Articles | Volume 24, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10567-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10567-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 23 Sep 2024
| 23 Sep 2024
The impact of coupled 3D shortwave radiative transfer on surface radiation and cumulus clouds over land
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Bart J. H. van Stratum
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Hans Segura, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Philipp Weiss, Sebastian K. Müller, Thomas Rackow, Junhong Lee, Edgar Dolores-Tesillos, Imme Benedict, Matthias Aengenheyster, Razvan Aguridan, Gabriele Arduini, Alexander J. Baker, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Eulàlia Baulenas, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Beyer, Hendryk Bockelmann, Nils Brüggemann, Lukas Brunner, Suvarchal K. Cheedela, Sushant Das, Jasper Denissen, Ian Dragaud, Piotr Dziekan, Madeleine Ekblom, Jan Frederik Engels, Monika Esch, Richard Forbes, Claudia Frauen, Lilli Freischem, Diego García-Maroto, Philipp Geier, Paul Gierz, Álvaro González-Cervera, Katherine Grayson, Matthew Griffith, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Ioan Hadade, Kerstin Haslehner, Shabeh ul Hasson, Jan Hegewald, Lukas Kluft, Aleksei Koldunov, Nikolay Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Shunya Koseki, Sergey Kosukhin, Josh Kousal, Peter Kuma, Arjun U. Kumar, Rumeng Li, Nicolas Maury, Maximilian Meindl, Sebastian Milinski, Kristian Mogensen, Bimochan Niraula, Jakub Nowak, Divya Sri Praturi, Ulrike Proske, Dian Putrasahan, René Redler, David Santuy, Domokos Sármány, Reiner Schnur, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Dorian Spät, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Adrian Tompkins, Alejandro Uribe, Mirco Valentini, Menno Veerman, Aiko Voigt, Sarah Warnau, Fabian Wachsmann, Marta Wacławczyk, Nils Wedi, Karl-Hermann Wieners, Jonathan Wille, Marius Winkler, Yuting Wu, Florian Ziemen, Janos Zimmermann, Frida A.-M. Bender, Dragana Bojovic, Sandrine Bony, Simona Bordoni, Patrice Brehmer, Marcus Dengler, Emanuel Dutra, Saliou Faye, Erich Fischer, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Cathy Hohenegger, Heikki Järvinen, Markus Jochum, Thomas Jung, Johann H. Jungclaus, Noel S. Keenlyside, Daniel Klocke, Heike Konow, Martina Klose, Szymon Malinowski, Olivia Martius, Thorsten Mauritsen, Juan Pedro Mellado, Theresa Mieslinger, Elsa Mohino, Hanna Pawłowska, Karsten Peters-von Gehlen, Abdoulaye Sarré, Pajam Sobhani, Philip Stier, Lauri Tuppi, Pier Luigi Vidale, Irina Sandu, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7735–7761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Next Generation of Earth Modeling Systems project (nextGEMS) developed two Earth system models that use horizontal grid spacing of 10 km and finer, giving more fidelity to the representation of local phenomena, globally. In its fourth cycle, nextGEMS simulated the Earth System climate over the 2020–2049 period under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. Here, we provide an overview of nextGEMS, insights into the model development, and the realism of multi-decadal, kilometer-scale simulations.
Job I. Wiltink, Hartwig Deneke, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jan Fokke Meirink
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3917–3936, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global horizontal irradiance retrievals from satellite observations are affected by spatial displacements due to parallax and cloud shadows. We assess different approaches to correct for these displacements and quantify their added value by comparison with a network of ground-based pyranometer observations. The corrections are found to become increasingly important at higher spatial resolutions and are most relevant for variable cloud types.
Mary Rose Mangan, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Marie Lothon, Guylaine Canut-Rocafort, and Oscar K. Hartogensis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8959–8981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using observations and high-resolution turbulence modeling, we examine the influence of irrigation-driven surface heterogeneity on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). We use a multi-scale approach for characterizing surface heterogeneity to explore how its influence on the ABL within a grid cell would change with higher-resolution models. We find that the height of the ABL is variable across short distances and that the surface heterogeneity is felt least strongly in the middle of the ABL.
Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel, Fredrik Jansson, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Sander Houweling
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4571–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new simulation platform based on the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) to simulate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their dispersion in turbulent environments at a hectometer resolution. This model incorporates both anthropogenic emission inventories and online ecosystem fluxes. Simulation results for the main urban area in the Netherlands demonstrate the strong potential of DALES to improve CO2 emission modeling and to support mitigation strategies.
Marc Castellnou Ribau, Mercedes Bachfischer, Marta Miralles Bover, Borja Ruiz, Laia Estivill, Jordi Pages, Pau Guarque, Brian Verhoeven, Zisoula Ntasiou, Ove Stokkeland, Chiel Van Herwaeeden, Tristan Roelofs, Martin Janssens, Cathelijne Stoof, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1923, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1923, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Firefighter entrapments can occur when wildfires escalate suddenly due to fire-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to analyze this in real-time using two weather balloon measurements: ambient and in-plume conditions. Researchers launched 156 balloons during wildfire seasons in Spain, Chile, Greece, and the Netherlands. This methodology detects sudden changes in fire behavior by comparing ambient and in-plume data, ultimately enhancing research on fire-atmosphere interactions.
Wouter Mol and Chiel van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4419–4441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4419-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4419-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sunlight varies often and quickly under broken cloud cover, and every cloud field creates a unique pattern of sunlight on the surface below. These variations affect many processes in the Earth system, from photosynthesis and chemistry to cloud formation itself. The exact way in which cloud particles interact with sunlight is complex and expensive to calculate. We demonstrate a simplified framework which explains how sunlight changes for potentially any cloud field.
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen, Sarah N. Warnau, Imme B. Benedict, Stefan C. Dekker, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Arie Staal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-289, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Basin is prone to drying. This study uses a simple model to explore how forests affect the potential for rainfall by analyzing the lowest part of the atmosphere. Results show that forestation amplifies drying in dry areas and boosts rainfall potential in wet regions, where it also promotes cooling. These findings suggest that the impact of forestation varies with soil moisture, and may possibly mitigate or intensify future drying.
Job I. Wiltink, Hartwig Deneke, Yves-Marie Saint-Drenan, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jan Fokke Meirink
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6003–6024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6003-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6003-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) global horizontal irradiance (GHI) retrievals are validated at standard and increased spatial resolution against a network of 99 pyranometers. GHI accuracy is strongly dependent on the cloud regime. Days with variable cloud conditions show significant accuracy improvements when retrieved at higher resolution. We highlight the benefits of dense network observations and a cloud-regime-resolved approach in validating GHI retrievals.
Maarten Krol, Bart van Stratum, Isidora Anglou, and Klaas Folkert Boersma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8243–8262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents detailed plume simulations of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide that are emitted from four large industrial facilities world-wide. Results from the high-resolution simulations that include atmospheric chemistry are compared to nitrogen dioxide observations from satellites. We find good performance of the model and show that common assumptions that are used in simplified models need revision. This work is important for the monitoring of emissions using satellite data.
Bert G. Heusinkveld, Wouter B. Mol, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3767–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new instrument for fast measurements of solar irradiance in 18 wavebands (400–950 nm): GPS perfectly synchronizes 10 Hz measurement speed to universal time, low-cost (< EUR 200) complete standalone solution for realizing dense measurement grids to study cloud-shading dynamics, 940 nm waveband reveals atmospheric moisture column information, 11 wavebands to study photosynthetic active radiation and light interaction with vegetation, and good reflection spectra performance.
Wouter B. Mol, Wouter H. Knap, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2139–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2139-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2139-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a dataset of detailed measurements of sunlight reaching the surface, recorded at a rate of one measurement per second for 10 years. The dataset includes detailed information on direct and scattered sunlight; classifications and statistics of variability; and observations of clouds, atmospheric composition, and wind. The dataset can be used to study how the atmosphere influences sunlight variability and to validate models that aim to predict this variability with greater accuracy.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Adriaan J. Teuling, Luc Girod, Norbert Pirk, Robin Stoffer, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
The Cryosphere, 16, 4319–4341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most large-scale hydrological and climate models struggle to capture the spatially highly variable wind-driven melt of patchy snow cover. In the field, we find that 60 %–80 % of the total melt is wind driven at the upwind edge of a snow patch, while it does not contribute at the downwind edge. Our idealized simulations show that the variation is due to a patch-size-independent air-temperature reduction over snow patches and also allow us to study the role of wind-driven snowmelt on larger scales.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3611–3628, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3611-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate two widely used observational techniques (Other Test Method (OTM) 33A and car drive-bys) that estimate point source gas emissions. We performed our analysis on high-resolution plume dispersion simulation. For car drive-bys we found that at least 15 repeated measurements were needed to get within 40 % of the true emissions. OTM 33A produced large errors in estimation (50 %–200 %) due to its sensitivity to dispersion coefficients and underlying simplifying assumptions.
Anja Ražnjević, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Bart van Stratum, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6489–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile measurement techniques (e.g., instruments placed in cars) are often employed to identify and quantify individual sources of greenhouse gases. Due to road restrictions, those observations are often sparse (temporally and spatially). We performed high-resolution simulations of plume dispersion, with realistic weather conditions encountered in the field, to reproduce the measurement process of a methane plume emitted from an oil well and provide additional information about the plume.
Robin Stoffer, Caspar M. van Leeuwen, Damian Podareanu, Valeriu Codreanu, Menno A. Veerman, Martin Janssens, Oscar K. Hartogensis, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3769-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3769-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulent flows are often simulated with the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique, which requires subgrid models to account for the smallest scales. Current subgrid models often require strong simplifying assumptions. We therefore developed a subgrid model based on artificial neural networks, which requires fewer assumptions. Our data-driven SGS model showed high potential in accurately representing the smallest scales but still introduced instability when incorporated into an actual LES.
Cited articles
Balsamo, G., Beljaars, A., Scipal, K., Viterbo, P., van den Hurk, B., Hirschi, M., and Betts, A. K.: A revised hydrology for the ECMWF model: Verification from field site to terrestrial water storage and impact in the Integrated Forecast System, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 623–643, 2009. a
Bozzo, A., Remy, S., Benedetti, A., Flemming, J., Bechtold, P., Rodwell, M. J., and Morcrette, J.: Implementation of a CAMS-based aerosol climatology in the IFS, Vol. 801, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading, UK, https://doi.org/10.21957/84ya94mls, 2017. a
Bozzo, A., Benedetti, A., Flemming, J., Kipling, Z., and Rémy, S.: An aerosol climatology for global models based on the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System of ECMWF, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1007–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1007-2020, 2020. a
Brown, A. R., Cederwall, R. T., Chlond, A., Duynkerke, P. G., Golaz, J.-C., Khairoutdinov, M., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A. P., MacVean, M. K., Moeng, C.-H., Neggers, R. A. J., Siebesma, A. P., and Stevens, B.: Large-eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1075–1093, 2002. a
Cahalan, R. F., Oreopoulos, L., Marshak, A., Evans, K. F., Davis, A. B., Pincus, R., Yetzer, K. H., Mayer, B., Davies, R., Ackerman, T. P., Barker, H. W., Clothiaux, E. E., Ellingson, R. G., Garay, M. J., Kassianov, E., Kinne, S., Macke, A., O'hirok, W., Partain, P. T., Prigarin, S. M., Rublev, A. N., Stephens, G. L., Szczap, F., Takara, E. E., Várnai, T., Wen, G., and Zhuravleva, T. B.: THE I3RC: Bringing Together the Most Advanced Radiative Transfer Tools for Cloudy Atmospheres, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 1275–1294, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1275, 2005. a
Dror, T., Koren, I., Altaratz, O., and Heiblum, R. H.: On the abundance and common properties of continental, organized shallow (green) clouds, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 59, 4570–4578, 2020. a
Gristey, J. J., Feingold, G., Glenn, I. B., Schmidt, K. S., and Chen, H.: On the Relationship Between Shallow Cumulus Cloud Field Properties and Surface Solar Irradiance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090152, 2020b. a, b
Gristey, J. J., Feingold, G., Schmidt, K. S., and Chen, H.: Influence of Aerosol Embedded in Shallow Cumulus Cloud Fields on the Surface Solar Irradiance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036822, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036822, 2022. a, b
Heinze, R., Dipankar, A., Henken, C. C., Moseley, C., Sourdeval, O., Trömel, S., Xie, X., Adamidis, P., Ament, F., Baars, H., Barthlott, C., Behrendt, A., Blahak, U., Bley, S., Brdar, S., Brueck, M., Crewell, S., Deneke, H., Di Girolamo, P., Evaristo, R., Fischer, J., Frank, C., Friederichs, P., Göcke, T., Gorges, K., Hande, L., Hanke, M., Hansen, A., Hege, H.-C., Hoose, C., Jahns, T., Kalthoff, N., Klocke, D., Kneifel, S., Knippertz, P., Kuhn, A., van Laar, T., Macke, A., Maurer, V., Mayer, B., Meyer, C. I., Muppa, S. K., Neggers, R. A. J., Orlandi, E., Pantillon, F., Pospichal, B., Röber, N., Scheck, L., Seifert, A., Seifert, P., Senf, F., Siligam, P., Simmer, C., Steinke, S., Stevens, B., Wapler, K., Weniger, M., Wulfmeyer, V., Zängl, G., Zhang, D., and Quaas, J.: Large-eddy simulations over Germany using ICON: a comprehensive evaluation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 69–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2947, 2017. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, 2020. a
Hogan, R. J., Schäfer, S., Klinger, C., Chiu, J. C., and Mayer, B.: Representing 3-D cloud radiation effects in two-stream schemes: 2. Matrix formulation and broadband evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8583–8599, 2016. a
Hogan, R. J., Fielding, M. D., Barker, H. W., Villefranque, N., and Schäfer, S. A. K.: Entrapment: An Important Mechanism to Explain the Shortwave 3D Radiative Effect of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 2123–2141, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0366.1, 2019. a
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Dominguez, J. J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch, V.-H., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3515–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019, 2019a. a, b
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A., Dominguez, J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch, V., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: CAMS global reanalysis (EAC4), Atmosphere Data Store [data set], https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/cams-global-reanalysis-eac4?tab=overview, 2019b. a
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A., Dominguez, J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch, V., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: CAMS global greenhous gas reanalysis (EGG4), Atmosphere Data Store [data set], https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/cams-global-ghg-reanalysis-egg4?tab=overview, 2019c. a
Jakub, F. and Mayer, B.: The role of 1-D and 3-D radiative heating in the organization of shallow cumulus convection and the formation of cloud streets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13317–13327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13317-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d
Kanniah, K. D., Beringer, J., North, P., and Hutley, L.: Control of atmospheric particles on diffuse radiation and terrestrial plant productivity: A review, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 36, 209–237, 2012. a
Klinger, C., Mayer, B., Jakub, F., Zinner, T., Park, S.-B., and Gentine, P.: Effects of 3-D thermal radiation on the development of a shallow cumulus cloud field, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5477–5500, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5477-2017, 2017. a, b
Knap, W. and Mol, W. B.: High resolution solar irradiance variability climatology dataset part 1: direct, diffuse, and global irradiance, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7093164, 2022. a
Kreuwel, F., Knap, W., Visser, L., van Sark, W., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., and van Heerwaarden, C.: Analysis of high frequency photovoltaic solar energy fluctuations, Sol. Energy, 206, 381–389, 2020. a
Lohou, F. and Patton, E. G.: Surface Energy Balance and Buoyancy Response to Shallow Cumulus Shading, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 665–682, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0145.1, 2014. a, b, c
Marshak, A. and Davis, A. (Eds.): 3D radiative transfer in cloudy atmospheres, Springer Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28519-9, 2005. a
Mol, W. B., Knap, W. H., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: High resolution solar irradiance variability climatology dataset part 2: classifications, supplementary data, and statistics, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7092058, 2022. a
Mol, W. B., Knap, W. H., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: Ten years of 1 Hz solar irradiance observations at Cabauw, the Netherlands, with cloud observations, variability classifications, and statistics, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2139–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2139-2023, 2023. a, b
Pincus, R., Hannay, C., and Evans, K. F.: The accuracy of determining three-dimensional radiative transfer effects in cumulus clouds using ground-based profiling instruments, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2284–2293, 2005. a
Pincus, R., Forster, P. M., and Stevens, B.: The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP): experimental protocol for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3447–3460, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3447-2016, 2016. a
Pincus, R., Mlawer, E. J., and Delamere, J. S.: Balancing Accuracy, Efficiency, and Flexibility in Radiation Calculations for Dynamical Models, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 3074–3089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001621, 2019. a
Schäfer, S., Hogan, R. J., Klinger, C., Chiu, J. C., and Mayer, B.: Representing 3-D cloud radiation effects in two-stream schemes: 1. Longwave considerations and effective cloud edge length, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8567–8582, 2016. a
Schalkwijk, J., Jonker, H. J. J., Siebesma, A. P., and Bosveld, F. C.: A Year-Long Large-Eddy Simulation of the Weather over Cabauw: An Overview, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 828–844, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00293.1, 2015. a
Schemann, V., Ebell, K., Pospichal, B., Neggers, R., Moseley, C., and Stevens, B.: Linking Large-Eddy Simulations to Local Cloud Observations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002209, 2020. a
Schmidt, K. S., Feingold, G., Pilewskie, P., Jiang, H., Coddington, O., and Wendisch, M.: Irradiance in polluted cumulus fields: Measured and modeled cloud-aerosol effects, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036848, 2009. a
Tijhuis, M.: Code used for publication about coupled 3D radiative transfer, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11234716, 2024. a, b
Tijhuis, M., van Stratum, B. J. H., Veerman, M. A., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: An Efficient Parameterization for Surface Shortwave 3D Radiative Effects in Large‐Eddy Simulations of Shallow Cumulus Clouds, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 15, e2022MS003262, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003262, 2023. a, b
van Heerwaarden, C. C., van Stratum, B. J. H., Heus, T., Gibbs, J. A., Fedorovich, E., and Mellado, J. P.: MicroHH 1.0: a computational fluid dynamics code for direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flows, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3145–3165, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3145-2017, 2017 (code available at: https://github.com/microhh/microhh/releases/tag/2.0.0_RC1, last access: 21 February 2024). a, b, c
van Heerwaarden, C. C., Mol, W. B., Veerman, M. A., Benedict, I., Heusinkveld, B. G., Knap, W. H., Kazadzis, S., Kouremeti, N., and Fiedler, S.: Record high solar irradiance in Western Europe during first COVID-19 lockdown largely due to unusual weather, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 37, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00110-0, 2021. a
van Stratum, B. J. H., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: The Benefits and Challenges of Downscaling a Global Reanalysis With Doubly-Periodic Large-Eddy Simulations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 15, e2023MS003750, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003750, 2023 (code available at: https://github.com/LS2D/LS2D and https://pypi.org/project/ls2d/, last access: 21 February 2024). a, b, c, d, e
Veerman, M. A., Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., Jakub, F., de Arellano, J., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: Three-dimensional radiative effects by shallow cumulus clouds on dynamic heterogeneities over a vegetated surface, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001990, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001990, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Hartogensis, O., Benedict, I., de Boer, H., Bosman, P. J. M., Botía, S., Cecchini, M. A., Faassen, K. A. P., González-Armas, R., van Diepen, K., Heusinkveld, B. G., Janssens, M., Lobos-Roco, F., Luijkx, I. T., Machado, L. A. T., Mangan, M. R., Moene, A. F., Mol, W. B., van der Molen, M., Moonen, R., Ouwersloot, H. G., Park, S. W., Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., Röckmann, T., Adnew, G. A., Ronda, R., Sikma, M., Schulte, R., van Stratum, B. J. H., Veerman, M. A., van Zanten, M. C., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: Advancing understanding of land–atmosphere interactions by breaking discipline and scale barriers, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1522, 74–97, 2023. a
Wapler, K. and Mayer, B.: A fast three-dimensional approximation for the calculation of surface irradiance in large-eddy simulation models, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 3061–3071, 2008. a
Wing, A. A., Stauffer, C. L., Becker, T., Reed, K. A., Ahn, M.-S., Arnold, N. P., Bony, S., Branson, M., Bryan, G. H., Chaboureau, J.-P., De Roode, S. R., Gayatri, K., Hohenegger, C., Hu, I.-K., Jansson, F., Jones, T. R., Khairoutdinov, M., Kim, D., Martin, Z. K., Matsugishi, S., Medeiros, B., Miura, H., Moon, Y., Müller, S. K., Ohno, T., Popp, M., Prabhakaran, T., Randall, D., Rios-Berrios, R., Rochetin, N., Roehrig, R., Romps, D. M., Ruppert Jr., J. H., Satoh, M,. Silvers, L. G., Singh, M. S., Stevens, B., Tomassini, L., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Wang, S., and Zhao, M.: Clouds and convective self-aggregation in a multimodel ensemble of radiative-convective equilibrium simulations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002138, 2020. a
Wissmeier, U., Buras, R., and Mayer, B.: PaNTICA: A fast 3D radiative transfer scheme to calculate surface solar irradiance for NWP and LES models, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 52, 1698–1715, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0227.1, 2013. a
Witthuhn, J., Hünerbein, A., Filipitsch, F., Wacker, S., Meilinger, S., and Deneke, H.: Aerosol properties and aerosol–radiation interactions in clear-sky conditions over Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14591–14630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14591-2021, 2021. a
Short summary
Radiative transfer in the atmosphere is a 3D processes, which is often modelled in 1D for computational efficiency. We studied the differences between using 1D and 3D radiative transfer. With 3D radiation, larger clouds that contain more liquid water develop. However, they cover roughly the same part of the sky, and the average total radiation at the surface is nearly unchanged. The increase in cloud size might be important for weather models, as it can impact the formation of rain, for example.
Radiative transfer in the atmosphere is a 3D processes, which is often modelled in 1D for...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint