Articles | Volume 14, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9903-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9903-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Characterising terrestrial influences on Antarctic air masses using Radon-222 measurements at King George Island
S. D. Chambers
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia
S.-B. Hong
Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
A. G. Williams
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia
J. Crawford
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia
A. D. Griffiths
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia
S.-J. Park
Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
Related authors
Scott D. Chambers, Ute Karstens, Alan D. Griffiths, Stefan Röttger, Arnoud Frumau, Christopher T. Roulston, Peter Sperlich, Felix Vogel, Agnieszka Podstawczyńska, Dafina Kikaj, Maksym Gachkivskyi, Michel Ramonet, Blagoj Mitrevski, Janja Vaupotič, Xuemeng Chen, and Annette Röttger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5042, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5042, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Radon Tracer Method (RTM) is a top-down approach to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. While simple in principle, incorrect use can complicate interpretation of results. Based on observations from a range of contrasting sites, this article reviews the underlying assumptions and key considerations for applying the RTM. It also introduces the concept of coupling RTM analyses with nocturnal stability classification, to reduce uncertainty of fetch estimates and improve interpretation of results.
Dafina Kikaj, Edward Chung, Alan D. Griffiths, Scott D. Chambers, Grant Forster, Angelina Wenger, Penelope Pickers, Chris Rennick, Simon O'Doherty, Joseph Pitt, Kieran Stanley, Dickon Young, Leigh S. Fleming, Karina Adcock, Emmal Safi, and Tim Arnold
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 151–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a protocol to improve confidence in atmospheric radon measurements, enabling site comparisons and integration with greenhouse gas data. As a natural tracer, radon provides an independent check of transport model performance. This standardized method enhances radon’s use as a metric for model evaluation. Beyond UK observatories, it can support broader networks like ICOS and WMO/GAW, advancing global atmospheric research.
Claudia Grossi, Daniel Rabago, Scott Chambers, Carlos Sáinz, Roger Curcoll, Peter P. S. Otáhal, Eliška Fialová, Luis Quindos, and Arturo Vargas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2655–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2655-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2655-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The automatic and low-maintenance radon flux system Autoflux, completed with environmental soil and atmosphere sensors, has been theoretically and experimentally characterized and calibrated under laboratory conditions to be used as transfer standard for in situ measurements. It will offer for the first time long-term measurements to validate radon flux maps used by the climate and the radiation protection communities for assessing the radon gas emissions in the atmosphere.
Ruhi S. Humphries, Melita D. Keywood, Jason P. Ward, James Harnwell, Simon P. Alexander, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Keiichiro Hara, Ian M. McRobert, Alain Protat, Joel Alroe, Luke T. Cravigan, Branka Miljevic, Zoran D. Ristovski, Robyn Schofield, Stephen R. Wilson, Connor J. Flynn, Gourihar R. Kulkarni, Gerald G. Mace, Greg M. McFarquhar, Scott D. Chambers, Alastair G. Williams, and Alan D. Griffiths
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3749–3777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of aerosols in pristine regions are rare but are vital to constraining the natural baseline from which climate simulations are calculated. Here we present recent seasonal observations of aerosols from the Southern Ocean and contrast them with measurements from Antarctica, Australia and regionally relevant voyages. Strong seasonal cycles persist, but striking differences occur at different latitudes. This study highlights the need for more long-term observations in remote regions.
Scott D. Chambers, Alan D. Griffiths, Alastair G. Williams, Ot Sisoutham, Viacheslav Morosh, Stefan Röttger, Florian Mertes, and Annette Röttger
Adv. Geosci., 57, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-57-63-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-57-63-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is a growing need in health and climate research for high-quality radon observations. A variety of radon monitors, with different uncertainties, operate across global networks. Better compatibility between the measurements is required. Here we describe a novel, portable two-filter radon monitor with a calibration traceable to the International System of Units, and demonstrate the transfer of a traceable calibration from this instrument to a separate monitor under field conditions.
Sonya L. Fiddes, Matthew T. Woodhouse, Steve Utembe, Robyn Schofield, Simon P. Alexander, Joel Alroe, Scott D. Chambers, Zhenyi Chen, Luke Cravigan, Erin Dunne, Ruhi S. Humphries, Graham Johnson, Melita D. Keywood, Todd P. Lane, Branka Miljevic, Yuko Omori, Alain Protat, Zoran Ristovski, Paul Selleck, Hilton B. Swan, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Jason P. Ward, and Alastair G. Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2419–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs have been found to produce the climatically relevant chemical compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS). It has been suggested that corals can modify their environment via the production of DMS. We use an atmospheric chemistry model to test this theory at a regional scale for the first time. We find that it is unlikely that coral-reef-derived DMS has an influence over local climate, in part due to the proximity to terrestrial and anthropogenic aerosol sources.
Caleb Mynard, Emily B. Franklin, Joel Alroe, Karen Westwood, Brandon J. McNabb, Robert Strzepek, Philippe D. Tortell, Steven T. Siems, Antonio Patti, Suzie Molloy, Alan Griffiths, Branka Miljevic, Marc D. Mallet, Ruhi Humphries, and Erin Dunne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 11583–11604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11583-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11583-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Marine sulfur gases help form climate-cooling particles, but their controls over the Southern Ocean are unclear. During a summer research voyage we measured these gases and linked them to ocean and atmospheric conditions. Near Antarctica, coastal blooms drove sharp rises in dimethyl sulfide while methanethiol remained low. Over the open ocean, both gases varied together, mainly influenced by ocean mixing and temperature, suggesting models should treat coastal and open ocean regions separately.
Scott D. Chambers, Ute Karstens, Alan D. Griffiths, Stefan Röttger, Arnoud Frumau, Christopher T. Roulston, Peter Sperlich, Felix Vogel, Agnieszka Podstawczyńska, Dafina Kikaj, Maksym Gachkivskyi, Michel Ramonet, Blagoj Mitrevski, Janja Vaupotič, Xuemeng Chen, and Annette Röttger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5042, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5042, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Radon Tracer Method (RTM) is a top-down approach to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. While simple in principle, incorrect use can complicate interpretation of results. Based on observations from a range of contrasting sites, this article reviews the underlying assumptions and key considerations for applying the RTM. It also introduces the concept of coupling RTM analyses with nocturnal stability classification, to reduce uncertainty of fetch estimates and improve interpretation of results.
Dafina Kikaj, Edward Chung, Alan D. Griffiths, Scott D. Chambers, Grant Forster, Angelina Wenger, Penelope Pickers, Chris Rennick, Simon O'Doherty, Joseph Pitt, Kieran Stanley, Dickon Young, Leigh S. Fleming, Karina Adcock, Emmal Safi, and Tim Arnold
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 151–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a protocol to improve confidence in atmospheric radon measurements, enabling site comparisons and integration with greenhouse gas data. As a natural tracer, radon provides an independent check of transport model performance. This standardized method enhances radon’s use as a metric for model evaluation. Beyond UK observatories, it can support broader networks like ICOS and WMO/GAW, advancing global atmospheric research.
Claudia Grossi, Daniel Rabago, Scott Chambers, Carlos Sáinz, Roger Curcoll, Peter P. S. Otáhal, Eliška Fialová, Luis Quindos, and Arturo Vargas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2655–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2655-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2655-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The automatic and low-maintenance radon flux system Autoflux, completed with environmental soil and atmosphere sensors, has been theoretically and experimentally characterized and calibrated under laboratory conditions to be used as transfer standard for in situ measurements. It will offer for the first time long-term measurements to validate radon flux maps used by the climate and the radiation protection communities for assessing the radon gas emissions in the atmosphere.
Ruhi S. Humphries, Melita D. Keywood, Jason P. Ward, James Harnwell, Simon P. Alexander, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Keiichiro Hara, Ian M. McRobert, Alain Protat, Joel Alroe, Luke T. Cravigan, Branka Miljevic, Zoran D. Ristovski, Robyn Schofield, Stephen R. Wilson, Connor J. Flynn, Gourihar R. Kulkarni, Gerald G. Mace, Greg M. McFarquhar, Scott D. Chambers, Alastair G. Williams, and Alan D. Griffiths
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3749–3777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of aerosols in pristine regions are rare but are vital to constraining the natural baseline from which climate simulations are calculated. Here we present recent seasonal observations of aerosols from the Southern Ocean and contrast them with measurements from Antarctica, Australia and regionally relevant voyages. Strong seasonal cycles persist, but striking differences occur at different latitudes. This study highlights the need for more long-term observations in remote regions.
Scott D. Chambers, Alan D. Griffiths, Alastair G. Williams, Ot Sisoutham, Viacheslav Morosh, Stefan Röttger, Florian Mertes, and Annette Röttger
Adv. Geosci., 57, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-57-63-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-57-63-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is a growing need in health and climate research for high-quality radon observations. A variety of radon monitors, with different uncertainties, operate across global networks. Better compatibility between the measurements is required. Here we describe a novel, portable two-filter radon monitor with a calibration traceable to the International System of Units, and demonstrate the transfer of a traceable calibration from this instrument to a separate monitor under field conditions.
Peter Sperlich, Gordon W. Brailsford, Rowena C. Moss, John McGregor, Ross J. Martin, Sylvia Nichol, Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher, Beata Bukosa, Magda Mandic, C. Ian Schipper, Paul Krummel, and Alan D. Griffiths
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1631–1656, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We tested an in situ analyser for carbon and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric CO2 at Baring Head, New Zealand’s observatory for Southern Ocean baseline air. The analyser was able to resolve regional signals of the terrestrial carbon cycle, although the analysis of small events was limited by analytical uncertainty. Further improvement of the instrument performance would be desirable for the robust analysis of distant signals and to resolve the small variability in Southern Ocean baseline air.
Zhenyi Chen, Robyn Schofield, Melita Keywood, Sam Cleland, Alastair G. Williams, Alan Griffiths, Stephen Wilson, Peter Rayner, and Xiaowen Shu
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-104, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study studied the marine boundary layer (MBL) process and aerosol properties in the Southern Ocean using miniMPL, ceilometer and sodar. Compared to the gradient method, the Image Edge Detection Algorithm provides more reliable boundary layer height estimations, especially when a convective MBL with stratification existed. The diurnal characteristic of BLH with the veering of the wind vector was also observed. Under the continental sources, the MBL maintained a well-mixed layer of 0.3 km.
Sonya L. Fiddes, Matthew T. Woodhouse, Steve Utembe, Robyn Schofield, Simon P. Alexander, Joel Alroe, Scott D. Chambers, Zhenyi Chen, Luke Cravigan, Erin Dunne, Ruhi S. Humphries, Graham Johnson, Melita D. Keywood, Todd P. Lane, Branka Miljevic, Yuko Omori, Alain Protat, Zoran Ristovski, Paul Selleck, Hilton B. Swan, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Jason P. Ward, and Alastair G. Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2419–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs have been found to produce the climatically relevant chemical compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS). It has been suggested that corals can modify their environment via the production of DMS. We use an atmospheric chemistry model to test this theory at a regional scale for the first time. We find that it is unlikely that coral-reef-derived DMS has an influence over local climate, in part due to the proximity to terrestrial and anthropogenic aerosol sources.
Cited articles
Balkanski, Y. J. and Jacob, D. J.: Transport of continental air to the subantarctic Indian Ocean, Tellus B, 42, 62–75, 1990.
Berresheim, H. and Eisele, F. L.: Sulfur chemistry in the Antarctic Troposphere Experiment: An overview of project SCATE, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1619–1627, 1998.
Chambers, S., Williams, A. G., Zahorowski, W., Griffiths, A. D., and Crawford, J.: Separating remote fetch and local mixing influences on vertical radon measurements in the lower atmosphere, Tellus B, 63, 843–859, 2011.
Crawford, J.H., Davis, D.D., Chen, G., Buhr, M., Oltmans, S., Weller, R., Mauldin, L., Eisele, F., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., Arimoto, R., and Hogan, A.: Evidence for photochemical production of ozone at the South Pole surface, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3641–3644, 2001.
Davis, D., Nowak, J.B., Chen, G., Buhr, M., Arimoto, R., Hogan, A., Eisele, F., Mauldin, L., Tanner, D., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., and McMurry, P.: Unexpected High Levels of NO Observed at South Pole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3625–3628, 2001.
Davis, D., Chen, G., Buhr, M., Crawford, J., Lenschow, D., Lefer, B., Shetter, R., Eisele, F., Mauldin, L., and Hogan, A. South Pole NOx Chemistry: an assessment of factors controlling variability and absolute levels. Atmos. Environ., 38, 5375–5388, 2004.
Dentener, F., Feichter, J., and Jeuken, A.: Simulation of the transport of 222Rn using on-line and off-line global models at different horizontal resolutions: a detailed comparison with measurements, Tellus B, 51, 573–602, 1999.
Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), model, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html, 2003.
Evangelista, H. and Pereira, E. B.: Radon flux at King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Environ. Radioact., 61, 283–304, 2002.
Gros, V., Martin, D., Poisson, N., Kanakidou, M., Bonsang, B., Le Guern, F., and Demont, E.: Ozone and C2–C5 hydrocarbon observations in the marine boundary layer between 45° S and 77° S, Tellus B, 50, 430–448, 1998.
Heffernan, O.: Grim picture of polar ice-sheet loss, Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11921, 29 November 2012.
Heimann, M., Monfray, P., and Polian, G.: Modeling the long-range transport of 222Rn to subantarctic and Antarctic areas, Tellus B, 42, 83–99, 1990.
Helmig, D., Oltmans, S. J., Carlson, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Jones, A., Labuschagne, C., Anlauf, K., and Hayden, K.: A review of surface ozone in the polar regions, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5138–5161, 2007.
Hogan, A., Barnard, S., Samson, J., and Winters, W.: The transport of heat, water vapour and particulate material to the South polar plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4287–4292, 1982.
Ilic, R., Rusov, V. D., Pavlovych, V. N., Vaschenko, V. M., Hanzic, L., and Bondarchuk, Y. A.: Radon in Antarctica, Radiat. Meas., 40, 415–422, 2005.
Jacobi, H.-W., Weller, R., Jones, A. E., Anderson, P. S., and Schrems, O.: Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the Antarctic troposphere measured during the photochemical experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99), Atmos. Environ., 34, 5235–5247, 2000.
Jones, A. E., Wolff, E. W., Salmon, R. A., Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Roscoe, H. K., Anderson, P. S., Ames, D., Clemitshaw, K. C., Fleming, Z. L., Bloss, W. J., Heard, D. E., Lee, J. D., Read, K. A., Hamer, P., Shallcross, D. E., Jackson, A. V., Walker, S. L., Lewis, A. C., Mills, G. P., Plane, J. M. C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Sturges, W. T., and Worton, D. R.: Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow: an overview of the CHABLIS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3789–3803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3789-2008, 2008.
Josse, B., Simon, P., and Peuch, V.-H.: Radon global simulations with the multiscale chemistry and transport model MOCAGE, Tellus B, 56, 339–356, 2004.
Lambert, G., Polian, G., and Taupin, D.: Existence of periodicity in radon concentrations and in the large-scale circulation at lower altitudes between 40 and 70° S, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2341–2345, 1970.
Lambert G., Le Roulley J.-C., and Kritz M.: Box model for radon transfers into the stratosphere, Tellus B, 42, 135–141, 1990.
Lee, B. Y., Kwon, T. Y., Lee, J. S., and Won, Y. I.: Surface air temperature variations around the Antarctic peninsula: Comparison of the west and east sides of the peninsula, Oc. Pol. Res., 24, 267–278, 2002.
Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C., Wofsy, S. C., Andrews, A. E., Daube, B. C., Davis, K. J., and Grainger, C. A.: A near-field tool for simulating the upstream influence of atmospheric observations: The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4493, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003161, 2003.
Lockhart, L. B.: Atmospheric radioactivity in South America and Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 3999–4005, 1960.
Lockhart, L. B., Patterson, R. L., and Saunders, A. W.: Airborne radioactivity in Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 1985–1991, 1966.
Maenhaut, W., Zoller, W. H., and Coles, D. G.: Radionuclides in the South Pole atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3131–3138, 1979.
Murphey, B. B. and Hogan, A. W.: Meteorological transport of continental soot to Antarctica?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 33–36, 1992.
Oncley, S. P., Buhr, M., Lenschow, D. H., Davis, D., and Semmer, S. R.: Observations of summertime NO fluxes and boundary-layer height at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000 using scalar similarity, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5389–5398, 2004.
Pereira, E. B.: Radon-222 time series measurements in the Antarctic peninsula (1986–1987), Tellus B, 42, 39–45, 1990.
Pereira, E. B., Evangelista, H., Pereira, K. C. D., Cavalcanti, I. F. A., and Setzer, A. W.: Apportionment of black carbon in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03303, https://doi.org/03310.01029/02005JD006086, 2006.
Pereira, K. C. D., Evangelista, H., Pereira, E. B., Simoes, J. C., Johnson, E., and Melo, L. R.: Transport of crustal microparticles from Chilean Patagonia to the Antarctic Peninsula by SEM-EDS analysis, Tellus B, 56, 262–275, 2004.
Polian, G., Lambert, G., Ardouin, B., and Jegou, A.: Long-range transport of continental radon in subantarctic and Antarctic areas, Tellus B, 38, 178–189, 1986.
Solecki, A. T.: Radon and thoron daughter activities in the environment of the King George Island (West Antarctica), Ann. Geophys., 48, 129–133, 2005.
Steig, E. J. and Orsi, A. J.: The heat is on in Antarctica, Nat. Geosci., 6, 87–88, 2013.
Taguchi, S., Iida, T., and Moriizumi, J.: Evaluation of the atmospheric transport model NIRE-CTM-96 by using measured radon-222 concentrations, Tellus B, 54, 250–268, 2002.
Taguchi, S., Tasaka, S., Matsubara, M., Osada, K., Yokoi, T., and Yamanouchi, T.: Air-sea gas transfer rate for the Southern Ocean inferred from 222Rn concentrations in maritime air and a global atmospheric transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 7606–7616, 2013.
Tositti, L., Pereira, E. B., Sandrini, S., Capra, D., Tubertini, O., and Bettoli, M. G.: Assessment of summer trends of tropospheric radon isotopes in a coastal Antarctic Station (Terra Nova Bay), Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 82, 259–274, 2002.
Wada, A., Murayama, S., Kondo, H., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., and Tsuboi, K.: Development of a Compact and Sensitive Electrostatic Radon-222 Measuring System for Use in Atmospheric Observation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 88, 123–134, 2010.
Weller, R., Jones, A. E., Wille, A., Jacobi, H.-W., McIntyre, H. P., Sturges, W. T., Huke, M., and Wagenbach, D.: Seasonality of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) at Neumayer Station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4673, https://doi.org/4610.1029/2002JD002495, 2002.
Weller, R., Levin, I., Schmithüsen, D., Nachbar, M., Asseng, J., and Wagenbach, D.: On the variability of atmospheric 222Rn activity concentrations measured at Neumayer, coastal Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 32817–32847, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-32817-2013, 2013.
Whittlestone , S. and Zahorowski, W.: Baseline radon detectors for shipboard use: Development and deployment in the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16743–16751, 1998.
Whittlestone, S. and Zahorowski, W.: Radon measurements at Mawson and Macquarie Island, CAASM Metadata, updated 2006, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, available online at: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/portal/index.cfm?fileid=827, 2000.
Wilkniss, P. E., Larson, R. E., Bressan, D. J., and Steranka, J.: Atmospheric radon and continental dust near the Antarctic and their correlation with air mass trajectories computed from Nimbus 5 satellite photographs, J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 512–515, 1974.
Winkler, P., Brylka, S., and Wagenbach, D.: Regular fluctuations of surface ozone at George-von-Neumayer station, Antarctica, Tellus B, 44, 33–40, 1992.
Wolff, E. W., Legrand, M. R., and Wagenbach, D.: Coastal Antarctic aerosol and snowfall chemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10927–10934, 1998.
Wyputta, U.: On the transport of trace elements into Antarctica using measurements at the Georg-von-Neumayer station, Tellus B, 49, 93–111, 1997.
Zahorowski, W., Griffiths, A. D., Chambers, S. D., Williams, A. G., Law, R. M., Crawford, J., and Werczynski, S.: Constraining annual and seasonal radon-222 flux density from the Southern Ocean using radon-222 concentrations in the boundary layer at Cape Grim, Tellus B, 65, 19622, https://doi.org/10.13402/tellusb.v19665i19620.19622, 2013.
Zhang, K., Wan, H., Zhang, M., and Wang, B.: Evaluation of the atmospheric transport in a GCM using radon measurements: sensitivity to cumulus convection parameterization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2811–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2811-2008, 2008.
Zhang, K., Feichter, J., Kazil, J., Wan, H., Zhuo, W., Griffiths, A. D., Sartorius, H., Zahorowski, W., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Yver, C., Neubert, R. E. M., and Brunke, E.-G.: Radon activity in the lower troposphere and its impact on ionization rate: a global estimate using different radon emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7817–7838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7817-2011, 2011.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint