667–2684, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents comparisons between online and offline measurements of both refractory and non-refractory aerosol. This study shows differences between the measurements, related to either the limitations of the instrument (e.g., aerosol mass spectrometer only observing non-refractory aerosol) or known interferences with the technique (e.g., volatilization or reactions). The findings highlight the measurement methods' accuracy and imply the particular type of measurements needed.
Kevin J. Sanchez, Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Matthew D. Brown, Ewan C. Crosbie, Francesca Gallo, Johnathan W. Hair, Chris A. Hostetler, Carolyn E. Jordan, Claire E. Robinson, Amy Jo Scarino, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, Georges Saliba, Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Jack Porter, Thomas G. Bell, Peter Gaube, Eric S. Saltzman, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and Richard H. Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2795–2815, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric particle concentrations impact clouds, which strongly impact the amount of sunlight reflected back into space and the overall climate. Measurements of particles over the ocean are rare and expensive to collect, so models are necessary to fill in the gaps by simulating both particle and clouds. However, some measurements are needed to test the accuracy of the models. Here, we measure changes in particles in different weather conditions, which are ideal for comparison with models.
Erika Brattich, Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Ceballos, Jussi Paatero, Darko Sarvan, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Laura Tositti, and Jelena Ajtić
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17927–17951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse the output of a chemistry and transport model together with observations of different meteorological and compositional variables to demonstrate the link between sudden stratospheric warming and transport of stratospheric air to the surface in the subpolar regions of Europe during the cold season. Our findings have particular implications for atmospheric composition since climate projections indicate more frequent sudden stratospheric warming under a warmer climate.
Hossein Dadashazar, Majid Alipanah, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ewan Crosbie, Simon Kirschler, Hongyu Liu, Richard H. Moore, Andrew J. Peters, Amy Jo Scarino, Michael Shook, K. Lee Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Hailong Wang, Edward Winstead, Bo Zhang, Luke Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16121–16141, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16121-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16121-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates precipitation impacts on long-range transport of North American outflow over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). Results demonstrate that precipitation scavenging plays a significant role in modifying surface aerosol concentrations over the WNAO, especially in winter and spring due to large-scale scavenging processes. This study highlights how precipitation impacts surface aerosol properties with relevance for other marine regions vulnerable to continental outflow.
Christoph Mahnke, Ralf Weigel, Francesco Cairo, Jean-Paul Vernier, Armin Afchine, Martina Krämer, Valentin Mitev, Renaud Matthey, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, Felix Ploeger, Terry Deshler, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15259–15282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In 2017, in situ aerosol measurements were conducted aboard the M55 Geophysica in the Asian monsoon region. The vertical particle mixing ratio profiles show a distinct layer (15–18.5 km), the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL). The backscatter ratio (BR) was calculated based on the aerosol size distributions and compared with the BRs detected by a backscatter probe and a lidar aboard M55, and by the CALIOP lidar. All four methods show enhanced BRs in the ATAL altitude range (max. at 17.5 km).
Luca Palchetti, Marco Barucci, Claudio Belotti, Giovanni Bianchini, Bertrand Cluzet, Francesco D'Amato, Samuele Del Bianco, Gianluca Di Natale, Marco Gai, Dina Khordakova, Alessio Montori, Hilke Oetjen, Markus Rettinger, Christian Rolf, Dirk Schuettemeyer, Ralf Sussmann, Silvia Viciani, Hannes Vogelmann, and Frank Gunther Wienhold
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4303–4312, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The FIRMOS far-infrared (IR) prototype, developed for the preparation of the ESA FORUM mission, was deployed for the first time at Mt. Zugspitze at 3000 m altitude to measure the far-IR spectrum of atmospheric emissions. The measurements, including co-located radiometers, lidars, radio soundings, weather, and surface properties, provide a unique dataset to study radiative properties of water vapour, cirrus clouds, and snow emissivity over the IR emissions, including the under-explored far-IR.
Rohit Chakraborty, Arindam Chakraborty, Ghouse Basha, and Madineni Venkat Ratnam
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11161–11177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11161-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11161-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, urbanization-induced surface warming has been found to trigger prominent changes in upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere regions leading to stronger and more frequent lightning extremes over India. Consequently, the implementation of this hypothesis in global climate models reveals that lightning frequency and intensity values across India will rise by ~10–25 % and 15–50 %, respectively, by 2100 at the current urbanization rate, which should be alarming for present policymakers.
Hossein Dadashazar, David Painemal, Majid Alipanah, Michael Brunke, Seethala Chellappan, Andrea F. Corral, Ewan Crosbie, Simon Kirschler, Hongyu Liu, Richard H. Moore, Claire Robinson, Amy Jo Scarino, Michael Shook, Kenneth Sinclair, K. Lee Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Hailong Wang, Edward Winstead, Xubin Zeng, Luke Ziemba, Paquita Zuidema, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10499–10526, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the seasonal cycle of cloud drop number concentration (Nd) over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) using multiple datasets. Reasons for the puzzling discrepancy between the seasonal cycles of Nd and aerosol concentration were identified. Results indicate that Nd is highest in winter (when aerosol proxy values are often lowest) due to conditions both linked to cold-air outbreaks and that promote greater droplet activation.
Kristopher M. Bedka, Amin R. Nehrir, Michael Kavaya, Rory Barton-Grimley, Mark Beaubien, Brian Carroll, James Collins, John Cooney, G. David Emmitt, Steven Greco, Susan Kooi, Tsengdar Lee, Zhaoyan Liu, Sharon Rodier, and Gail Skofronick-Jackson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) measurement capabilities across a range of atmospheric conditions, compares DAWN and HALO measurements with Aeolus satellite Doppler wind lidar to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance, and discusses how atmospheric dynamic processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous observations of wind, water vapour, and aerosol profile observations.
Saginela Ravindra Babu, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Ghouse Basha, Shantanu Kumar Pani, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5533–5547, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5533-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5533-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The present study explores the detailed structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) in the extreme El Niño of 2015/16. The results find the structure of the ASMA shows strong spatial variability between July and August. A West Pacific mode of the anticyclone is noticed in August. A significant lowering of tropospheric tracers and strong increase in stratospheric tracers are found. The tropopause temperatures also exhibit a warming in the ASMA.
Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, David Fuertes, Georgiy Stenchikov, Tatyana Lapyonok, Igor Veselovskii, Frank G. Wienhold, Illia Shevchenko, Qiaoyun Hu, and Sagar Parajuli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2575–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents novelties in characterizing fine particles suspended in the air by means of combining various measurements that observe light propagation in atmosphere. Several non-coincident observations (some of which require sunlight, while others work only at night) could be united under the assumption that aerosol properties do not change drastically at nighttime. It also proposes how to describe particles' composition in a simplified manner that uses new types of observations.
Adriana Bossolasco, Fabrice Jegou, Pasquale Sellitto, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2745–2764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2745-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2745-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Community Earth System Model, we simulate the surface aerosols lifted to the Asian tropopause (the ATAL layer), its composition and trend, covering a long-term period (2000–2015). We identify a
double-peakaerosol vertical profile that we attribute to
dryand
convectivecloud-borne aerosols. We find that natural aerosol (mineral dust) is the dominant aerosol type and has no long-term trend. ATAL's anthropogenic fraction, by contrast, shows a marked positive trend.
Simone Brunamonti, Giovanni Martucci, Gonzague Romanens, Yann Poltera, Frank G. Wienhold, Maxime Hervo, Alexander Haefele, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lidar (light detection and ranging) is a class of remote-sensing instruments that are widely used for the monitoring of aerosol properties in the lower levels of the atmosphere, yet their measurements are affected by several sources of uncertainty. Here we present the first comparison of two lidar systems against a fully independent instrument carried by meteorological balloons. We show that both lidars achieve a good agreement with the high-precision balloon measurements up to 6 km altitude.
Kizhathur Narasimhan Uma, Siddarth Shankar Das, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, and Kuniyil Viswanathan Suneeth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2083–2103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2083-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2083-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis data of vertical wind (w) are widely used by the atmospheric community to determine various calculations of atmospheric circulations, diabatic heating, convection, etc. There are no studies that assess the available reanalysis data with respect to observations. The present study assesses for the first time all the reanalysis w by comparing it with 20 years of radar data from Gadanki and Kototabang and shows that downdrafts and peaks in the updrafts are not produced in the reanalyses.
Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, James H. Crawford, Gao Chen, T. Duncan Fairlie, Scott Chambers, Chang-Hee Kang, Alastair G. Williams, Kai Zhang, David B. Considine, Melissa P. Sulprizio, and Robert M. Yantosca
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1861–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate atmospheric 222Rn using the GEOS-Chem model to improve understanding of 222Rn emissions and characterize convective transport in the model. We demonstrate the potential of a customized global 222Rn emission scenario to improve simulated surface 222Rn concentrations and seasonality. We assess convective transport using observed 222Rn vertical profiles. Results have important implications for using chemical transport models to interpret the transport of trace gases and aerosols.
Betty Croft, Randall V. Martin, Richard H. Moore, Luke D. Ziemba, Ewan C. Crosbie, Hongyu Liu, Lynn M. Russell, Georges Saliba, Armin Wisthaler, Markus Müller, Arne Schiller, Martí Galí, Rachel Y.-W. Chang, Erin E. McDuffie, Kelsey R. Bilsback, and Jeffrey R. Pierce
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1889–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study measurements combined with GEOS-Chem-TOMAS modeling suggest that several not-well-understood key factors control northwest Atlantic aerosol number and size. These synergetic and climate-relevant factors include particle formation near and above the marine boundary layer top, particle growth by marine secondary organic aerosol on descent, particle formation/growth related to dimethyl sulfide, sea spray aerosol, and ship emissions.
Kevin J. Sanchez, Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Georges Saliba, Chia-Li Chen, Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Michael A. Shook, Ewan C. Crosbie, Luke D. Ziemba, Matthew D. Brown, Taylor J. Shingler, Claire E. Robinson, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Carolyn Jordan, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Jack Porter, Thomas G. Bell, Eric S. Saltzman, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and Richard H. Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 831–851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Models describing atmospheric airflow were combined with satellite measurements representative of marine phytoplankton and other meteorological variables. These combined variables were compared to measured aerosol to identify upwind influences on aerosol concentrations. Results indicate that phytoplankton production rates upwind impact the aerosol mass. Also, results suggest that the condensation of mass onto short-lived large sea spray particles may be a significant sink of aerosol mass.
Pragati Rai, Jay G. Slowik, Markus Furger, Imad El Haddad, Suzanne Visser, Yandong Tong, Atinderpal Singh, Günther Wehrle, Varun Kumar, Anna K. Tobler, Deepika Bhattu, Liwei Wang, Dilip Ganguly, Neeraj Rastogi, Ru-Jin Huang, Jaroslaw Necki, Junji Cao, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Urs Baltensperger, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 717–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple conceptual framework based on elemental size distributions and enrichment factors that allows for a characterization of major sources, site-to-site similarities, and local differences and the identification of key information required for efficient policy development. Absolute concentrations are by far the highest in Delhi, followed by Beijing, and then the European cities.
Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Felix Ploeger, Ghassan Taha, Mariam Tidiga, Maxim Eremenko, Adriana Bossolasco, Fabrice Jégou, Jean-Baptiste Renard, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 535–560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-535-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-535-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The year 2019 was particularly rich for the stratospheric aerosol layer due to two volcanic eruptions (at Raikoke and Ulawun) and wildfire events. With satellite observations and models, we describe the exceptionally complex situation following the Raikoke eruption. The respective plume overwhelmed the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere in terms of aerosol load and resulted in the highest climate impact throughout the past decade.
Teresa Jorge, Simone Brunamonti, Yann Poltera, Frank G. Wienhold, Bei P. Luo, Peter Oelsner, Sreeharsha Hanumanthu, Bhupendra B. Singh, Susanne Körner, Ruud Dirksen, Manish Naja, Suvarna Fadnavis, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 239–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers are crucial for the monitoring of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. We found that when traversing a mixed-phase cloud with big supercooled droplets, the intake tube of the instrument collects on its inner surface a high percentage of these droplets. The newly formed ice layer will sublimate at higher levels and contaminate the measurement. The balloon is also a source of contamination, but only at higher levels during the ascent.
Sreeharsha Hanumanthu, Bärbel Vogel, Rolf Müller, Simone Brunamonti, Suvarna Fadnavis, Dan Li, Peter Ölsner, Manish Naja, Bhupendra Bahadur Singh, Kunchala Ravi Kumar, Sunil Sonbawne, Hannu Jauhiainen, Holger Vömel, Beiping Luo, Teresa Jorge, Frank G. Wienhold, Ruud Dirkson, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14273–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During boreal summer, anthropogenic sources yield the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL), found in Asia between about 13 and 18 km altitude. Balloon-borne measurements of the ATAL conducted in northern India in 2016 show the strong variability of the ATAL. To explain its observed variability, model simulations are performed to deduce the origin of air masses on the Earth's surface, which is important to develop recommendations for regulations of anthropogenic surface emissions of the ATAL.
Benjamin R. Scarino, Kristopher Bedka, Rajendra Bhatt, Konstantin Khlopenkov, David R. Doelling, and William L. Smith Jr.
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5491–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights a technique for facilitating anvil cloud detection based on visible observations that relies on comparative analysis with expected cloud reflectance for a given set of angles. A 1-year database of anvil-identified pixels, as determined from IR observations, from several geostationary satellites was used to construct a bidirectional reflectance distribution function model to quantify typical anvil reflectance across almost all expected viewing, solar, and azimuth angles.
Cited articles
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emissions of trace gases and
aerosols from biomass burning: Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15,
955–966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001.
Bela, M. M., Barth, M. C., Toon, O. B., Fried, A., Homeyer, C. R., Morrison,
H., Cummings, K. A., Li, Y., Pickering, K. E., Allen, D. J., et al.: Wet
scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem
simulations and aircraft observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 4233–4257, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024623, 2016.
Belikov, D. A., Maksyutov, S., Krol, M., Fraser, A., Rigby, M., Bian, H., Agusti-Panareda, A., Bergmann, D., Bousquet, P., Cameron-Smith, P., Chipperfield, M. P., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Gloor, E., Haynes, K., Hess, P., Houweling, S., Kawa, S. R., Law, R. M., Loh, Z., Meng, L., Palmer, P. I., Patra, P. K., Prinn, R. G., Saito, R., and Wilson, C.: Off-line algorithm for calculation of vertical tracer transport in the troposphere due to deep convection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1093–1114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1093-2013, 2013.
Bey, I., Jacob, J.D., Yantosca, M. R., Logan, a, J., Field, D.B., Fiore, M. A., Li, Q., Liu, Y. H., Mickley, J. L., and Schultz, G. M.: Global Modeling of Tropospheric Chemistry with Assimilated Meteorology: Model Description and Evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 23073–23095, https://doi.org/:10.1029/2001JD000807, 2001.
Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N.: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from
energy-related combustion, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21,
GB2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007.
Bossolasco, A., Jegou, F., Sellitto, P., Berthet, G., Kloss, C., and Legras, B.: Global modeling studies of composition and decadal trends of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2745–2764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2745-2021, 2021.
Brabec, M., Wienhold, F. G., Luo, B. P., Vömel, H., Immler, F., Steiner, P., Hausammann, E., Weers, U., and Peter, T.: Particle backscatter and relative humidity measured across cirrus clouds and comparison with microphysical cirrus modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9135–9148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9135-2012, 2012.
Conrad, R.: Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO), Microb. Rev., 60, 609–640, https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.60.4.609-640, 1996.
Darmenov, A. and da Silva, A.: The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED): Documentation of versions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4, NASA Technical Report Series on Global
Modeling and Data Assimilation NASA TM-2015-104606, Volume 38, http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Darmenov796.pdf, last access: 1 September 2015.
Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: A three-dimensional model of the global
Ammonia cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 331–369,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00694492, 1994.
Eastham, S. D., Weisenstein, D. K., Barrett, and S. R. H.: Development and
evaluation of the unified tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) for the global chemistrytransport model GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Environ., 89, 52–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.001, 2014.
Fadnavis, S., Semeniuk, K., Pozzoli, L., Schultz, M. G., Ghude, S. D., Das, S., and Kakatkar, R.: Transport of aerosols into the UTLS and their impact on the Asian monsoon region as seen in a global model simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8771–8786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8771-2013, 2013.
Fairlie, T. D., Jacob, D. J., and Park, R. J.: The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States,
Atmos. Environ.,
41,
1251–1266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.048, 2007.
Fairlie, T. D., Vernier, J.-P., Natarajan, M., and Bedka, K. M.: Dispersion of the Nabro volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7045–7057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7045-2014, 2014.
Fairlie, T. D., Liu, H., Vernier, J.-P., Campuzanoâ-Jost, P., Jimenez,
J. L., Jo, D. S., Zhang, B., Natarajan, M., Avery, M. A., and Huey, G.:
Estimates of Regional Source Contributions to the Asian Tropopause Aerosol
Layer Using a Chemical Transport Model, J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2019JD031506,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031506, 2020.
Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for
K+-Ca2+-Mg2+-NH
Fromm, M., Lindsey, D. T., Servranckx, R., Yue, G.,
Trickl, T., Sica, R., Doucet, P., and Beekmann, S. B.: The untold story of pyrocumulonimbus, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91,
1193–1210, 2010.
Gelaro, R., McCarthy, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs,
L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K.,
Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., da
Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M., Schubert,
S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for
Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
Ghude, D. S., Van der A, R. J., Beig, G., Fadnavis, S., and Polade, S. D.:
Satellite derived trends in NO2 over the major global hotspot regions during the past decade and their inter-comparison,
Environmental Pollution,
157, 1873–1878,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.013, 2009.
Goode, J. G., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babitt, R. E., Davies, A., and Hao, W. M.: Measurements of excess O3, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by Airborne Fourier transform Infrared Spectrometer (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 105, D17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900287, 2000.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Gu, Y., Liao, H., and Bian, J.: Summertime nitrate aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian summer monsoon region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6641–6663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6641-2016, 2016.
Guo, H., Sullivan, A. P., Jost, P. C., Schroder, J. C., Hilfiker, J. E., Dibb, J. L., Jimenez, F. D. L., Thornton, J. A., Brown, S. S., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine particle pH and the partitioning of nitric acid during
winter in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 10355–10376,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025311, 2016.
Guo, H., Liu, J., Froyd, K. D., Roberts, J. M., Veres, P. R., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine particle pH and gas–particle phase partitioning of inorganic species in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5703–5719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5703-2017, 2017.
Hayden, K. L., Macdonald, A. M., Gong, W., Toom-Sauntry, D., Anlauf, K. G., Leithead, A.,
Li, S.-M., Leaitch, W. R., and Noone, K.: Cloud processing of
nitrate, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009732, 2008.
Hill, K. A., Shepson, P. B., Galbavy, E. S., Anastasio, C., Kourtev, P. S., Konopka, A.,
and Stirm, B. H.: Processing of atmospheric nitrogen by clouds
above a forest environment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008002, 2007.
Höpfner, M., Volkamer, R., Grabowski, U., Grutter, M., Orphal, J., Stiller, G., von Clarmann, T., and Wetzel, G.: First detection of ammonia (NH3) in the Asian summer monsoon upper troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14357–14369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14357-2016, 2016.
Höpfner, M., Ungermann, J., Borrmann, S., et al.: Ammonium nitrate
particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during
Asian monsoons, Nat. Geosci., 12, 608–612, 2019.
Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781–7816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
Ibikunle, I., Beyersdorf, A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Corr, C., Crounse, J. D., Dibb, J., Diskin, G., Huey, G., Jimenez, J.-L., Kim, M. J., Nault, B. A., Scheuer, E., Teng, A., Wennberg, P. O., Anderson, B., Crawford, J., Weber, R., and Nenes, A.: Fine particle pH and sensitivity to NH3 and HNO3 over summertime South Korea during KORUS-AQ, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-501, 2020.
Issac, G. A., Leaitch, W. R., and Strapp, J. W.: The vertical distribu-tion of aerosols and acid related compounds in air and cloudwater, Atmos. Environ., 24, 3033–3046, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90482-3, 1990.
Issac, G. A., Leaitch, W. R., and Strapp, J. W.: The vertical distribution of
aerosols and acid-related compounds in air and cloud water, Atmos. Environ., 24, 3033–3046, 1990.
Jaeglé, L., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Alexander, B., and Lin, J.-T.: Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3137–3157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011, 2011.
Kar, J., Bremer, H., Drummond, J. R., Rochon, Y. I., Jones, D. B. A., Nichitiu, F., Zou, J., Liu, J., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Deeter, M. N., Francis, G., Juying, D. Z.: Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide from
measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L23105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021128, 2004.
Kloss, C., Berthet, G., Sellitto, P., Ploeger, F., Bucci, S., Khaykin, S., Jégou, F., Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., Barret, B., Le Flochmoen, E., von Hobe, M., Bossolasco, A., Bègue, N., and Legras, B.: Transport of the 2017 Canadian wildfire plume to the tropics via the Asian monsoon circulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13547–13567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13547-2019, 2019.
Lau, W. K. M., Yuan, C., and Li, Z.: Origin, Maintenance and Variability of
the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL): The Roles of Monsoon Dynamics,
Sci. Rep., 8, 3960, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22267-z,
2018.
Lazarus, A. L., Lorange, E., and Lodge, J. P.: Lead and other metal ions in United States Precipitation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 4, 55–58, 1970.
Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., Wiebe, H. A., Anlauf, K. G., and Issac, G. A.:
Chemical and microphysical studies of nonprecipitating summer clouds in
Ontario, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11821–11831,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD11p11821, 1986.
Lelieveld, J., Bourtsoukidis, E., Brühl, C., Fischer, H., Fuchs, H., Harder,H., Hofzumahaus, A.,Holland, F., Marno, D., Neumaier, M., Pozzer, A., Schlager, H., Williams, J., Zahn, A., and Ziereis, H.: The South Asian monsoon: pollution pump and purifier,
Science, 361, 270–273, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2501, 2018.
Li, J., Posfai, M., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.:
Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2,
Compositions and aging of inorganic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 108,
8484, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002310, 2003.
Li, M., Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., He, K. B., Cheng, Y. F., Emmons, L. K., Huo, H., Kang, S. C., Lu, Z., Shao, M., Su, H., Yu, X., and Zhang, Y.: Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5617–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5617-2014, 2014.
Liu, H., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., and Yantosca, R. M.: “Constraints from 210Pb and 7Be on Wet Deposition and Transport in a Global Three-Dimensional Chemical Tracer Model Driven by Assimilated Meteorological Fields.” J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 12109–12128, doi:10.1029/2000jd900839, 2001.
Liu, X., Penner, J. E., and Wang M.: Influence of anthropogenic sul-fate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCARCAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010492, 2009.
Lightstone, J. M., Onasch, T. B., Imre, D., and Oatis, S.: Deliquescence
Efflorescence, and Water Activity in Ammonium nitrate and mixed Ammonium
nitrate/succinic acid Microparticles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 9337–9346,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002137h, 2000.
Lammel, G. and Cape, N. J.: Nitrous acid and nitrite in the atmo-sphere, Chem.
Soc. Rev., 25, 361–369, 1996.
Lammel, G. and Metzig, G.: On the occurrence of nitrite in urbanfog
water, Chemosphere, 37, 1603–1614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmores.2007.11.002, 1998.
Lucchesi, R.: File Specification for GEOS FP. GMAO Office Note No. 4
(Version 1.2), 61 pp.,
https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Lucchesi1203.pdf, last access: 7 November 2018.
Ma, J., Brühl, C., He, Q., Steil, B., Karydis, V. A., Klingmüller, K., Tost, H., Chen, B., Jin, Y., Liu, N., Xu, X., Yan, P., Zhou, X., Abdelrahman, K., Pozzer, A., and Lelieveld, J.: Modeling the aerosol chemical composition of the tropopause over the Tibetan Plateau during the Asian summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11587–11612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11587-2019, 2019.
Martin, R. V., Sauvage, B., Folkins, I., Sioris, C. E., Boone, C., Bernath, P., and Ziemke, J.: Space-based constraintson the production of nitric oxide by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007831, 2007.
Murray, L. T., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., and Koshak,
W. J.: Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a
global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data,
J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20307,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017934, 2012.
Nault, B. A., Laughner, J. L., Wooldridge, J., Crounse, J. D., Dibb, J.,
Diskin, G., and Cohen, R. C.: Lightning NOx emissions: reconciling measured and
modeled estimates with updated NOx chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 9479–9488, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074436,
2017.
Newman, L.: Measurement challenges in Atmospheric chemistry-Sampling of Selected Labile Atmospheric Pollutants, Am. Chem. Soc., 1–40, https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1993-0232.ch001, 1993.
Okita, T.: Concentration of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and
cloud water and in aerosol, J. Met. Soc. Jpn., 46, 120–127,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.46.2_120, 1968.
Olivier, J. G. J. and Berdowski, J. J. M.: Global Emissions Sources and Sinks,
in the Climate System, in: The Climate System, edited by: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R., Heij, B. J., and
Lisse, A. A., Balkema Publishers/Swets and
Zeitlinger Publishers, The Netherlands, 33–78, 2001.
Orbe, C., Waugh, D. W., and Newman, P. A.: Air-mass origin in the tropical
lower stratosphere: The influence of Asian boundary layer air, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 4240–4248, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063937, 2015.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Gettelman, A., Massie, S., and Jiang, J.: Transport
above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura MLS tracers,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., and Boone, C. D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 757–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-757-2008, 2008.
Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Chin, M., and Martin, R. V.: Sources of
carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural
visibility, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4355, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003190,
2003.
Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., Yantosca, R. M., and Chin, M.: Natural
and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols
in the United States: Implications for policy, J. Geophys. Res., 109,
D15204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004473, 2004.
Paugam, R., Wooster, M., Freitas, S., and Val Martin, M.: A review of approaches to estimate wildfire plume injection height within large-scale atmospheric chemical transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 907–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-907-2016, 2016.
Peterson, D. A., Hyer, E. S., Campbell, J. R., Solbrig, J. E., and Fromm,
M. D.: A conceptual model for development of intense pyro cumulonimbus in
western north America, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 2235–2255,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0232.1, 2017.
Pitari, G., Aquila, V., Kravitz, B., Robock, A., Watanabe, S., Cionni, I., De Luca, N.;, Di Genova, G., Mancini, E., and
Tilmes, S.: Stratospheric Ozone Response to Sulfate Geoengineering: Results from the Geoengineering Model
Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), J. Geophys. Res., 119, 2629–2653, 2014.
Pye, H. O. T., Chan, A. W. H., Barkley, M. P., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global modeling of organic aerosol: the importance of reactive nitrogen (NOx and NO3), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11261–11276, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11261-2010, 2010.
Ploeger, F., Konopka, P., Walker, K., and Riese, M.: Quantifying pollution transport from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7055–7066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7055-2017, 2017.
Ramanathan, V. and Crutzen, P. J.: New Directions: Atmospheric Brown
“Clouds”, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4033–4035,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00536-3, 2003.
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K. A.,
Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the
Stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
Rasch, P. J., Tilmes, S., Turco, R. P., Robock, A., Oman, L., and Chen, R. R.: An
overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols,
Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 366, 4007–4037, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta. 2008.0131, 2008.
Ridley, D. A., Heald, C. L., and Prospero, J. M.: What controls the recent changes in African mineral dust aerosol across the Atlantic?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5735–5747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5735-2014, 2014.
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., et al.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for
Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648, 2011.
Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., Schwartz, M. J., Neu, J. L., and Read, W. G.: A comprehensive overview of the climatological
composition of the Asian summer monsoon Anticyclone based on 10 years of
Aura microwave limb sounder measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 5491–5514,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026408, 2017.
Scanza, R. A., Mahowald, N., Ghan, S., Zender, C. S., Kok, J. F., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., and Albani, S.: Modeling dust as component minerals in the Community Atmosphere Model: development of framework and impact on radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 537–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-537-2015, 2015.
Schüpbach, S., Federer, U., Kaufmann, P. R., Albani, S., Barbante, C., Stocker, T. F., and Fischer, H.: High-resolution mineral dust and sea ice proxy records from the Talos Dome ice core, Clim. Past, 9, 2789–2807, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2789-2013, 2013.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J., 1326 pp., 1998.
Solomon, S., Kinnison, D., Garcia, R. R., Justin Bandoro, J., Mills, M., Wilka, C., Neely III, R. R., Schmidt, A., Barnes, J. E., Vernier, J.-P., and Höpfner, M.: Monsoon circulations and tropical heterogeneous
chlorine chemistry in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12624–12633,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071778, 2016.
Stelson, A. W. and Steinfield, J. H.: Relative Humidity and temperature dependence of ammonium nitrate dissociation constant, Atmos. Environ., 16, 983–993, 1982.
Stocker, M., Ladstädter, F., and Steiner, A. K.: Observing the climate
impact of large wildfires on stratospheric temperature, Sci. Rep., 11, 22994,
https://doi.org/10.11038/541598-021-02335-7, 2021.
Thomason, L. W. and Vernier, J.-P.: Improved SAGE II cloud/aerosol categorization and observations of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer: 1989–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4605–4616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4605-2013, 2013.
Torres, O., Bhartia, P. K., Taha, G., Jethva, H., Das, S., Colarco, P., Krotkov, N., Omar, A., and Ahn, C.: Stratospheric injection of massive smoke plume from Canadian boreal
fires in 2017 as seen by DSCOVR-EPIC, CALIOP, and OMPS-LP observations,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032579,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032579, 2020.
Travis, K. R., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Kim, P. S., Marais, E. A., Zhu, L., Yu, K., Miller, C. C., Yantosca, R. M., Sulprizio, M. P., Thompson, A. M., Wennberg, P. O., Crounse, J. D., St. Clair, J. M., Cohen, R. C., Laughner, J. L., Dibb, J. E., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Wolfe, G. M., Pollack, I. B., Peischl, J., Neuman, J. A., and Zhou, X.: Why do models overestimate surface ozone in the Southeast United States?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13561–13577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016, 2016.
Ungermann, J., Ern, M., Kaufmann, M., Müller, R., Spang, R., Ploeger, F., Vogel, B., and Riese, M.: Observations of PAN and its confinement in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in high spatial resolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8389–8403, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8389-2016, 2016.
Vernier, J.-P., Thomason, L. W., and Kar, J..: CALIPSO detection of an Asian
tropopause aerosol layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L07804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046614, 2011.
Vernier, J.-P., Fairlie, T. D., Natarajan, M., Wienhold, F. G., Bian, J.,
Martinsson, B. G., Crumeyrolle, S., Thomason, L. W., and Bedka, K.
M.: Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels
and its potential connection with Asian pollution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 1608–1619,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022372, 2015.
Vernier, J. P., Fairlie, T. D., Deshler, T., Venkat Ratnam, M., Gadhavi, H.,
Kumar, B. S., Natarajan, M., Pandit, A. K., Akhil Raj, S. T., Hemanth Kumar,
A., Jayaraman, A., Singh, A. K., Rastogi, N., Sinha, P. R., Kumar, S., Tiwari,
S., Wegner, T., Baker, N., Vignelles, D., Stenchikov, G., Shevchenko, I.,
Smith, J., Bedka, K., Kesarkar, A., Singh, V., Bhate, J., Ravikiran, V.,
Durga Rao, M., Ravindrababu, S., Patel, A., Vernier, H., Wienhold, F. G.,
Liu, H., Knepp, T. N., Thomason, L., Crawford, J., Ziemba, L., Moore, J.,
Crumeyrolle, S., Williamson, M., Berthet, G., Jégou, F., and Renard,
J.: BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian
Tropopause Aerosol Layer, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 955–973,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0014.1, 2018.
Vernier, H.: BATAL_S2017_W2018-IC_Data_7-28-2022.xlsx, figshare, [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20398653.v1, 2022a.
Vernier, H.: Imet data inside impactor box (2017/2018) and outside for 2015, figshare, [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20398764.v2, 2022b.
Vernier, H.: Trajectory files ZF2/ZF3, figshare, [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20398812.v1, 2022c.
Vernier, H.: GEOS-Chem simulation results-2017, figshare, [data
set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20398839.v1, 2022d.
Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Roiger, A., Stenke, A., de Reus, M., Borrmann, S., Jensen, E., Schiller, C., Konopka, P., and Sitnikov, N.: Detection of reactive nitrogen containing particles in the tropopause region – evidence for a tropical nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) belt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7421–7430, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7421-2008, 2008.
Voigt, C., Schreiner, J., Kohlmann, A., Zink, P., Mauersberger, K., Larsen, N., Deshler,
T., Kröger, C., Rosen, J., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Viterbini,
M., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., David, C., and Dörnbrack, A.: Nitric acid trihydrate
(NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 2290, 1756–1758,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1756, 2000.
Wagner, R., Bertozzi, B., Höpfner, M., Höhler, K., Möhler, O.,
Saathoff, H., and Leisner, T.: Solid ammonium nitrate aerosols as efficient
ice nucleating particles at cirrus temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 125,
e2019JD032248, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032248, 2020.
Wang, Q., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Mao, J., Leibensperger, E. M., Carouge, C. C., Le Sager, P., Kondo, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., and Doherty, S. J.: Sources of carbonaceous aerosols and deposited black carbon in the Arctic in winter-spring: implications for radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12453–12473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12453-2011, 2011.
Wang, X., Zhang, L., and Moran, M. D.: Development of a new semi-empirical parameterization for below-cloud scavenging of size-resolved aerosol particles by both rain and snow, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 799–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-799-2014, 2014.
Wang, Q., Jacob, D. J., Spackman, J. R., Perring, A. E., Schwarz, J. P., Moteki, N., Marais, E. A., Ge, C., Wang, J., and Barrett, S. R. H.: Global budget and radiative forcing of black carbon aerosol: constraints from pole-to-pole (HIPPO) observations across the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 195–206, 2014.
Wang, T., Song, Y., Xu, Z., Liu, M., Xu, T., Liao, W., Yin, L., Cai, X., Kang, L., Zhang, H., and Zhu, T.: Why is the Indo-Gangetic Plain the region with the largest NH3 column in the globe during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8727–8736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8727-2020, 2020.
Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry
deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
Yienger, J. J. and Levy, H.: Empirical model of global soil‐biogenic NOχ emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 11447–11464, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00370, 1995.
Yevich, R. and Logan, J. A.: An assessment of biofuel uses and burning of
agricultural waste in the developing world, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
17, 1095, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001952, 2003.
Yu, P., Toon, O. B., Neely, R. R., Martinson, B. G., and Brenninkmeijer,
C. A. M.: Composition and physical properties of the Asian tropopause aerosol
layer and the North American tropospheric aerosol layer, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 2540–2546 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063181, 2015.
Yu, P., Rosenlof, K. H., Liu, S., Telg, H., Thornberry, T. D., Rollins, A.
W., Portmann, R. W., Bai, Z., Ray, E. A., Duan, Y., Pan, L. L., Toon, O. B.,
Bian, J., and Gao, R.-S.: Efficient transport of tropospheric aerosol into
the stratosphere via the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA., 114, 6972–6977, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701170114, 2017.
Yu, K., Keller, C. A., Jacob, D. J., Molod, A. M., Eastham, S. D., and Long, M. S.: Errors and improvements in the use of archived meteorological data for chemical transport modeling: an analysis using GEOS-Chem v11-01 driven by GEOS-5 meteorology, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 305–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-305-2018, 2018.
Yu, P., Yoon, B. O., Bardeen, G. C., Zhu, Y., Rosenlof, H. K., Thornberry, D. T., Gao, R.-S., Davis, M. S., Wolf, T. E., Gouw, W. J., Peterson, A. D., Fromm, D. M., and Robock, A.: Black carbon lofts wildfire smoke high into the stratosphere to form a persistent plume, Science 365, 587–590, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1748, 2019.
Yuan, C., Lau, W. K. M., Li, Z., and Cribb, M.: Relationship between Asian monsoon strength and transport of surface aerosols to the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL): interannual variability and decadal changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1901–1913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1901-2019, 2019.
Zawadowicz, M. A., Proud, S. R., Seppalainen, S. S., and Cziczo, D. J.: Hygroscopic and phase separation properties of ammonium sulfate/organics/water ternary solutions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8975–8986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8975-2015, 2015.
Short summary
The chemical composition of the stratospheric aerosols collected aboard high-altitude balloons above the summer Asian monsoon reveals the presence of nitrate/nitrite. Using numerical simulations and satellite observations, we found that pollution as well as lightning could explain some of our observations.
The chemical composition of the stratospheric aerosols collected aboard high-altitude balloons...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint