Articles | Volume 20, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 24 Nov 2020
| 24 Nov 2020
A comparison of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry,
University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Gareth J. Stewart
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry,
University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Stefan J. Swift
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry,
University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Beth S. Nelson
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry,
University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Leigh R. Crilley
Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
currently at: Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Mohammed S. Alam
Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
Ranu Gadi
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi,
110006, India
Roy M. Harrison
Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of
Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box
80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry,
University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Alastair C. Lewis
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York,
YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
Related authors
Steven J. Campbell, Kate Wolfer, Battist Utinger, Joe Westwood, Zhi-Hui Zhang, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Sarah S. Steimer, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Nicholas Straw, Steven Thomson, Atallah Elzein, Yele Sun, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Alastair C. Lewis, Roy M. Harrison, William J. Bloss, Miranda Loh, Mark R. Miller, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP), a metric widely suggested as a potential measure of particle toxicity, in Beijing in summer and winter using four acellular assays. We correlate PM2.5 OP with a comprehensive range of atmospheric and particle composition measurements, demonstrating inter-assay differences and seasonal variation of PM2.5 OP. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we highlight specific particle chemical components and sources that influence OP.
Yunqi Shao, Aristeidis Voliotis, Mao Du, Yu Wang, Jacqueline Hamilton, M. Rami Alfarra, and Gordon McFiggans
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-22, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-22, 2025
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
This study analysed the average carbon oxidation state (OSc) during secondary organic aerosol formation from mixed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using three mass spectrometry techniques. Notable discrepancies in OSc were observed across the techniques, with FIGAERO-CIMS keep reporting higher values. The results also shown that OSc in mixed VOC systems is influenced not only by products from individual precursors but also by unique compounds formed through interactions between VOC products.
Aino Ovaska, Elio Rauth, Daniel Holmberg, Paulo Artaxo, John Backman, Benjamin Bergmans, Don Collins, Marco Aurélio Franco, Shahzad Gani, Roy M. Harrison, Rakes K. Hooda, Tareq Hussein, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Kerneels Jaars, Adam Kristensson, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Ari Laaksonen, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Colin O'Dowd, Jakub Ondracek, Tuukka Petäjä, Kristina Plauškaitė, Mira Pöhlker, Ximeng Qi, Peter Tunved, Ville Vakkari, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kai Puolamäki, Tuomo Nieminen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Pauli Paasonen
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-18, 2025
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
We trained machine learning models to estimate the number of aerosol particles large enough to form clouds and generated daily estimates for the entire globe. The models performed well in many continental regions but struggled in remote and marine areas. Still, this approach offers a way to quantify these particles in areas that lack direct measurements, helping us understand their influence on clouds and climate on a global scale.
Clara Jaén, Mireia Udina, Roy Harrison, Joan O. Grimalt, and Barend L. Van Drooge
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2419, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Distance changes air pollution in a city, but so does the time of the day and the year, due to varying emission sources and weather conditions. These changes were studied at ground level and 400 meters above the city, and showed that wood burning affected the air quality in winter, while products of atmospheric reaction processes dominated the air in summer. Traffic emissions arrive to the elevated site during the day, while they were trapped at lower level in the night.
Huang Zheng, Shaofei Kong, Deping Ding, Marjan Savadkoohi, Congbo Song, Mingming Zheng, and Roy Harrison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2113, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes 13 years of BC data in China, uncovering patterns in its concentration and sources. Spatial-temporal variations and trends of BC are reported. Our analysis revealed that the reduction rates of BC and its sources varied across different station types, with spatial differences in the drivers of reduction. These long-term observations provide valuable insights to enhance understanding of pollution trends and improve models for predicting air quality.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, P. Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gómez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal L. Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4665–4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to model output.
Rhianna L. Evans, Daniel J. Bryant, Aristeidis Voliotis, Dawei Hu, Huihui Wu, Sara Aisyah Syafira, Osayomwanbor E. Oghama, Gordon McFiggans, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, and Andrew R. Rickard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4367–4389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4367-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4367-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of organic aerosol derived from wood-burning emissions under different burning conditions was characterised. Fresh emissions from flaming and smouldering were largely aromatic in nature, whereas upon aging the aromatic content decreased. This decrease was greater for smouldering due to the loss of toxic polyaromatic species, whereas under flaming conditions highly toxic polyaromatic species were produced. These differences present an important challenge for future policy.
Beth Nelson and Will Drysdale
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3743, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Trends in urban O3 and NO2 across Europe and the USA were explored between 2000–2021. Many sites in Europe and revealed a slowing in the increase of high O3 levels though more trends were found to having an increasing O3 trend in 2015–2021. The reverse was true in the USA. The change points revealed several sites in Europe, were the second change point in NO2 switched to a negative trend, occurred in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in some cases this has continued until 2023.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Eija Asmi, Aki Virkkula, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Mikko Sipilä, Floortje Van Den Heuvel, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Anna Jones, Markus Frey, Angelo Lupi, Jiyeon Park, Young Jun Yoon, Rolf Weller, Giselle L. Marincovich, Gabriela C. Mulena, Roy M. Harrison, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1145–1162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasise how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Antarctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources.
Xiansheng Liu, Xun Zhang, Marvin Dufresne, Tao Wang, Lijie Wu, Rosa Lara, Roger Seco, Marta Monge, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Marie Gohy, Paul Petit, Audrey Chevalier, Marie-Pierre Vagnot, Yann Fortier, Alexia Baudic, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Valérie Gros, Leïla Simon, Heidi Héllen, Stefan Reimann, Zoé Le Bras, Michelle Jessy Müller, David Beddows, Siqi Hou, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, William Bloss, James Dernie, Stéphane Sauvage, Philip K. Hopke, Xiaoli Duan, Taicheng An, Alastair C. Lewis, James R. Hopkins, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Xiaohu Zhang, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, and Thérèse Salameh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 625–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) pollution in urban areas across seven European countries. Analyzing data from 22 monitoring sites, we found traffic and industrial activities significantly impact BTEX levels, with peaks during rush hours. The risk from BTEX exposure remains moderate, especially in high-traffic and industrial zones, highlighting the need for targeted air quality management to protect public health and improve urban air quality.
Pamela A. Dominutti, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Anouk Marsal, Takoua Mhadhbi, Rhabira Elazzouzi, Camille Rak, Fabrizia Cavalli, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Ian Mudway, Athanasios Nenes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Catherine Banach, Steven J. Campbell, Hana Cigánková, Daniele Contini, Greg Evans, Maria Georgopoulou, Manuella Ghanem, Drew A. Glencross, Maria Rachele Guascito, Hartmut Herrmann, Saima Iram, Maja Jovanović, Milena Jovašević-Stojanović, Markus Kalberer, Ingeborg M. Kooter, Suzanne E. Paulson, Anil Patel, Esperanza Perdrix, Maria Chiara Pietrogrande, Pavel Mikuška, Jean-Jacques Sauvain, Katerina Seitanidi, Pourya Shahpoury, Eduardo J. d. S. Souza, Sarah Steimer, Svetlana Stevanovic, Guillaume Suarez, P. S. Ganesh Subramanian, Battist Utinger, Marloes F. van Os, Vishal Verma, Xing Wang, Rodney J. Weber, Yuhan Yang, Xavier Querol, Gerard Hoek, Roy M. Harrison, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 177–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-177-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-177-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, 20 labs worldwide collaborated to evaluate the measurement of air pollution's oxidative potential (OP), a key indicator of its harmful effects. The study aimed to identify disparities in the widely used OP dithiothreitol assay and assess the consistency of OP among labs using the same protocol. The results showed that half of the labs achieved acceptable results. However, variability was also found, highlighting the need for standardisation in OP procedures.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Avinash Kumar, Matti Rissanen, Miikka Dal Maso, Peter Mettke, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10349–10361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ions enhance the formation and growth rates of new particles, affecting the Earth's radiation budget. Despite these effects, there is little published data exploring the sources of ions in the urban environment and their role in new particle formation (NPF). Here we show that natural ion sources dominate in urban environments, while traffic is a secondary source. Ions contribute up to 12.7 % of the formation rate of particles, indicating that they are important for forming urban PM.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Tuukka Petäjä, Máté Vörösmarty, Imre Salma, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Dominik van Pinxteren, Thomas Tuch, Kay Weinhold, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9515–9531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sources of airborne particles in the atmospheres of four European cities were distinguished by recognising their particle size distributions using a statistical procedure, positive matrix factorisation. The various sources responded differently to the changes in emissions associated with COVID-19 lockdowns, and the reasons are investigated. While traffic emissions generally decreased, particles formed from reactions of atmospheric gases decreased in some cities but increased in others.
Beth S. Nelson, Zhenze Liu, Freya A. Squires, Marvin Shaw, James R. Hopkins, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Andrew R. Rickard, Alastair C. Lewis, Zongbo Shi, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9031–9044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of combined air quality and carbon neutrality policies on O3 formation in Beijing was investigated. Emissions inventory data were used to estimate future pollutant mixing ratios relative to ground-level observations. O3 production was found to be most sensitive to changes in alkenes, but large reductions in less reactive compounds led to larger reductions in future O3 production. This study highlights the importance of understanding the emissions of organic pollutants.
Matthew J. Rowlinson, Mat J. Evans, Lucy J. Carpenter, Katie A. Read, Shalini Punjabi, Adedayo Adedeji, Luke Fakes, Ally Lewis, Ben Richmond, Neil Passant, Tim Murrells, Barron Henderson, Kelvin H. Bates, and Detlev Helmig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8317–8342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8317-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8317-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ethane and propane are volatile organic compounds emitted from human activities which help to form ozone, a pollutant and greenhouse gas, and also affect the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric models tend to do a poor job of reproducing the abundance of these compounds in the atmosphere. By using regional estimates of their emissions, rather than globally consistent estimates, we can significantly improve the simulation of ethane in the model and make some improvement for propane.
Marco Paglione, David C. S. Beddows, Anna Jones, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, Francesco Manarini, Mara Russo, Karam Mansour, Roy M. Harrison, Andrea Mazzanti, Emilio Tagliavini, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6305–6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Applying factor analysis techniques to H-NMR spectra, we present the organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment of PM1 samples collected in parallel at two Antarctic stations, namely Signy and Halley, allowing investigation of aerosol–climate interactions in an unperturbed atmosphere. Our results show remarkable differences between pelagic (open-ocean) and sympagic (sea-ice-influenced) air masses and indicate that various sources and processes are controlling Antarctic aerosols.
Jianghao Li, Alastair C. Lewis, Jim R. Hopkins, Stephen J. Andrews, Tim Murrells, Neil Passant, Ben Richmond, Siqi Hou, William J. Bloss, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6219–6231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A summertime ozone event at an urban site in Birmingham is sensitive to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – particularly those of oxygenated VOCs. The roles of anthropogenic VOC sources in urban ozone chemistry are examined by integrating the 1990–2019 national atmospheric emission inventory into model scenarios. Road transport remains the most powerful means of further reducing ozone in this case study, but the benefits may be offset if solvent emissions of VOCs continue to increase.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J. Bloss, Stephen M. Ball, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14393–14424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals and also OH reactivity were made at a UK coastal site and compared to calculations from a constrained box model utilising the Master Chemical Mechanism. The model agreement displayed a strong dependence on the NO concentration. An experimental budget analysis for OH, HO2, RO2 and total ROx demonstrated significant imbalances between HO2 and RO2 production rates. Ozone production rates were calculated from measured radicals and compared to modelled values.
Adedayo R. Adedeji, Stephen J. Andrews, Matthew J. Rowlinson, Mathew J. Evans, Alastair C. Lewis, Shigeru Hashimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Yasunori Tohjima, and Takuya Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9229–9244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model to interpret observations of CO, C2H6, C3H8, NOx, NOy and O3 made from Hateruma Island in 2018. The model captures many synoptic-scale events and the seasonality of most pollutants at the site but underestimates C2H6 and C3H8 during the winter. These underestimates are unlikely to be reconciled by increases in biomass burning emissions but could be reconciled by increasing the Asian anthropogenic source of C2H6 and C3H8 by factors of around 2 and 3, respectively.
Alfred W. Mayhew, Peter M. Edwards, and Jaqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8473–8485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene nitrates are chemical species commonly found in the atmosphere that are important for their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper investigates modelled changes to daytime isoprene nitrate concentrations resulting from changes in NOx and O3. The results highlight the complex, nonlinear chemistry of this group of species under typical conditions for megacities such as Beijing, with many species showing increased concentrations when NOx is decreased and/or ozone is increased.
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Douglas Lowe, Jill S. Johnson, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Eoghan Darbyshire, Michael Flynn, James D. Allan, Hugh Coe, Ying Chen, Oliver Wild, Scott Archer-Nicholls, Alex Archibald, Siddhartha Singh, Manish Shrivastava, Rahul A. Zaveri, Vikas Singh, Gufran Beig, Ranjeet Sokhi, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5763–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols (OAs), their sources and their processes remain poorly understood. The volatility basis set (VBS) approach, implemented in air quality models such as WRF-Chem, can be a useful tool to describe primary OA (POA) production and aging. However, the main disadvantage is its complexity. We used a Gaussian process simulator to reproduce model results and to estimate the sources of model uncertainty. We do this by comparing the outputs with OA observations made at Delhi, India, in 2018.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Eija Asmi, Angelo Lupi, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2183–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasize how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources. We provide a harmonised analysis of new particle formation across the Arctic.
Teles C. Furlani, RenXi Ye, Jordan Stewart, Leigh R. Crilley, Peter M. Edwards, Tara F. Kahan, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of gas-phase chlorine-containing chemicals. The method converts any chlorine-containing molecule to hydrogen chloride that can be detected in real time using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The new method was validated through laboratory experiments, as well as by making measurements of ambient outdoor air and indoor air during cleaning with a chlorine-based cleaner.
Daniel J. Bryant, Beth S. Nelson, Stefan J. Swift, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Will S. Drysdale, Adam R. Vaughan, Mike J. Newland, James R. Hopkins, James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Eiko Nemitz, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Tuhin Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, James D. Lee, Andrew R. Rickard, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 61–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-61-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the sources of isoprene and monoterpene compounds and their particulate-phase oxidation products in Delhi, India. This was done to improve our understanding of the sources, concentrations, and fate of volatile emissions in megacities. By studying the chemical composition of offline filter samples, we report that a significant share of the oxidised organic aerosol in Delhi is from isoprene and monoterpenes. This has implications for human health and policy development.
Simone T. Andersen, Beth S. Nelson, Katie A. Read, Shalini Punjabi, Luis Neves, Matthew J. Rowlinson, James Hopkins, Tomás Sherwen, Lisa K. Whalley, James D. Lee, and Lucy J. Carpenter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15747–15765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15747-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15747-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The cycling of NO and NO2 is important to understand to be able to predict O3 concentrations in the atmosphere. We have used long-term measurements from the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory together with model outputs to investigate the cycling of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in very clean marine air. This study shows that we understand the processes occurring in very clean air, but with small amounts of pollution in the air, known chemistry cannot explain what is observed.
Alfred W. Mayhew, Ben H. Lee, Joel A. Thornton, Thomas J. Bannan, James Brean, James R. Hopkins, James D. Lee, Beth S. Nelson, Carl Percival, Andrew R. Rickard, Marvin D. Shaw, Peter M. Edwards, and Jaqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14783–14798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14783-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14783-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene nitrates are chemical species commonly found in the atmosphere that are important for their impacts on air quality and climate. This paper compares 3 different representations of the chemistry of isoprene nitrates in computational models highlighting cases where the choice of chemistry included has significant impacts on the concentration and composition of the modelled nitrates. Calibration of mass spectrometers is also shown to be an important factor when analysing isoprene nitrates.
Aristeidis Voliotis, Mao Du, Yu Wang, Yunqi Shao, M. Rami Alfarra, Thomas J. Bannan, Dawei Hu, Kelly L. Pereira, Jaqueline F. Hamilton, Mattias Hallquist, Thomas F. Mentel, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14147–14175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14147-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing experiments are crucial and highly beneficial for our understanding of atmospheric chemical interactions. However, interpretation quickly becomes complex, and both the experimental design and evaluation need to be scrutinised carefully. Advanced online and offline compositional measurements can reveal substantial additional information to aid in the interpretation of yield data, including components uniquely found in mixtures and property changes in SOA formed from mixtures of VOCs.
Yunqi Shao, Aristeidis Voliotis, Mao Du, Yu Wang, Kelly Pereira, Jacqueline Hamilton, M. Rami Alfarra, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9799–9826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9799-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9799-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored the chemical properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that formed from photo-oxidation of single and mixed biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. We showed that SOA chemical properties in a mixed vapour system are mainly affected by the
higher-yield precursor's oxidation products and products from
cross-product formation. This study also identifies potential tracer compounds in a mixed vapour system that might be used in SOA source attribution in future ambient studies.
Mao Du, Aristeidis Voliotis, Yunqi Shao, Yu Wang, Thomas J. Bannan, Kelly L. Pereira, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Carl J. Percival, M. Rami Alfarra, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4385–4406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4385-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4385-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric chemistry plays a key role in the understanding of aerosol formation and air pollution. We designed chamber experiments for the characterization of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from a biogenic precursor with inorganic seed. Our results highlight the advantages of a combination of online FIGAERO-CIMS and offline LC-Orbitrap MS analytical techniques to characterize the chemical composition of SOA in chamber studies.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, David C. S. Beddows, Ajit Singh, Molly Haugen, Sebastián Diez, Pete M. Edwards, Adam Boies, Roy M. Harrison, and Francis D. Pope
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4047–4061, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4047-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4047-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the last decade, low-cost sensors have revolutionised the field of air quality monitoring. This paper extends the ability of low-cost sensors to not only measure air pollution, but also to understand where the pollution comes from. This "source apportionment" is a critical step in air quality management to allow for the mitigation of air pollution. The techniques developed in this paper have the potential for great impact in both research and industrial applications.
Marios Panagi, Roberto Sommariva, Zoë L. Fleming, Paul S. Monks, Gongda Lu, Eloise A. Marais, James R. Hopkins, Alastair C. Lewis, Qiang Zhang, James D. Lee, Freya A. Squires, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Dwayne E. Heard, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, and Joshua D. Vande Hey
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-379, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A dispersion model and a box model were combined to investigate the evolution of VOCs in Beijing once they are emitted from anthropogenic sources. It was determined that during the winter time the VOC concentrations in Beijing are driven predominantly by sources within Beijing and by a combination of transport and chemistry during the summer. Furthermore, the results in the paper highlight the need for a season specific policy.
Ülkü Alver Şahin, Roy M. Harrison, Mohammed S. Alam, David C. S. Beddows, Dimitrios Bousiotis, Zongbo Shi, Leigh R. Crilley, William Bloss, James Brean, Isha Khanna, and Rulan Verma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5415–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wide-range particle size spectra have been measured in three seasons in Delhi and are interpreted in terms of sources and processes. Condensational growth is a major feature of the fine fraction, and a coarse fraction contributes substantially – but only in summer.
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J1 Bloss, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-207, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We measured radicals (OH, HO2, RO2) and OH reactivity at a UK coastal site and compared our observations to the predictions of an MCMv3.3.1 box model. We find variable agreement between measured and modelled radical concentrations and OH reactivity, where the levels of agreement for individual species display strong dependences on NO concentrations. The most substantial disagreement is found for RO2 at high NO (> 1 ppbv), when RO2 levels are underpredicted by a factor of ~10–30.
Yingze Tian, Xiaoning Wang, Peng Zhao, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1007, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical mass balance (CMB) is a widely used method to apportion the sources of PM2.5. We explore the sensitivity of CMB results to input data of organic markers only (OM-CMB) with a combination of organic and inorganic markers (IOM-CMB), as well as using different chemical profiles for sources. Our results indicate the superiority of combining inorganic and organic tracers and using locally-relevant source profiles in source apportionment of PM.
Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Francis D. Pope, Chris Reed, James D. Lee, Lucy J. Carpenter, Lloyd D. J. Hollis, Stephen M. Ball, and William J. Bloss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18213–18225, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key source of atmospheric oxidants. We evaluate if the ocean surface is a source of HONO for the marine boundary layer, using measurements from two contrasting coastal locations. We observed no evidence for a night-time ocean surface source, in contrast to previous work. This points to significant geographical variation in the predominant HONO formation mechanisms in marine environments, reflecting possible variability in the sea-surface microlayer composition.
Adam R. Vaughan, James D. Lee, Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Alastair C. Lewis, Marvin D. Shaw, Will S. Drysdale, Ruth M. Purvis, Brian Davison, and C. Nicholas Hewitt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15283–15298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Validating emissions estimates of atmospheric pollutants is a vital pathway towards reducing urban concentrations of air pollution and ensuring effective legislative controls are implemented. The work presented here highlights a strategy capable of quantifying and spatially disaggregating NOx emissions over challenging urban terrain. This work shows great scope as a tool for emission inventory validation and independent generation of high-resolution surface emissions on a city-wide scale.
Deepchandra Srivastava, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Siqi Hou, Natalia Moreno Palmerola, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14703–14724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the source apportionment of PM2.5 performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) at urban and rural sites in Beijing. These factors are interpreted as traffic emissions, biomass burning, road and soil dust, coal and oil combustion, and secondary inorganics. PMF failed to resolve some sources identified by CMB and AMS and appears to overestimate the dust sources. Comparison with earlier PMF studies from the Beijing area highlights inconsistent findings using this method.
Rebecca L. Wagner, Naomi J. Farren, Jack Davison, Stuart Young, James R. Hopkins, Alastair C. Lewis, David C. Carslaw, and Marvin D. Shaw
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6083–6100, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6083-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6083-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the use of a selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS) in a mobile laboratory to provide on-road, high spatial and temporal measurements of CO2, CH4, multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other trace gases. Results are presented that highlight the potential of this platform for developing characterisation methods of different emissions sources in complex urban areas.
Beth S. Nelson, Gareth J. Stewart, Will S. Drysdale, Mike J. Newland, Adam R. Vaughan, Rachel E. Dunmore, Pete M. Edwards, Alastair C. Lewis, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, W. Joe Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Leigh R. Crilley, Mohammed S. Alam, Ülkü A. Şahin, David C. S. Beddows, William J. Bloss, Eloise Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Dwayne E. Heard, James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Eiko Nemitz, Roberto Sommariva, Sam Cox, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Bhola R. Gurjar, James R. Hopkins, Andrew R. Rickard, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13609–13630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13609-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13609-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone production at an urban site in Delhi is sensitive to volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations, particularly those of the aromatic, monoterpene, and alkene VOC classes. The change in ozone production by varying atmospheric pollutants according to their sources, as defined in an emissions inventory, is investigated. The study suggests that reducing road transport emissions alone does not reduce reactive VOCs in the atmosphere enough to perturb an increase in ozone production.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Francis D. Pope, David C. S. Beddows, Manuel Dall'Osto, Andreas Massling, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Claus Nordstrøm, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Tuukka Petäjä, Noemi Perez, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Thomas Tuch, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11905–11925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of new particles is a key process in the atmosphere. New particle formation events arising from nucleation of gaseous precursors have been analysed in extensive datasets from 13 sites in five European countries in terms of frequency, nucleation rate, and particle growth rate, with several common features and many differences identified. Although nucleation frequencies are lower at roadside sites, nucleation rates and particle growth rates are typically higher.
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Upasana Panda, Eoghan Darbyshire, James M. Cash, Rutambhara Joshi, Ben Langford, Chiara F. Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, Daniel J. Rooney, W. Joe F. Acton, Will Drysdale, Eiko Nemitz, Michael Flynn, Aristeidis Voliotis, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, James Lee, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Mathew R. Heal, Sachin S. Gunthe, Tuhin K. Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Siddhartha Singh, Vijay Soni, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11655–11667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the first multisite online measurements of PM1 in Delhi, India, with measurements over different seasons in Old Delhi and New Delhi in 2018. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). Traffic was the main primary aerosol source for both OAs and black carbon, seen with PMF and Aethalometer model analysis, indicating that control of primary traffic exhaust emissions would make a significant reduction to Delhi air pollution.
Congbo Song, Manuel Dall'Osto, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Stefania Gilardoni, Stergios Vratolis, Karl Espen Yttri, David C. S. Beddows, Julia Schmale, James Brean, Agung Ghani Kramawijaya, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11317–11335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a cluster analysis of relatively long-term (2015–2019) aerosol aerodynamic volume size distributions up to 20 μm in the Arctic for the first time. The study found that anthropogenic and natural aerosols comprised 27 % and 73 % of the occurrence of the coarse-mode aerosols, respectively. Our study shows that about two-thirds of the coarse-mode aerosols are related to two sea-spray-related aerosol clusters, indicating that sea spray aerosol may more complex in the Arctic environment.
Benjamin A. Nault, Duseong S. Jo, Brian C. McDonald, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Weiwei Hu, Jason C. Schroder, James Allan, Donald R. Blake, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Hugh Coe, Matthew M. Coggon, Peter F. DeCarlo, Glenn S. Diskin, Rachel Dunmore, Frank Flocke, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Georgios Gkatzelis, Jacqui F. Hamilton, Thomas F. Hanisco, Patrick L. Hayes, Daven K. Henze, Alma Hodzic, James Hopkins, Min Hu, L. Greggory Huey, B. Thomas Jobson, William C. Kuster, Alastair Lewis, Meng Li, Jin Liao, M. Omar Nawaz, Ilana B. Pollack, Jeffrey Peischl, Bernhard Rappenglück, Claire E. Reeves, Dirk Richter, James M. Roberts, Thomas B. Ryerson, Min Shao, Jacob M. Sommers, James Walega, Carsten Warneke, Petter Weibring, Glenn M. Wolfe, Dominique E. Young, Bin Yuan, Qiang Zhang, Joost A. de Gouw, and Jose L. Jimenez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11201–11224, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important aspect of poor air quality for urban regions around the world, where a large fraction of the population lives. However, there is still large uncertainty in predicting SOA in urban regions. Here, we used data from 11 urban campaigns and show that the variability in SOA production in these regions is predictable and is explained by key emissions. These results are used to estimate the premature mortality associated with SOA in urban regions.
Esther Borrás, Luis A. Tortajada-Genaro, Milagro Ródenas, Teresa Vera, Thomas Speak, Paul Seakins, Marvin D. Shaw, Alastair C. Lewis, and Amalia Muñoz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4989–4999, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4989-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4989-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents promising results in the characterization of specific atmospheric pollutants (oxygenated VOCs) present at very low but highly relevant concentrations.
We carried out this research at EUPHORE facilities within the framework of the EUROCHAMP project. A new analytical method, with high robustness and precision, also clean in the use of solvents, low cost, and easily adaptable for use in mobile laboratories for air quality monitoring, is presented.
Zainab Bibi, Hugh Coe, James Brooks, Paul I. Williams, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Michael Priestley, Carl J. Percival, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10763–10777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10763-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10763-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We are presenting a new method to apportion black carbon/soot into multiple sources through the inclusion of fullerene and metal data into HR-SP-AMS factorisation. While this itself would be considered a technical development, we can present a budget of contributions to measured BC during the event studied, including the conclusion that fireworks contributed little compared to the bonfire, traffic, and domestic wood-burning emissions.
James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Chiara Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, James Allan, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Ruthambara Joshi, Mathew R. Heal, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Pawel K. Misztal, Will Drysdale, Tuhin K. Mandal, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Bhola Ram Gurjar, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10133–10158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first real-time composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in Old Delhi using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. Seasonal analysis shows peak concentrations occur during the post-monsoon, and novel-tracers reveal the largest sources are a combination of local open and regional crop residue burning. Strong links between increased chloride aerosol concentrations and burning sources of PM1 suggest burning sources are responsible for the post-monsoon chloride peak.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Ajit Singh, Molly Haugen, David C. S. Beddows, Sebastián Diez, Killian L. Murphy, Pete M. Edwards, Adam Boies, Roy M. Harrison, and Francis D. Pope
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4139–4155, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurement and source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants are crucial for the assessment of air quality and the implementation of policies for their improvement. This study highlights the current capability of low-cost sensors in source identification and differentiation using clustering approaches. Future directions towards particulate matter source apportionment using low-cost OPCs are highlighted.
Siqi Hou, Di Liu, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Xuefang Wu, Deepchandra Srivastava, Pingqing Fu, Linjie Li, Yele Sun, Athanasia Vlachou, Vaios Moschos, Gary Salazar, Sönke Szidat, André S. H. Prévôt, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8273–8292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a newly developed method which combines radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to enable source apportionment of primary and secondary fossil vs. non-fossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols at an urban and a rural site of Beijing. The source apportionment results were compared with those by chemical mass balance and AMS/ACSM-PMF methods. Correlations of WINSOC and WSOC with different sources of OC were also performed to elucidate the formation mechanisms of SOC.
Jingsha Xu, Di Liu, Xuefang Wu, Tuan V. Vu, Yanli Zhang, Pingqing Fu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Bo Zheng, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7321–7341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment of fine aerosols in an urban site of Beijing used a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. Seven primary sources (industrial/residential coal burning, biomass burning, gasoline/diesel vehicles, cooking and vegetative detritus) explained an average of 75.7 % and 56.1 % of fine OC in winter and summer, respectively. CMB was found to resolve more primary OA sources than AMS-PMF, but the latter apportioned more secondary OA sources.
Claire E. Reeves, Graham P. Mills, Lisa K. Whalley, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Leigh R. Crilley, Sue Grimmond, Dwayne E. Heard, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James R. Hopkins, Simone Kotthaus, Louisa J. Kramer, Roderic L. Jones, James D. Lee, Yanhui Liu, Bin Ouyang, Eloise Slater, Freya Squires, Xinming Wang, Robert Woodward-Massey, and Chunxiang Ye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6315–6330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of isoprene on atmospheric chemistry is dependent on how its oxidation products interact with other pollutants, specifically nitrogen oxides. Such interactions can lead to isoprene nitrates. We made measurements of the concentrations of individual isoprene nitrate isomers in Beijing and used a model to test current understanding of their chemistry. We highlight areas of uncertainty in understanding, in particular the chemistry following oxidation of isoprene by the nitrate radical.
Simone T. Andersen, Lucy J. Carpenter, Beth S. Nelson, Luis Neves, Katie A. Read, Chris Reed, Martyn Ward, Matthew J. Rowlinson, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3071–3085, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3071-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3071-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
NOx has been measured in remote marine air via chemiluminescence detection using two different methods for NO2 to NO photolytic conversion: (a) internal diodes and a reaction chamber made of Teflon-like barium-doped material, which causes a NO2 artefact, and (b) external diodes and a quartz photolysis cell. Once corrections are made for the artefact of (a), the two converters are shown to give comparable NO2 mixing ratios, giving confidence in the quantitative measurement of NOx at low levels.
Steven J. Campbell, Kate Wolfer, Battist Utinger, Joe Westwood, Zhi-Hui Zhang, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Sarah S. Steimer, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Nicholas Straw, Steven Thomson, Atallah Elzein, Yele Sun, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Alastair C. Lewis, Roy M. Harrison, William J. Bloss, Miranda Loh, Mark R. Miller, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP), a metric widely suggested as a potential measure of particle toxicity, in Beijing in summer and winter using four acellular assays. We correlate PM2.5 OP with a comprehensive range of atmospheric and particle composition measurements, demonstrating inter-assay differences and seasonal variation of PM2.5 OP. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we highlight specific particle chemical components and sources that influence OP.
Stuart K. Grange, James D. Lee, Will S. Drysdale, Alastair C. Lewis, Christoph Hueglin, Lukas Emmenegger, and David C. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4169–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The changes in mobility across Europe due to the COVID-19 lockdowns had consequences for air quality. We compare what was experienced to estimates of "what would have been" without the lockdowns. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an important vehicle-sourced pollutant, decreased by a third. However, ozone (O3) increased in response to lower NO2. Because NO2 is decreasing over time, increases in O3 can be expected in European urban areas and will require management to avoid future negative outcomes.
Shona E. Wilde, Pamela A. Dominutti, Grant Allen, Stephen J. Andrews, Prudence Bateson, Stephane J.-B. Bauguitte, Ralph R. Burton, Ioana Colfescu, James France, James R. Hopkins, Langwen Huang, Anna E. Jones, Tom Lachlan-Cope, James D. Lee, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Mobbs, Alexandra Weiss, Stuart Young, and Ruth M. Purvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3741–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use airborne measurements to evaluate the speciation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from offshore oil and gas (O&G) installations in the North Sea. The composition of emissions varied across regions associated with either gas, condensate or oil extraction, demonstrating that VOC emissions are not uniform across the whole O&G sector. We compare our results to VOC source profiles in the UK emissions inventory, showing these emissions are not currently fully characterized.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, James Brean, Francis D. Pope, Manuel Dall'Osto, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, Noemi Perez, Tuukka Petäjä, Andreas Massling, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, Claus Nordstrøm, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Thomas Tuch, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3345–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation events from 16 sites over Europe have been studied, and the influence of meteorological and atmospheric composition variables has been investigated. Some variables, like solar radiation intensity and temperature, have a positive effect on the occurrence of these events, while others have a negative effect, affecting different aspects such as the rate at which particles are formed or grow. This effect varies depending on the site type and magnitude of these variables.
Gareth J. Stewart, Beth S. Nelson, W. Joe F. Acton, Adam R. Vaughan, Naomi J. Farren, James R. Hopkins, Martyn W. Ward, Stefan J. Swift, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Sudhir K. Sharma, Siti S. M. Yunus, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Eiko Nemitz, Neil Mullinger, Ranu Gadi, Lokesh K. Sahu, Nidhi Tripathi, Andrew R. Rickard, James D. Lee, Tuhin K. Mandal, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2407–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning releases many lower-molecular-weight organic species which are difficult to analyse but important for the formation of organic aerosol. This study examined a new high-resolution technique to better characterise these difficult-to-analyse organic components. Some burning sources analysed in this study, such as cow dung cake and municipal solid waste, released extremely complex mixtures containing many thousands of different lower-volatility organic compounds.
Gareth J. Stewart, W. Joe F. Acton, Beth S. Nelson, Adam R. Vaughan, James R. Hopkins, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Sudhir K. Sharma, Rachel E. Dunmore, Siti S. M. Yunus, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Eiko Nemitz, Neil Mullinger, Ranu Gadi, Lokesh K. Sahu, Nidhi Tripathi, Andrew R. Rickard, James D. Lee, Tuhin K. Mandal, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2383–2406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning is a major source of trace gases to the troposphere; however, the composition and quantity of emissions vary greatly between different fuel types. This work provided near-total quantitation of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of biofuels from India. Emissions from cow dung cake combustion were significantly larger than conventional fuelwood combustion, potentially indicating that this source has a disproportionately large impact on regional air quality.
Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how emission controls will impact ozone, an understanding of the sources and sinks of OH and the chemical cycling between peroxy radicals is needed. This paper presents measurements of OH, HO2 and total RO2 taken in central Beijing. The radical observations are compared to a detailed chemistry model, which shows that under low NO conditions, there is a missing OH source. Under high NOx conditions, the model under-predicts RO2 and impacts our ability to model ozone.
Mike J. Newland, Daniel J. Bryant, Rachel E. Dunmore, Thomas J. Bannan, W. Joe F. Acton, Ben Langford, James R. Hopkins, Freya A. Squires, William Dixon, William S. Drysdale, Peter D. Ivatt, Mathew J. Evans, Peter M. Edwards, Lisa K. Whalley, Dwayne E. Heard, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James D. Lee, Tianqu Cui, Jason D. Surratt, Xinming Wang, Alastair C. Lewis, Andrew R. Rickard, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1613–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report the formation of secondary pollutants in the urban megacity of Beijing that are typically associated with remote regions such as rainforests. This is caused by extremely low levels of nitric oxide (NO), typically expected to be high in urban areas, observed in the afternoon. This work has significant implications for how we understand atmospheric chemistry in the urban environment and thus for how to implement effective policies to improve urban air quality.
Eloise J. Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa Kramer, William Bloss, Tuan Vu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14847–14871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper details atmospheric chemistry in a megacity (Beijing), focussing on radicals which mediate the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and particles. Highly polluted conditions were experienced, including the highest ever levels of nitric oxide (NO), with simultaneous radical measurements. Radical concentrations were large during "haze" events, demonstrating active photochemistry. Modelling showed that our understanding of the chemistry at high NOx levels is incomplete.
Jingsha Xu, Shaojie Song, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Lianfang Wei, Qiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Lu Lei, Chao Zhang, Xiaohong Yao, Dihui Chen, Weijun Li, Miaomiao Wu, Hezhong Tian, Lining Luo, Shengrui Tong, Weiran Li, Junling Wang, Guoliang Shi, Yanqi Huangfu, Yingze Tian, Baozhu Ge, Shaoli Su, Chao Peng, Yang Chen, Fumo Yang, Aleksandra Mihajlidi-Zelić, Dragana Đorđević, Stefan J. Swift, Imogen Andrews, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Ye Sun, Agung Kramawijaya, Jinxiu Han, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Clarissa Baldo, Siqi Hou, Feixue Zheng, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Yongchun Liu, Markku Kulmala, Pingqing Fu, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6325–6341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An interlaboratory comparison was conducted for the first time to examine differences in water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) measured by 10 labs using ion chromatography (IC) and by two online aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) methods. Major ions including SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ agreed well in 10 IC labs and correlated well with ACSM data. WSII interlab variability strongly affected aerosol acidity results based on ion balance, but aerosol pH computed by ISORROPIA II was very similar.
Sarah S. Steimer, Daniel J. Patton, Tuan V. Vu, Marios Panagi, Paul S. Monks, Roy M. Harrison, Zoë L. Fleming, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13303–13318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution is of growing concern due to its negative effect on public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigates how the chemical composition of particles in Beijing changes under different measurement conditions (pollution levels, season) to get a better understanding of the sources of this form of air pollution.
Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, James D. Lee, Louisa J. Kramer, Christian Pfrang, Mónica Vázquez-Moreno, Milagros Ródenas, Amalia Muñoz, and William J. Bloss
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5977–5991, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the interference arising in measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the presence of a range of alkenes in sampled air when using the most widespread air quality monitoring technique for chemiluminescence detection. Interferences of up to 11 % are reported, depending upon the alkene present and conditions used. Such interferences may be of substantial importance for the interpretation of ambient NOx data, particularly for high volatile organic compound and low NOx environments.
Melodie Lao, Leigh R. Crilley, Leyla Salehpoor, Teles C. Furlani, Ilann Bourgeois, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Caroline C. Womack, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key intermediate in the generation of oxidants and fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. High-purity calibration sources that produce stable atmospherically relevant levels under field conditions have not been made to date, reducing measurement accuracy. In this study a simple salt-coated tube humidified with water vapor is demonstrated to produce pure stable low levels of HONO, with modifications allowing the generation of higher amounts.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Brice Temime-Roussel, Nicolas Marchand, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, María Cruz Minguillón, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10029–10045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10029-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10029-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation is a key process influencing both local air quality and climatically active cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. This study has carried out fundamental measurements of nucleation processes in Barcelona, Spain, and concludes that a mechanism involving stabilisation of sulfuric acid clusters by low molecular weight amines is primarily responsible for new particle formation events.
Cited articles
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and
Jaffrezo, J. L.: Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys Part 1:
Concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 42,
43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009, 2008.
Bai, Z., Hu, Y., Yu, H.,Wu, N., and You, Y.: Quantitative health risk
assessment of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on
citizens in Tianjin, China, B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 83, 151–154,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9686-8, 2009.
Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and
Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon
emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
Boström, C.-E., Gerde, P., Hanberg, A., Jernström, B., Johansson, C.,
Kyrklund, T., Rannug, A., Törnqvist, M., Victorin, K., and Westerholm, R.:
Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air, Environ. Health. Persp., 110, 451–489, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.110-1241197, 2002.
Bourotte, C., Forti, M.-C.,Taniguchi, S., Bícego, M. C., and Lotufo, P. A.:
A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo
city, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3799-3811,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.054, 2005.
Brown, R. J. C. and Brown, A. S.: The effect of degradation by gaseous oxidants
on measured benzo[a]pyrene concentrations, NPL report AS 72, 2012.
Butler, J. D. and Crossley, P.: Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
adsorbed on soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 15, 91–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(81)90129-3, 1981.
Butt, E. W., Rap, A., Schmidt, A., Scott, C. E., Pringle, K. J., Reddington, C. L., Richards, N. A. D., Woodhouse, M. T., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Yang, H., Vakkari, V., Stone, E. A., Rupakheti, M., S. Praveen, P., G. van Zyl, P., P. Beukes, J., Josipovic, M., Mitchell, E. J. S., Sallu, S. M., Forster, P. M., and Spracklen, D. V.: The impact of residential combustion emissions on atmospheric aerosol, human health, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 873–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-873-2016, 2016.
Chen, S. C. and Liao, C. M.: Health risk assessment on human exposed to
environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources, Sci. Total
Environ., 366, 112–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.047,
2006.
Chen, Y., Li, X., Zhu, T., Han, Y., and Lv, D.: PM2.5-bound PAHs in
three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: Concentration, source and
health risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 255–264,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.214, 2017.
Chen, Y., Wild, O., Conibear, L., Ran, L., He, J., Wang, L., and Wang, Y.: Local
characteristics of and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in
four indian megacities, Atmos. Environ., 5, 100052,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100052, 2020.
Cheng, Z., Luo, L., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Sharma, S., Shimadera, H., Wang, X.,
Bressi, M., Maura de Miranda, R., Jiang, J., Zhou, W., Fajardo, O., Yan, N., and
Hao, J.: Status and characteristics of ambient PM2.5 pollution in
global megacities, Environ. Int., 89–90, 212–221
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.003, 2016.
Chowdhury, Z., Zheng, M., Schauer, J. J., Sheesley, R. J., Salmon, L. G.,
Cass, G. R., and Russell, A. G.: Speciation of ambient fine organic carbon
particles and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Indian cities, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D15303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008386, 2007
Chowdhury, S. and Dey, S.: Cause-specific premature death from ambient
PM2.5 exposure in India: Estimate adjusted for baseline mortality,
Environ. Int. 91, 283–290, 2016.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, S., Tripathi, S. N., Beig, G., Mishra, A. K., and Sharma,
S.: “Traffic intervention” policy fails to mitigate air pollution in
megacity Delhi, Environ. Sci. Policy, 74, 8–13,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.018, 2017
Conibear, L., Butt, E. W., Knote, C., Arnold, S. R., and Spracklen, D. V.:
Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to
ambient particulate matter in India, Nat. Commun., 9, 617,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02986-7, 2018.
Delgado-Saborit, J. M., Stark, C., and Harrison, R. M.: Carcinogenic potential,
levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in indoor and
outdoor environments and their implications for air quality standards,
Environ. Int. 37, 383–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.011,
2011.
De Souza, C. V. and Corrêa, S. M.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
diesel emission, diesel fuel and lubricant oil, Fuel, 185, 925–931,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.054, 2016.
Durant, J. L., Busby, W. F., Lafleur, A. L., Penman, B. W., and Crespi, C.
L.: Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols, Mutat. Res.
Genet. Toxicol., 371, 123–157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90103-2, 1996.
Elzein, A., Dunmore, R. E., Ward, M. W., Hamilton, J. F., and Lewis, A. C.: Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8741–8758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8741-2019, 2019.
Fang, X., Li, R., Xu, Q., Bottai, M., Fang, F., and Cao, Y.: A Two-Stage Method
to Estimate the Contribution of Road Traffic to PM2.5 Concentrations in
Beijing, China, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13, 124,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010124, 2016.
Feng, J., Chan, C. K., Fang, M., Hu, M., He, L., and Tang, X.: Impact of
meteorology and energy structure on solvent extractable organic compounds of
PM2.5 in Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 61, 623–632,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.067, 2005.
Feng, B., Li, L., Xu, H., Wang, T., Wu, R., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S.,
Ho, S. S. H., Cao, J., and Huang, W.: PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk
assessment, J. Environ. Sci., 77, 11–19,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.025, 2019.
Gadi, R., Shivani, Sharma, S. K., and Mandal, T. K.: Source apportionment and
health risk assessment of organic constituents in fine ambient aerosols
(PM2.5): A complete year study over National Capital Region of India,
Chemosphere, 221, 583–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.067, 2019.
Gaga, E. O. and Ari, A.: Gas–particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban traffic site in Eskisehir, Turkey,
Atmos. Res., 99, 207–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.013,
2011.
Gao, Y. and Ji, H.: Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
components in fine particle during heavy polluting phase of each season in
urban Beijing, Chemosphere, 212, 346–357,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.079, 2018.
Ghude, S. D., Chate, D. M., Jena, C., Beig, G., Kumar, R., Barth, M. C.,
Pfister, G. G., Fadnavis, S., and Pithani, P.: Premature mortality in India due
to PM2.5 and ozone exposure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
4650–4658, 2016.
Goel, R. and Guttikunda, S. K.: Evolution of on-road vehicle exhaust
emissions in Delhi, Atmos. Environ., 105, 78–90,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.045, 2015.
Goriaux, M., Jourdain, B., Temime, B., Besombes, J.-L., Marchand, N.,
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E. and Wortham, H.: Field Comparison of
Particulate PAH Measurements Using a Low-Flow Denuder Device and
Conventional Sampling Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6398–6404,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es060544m, 2006.
Gupta, S., Kumar, K., Srivastava, A., Srivastava, A., and Jain, V. K.: Size
distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in aerosol particle samples from the atmospheric environment of
Delhi, India, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 4674–4680,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.008, 2011.
Guttikunda, S. K. and Calori, G.: A GIS based emissions inventory at 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution for air pollution analysis in Delhi,
India, Atmos. Environ., 67, 101–111,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.040, 2013.
Guttikunda, S. K., Goel, R., and Pant, P.: Nature of air pollution, emission
sources, and management in the Indian cities, Atmos. Environ., 95,
501–510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.006, 2014.
Hamra, G. B., Guha, N., Cohen, A., Laden, F., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Samet,
J. M., Vineis. P., Forastiere, F., Saldiva, P., Yorifuji, T., and Loomis, D.:
Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and
meta-analysis, Environ. Health. Perspect., 122, 906–911,
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408092, 2014.
Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., and Luhana, L.: Source apportionment of
atmospheric polycyclic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in
Birmingham, U.K., Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 825–832, 1996.
Harish, S., Singh, N., and Tongia, R.: Impact of temperature on electricity
demand: Evidence from Delhi and Indian states, Energ. Policy, 140, 111445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111445, 2020.
He, K. B., Yang, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., Yao, X. H., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S.,
Chan, T., and Mulawa, P.: The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing,
China, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4959–4970,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00301-6, 2001.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Chemical agents and
related occupations, IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 100F: 111–138,
Lyon, France, available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/123 (last access: 18 November 2020), 2012.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer): Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 100E, Indoor emissions from
household combustion of coal, 515–532, Lyon, France, available at:
https://publications.iarc.fr/122 (last access: 18 November 2020), 2012.
Kanawade, V. P., Srivastava, A. K., Ram, K., Asmi, E., Vakkari, V., Soni, V.
K., Varaprasad, V., and Sarangi, C.: What caused severe air pollution episode of
November 2016 in New Delhi?, Atmos. Environ., 222, 117125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117125, 2019.
Katsoyiannis, A., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.: PAH Molecular Diagnostic
Ratios Applied to Atmospheric Sources: A Critical Evaluation Using Two
Decades of Source Inventory and Air Concentration Data from the UK, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 45, 8897–8906, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202277u, 2011.
Keyte, I. J., Harrison, R. M., and Lammel, G.: Chemical reactivity and
long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a
review, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 9333–9391, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60147A, 2013.
Khalili, N. R., Scheff, P. A., and Holsen, T. M.: PAH source fingerprints for
coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood
combustion emissions, Atmos. Environ., 29, 533–542, 1995.
Larsen, J. C. and Larsen, P. B.: Chemical Carcinogens, in: Air pollution and
Health, Volume 10 of Issues in environmental science and technology, edited
by: Hester, R. E. and Harrison, R. M., Royal Society of Chemistry, United
Kingdom, 33–56, https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847550095, 1998.
Larsen, R. K. and Baker, J. E.: Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmosphere: A Comparison of Three Methods,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1873–1881, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206184, 2003.
Li, J., Shang, X., Zhao, Z., Tanguay, R. L., Dong, Q., and Huang, C.: Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment, soil, and plants of the Aojiang
River waterway in Wenzhou, China, J. Hazard. Mater. 173, 75–81,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.050, 2010.
Lin, Y., Zou, J., Yang, W., and Li, C. Q.: A Review of Recent Advances in Research on PM2.5 in China, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health., 15, 438, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030438, 2018.
Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, X., and Wang, Y.: Seasonal variation and source
apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and
PM10 particulates in Beijing, China, J. Environ.
Sci., 25, 741–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60121-1, 2013.
Liu, J., Li, J., Lin, T., Liu, D., Xu, Y., Chaemfa, C., Qi, S., Liu, F., and
Zhang, G.: Diurnal and nocturnal variations of PAHs in the Lhasa
atmosphere, Tibetan Plateau: Implication for local sources and the impact of
atmospheric degradation processing, Atmos. Res., 124, 34–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.016, 2013.
Liu, D., Lin, T., Syed, J. H., Cheng, Z., Xu, Y., Li, K., Zhang, G., and Jun,
Li.: Concentration, source identification, and exposure risk assessment of
PM2.5-bound parent PAHs and nitro-PAHs in atmosphere from typical
Chinese cities, Sci. Rep., 7, 10398,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10623-4, 2017.
Lohmann, R. and G. Lammel.: Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the
gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: State of
knowledge and recommended parametrization for modeling, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 38, 3793–3803, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035337q, 2004.
Lundstedt, S., White, P. A., Lemieux, C. L., Lynes, K. D., Lambert, L. B.,
Öberg, L., Haglund, P., and Tysklind, M.: Sources, fate, and toxic hazards
of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at PAH-contaminated
sites, AMBIO, 36, 475–485, 2007.
Meador, J. P., Stein, J. E., Reichert, W. L., and Varanasi, U.: Bioaccumulation
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms, Rev Environ.
Contam. Toxicol., 143, 79–165, 1995.
Mehmood, T., Zhu, T., Ahmad, I., and Li, X.: Ambient PM2.5 and PM10
bound PAHs in Islamabad, Pakistan: Concentration, source and health risk
assessment, Chemosphere, 257, 127187,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127187, 2020
Menzie, C. A., Potocki. B. B., Santodonato, J.: Exposure to carcinogenic
PAHs in the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1278–1284, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00031a002, 1992.
Ministry of Ecology and Environment The People's Republic of China: Ambient
air quality standards (GB-3095-2012), available at:
http://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/standards/Air_Environment/quality_standard1/201605/t20160511_337502.shtml (last access: 18 November 2020), 2012.
Nagar, J. K., Shrivastava, J. P., and Kumar, R.: Airborne suspended particulate
matter and its impact on human respiratory system – mineralogical study
from Shahdara and Shahzada Bagh industrial areas in Delhi, Chap. 4, Land
resources, Geohazards and environment, 489–507, Geo-resources, 2014.
Nisbet, I. C. T. and LaGoy, P. K.: Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 16, 290–300,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X, 1992.
OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Benzo[a]pyrene as
a Toxic Air Contaminant, available at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/air/document/benzo5ba5dpyrene.pdf (last access: 1 July 2020), 1994.
Pant, P., Habib, G., Marshall, J. D., and Peltier, R. E.: PM2.5 exposure in
highly polluted cities: A case study from New Delhi, India, Environ.
Res., 156, 167–174, 2017.
Perrone, M. G., Carbone, C., Faedo, D., Ferrero, L., Maggioni, A.,
Sangiorgi, G., and Bolzacchini, E.: Exhaust emissions of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and phenols from vehicles coming within different
European classes, Atmos. Environ., 82, 391–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.040, 2014.
Pun, V. C., Kazemiparkouhi, F., Manjourides, J., and Suh, H. H.: Long-Term
PM2.5 Exposure and Respiratory, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in
Older US Adults, Am. J. Epidem., 186, 961–969, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx166, 2017.
Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z. J., Beelen, R., Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Weinmayr, G., Hoffmann, B., Fischer, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Brunekreef, B., Xun, W. W., Kat- souyanni, K., Dimakopoulou, K., Sommar, J., Forsberg, B., Modig, L., Oudin, A., Oftedal, B., Schwarze, P. E., Nafstad, P., De Faire, U., Pedersen, N. L., Ostenson, C. G., Fratiglioni, L., Penell, J., Korek, M., Pershagen, G., Eriksen, K. T., Sørensen, M., Tjønneland, A., Ellermann, T., Eeftens, M., Peeters, P. H., Meliefste, K., Wang, M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., Key, T. J., De Hoogh, K., Concin, H., Nagel, G., Vilier, A., Grioni, S., Krogh, V., Tsai, M. Y., Ricceri, F., Sacerdote, C., Galassi, C., Migliore, E., Ranzi, A., Cesaroni, G., Badaloni, C., Forastiere, F., Tamayo, I., Amiano, P., Dorronsoro, M., Trichopoulou, A., Bamia, C., Vineis, P., and Hoek, G.: Air pollution and
lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the
European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), Lancet.
Oncol., 14, 813–822, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1, 2013.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2007.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Reisen, F. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric reactions influence seasonal PAH and
nitro-PAH concentrations in the Los Angeles basin, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
39, 64–73, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035454l, 2004.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.:
Diurnal/nocturnal concentrations and sources of particulate-bound PAHs,
OPAHs and NPAHs at traffic and suburban sites in the region of Paris
(France), Sci. Total Environ., 437, 297–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.072, 2012a.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.:
Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs) adsorbed
on natural aerosol particles exposed to atmospheric oxidants, Atmos.
Environ., 61, 15–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.025, 2012b.
Rogge, W. F., Hlldeman, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R.
T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and Catalyst-equipped
automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27,
636–651, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007, 1993.
Saikawa, E., Naik, V., Horowitz, L. W., Liu, J. F., and Mauzerall, D. L.:
Present and potential future contributions of sulfate, black and organic
carbon aerosols from China to global air quality, premature mortality and
radiative forcing, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2814–2822,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.017, 2009.
Schauer, C., Neissner, R., and Pöschl, U.: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Urban Air Particulate Matter: Decadal and Seasonal Trends, Chemical
Degradation, and Sampling Artifacts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2861–2868, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034059s,
2003.
Schraufnagel, D. E.: The health effects of ultrafine particles,
Experiment. Molec. Med., 52, 311–317, https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0403-3, 2020.
Sharma, H., Jain, V. K., and Khan, Z. H.: Characterization and source
identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban
environment of Delhi, Chemosphere, 66, 302–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.003, 2007.
Sharma, S. K. and Mandal, T. K.: Chemical composition of fine mode
particulate matter (PM2.5) in an urban area of Delhi, India and its
source apportionment, Urban Climate, 21, 106–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.009, 2017.
Shivani, Gadi, R., Sharma, S. K., Mandal, T. K.: Seasonal variation, source
apportionment and source attributed health risk of fine carbonaceous aerosols over National Capital Region,
India, Chemosphere, 237, 124500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124500,
2019.
Singh, D. P., Gadi, R., and Mandal, T. K.: Characterization of particulate-bound
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals composition of urban air
in Delhi, India, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7653–7663,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.058, 2011.
Srivastava, D., Favez, O., Bonnaire, N., Lucarelli, F., Haeffelin, M.,
Perraudin, E., Gros, V., Villenave, E., and Albinet, A.: Speciation of organic
fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 2: Intensive
short-term campaign in the Paris area (France), Sci. Total
Environ., 634, 267–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.296, 2018.
Song, H., Zhang, Y., Luo, M., Gu, J., Wu, M., Xu, D., Xu, G., and Ma, L.:
Seasonal variation, sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in different particle fractions of PM2.5 in
Beijing, China, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 10, 105–114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.06.012, 2019.
Tian, Y., Xiao, Z., Wang, H., Peng, X., Guan, L., Huangfu, Y., Shi, Guoliang, Chen, K., Bi, X., and Feng, Y.: Influence of the sampling period and
time resolution on the PM source apportionment: Study based on the high
time-resolution data and long-term daily data, Atmos. Environ., 165,
301–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.003, 2017.
Tiwari, S., Hopke, P. K., Pipal, A. S., Srivastava A. K., Bisht, D. S.,
Tiwari, S., Singh, A. K., Soni, V. K., and Attri, S. D.: Intra-urban variability
of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and its relationship with
optical properties of aerosols over Delhi, India, Atmos. Envirom.,
166, 223–232, 2015.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namiesnik, J.: PAH diagnostic ratios for the
identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut.,
162, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G.: Collection of gas and particle
semi-volatile organic compounds: use of an oxidant denuder to minimize
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air
sampling, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4935–4944,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.026, 2003.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G.: Occurrence of gaseous and particulate
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources
and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and
distribution, Environ. Pollut., 133, 147–156,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012, 2005.
Tsapakis, M. and Stephanou, E. G: Diurnal Cycle of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, and
oxy-PAHs in a High Oxidation Capacity Marine Background Atmosphere, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 41, 8011–8017, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071160e, 2007.
U.S. EPA: Peer Consultation Workshop On Approaches To Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAH) Health Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-02/005, 2002.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision
(ST/ESA/SER.A/420), New York: United Nations, available at:
https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf (last
access: 1 July 2020), 2019
Verma, P. K., Sah, D., Kumari, K. M., and Lakhani, A.: Atmospheric concentrations
and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
nitro-PAHs at Indo-Gangetic sites, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 19, 1051,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7em00168a, 2017.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Chen, L. W. A., Engling, G., and Wang, X. L.:
Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Aymospheric Processes and Health,
chap. 3, source apportionment: principles and methods, Royal Society of Chemistry, 72–119, 2016.
WHO (World Health Organization): Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd edn.,
Copenhagen, WHO, Regional Office for Europe (Copenhagen), chap. 5, 92–94, available at:
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/74732/E71922.pdf (last access: 1 July 2020), 2000.
WHO (World Health Organization): outdoor air pollution, IARC Monographs on
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for
Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 109 pp., 2016.
World Health Organisation: Environmental Health Criteria 229: Nitrogenated
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, WHO, Geneva, 2003.
Wu, Y., Yang, L., Zheng, X., Zhang, S., Song, S., Li, J., and Hao, J.:
Characterization and source apportionment of particulate PAHs in the
roadside environment in Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 470–471, 76–83,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.066, 2014.
Zhang, J., Yang, L., Mellouki, A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Jiang, P.,
Li, Y., Yu, H., and Wang, W.: Atmospheric PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs at an
urban, mountainous, and marine sites in Northern China: Molecular
composition, sources, and ageing, Atmos. Environ., 173, 256–264,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.002, 2018.
Zhang, L., Morisaki, H., Wei, Y., Li, Z., Yang, L., Zhou, Q., Zhang, X.,
Xing, W., Hu, M., Shima, M., Toriba, A., Hayakawa, K., and Tang, N.:
PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in
Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk, Sci. Total Environ., 705, 135840, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135840, 2020.
Zhao, T., Yang, L., Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., Bie, S., Li, J., Zhang, W., Duan,
S., Gao, H., and Wang, W.: PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and their derivatives (nitrated-PAHs and oxygenated-PAHs) in a road
tunnel located in Qingdao, China: Characteristics, sources and emission
factors, Sci. Total Environ., 720, 137521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137521, 2020.
Zheng, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Hu, J., Zhang, K. M., Li, Z., He, L., and Hao, J.:
Characterizing particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from
diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system, Sci.
Rep., 7, 10058, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09822-w, 2017.
Short summary
We collected high-frequency air particle samples (PM2.5) in Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) and measured the concentration of PAHs in daytime and night-time. PAHs were higher in Delhi than in Beijing, and the five-ring PAHs contribute the most to the total PAH concentration. We compared the emission sources and identified the major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures. The adverse health effects from inhalation exposure to PAHs in Delhi are 2.2 times higher than in Beijing.
We collected high-frequency air particle samples (PM2.5) in Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint