Articles | Volume 17, issue 15
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9485–9518, 2017
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9485-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9485–9518, 2017
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9485-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article 08 Aug 2017
Review article | 08 Aug 2017
A review of current knowledge concerning PM2. 5 chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China
Jun Tao et al.
Related authors
Shengzhen Zhou, Luolin Wu, Junchen Guo, Weihua Chen, Xuemei Wang, Jun Zhao, Yafang Cheng, Zuzhao Huang, Jinpu Zhang, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Shiguo Jia, Jun Tao, Yanning Chen, and Junxia Kuang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6435–6453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6435-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6435-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, measurements of size-segregated aerosols were conducted at three altitudes (ground level, 118 m, and 488 m) on the 610 m high Canton Tower in southern China. Vertical variations of PM and size-segregated chemical compositions were investigated. The results indicated that meteorological parameters and atmospheric aqueous and heterogeneous reactions together led to aerosol formation and haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta region during the measurement periods.
Jun Tao, Zhisheng Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Leiming Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Peng Cheng, Mei Li, Laiguo Chen, Renjian Zhang, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8471–8490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8471-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8471-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mass-scattering efficiencies (MSE) of dominant chemical species in atmospheric aerosols are important parameters for building the relationships between chemical species and the particle-scattering coefficient. Particle MSE mainly depends on the mass fractions of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and organic matter and their MSEs in the droplet mode. MSEs of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and organic matter were determined by their size distributions in the droplet mode.
Yunfei Wu, Xiaojia Wang, Jun Tao, Rujin Huang, Ping Tian, Junji Cao, Leiming Zhang, Kin-Fai Ho, Zhiwei Han, and Renjian Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7965–7975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7965-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7965-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
As black carbon (BC) aerosols play an important role in the climate and environment, the size distribution of refractory BC (rBC) was investigated. On this basis, the source of rBC was further analyzed. The local traffic exhausts contributed greatly to the rBC in urban areas. However, its contribution decreased significantly in the polluted period compared to the clean period, implying the increasing contribution of other sources, e.g., coal combustion or biomass burning, in the polluted period.
Chunpeng Leng, Junyan Duan, Chen Xu, Hefeng Zhang, Yifan Wang, Yanyu Wang, Xiang Li, Lingdong Kong, Jun Tao, Renjian Zhang, Tiantao Cheng, Shuping Zha, and Xingna Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9221–9234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9221-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9221-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions and aerosol properties played major roles in this historic winter haze weather formation. Aerosols the size of 600–1400 nm are mostly responsible for the impairment of atmospheric visibility. This study was performed by combining many on-line measurement techniques which were calibrated regularly to ensure reliability, and can act as a reference for forecasting and eliminating the occurrences of regional atmospheric pollutions in China.
G. H. Wang, C. L. Cheng, Y. Huang, J. Tao, Y. Q. Ren, F. Wu, J. J. Meng, J. J. Li, Y. T. Cheng, J. J. Cao, S. X. Liu, T. Zhang, R. Zhang, and Y. B. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11571–11585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11571-2014, 2014
J. Tao, J. Gao, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, H. Che, Z. Zhang, Z. Lin, J. Jing, J. Cao, and S.-C. Hsu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8679–8699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, 2014
Z. J. Lin, Z. S. Zhang, L. Zhang, J. Tao, R. J. Zhang, J. J. Cao, S. J. Fan, and Y. H. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7631–7644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7631-2014, 2014
Z. J. Lin, J. Tao, F. H. Chai, S. J. Fan, J. H. Yue, L. H. Zhu, K. F. Ho, and R. J. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1115–1128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1115-2013, 2013
G. H. Wang, B. H. Zhou, C. L. Cheng, J. J. Cao, J. J. Li, J. J. Meng, J. Tao, R. J. Zhang, and P. Q. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 819–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-819-2013, 2013
Zhiyong Wu, Leiming Zhang, John T. Walker, Paul A. Makar, Judith A. Perlinger, and Xuemei Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5093–5105, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A community dry deposition algorithm for modeling the gaseous dry deposition process in chemistry transport models was extended to include an additional 12 oxidized volatile organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide based on their physicochemical properties and was then evaluated using field flux measurements over a mixed forest. This study provides a useful tool that is needed in chemistry transport models with increasing complexity for simulating an important atmospheric process.
Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, Paul Makar, John Liggio, Samar G. Moussa, Ayodeji Akingunola, Robert McLaren, Ralf M. Staebler, Andrea Darlington, Jason O'Brien, Junhua Zhang, Mengistu Wolde, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8377–8392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method using aircraft measurements to determine lifetimes with respect to dry deposition for oxidized sulfur and nitrogen compounds over the boreal forest in Alberta, Canada. Atmospheric lifetimes were significantly shorter than derived from chemical transport models with differences related to modelled dry deposition velocities. The shorter lifetimes suggest models need to reassess dry deposition treatment and predictions of sulfur and nitrogen in the atmosphere and ecosystems.
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6721–6734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions in 10 Chinese cities showed strong seasonality with higher TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg and lower δ202Hg in summer. We found the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions were highly related to regional surface Hg(0) emissions, suggesting land surface Hg(0) emissions are an important source of atmospheric TGM that contribute dominantly to the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions.
Mengdi Song, Xin Li, Suding Yang, Xuena Yu, Songxiu Zhou, Yiming Yang, Shiyi Chen, Huabin Dong, Keren Liao, Qi Chen, Keding Lu, Ningning Zhang, Junji Cao, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4939–4958, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to their lower diffusion capacities and higher conversion capacities, urban areas in Xi’an experienced severe ozone pollution in the summer. In this study, a campaign of comprehensive field observations and VOC grid sampling was conducted in Xi’an from 20 June to 20 July 2019. We found that Xi'an has a strong local emission source of VOCs, and vehicle exhaust was the primary VOC source. In addition, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs played a dominant role in secondary transformations.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Li Xing, Yong Zhang, Ting Zhang, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 973–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted black carbon (BC) source apportionment on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) by an improved aethalometer model with the site-dependent Ångström exponent and BC mass absorption cross section (MAC). The result shows that the biomass-burning BC on the TP is slightly higher than fossil fuel BC, mainly from cross-border transportation instead of the local region, and the BC radiative effect is lower than that in the southwestern Himalaya but higher than that on the northeastern TP.
Pragati Rai, Jay G. Slowik, Markus Furger, Imad El Haddad, Suzanne Visser, Yandong Tong, Atinderpal Singh, Günther Wehrle, Varun Kumar, Anna K. Tobler, Deepika Bhattu, Liwei Wang, Dilip Ganguly, Neeraj Rastogi, Ru-Jin Huang, Jaroslaw Necki, Junji Cao, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Urs Baltensperger, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 717–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple conceptual framework based on elemental size distributions and enrichment factors that allows for a characterization of major sources, site-to-site similarities, and local differences and the identification of key information required for efficient policy development. Absolute concentrations are by far the highest in Delhi, followed by Beijing, and then the European cities.
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Max M. Cosijn, Lu Yang, Jie Guo, Junji Cao, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16041–16053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing and Xi'an during severe winter haze. Elemental carbon (EC) was dominated by vehicle emissions in Xi’an and coal burning in Beijing. Organic carbon (OC) increment during haze days was driven by the increase in primary and secondary OC (SOC). SOC was more from fossil sources in Beijing than Xi’an, especially during haze days. In Xi’an, no strong day–night differences in EC or OC sources suggest a large accumulation of particles.
Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Ping Wang, Wenting Dai, Ting Zhang, Youzhi Zhao, Jie Tian, Wenyan Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15537–15549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) aerosol is an important influencing factor for global climate forcing. In this study, we used a receptor model coupling multi-wavelength absorption with chemical species to explore the source-specific LAC optical properties at a tropical marine monsoon climate zone. The results can improve our understanding of the LAC radiative effects caused by ship emissions.
Qiyuan Wang, Li Li, Jiamao Zhou, Jianhuai Ye, Wenting Dai, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Renjian Zhang, Jie Tian, Yang Chen, Yunfei Wu, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15427–15442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, China has promulgated a series of regulations to reduce air pollutants. The decreased black carbon (BC) and co-emitted pollutants could affect the interactions between BC and other aerosols, which in turn results in changes in BC. Herein, we re-assessed the characteristics of BC of a representative pollution site in northern China in the final year of the Chinese
Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution.
Xiaofei Qin, Leiming Zhang, Guochen Wang, Xiaohao Wang, Qingyan Fu, Jian Xu, Hao Li, Jia Chen, Qianbiao Zhao, Yanfen Lin, Juntao Huo, Fengwen Wang, Kan Huang, and Congrui Deng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10985–10996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10985-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10985-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The uncertainties in mercury emissions are much larger from natural sources than anthropogenic sources. A method was developed to quantify the contributions of natural surface emissions to ambient GEM based on PMF modeling. The annual GEM concentration in eastern China showed a decreasing trend from 2015 to 2018, while the relative contribution of natural surface emissions increased significantly from 41 % in 2015 to 57 % in 2018, gradually surpassing those from anthropogenic sources.
Ru-Jin Huang, Yao He, Jing Duan, Yongjie Li, Qi Chen, Yan Zheng, Yang Chen, Weiwei Hu, Chunshui Lin, Haiyan Ni, Wenting Dai, Junji Cao, Yunfei Wu, Renjian Zhang, Wei Xu, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Thorsten Hoffmann, and Colin D. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9101–9114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We systematically compared the submicron particle (PM1) processes in haze days with low and high relative humidity (RH) in wintertime Beijing. Nitrate had similar daytime growth rates in low-RH and high-RH pollution. OOA had a higher growth rate in low-RH pollution than in high-RH pollution. Sulfate had a decreasing trend in low-RH pollution, while it increased significantly in high-RH pollution. This distinction may be explained by the different processes affected by meteorological conditions.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Yunfei Wu, Zhe Xiong, Xiangao Xia, Jie Li, Lin Liang, and Renjian Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8659–8690, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8659-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8659-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–radiation–climate interaction is one of the least understood mechanisms in air pollution and climate change. A coupled chemistry–climate model is developed to explore the mechanisms of haze evolution and aerosol radiative feedback in north China. The feedback exerts a significant impact on haze evolution. The contributions of physical and chemical processes to the feedback-induced aerosol changes are elucidated and quantified, providing new insights into the feedback mechanism.
Yuan Yang, Yonghong Wang, Putian Zhou, Dan Yao, Dongsheng Ji, Jie Sun, Yinghong Wang, Shuman Zhao, Wei Huang, Shuanghong Yang, Dean Chen, Wenkang Gao, Zirui Liu, Bo Hu, Renjian Zhang, Limin Zeng, Maofa Ge, Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, and Yuesi Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8181–8200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8181-2020, 2020
Shengzhen Zhou, Luolin Wu, Junchen Guo, Weihua Chen, Xuemei Wang, Jun Zhao, Yafang Cheng, Zuzhao Huang, Jinpu Zhang, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Shiguo Jia, Jun Tao, Yanning Chen, and Junxia Kuang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6435–6453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6435-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6435-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, measurements of size-segregated aerosols were conducted at three altitudes (ground level, 118 m, and 488 m) on the 610 m high Canton Tower in southern China. Vertical variations of PM and size-segregated chemical compositions were investigated. The results indicated that meteorological parameters and atmospheric aqueous and heterogeneous reactions together led to aerosol formation and haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta region during the measurement periods.
Yonggang Xue, Yu Huang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Long Chen, Liqin Wang, Shuncheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5425–5436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate active metallic oxides in dust were proposed to influence the photochemical reactions of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A case study investigated the origin and transformation of VOCs during a windblown dust-to-haze pollution episode. In the dust event, a sharp decrease in VOC loading and aging of their components was observed. An increase in Ti and Fe and a fast decrease in trans-/cis-2-butene ratios demonstrated that dust can accelerate the oxidation of ambient VOCs.
Jianjun Li, Qi Zhang, Gehui Wang, Jin Li, Can Wu, Lang Liu, Jiayuan Wang, Wenqing Jiang, Lijuan Li, Kin Fai Ho, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4889–4904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We examined light absorption properties and molecular composition of water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WI) BrC in PM2.5 collected from northwest China. We found that photochemical formation contributes significantly to light absorption of WI-BrC in summer, whereas aqueous-phase reactions play an important role in secondary WS-BrC formation in winter. BrC was estimated to account for 1.36 % and 3.74 %, respectively, of total down-welling solar radiation in the UV range in summer and winter.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Yongjie Li, Qi Chen, Yan Zheng, Yang Chen, Chunshui Lin, Haiyan Ni, Meng Wang, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Chunying Chen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Thorsten Hoffmann, Colin O'Dowd, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3793–3807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3793-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3793-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized secondary aerosol formation in Beijing. Our results showed that relative humidity (RH) and Ox have opposite effects on sulfate and nitrate formation in summer and winter. The wintertime more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) showed a good correlation with aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). Meanwhile, the dependence of less-oxidized OOA (LO-OOA) and the mass ratio of LO-OOA to MO-OOA in Ox both degraded when RH > 60 %, suggesting that RH or ALWC may also affect LO-OOA formation.
Xiaohong Yao and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 721–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-721-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An innovative approach is developed to preprocess monitored wet deposition data of inorganic ions for generating their decadal trends. Differing from traditional approaches which directly apply annual or seasonal average data to trend analysis tools, the proposed new approach makes use of slopes of regression equations between a series of study years and a climatology (base) year in terms of monthly averaged data. The new approach yields more robust results than the traditional tools.
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Junji Cao, Jie Guo, Haoyue Deng, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15609–15628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15609-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15609-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 1-year source apportionment record of carbonaceous aerosols in Xi'an, China. Biomass burning strongly increases in winter, while seasonal changes of coal and liquid fossil fuel combustion are moderate. We find strong evidence for fossil secondary OC formation during the warm period that is further enhanced in stagnant, polluted conditions due to longer atmospheric residence times. At the same time we find that water-insoluble (primary) fossil is lost due to photochemical processing.
Jun Zhou, Miriam Elser, Ru-Jin Huang, Manuel Krapf, Roman Fröhlich, Deepika Bhattu, Giulia Stefenelli, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Simone M. Pieber, Haiyan Ni, Qiyuan Wang, Yichen Wang, Yaqing Zhou, Chunying Chen, Mao Xiao, Jay G. Slowik, Samuel Brown, Laure-Estelle Cassagnes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Thomas Nussbaumer, Marianne Geiser, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El-Haddad, Junji Cao, Urs Baltensperger, and Josef Dommen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14703–14720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14703-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14703-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to contribute to the adverse health effects of aerosols. We measured particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) with an online instrument in two distinct environments, i.e., Beijing (China) and Bern (Switzerland). In both cities these exogenic ROS are predominantly related to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). PB-ROS content in SOA from various anthropogenic emission sources tested in the laboratory was comparable to that in the ambient measurements.
Huizheng Che, Xiangao Xia, Hujia Zhao, Oleg Dubovik, Brent N. Holben, Philippe Goloub, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, Victor Estelles, Yaqiang Wang, Jun Zhu, Bing Qi, Wei Gong, Honglong Yang, Renjian Zhang, Leiku Yang, Jing Chen, Hong Wang, Yu Zheng, Ke Gui, Xiaochun Zhang, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11843–11864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11843-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11843-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A full-scale description of ground-based aerosol microphysical and optical properties over China is presented. Moreover, the results have also provided significant information about optical and radiative aerosol properties for different types of sites covering a broad expanse of China. The results have considerable value for ground-truthing satellite observations and validating aerosol models.
Meng Wang, Ru-Jin Huang, Junji Cao, Wenting Dai, Jiamao Zhou, Chunshui Lin, Haiyan Ni, Jing Duan, Ting Wang, Yang Chen, Yongjie Li, Qi Chen, Imad El Haddad, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4779–4789, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4779-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4779-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The analytical performances of SE-GC-MS and TD-GC-MS for the determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes were evaluated and compared. The two methods show a good agreement with a high correlation efficient (R2 > 0.98) and a slope close to unity. The concentrations of n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes are found to be much higher in Beijing than those in Chengdu, Shanghai and Guangzhou, most likely due to emissions from coal combustion for wintertime heating in Beijing.
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Junji Cao, Wenting Dai, Jiamao Zhou, Haoyue Deng, Anita Aerts-Bijma, Harro A. J. Meijer, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10405–10422, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10405-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We apply radiocarbon source apportionment of more volatile organic carbon (mvOC) to winter aerosol samples from six Chinese cities. We find a consistently larger contribution of fossil sources to mvOC than to secondary or total organic carbon. Fossil mvOC concentrations are strongly correlated with primary fossil OC but not with secondary fossil OC. The variability in nonfossil mvOC seems to be related to both primary and secondary biomass burning sources.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Chunshui Lin, Wenting Dai, Meng Wang, Yifang Gu, Ying Wang, Haobin Zhong, Yan Zheng, Haiyan Ni, Uli Dusek, Yang Chen, Yongjie Li, Qi Chen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Colin D. O'Dowd, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10319–10334, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10319-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10319-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present the seasonal distinction of secondary aerosol formation in urban Beijing. Both photochemical oxidation and aqueous-phase processing played important roles in SOA (secondary organic aerosol) formation during all three seasons; while for sulfate formation, gas-phase photochemical oxidation was the major pathway in late summer, aqueous-phase reactions were more responsible during early winter, and both processes had contributions during autumn.
Yunfei Wu, Yunjie Xia, Rujin Huang, Zhaoze Deng, Ping Tian, Xiangao Xia, and Renjian Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4347–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4347-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4347-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The morphology and effective density of externally mixed black carbon (extBC) aerosols were studied using a tandem technique coupling a DMA with a SP2. The study extended the mass–mobility relationship to large extBC with a mobility diameter larger than 350 nm, a size range seldom included in previous tandem measurements of BC aggregates. On this basis, quantities such as the mass–mobility scaling exponent were revealed for extBC in urban Beijing.
Jiarui Wu, Naifang Bei, Bo Hu, Suixin Liu, Meng Zhou, Qiyuan Wang, Xia Li, Lang Liu, Tian Feng, Zirui Liu, Yichen Wang, Junji Cao, Xuexi Tie, Jun Wang, Luisa T. Molina, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8703–8719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8703-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8703-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the present study, simulations during a persistent and heavy haze pollution episode from 5 December 2015 to 4 January 2016 in the North China Plain (NCP) were performed using the WRF-Chem model to comprehensively quantify contributions of the aerosol shortwave radiative feedback (ARF) to near-surface PM2.5 mass concentrations. During the episode, the ARF deteriorates the haze pollution, increasing the near-surface PM2.5 concentration in the NCP by 10.2 μg m−3 (7.8 %) on average.
Jiarui Wu, Naifang Bei, Bo Hu, Suixin Liu, Meng Zhou, Qiyuan Wang, Xia Li, Lang Liu, Tian Feng, Zirui Liu, Yichen Wang, Junji Cao, Xuexi Tie, Jun Wang, Luisa T. Molina, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8721–8739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8721-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8721-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The near-surface PM2.5 contribution of the ALW total effect is 17.5 % in NCP, indicating that ALW plays an important role in the PM2.5 formation during the wintertime haze pollution. Moreover, the ALW-HET overwhelmingly dominates the PM2.5 enhancement due to the ALW. The ALW does not consistently enhance near-surface [PM2.5] with increasing RH. When the RH exceeds 80 %, the contribution of the ALW begins to decrease, which is caused by the high occurrence frequencies of precipitation.
Jun Tao, Zhisheng Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Leiming Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Peng Cheng, Mei Li, Laiguo Chen, Renjian Zhang, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8471–8490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8471-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8471-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mass-scattering efficiencies (MSE) of dominant chemical species in atmospheric aerosols are important parameters for building the relationships between chemical species and the particle-scattering coefficient. Particle MSE mainly depends on the mass fractions of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and organic matter and their MSEs in the droplet mode. MSEs of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and organic matter were determined by their size distributions in the droplet mode.
Tian Feng, Shuyu Zhao, Naifang Bei, Jiarui Wu, Suixin Liu, Xia Li, Lang Liu, Yang Qian, Qingchuan Yang, Yichen Wang, Weijian Zhou, Junji Cao, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7429–7443, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7429-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7429-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The observed ratio of organic carbon to element carbon has increased remarkably in Beijing. Here, based on the measurements and model simulation, we show that the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity is an important contributor to that increase by facilitating the aging process of organic aerosols (add oxygen). Our results indicate a ubiquitous enhancement of secondary organic aerosol formation over Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China, in the context of increasing oxidizing capacity.
Hongmei Xu, Jean-François Léon, Cathy Liousse, Benjamin Guinot, Véronique Yoboué, Aristide Barthélémy Akpo, Jacques Adon, Kin Fai Ho, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Lijuan Li, Eric Gardrat, Zhenxing Shen, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6637–6657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses the personal exposure characteristics and health implication of PM2.5 and bounded chemical species based on three anthropogenic sources and related populations (domestic fires for women, waste burning for students and motorcycle traffic for drivers) in Abidjan and Cotonou in dry and wet seasons of 2016. This work can be regarded as the first attempt at measuring personal exposure to PM2.5 and its related health risks in underdeveloped countries of Africa.
Long Chen, Yu Huang, Yonggang Xue, Zhenxing Shen, Junji Cao, and Wenliang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4075–4091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4075-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4075-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The present calculations show that the sequential addition of CIs to HHPs affords oligomers containing CIs as chain units. The addition of an –OOH group in HHPs to the central carbon atom of CIs is identified as the most energetically favorable channel, with a barrier height strongly dependent on both CI substituent number (one or two) and position (syn- or anti-). In particular, the introduction of a methyl group into the anti-position significantly increases the rate coefficient.
Yang Chen, Mi Tian, Ru-Jin Huang, Guangming Shi, Huanbo Wang, Chao Peng, Junji Cao, Qiyuan Wang, Shumin Zhang, Dongmei Guo, Leiming Zhang, and Fumo Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3245–3255, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3245-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3245-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Amine-containing particles were characterized in an urban area of Chongqing during both summer and winter using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Amines were observed to internally mix with elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and nitrate. Diethylamine (DEA) was the most abundant in both number and peak area among amine-containing particles. Vegetation and traffic were the primary sources of particulate amines.
Ru-Jin Huang, Yichen Wang, Junji Cao, Chunshui Lin, Jing Duan, Qi Chen, Yongjie Li, Yifang Gu, Jin Yan, Wei Xu, Roman Fröhlich, Francesco Canonaco, Carlo Bozzetti, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Manjula R. Canagaratna, John Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El-Haddad, André S. H. Prévôt, and Colin D. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2283–2298, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2283-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We found that in wintertime Shijiazhuang fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic aerosol dominated in pollution events under high-RH conditions, likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, whereas primary organic aerosol dominated in pollution events under low-RH and stagnant conditions. Our results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city.
Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Nan Li, Wenting Dai, Yunfei Wu, Jie Tian, Yaqing Zhou, Meng Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Yang Chen, Renjian Zhang, Shuyu Zhao, Chongshu Zhu, Yongming Han, Xuexi Tie, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1881–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1881-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1881-2019, 2019
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Junji Cao, Weiguo Liu, Ting Zhang, Meng Wang, Harro A. J. Meijer, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16363–16383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16363-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16363-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal changes in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) sources in Xi'an, China, are investigated based on measurements of radiocarbon and the stable isotope 13C. Relative contributions to EC from biomass burning, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions change substantially between different seasons. Biomass burning contributes 60 % to the EC increment in winter. Comparing concentrations and sources of primary OC to total OC suggests non-negligible OC loss due to active photochemistry.
Jingjing Meng, Gehui Wang, Zhanfang Hou, Xiaodi Liu, Benjie Wei, Can Wu, Cong Cao, Jiayuan Wang, Jianjun Li, Junji Cao, Erxun Zhang, Jie Dong, Jiazhen Liu, Shuangshuang Ge, and Yuning Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15069–15086, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15069-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15069-2018, 2018
Jiamao Zhou, Xuexi Tie, Baiqing Xu, Shuyu Zhao, Mo Wang, Guohui Li, Ting Zhang, Zhuzi Zhao, Suixin Liu, Song Yang, Luyu Chang, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13673–13685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13673-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13673-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A global chemical transportation model (MOZART-4) was used to analyze the BC transport from the source regions and a radiative transfer model (SNICAR) was used to study the effect of BC on snow albedo on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The result provides useful information to study the effect of the upward BC emissions on environmental and climate issues. The radiative effect of BC deposition on the snow melting provides important information regarding the water resources in the region.
Nan Li, Qingyang He, Jim Greenberg, Alex Guenther, Jingyi Li, Junji Cao, Jun Wang, Hong Liao, Qiyuan Wang, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7489–7507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7489-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7489-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
O3 pollution has been increasing in most Chinese cities in recent years. Our study reveals that the synergistic impact of individual source contributions to O3 formation should be considered in the formation of air pollution control strategies, especially for big cities in the vicinity of forests.
Qiyuan Wang, Junji Cao, Yongming Han, Jie Tian, Chongshu Zhu, Yonggang Zhang, Ningning Zhang, Zhenxing Shen, Haiyan Ni, Shuyu Zhao, and Jiarui Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4639–4656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4639-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4639-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosol in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has important effects on the regional climate and hydrological processes in South and East Asia. We characterized BC at a high-altitude remote site in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a single-particle soot photometer and a photoacoustic extinctiometer. Our study provides insight into the sources and evolution of BC aerosol on the TP, and the results will be useful for improving models of the radiative effects in this area.
Xin Qiu, Irene Cheng, Fuquan Yang, Erin Horb, Leiming Zhang, and Tom Harner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3457–3467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3457-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3457-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed emissions databases for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Athabasca oil sands region and evaluated the emissions databases by comparing CALPUFF-modelled concentrations with monitored data. Model–measurement agreement improved near oil sands mines due to updated PAC emissions from tailings ponds. Modelled concentrations were underestimated at remote sites and for alkylated PACs suggesting that the emissions of PACs particularly alkylated compounds are underestimated.
Jian Sun, Zhenxing Shen, Yu Huang, Junji Cao, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Xinyi Niu, Taobo Wang, Qian Zhang, Yali Lei, Hongmei Xu, and Hongxia Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-36, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Cynthia H. Whaley, Paul A. Makar, Mark W. Shephard, Leiming Zhang, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Ayodeji Akingunola, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jennifer G. Murphy, Shailesh K. Kharol, and Karen E. Cady-Pereira
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2011–2034, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2011-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using a modified air quality forecasting model, we have found that a significant fraction (> 50 %) of ambient ammonia comes from re-emission from plants and soils in the broader Athabasca Oil Sands region and much of Alberta and Saskatchewan. We also found that about 20 % of ambient ammonia in Alberta and Saskatchewan came from forest fires in the summer of 2013. The addition of these two processes improved modelled ammonia, which was a motivating factor in undertaking this research.
Huanbo Wang, Mi Tian, Yang Chen, Guangming Shi, Yuan Liu, Fumo Yang, Leiming Zhang, Liqun Deng, Jiayan Yu, Chao Peng, and Xuyao Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 865–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-865-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-865-2018, 2018
Huiting Mao, Dolly Hall, Zhuyun Ye, Ying Zhou, Dirk Felton, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11655–11671, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11655-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11655-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant hazardous to human and ecosystem health, and its emission control is imperative. Anthropogenic mercury emissions have been reduced by 78 % in the United States from 1990 to 2014. However, no clearly defined trend was observed in Hg concentrations at urban locations such as the one in this study. This indicates that other factors may have dominated over anthropogenic emission control. The implications of this study could hence be highly policy relevant.
Leiming Zhang, Seth Lyman, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, David A. Gay, Shuxiao Wang, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Xinbin Feng, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9133–9144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Future research needs are proposed for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation.
Yunfei Wu, Xiaojia Wang, Jun Tao, Rujin Huang, Ping Tian, Junji Cao, Leiming Zhang, Kin-Fai Ho, Zhiwei Han, and Renjian Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7965–7975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7965-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7965-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
As black carbon (BC) aerosols play an important role in the climate and environment, the size distribution of refractory BC (rBC) was investigated. On this basis, the source of rBC was further analyzed. The local traffic exhausts contributed greatly to the rBC in urban areas. However, its contribution decreased significantly in the polluted period compared to the clean period, implying the increasing contribution of other sources, e.g., coal combustion or biomass burning, in the polluted period.
Irene Cheng and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4711–4730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4711-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4711-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Geographical and long-term (1983–2011) trends in air concentrations and wet deposition of inorganic ions and aerosol and precipitation acidity were analyzed at 31 sites in Canada. Declines in atmospheric ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate were consistent with decreasing emissions of NH3, NOx, and SO2. A decline in nitrate and sulfate wet deposition was also observed. Wet scavenging was further studied by estimating scavenging ratios and relative contributions of gases and aerosols to wet deposition.
Xiaohong Xu, Yanyin Liao, Irene Cheng, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1381–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1381-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1381-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses two issues related to source–receptor analysis of speciated atmospheric mercury: (1) comparing PMF and PCA and (2) testing different approaches in data selection for PMF modeling.
L. Paige Wright, Leiming Zhang, and Frank J. Marsik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The current knowledge concerning mercury dry deposition is reviewed, including dry deposition algorithms used in chemical transport models and at monitoring sites, measurement methods and studies for quantifying dry deposition of oxidized mercury, and measurement studies of litterfall and throughfall mercury. Over all the regions, dry deposition, estimated as the sum of litterfall and throughfall minus open-field wet deposition, is more dominant than wet deposition for Hg deposition.
Huiting Mao, Irene Cheng, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12897–12924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12897-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12897-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding of spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric speciated mercury can advance our knowledge of mercury cycling in various environments. This review summarized spatiotemporal variations of TGM/GEM, GOM, and PBM in environments including oceans, continents, high elevation, the free troposphere, and low to high latitudes. Remaining questions/issues and recommendations were provided for future research.
Xiaohong Yao and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11465–11475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11465-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11465-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric NH3 plays an important role in forming secondary aerosols and has a direct impact on sensitive ecosystems. This study aims to study its long-term variation and find that the long-term trend can be affected by climate change as well as other anthropogenic factors, depending on sites. A large percentage increase of atmospheric NH3 at remote American sites is surprising and may cause a potential threat to sensitive ecosystems in the future.
Chunpeng Leng, Junyan Duan, Chen Xu, Hefeng Zhang, Yifan Wang, Yanyu Wang, Xiang Li, Lingdong Kong, Jun Tao, Renjian Zhang, Tiantao Cheng, Shuping Zha, and Xingna Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9221–9234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9221-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9221-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions and aerosol properties played major roles in this historic winter haze weather formation. Aerosols the size of 600–1400 nm are mostly responsible for the impairment of atmospheric visibility. This study was performed by combining many on-line measurement techniques which were calibrated regularly to ensure reliability, and can act as a reference for forecasting and eliminating the occurrences of regional atmospheric pollutions in China.
Naifang Bei, Guohui Li, Ru-Jin Huang, Junji Cao, Ning Meng, Tian Feng, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiang Zhang, and Luisa T. Molina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7373–7387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7373-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7373-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused severe air pollution in the Guanzhong basin, northwestern China with heavy haze events occurring frequently in recent winters. Due to frequent occurrence of unfavorable synoptic situations during wintertime, mitigation of emissions is the optimum approach to mitigate the air pollution in the Guanzhong basin.
James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Paul Hearty, Reto Ruedy, Maxwell Kelley, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Gary Russell, George Tselioudis, Junji Cao, Eric Rignot, Isabella Velicogna, Blair Tormey, Bailey Donovan, Evgeniya Kandiano, Karina von Schuckmann, Pushker Kharecha, Allegra N. Legrande, Michael Bauer, and Kwok-Wai Lo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3761–3812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use climate simulations, paleoclimate data and modern observations to infer that continued high fossil fuel emissions will yield cooling of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic surfaces, slowdown and shutdown of SMOC & AMOC, increasingly powerful storms and nonlinear sea level rise reaching several meters in 50–150 years, effects missed in IPCC reports because of omission of ice sheet melt and an insensitivity of most climate models, likely due to excessive ocean mixing.
Miriam Elser, Ru-Jin Huang, Robert Wolf, Jay G. Slowik, Qiyuan Wang, Francesco Canonaco, Guohui Li, Carlo Bozzetti, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Yu Huang, Renjian Zhang, Zhengqiang Li, Junji Cao, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El-Haddad, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3207–3225, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3207-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3207-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work represents the first online chemical characterization of the PM2.5 using a high-resolution time-of flight aerosol mass spectrometer during extreme haze events China. The application of novel source apportionment techniques allowed for an improved identification and quantification of the sources of organic aerosols. The main sources and processes driving the extreme haze events are assessed.
Lei Zhang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Fengyang Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Leiming Zhang, Mulin Hui, Mei Yang, Haitao Su, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2417–2433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, 2016
Q. Y. Wang, R.-J. Huang, J. J. Cao, X. X. Tie, H. Y. Ni, Y. Q. Zhou, Y. M. Han, T. F. Hu, C. S. Zhu, T. Feng, N. Li, and J. D. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13059–13069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13059-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13059-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An intensive campaign was conducted at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using a ground-based single particle soot photometer and a photoacoustic extinctiometer. Significant enhancements of rBC loadings and number fraction of coated rBC were observed during the pollution episode. Biomass burning from N. India is determined to be an important potential source influencing the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The rBC mixing state is important in determining absorption during the pollution episode.
L. Zhang, D. K. Henze, G. A. Grell, G. R. Carmichael, N. Bousserez, Q. Zhang, O. Torres, C. Ahn, Z. Lu, J. Cao, and Y. Mao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10281–10308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10281-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10281-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We attempt to reduce uncertainties in BC emissions and improve BC model simulations by developing top-down, spatially resolved, estimates of BC emissions through assimilation of OMI observations of aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) with the GEOS-Chem model and its adjoint for April and October of 2006. Despite the limitations and uncertainties, using OMI AAOD to constrain BC sources we are able to improve model representation of BC distributions, particularly over China.
C. G. Nolte, K. W. Appel, J. T. Kelly, P. V. Bhave, K. M. Fahey, J. L. Collett Jr., L. Zhang, and J. O. Young
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2877–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the most comprehensive evaluation of CMAQ inorganic
aerosol size-composition distributions conducted to date. We compare two
methods of inferring PM2.5 concentrations from the model: (1) based on
the sum of the masses in the fine aerosol modes, as is most commonly
done in CMAQ model evaluation; and (2) computed using the simulated size
distributions. Differences are generally less than 1 microgram/m3, and
are largest over the eastern USA during the summer.
I. Cheng, X. Xu, and L. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7877–7895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Current knowledge of receptor-based studies using speciated atmospheric mercury is reviewed and recommendations for future research needs are provided.
H. Che, X.-Y. Zhang, X. Xia, P. Goloub, B. Holben, H. Zhao, Y. Wang, X.-C. Zhang, H. Wang, L. Blarel, B. Damiri, R. Zhang, X. Deng, Y. Ma, T. Wang, F. Geng, B. Qi, J. Zhu, J. Yu, Q. Chen, and G. Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7619–7652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work studied more than 10 years of measurements of aerosol optical depths (AODs) made for 50 sites of CARSNET compiled into a climatology of aerosol optical properties for China. It lets us see a detailed full-scale description of AOD observations over China. The results would benefit us a lot in comprehending the temporal and special distribution aerosol optical property over China. Also the data would be valuable to communities of aerosol satellite retrieval, modelling, etc.
Z. Y. Wu, L. Zhang, X. M. Wang, and J. W. Munger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7487–7496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7487-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7487-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we have developed a modified micrometeorological gradient method (MGM), although based on existing micrometeorological theory, to estimate O3 dry deposition fluxes over a forest canopy using concentration gradients between a level above and a level below the canopy top. The new method provides an alternative approach in monitoring/estimating long-term deposition fluxes of similar pollutants over tall canopies and is expected to be useful for the scientific community.
L. Zhang, I. Cheng, D. Muir, and J.-P. Charland
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1421–1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1421-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1421-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed air and precipitation concentrations of 43 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) collected in the Athabasca oil sands region. A database has been built for the parameter scavenging ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the concentration of PACs in precipitation to that in air. A better understanding of the potential differences between gas and particulate scavenging and between snow and rain scavenging has been achieved.
Y.-L. Zhang, R.-J. Huang, I. El Haddad, K.-F. Ho, J.-J. Cao, Y. Han, P. Zotter, C. Bozzetti, K. R. Daellenbach, F. Canonaco, J. G. Slowik, G. Salazar, M. Schwikowski, J. Schnelle-Kreis, G. Abbaszade, R. Zimmermann, U. Baltensperger, A. S. H. Prévôt, and S. Szidat
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1299–1312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment of fine carbonaceous aerosols using radiocarbon and other organic markers measurements during 2013 winter haze episodes was conducted at four megacities in China. Our results demonstrate that fossil emissions predominate EC with a mean contribution of 75±8%, whereas non-fossil sources account for 55±10% of OC; and the increment of TC on heavily polluted days was mainly driven by the increase of secondary OC from both fossil-fuel and non-fossil emissions.
C. Leng, Q. Zhang, D. Zhang, C. Xu, T. Cheng, R. Zhang, J. Tao, J. Chen, S. Zha, Y. Zhang, X. Li, L. Kong, and W. Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12499–12512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12499-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12499-2014, 2014
G. H. Wang, C. L. Cheng, Y. Huang, J. Tao, Y. Q. Ren, F. Wu, J. J. Meng, J. J. Li, Y. T. Cheng, J. J. Cao, S. X. Liu, T. Zhang, R. Zhang, and Y. B. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11571–11585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11571-2014, 2014
C. Leng, Q. Zhang, J. Tao, H. Zhang, D. Zhang, C. Xu, X. Li, L. Kong, T. Cheng, R. Zhang, X. Yang, J. Chen, L. Qiao, S. Lou, H. Wang, and C. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11353–11365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11353-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11353-2014, 2014
B. Qu, J. Ming, S.-C. Kang, G.-S. Zhang, Y.-W. Li, C.-D. Li, S.-Y. Zhao, Z.-M. Ji, and J.-J. Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11117–11128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11117-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11117-2014, 2014
J. Tao, J. Gao, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, H. Che, Z. Zhang, Z. Lin, J. Jing, J. Cao, and S.-C. Hsu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8679–8699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, 2014
S.-C. Hsu, G.-C. Gong, F.-K. Shiah, C.-C. Hung, S.-J. Kao, R. Zhang, W.-N. Chen, C.-C. Chen, C. C.-K. Chou, Y.-C. Lin, F.-J. Lin, and S.-H. Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-21433-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-21433-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Z. J. Lin, Z. S. Zhang, L. Zhang, J. Tao, R. J. Zhang, J. J. Cao, S. J. Fan, and Y. H. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7631–7644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7631-2014, 2014
R.-J. Huang, W.-B. Li, Y.-R. Wang, Q. Y. Wang, W. T. Jia, K.-F. Ho, J. J. Cao, G. H. Wang, X. Chen, I. EI Haddad, Z. X. Zhuang, X. R. Wang, A. S. H. Prévôt, C. D. O'Dowd, and T. Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2027–2035, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2027-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2027-2014, 2014
D. Wen, L. Zhang, J. C. Lin, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1037–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1037-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1037-2014, 2014
X. Wang, L. Zhang, and M. D. Moran
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 799–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-799-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-799-2014, 2014
L. Zhang and Z. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3729–3737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3729-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3729-2014, 2014
X. H. Yao and L. Zhang
Biogeosciences, 10, 7913–7925, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7913-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7913-2013, 2013
J. J. Li, G. H. Wang, J. J. Cao, X. M. Wang, and R. J. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11535–11549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11535-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11535-2013, 2013
S. Chen, X. Qiu, L. Zhang, F. Yang, and P. Blanchard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11287–11293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11287-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11287-2013, 2013
L. Zhang, X. Wang, M. D. Moran, and J. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10005–10025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10005-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10005-2013, 2013
R. Zhang, J. Jing, J. Tao, S.-C. Hsu, G. Wang, J. Cao, C. S. L. Lee, L. Zhu, Z. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Z. Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013
I. Cheng, L. Zhang, P. Blanchard, J. Dalziel, and R. Tordon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6031–6048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6031-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6031-2013, 2013
G. Kos, A. Ryzhkov, A. Dastoor, J. Narayan, A. Steffen, P. A. Ariya, and L. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4839–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, 2013
L. Xing, T.-M. Fu, J. J. Cao, S. C. Lee, G. H. Wang, K. F. Ho, M.-C. Cheng, C.-F. You, and T. J. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4307–4318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4307-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4307-2013, 2013
D. Wen, J. C. Lin, L. Zhang, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 327–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-327-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-327-2013, 2013
Y. H. Lee, J.-F. Lamarque, M. G. Flanner, C. Jiao, D. T. Shindell, T. Berntsen, M. M. Bisiaux, J. Cao, W. J. Collins, M. Curran, R. Edwards, G. Faluvegi, S. Ghan, L. W. Horowitz, J. R. McConnell, J. Ming, G. Myhre, T. Nagashima, V. Naik, S. T. Rumbold, R. B. Skeie, K. Sudo, T. Takemura, F. Thevenon, B. Xu, and J.-H. Yoon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2607–2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2607-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2607-2013, 2013
Z. J. Lin, J. Tao, F. H. Chai, S. J. Fan, J. H. Yue, L. H. Zhu, K. F. Ho, and R. J. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1115–1128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1115-2013, 2013
J.-J. Cao, C.-S. Zhu, X.-X. Tie, F.-H. Geng, H.-M. Xu, S. S. H. Ho, G.-H. Wang, Y.-M. Han, and K.-F. Ho
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 803–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-803-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-803-2013, 2013
G. H. Wang, B. H. Zhou, C. L. Cheng, J. J. Cao, J. J. Li, J. J. Meng, J. Tao, R. J. Zhang, and P. Q. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 819–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-819-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Variability in black carbon mass concentration in surface snow at Svalbard
Rapid mass growth and enhanced light extinction of atmospheric aerosols during the heating season haze episodes in Beijing revealed by aerosol–chemistry–radiation–boundary layer interaction
Measurement report: Saccharide composition in atmospheric fine particulate matter during spring at the remote sites of southwest China and estimates of source contributions
Gas–particle partitioning of polyol tracers at a suburban site in Nanjing, east China: increased partitioning to the particle phase
Measurement report: Source characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon in PM2.5 at two sites in Japan, as assessed by long-term observation and stable carbon isotope ratio
The importance of sesquiterpene oxidation products for secondary organic aerosol formation in a springtime hemiboreal forest
PM1 composition and source apportionment at two sites in Delhi, India, across multiple seasons
Increase of nitrooxy organosulfates in firework-related urban aerosols during Chinese New Year's Eve
Differentiation of coarse-mode anthropogenic, marine and dust particles in the High Arctic islands of Svalbard
Source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 oxidative potential: synthesis of 15 year-round urban datasets in France
Measurement report: Long-emission-wavelength chromophores dominate the light absorption of brown carbon in aerosols over Bangkok: impact from biomass burning
Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds contribute substantially to air pollution mortality
Mediterranean nascent sea spray organic aerosol and relationships with seawater biogeochemistry
Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification
Eight years of sub-micrometre organic aerosol composition data from the boreal forest characterized using a machine-learning approach
Quantification of solid fuel combustion and aqueous chemistry contributions to secondary organic aerosol during wintertime haze events in Beijing
Large seasonal and interannual variations of biogenic sulfur compounds in the Arctic atmosphere (Svalbard; 78.9° N, 11.9° E)
Disparities in particulate matter (PM10) origins and oxidative potential at a city scale (Grenoble, France) – Part 2: Sources of PM10 oxidative potential using multiple linear regression analysis and the predictive applicability of multilayer perceptron neural network analysis
Inter-annual variations of wet deposition in Beijing from 2014–2017: implications of below-cloud scavenging of inorganic aerosols
Urban organic aerosol composition in eastern China differs from north to south: molecular insight from a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) study
Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation
Determination of free amino acids, saccharides, and selected microbes in biogenic atmospheric aerosols – seasonal variations, particle size distribution, chemical and microbial relations
Physical and chemical properties of urban aerosols in São Paulo, Brazil: links between composition and size distribution of submicron particles
Substantial changes in gaseous pollutants and chemical compositions in fine particles in the North China Plain during the COVID-19 lockdown period: anthropogenic vs. meteorological influences
Measurement report: Molecular composition, optical properties, and radiative effects of water-soluble organic carbon in snowpack samples from northern Xinjiang, China
Significant contrasts in aerosol acidity between China and the United States
Increase in secondary organic aerosol in an urban environment
Carbonaceous aerosol composition in air masses influenced by large-scale biomass burning: a case study in northwestern Vietnam
The role of coarse aerosol particles as a sink of HNO3 in wintertime pollution events in the Salt Lake Valley
Molecular characterization of gaseous and particulate oxygenated compounds at a remote site in Cape Corsica in the western Mediterranean Basin
Aircraft measurements of aerosol and trace gas chemistry in the eastern North Atlantic
Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution at regional and urban background sites in northern Italy
Urban aerosol chemistry at a land-water transition site during summer – Part 1: Impact of agricultural and industrial ammonia emissions
Measurement report: Fourteen months of real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamics at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite
Trends, composition, and sources of carbonaceous aerosol at the Birkenes Observatory, northern Europe, 2001–2018
Enhancement of nanoparticle formation and growth during the COVID-19 lockdown period in urban Beijing
Ammonium nitrate promotes sulfate formation through uptake kinetic regime
Chemical composition and source attribution of sub-micrometre aerosol particles in the summertime Arctic lower troposphere
Sources of black carbon at residential and traffic environments
In-depth characterization of submicron particulate matter inter-annual variations at a street canyon site in northern Europe
Measurement report: The chemical composition and temporal variability of aerosol particles at Tuktoyaktuk, Canada during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period
Measurement report: Indirect evidence for the controlling influence of acidity on the speciation of iodine in Atlantic aerosols
Measurement report: Firework impacts on air quality in Metro Manila, Philippines, during the 2019 New Year revelry
Measurement report: Receptor modelling for source identification of urban fine and coarse particulate matter using hourly elemental composition
Chemical composition of PM2.5 in October 2017 Northern California wildfire plumes
Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM2.5 oxidative potential in Beijing, China
Organic aerosol volatility and viscosity in the North China Plain: contrast between summer and winter
Disparities in particulate matter (PM10) origins and oxidative potential at a city scale (Grenoble, France) – Part 1: Source apportionment at three neighbouring sites
Measurement report: Comparison of wintertime individual particles at ground level and above the mixed layer in urban Beijing
Aerosol characteristics at the Southern Great Plains site during the HI-SCALE campaign
Michele Bertò, David Cappelletti, Elena Barbaro, Cristiano Varin, Jean-Charles Gallet, Krzysztof Markowicz, Anna Rozwadowska, Mauro Mazzola, Stefano Crocchianti, Luisa Poto, Paolo Laj, Carlo Barbante, and Andrea Spolaor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12479–12493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the daily and seasonal variability in black carbon (BC) in surface snow inferred from two specific experiments based on the hourly and daily time resolution sampling during the Arctic spring in Svalbard. These unique data sets give us, for the first time, the opportunity to evaluate the associations between the observed surface snow BC mass concentration and a set of predictors corresponding to the considered meteorological and snow physico-chemical parameters.
Zhuohui Lin, Yonghong Wang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Yishuo Guo, Zemin Feng, Chang Li, Yusheng Zhang, Simo Hakala, Tommy Chan, Chao Yan, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Juha Kangasluoma, Lei Yao, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Du, Jing Cai, Runlong Cai, Tom V. Kokkonen, Putian Zhou, Lili Wang, Tuukka Petäjä, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12173–12187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find that ammonium nitrate and aerosol water content contributed most during low mixing layer height conditions; this may further trigger enhanced formation of sulfate and organic aerosol via heterogeneous reactions. The results of this study contribute towards a more detailed understanding of the aerosol–chemistry–radiation–boundary layer feedback that is likely to be responsible for explosive aerosol mass growth events in urban Beijing.
Zhenzhen Wang, Di Wu, Zhuoyu Li, Xiaona Shang, Qing Li, Xiang Li, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan, Huiling Ouyang, Xu Tang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12227–12241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study firstly investigates the composition of sugars in the fine fraction of aerosol over three sites in southwest China. The result suggested no significant reduction in biomass burning emissions in southwest Yunnan Province to some extent. The result shown sheds light on the contributions of biomass burning and the characteristics of biogenic saccharides in these regions, which could be further applied to regional source apportionment models and global climate models.
Chao Qin, Yafeng Gou, Yuhang Wang, Yuhao Mao, Hong Liao, Qin'geng Wang, and Mingjie Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12141–12153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that the aqueous solution in aerosols is an important absorbing phase for gaseous polyols in the atmosphere, indicating that the dissolution in aerosol liquid water should not be ignored when investigating gas–particle partitioning of water-soluble organics. The exponential increase in effective partitioning coefficients of polyol tracers with sulfate ion concentrations could be attributed to organic–inorganic interactions in the particle phase.
Nana Suto and Hiroto Kawashima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11815–11828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11815-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11815-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sources and seasonal trends of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 on long-term trends at two sites in Japan are investigated by carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of WSOC. At the rural site, the δ13C of WSOC from autumn to spring was concluded to reflect mainly the biomass burning of rice straw. The heaviest δ13C of WSOC from February to April 2019 might reflect long-range transport of particles resulting from the overseas burning of C4 plants such as corn.
Luis M. F. Barreira, Arttu Ylisirniö, Iida Pullinen, Angela Buchholz, Zijun Li, Helina Lipp, Heikki Junninen, Urmas Hõrrak, Steffen M. Noe, Alisa Krasnova, Dmitrii Krasnov, Kaia Kask, Eero Talts, Ülo Niinemets, Jose Ruiz-Jimenez, and Siegfried Schobesberger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11781–11800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11781-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11781-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from PM1 atmospheric composition and concentration measurements performed in a springtime hemiboreal forest. Sesquiterpene mixing ratios and particle-phase concentrations of corresponding oxidation products were rapidly increasing on some early mornings. The particle volatility suggested that condensable sesquiterpene oxidation products are rapidly formed in the atmosphere. The results revealed the importance of sesquiterpenes for secondary organic aerosol particulate mass.
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Upasana Panda, Eoghan Darbyshire, James M. Cash, Rutambhara Joshi, Ben Langford, Chiara F. Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, Daniel J. Rooney, W. Joe F. Acton, Will Drysdale, Eiko Nemitz, Michael Flynn, Aristeidis Voliotis, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, James Lee, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Mathew R. Heal, Sachin S. Gunthe, Tuhin K. Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Siddhartha Singh, Vijay Soni, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11655–11667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the first multisite online measurements of PM1 in Delhi, India, with measurements over different seasons in Old Delhi and New Delhi in 2018. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). Traffic was the main primary aerosol source for both OAs and black carbon, seen with PMF and Aethalometer model analysis, indicating that control of primary traffic exhaust emissions would make a significant reduction to Delhi air pollution.
Qiaorong Xie, Sihui Su, Jing Chen, Yuqing Dai, Siyao Yue, Hang Su, Haijie Tong, Wanyu Zhao, Lujie Ren, Yisheng Xu, Dong Cao, Ying Li, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, Cong-Qiang Liu, Kimitaka Kawamura, Guibin Jiang, Yafang Cheng, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11453–11465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11453-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11453-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the role of nighttime chemistry during Chinese New Year's Eve that enhances the formation of nitrooxy organosulfates in the aerosol phase. Results show that anthropogenic precursors, together with biogenic ones, considerably contribute to the formation of low-volatility nitrooxy OSs. Our study provides detailed molecular composition of firework-related aerosols, which gives new insights into the physicochemical properties and potential health effects of urban aerosols.
Congbo Song, Manuel Dall'Osto, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Stefania Gilardoni, Stergios Vratolis, Karl Espen Yttri, David C. S. Beddows, Julia Schmale, James Brean, Agung Ghani Kramawijaya, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11317–11335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a cluster analysis of relatively long-term (2015–2019) aerosol aerodynamic volume size distributions up to 20 μm in the Arctic for the first time. The study found that anthropogenic and natural aerosols comprised 27 % and 73 % of the occurrence of the coarse-mode aerosols, respectively. Our study shows that about two-thirds of the coarse-mode aerosols are related to two sea-spray-related aerosol clusters, indicating that sea spray aerosol may more complex in the Arctic environment.
Samuël Weber, Gaëlle Uzu, Olivier Favez, Lucille Joanna S. Borlaza, Aude Calas, Dalia Salameh, Florie Chevrier, Julie Allard, Jean-Luc Besombes, Alexandre Albinet, Sabrina Pontet, Boualem Mesbah, Grégory Gille, Shouwen Zhang, Cyril Pallares, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11353–11378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11353-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11353-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidative potential (OP) of aerosols is apportioned to the main PM sources found in 15 sites over France. The sources present clear distinct intrinsic OPs at a large geographic scale, and a drastic redistribution between the mass concentration and OP measured by both ascorbic acid and dithiothreitol is highlighted. Moreover, the high discrepancy between the mean and median contributions of the sources to the given metrics raises some important questions when dealing with health endpoints.
Jiao Tang, Jiaqi Wang, Guangcai Zhong, Hongxing Jiang, Yangzhi Mo, Bolong Zhang, Xiaofei Geng, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Congguo Tian, Surat Bualert, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11337–11352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides a combined EEM–PARAFAC and statistical analysis method to explore how excitation–emission matrix (EEM) chromophores influence BrC light absorption in soluble organic matter. The application enables us to deduce that BrC absorption is mainly dependent on longer-emission-wavelength chromophores largely associated with biomass burning emissions. This method promotes the application of EEM spectroscopy and helps us understand the light absorption of BrC in the atmosphere.
Benjamin A. Nault, Duseong S. Jo, Brian C. McDonald, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Weiwei Hu, Jason C. Schroder, James Allan, Donald R. Blake, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Hugh Coe, Matthew M. Coggon, Peter F. DeCarlo, Glenn S. Diskin, Rachel Dunmore, Frank Flocke, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Georgios Gkatzelis, Jacqui F. Hamilton, Thomas F. Hanisco, Patrick L. Hayes, Daven K. Henze, Alma Hodzic, James Hopkins, Min Hu, L. Greggory Huey, B. Thomas Jobson, William C. Kuster, Alastair Lewis, Meng Li, Jin Liao, M. Omar Nawaz, Ilana B. Pollack, Jeffrey Peischl, Bernhard Rappenglück, Claire E. Reeves, Dirk Richter, James M. Roberts, Thomas B. Ryerson, Min Shao, Jacob M. Sommers, James Walega, Carsten Warneke, Petter Weibring, Glenn M. Wolfe, Dominique E. Young, Bin Yuan, Qiang Zhang, Joost A. de Gouw, and Jose L. Jimenez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11201–11224, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important aspect of poor air quality for urban regions around the world, where a large fraction of the population lives. However, there is still large uncertainty in predicting SOA in urban regions. Here, we used data from 11 urban campaigns and show that the variability in SOA production in these regions is predictable and is explained by key emissions. These results are used to estimate the premature mortality associated with SOA in urban regions.
Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Alessia Nicosia, Leah R. Williams, Matteo Rinaldi, Jonathan T. Trueblood, André S. H. Prévôt, Melilotus Thyssen, Gérald Grégori, Nils Haëntjens, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, France Van Wambeke, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Karine Desboeufs, Eija Asmi, Hilkka Timonen, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10625–10641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present observations of the organic aerosol content in primary sea spray aerosols (SSAs) continuously generated along a 5-week cruise in the Mediterranean. This information is combined with seawater biogeochemical properties also measured continuously along the ship track to develop a number of parametrizations that can be used in models to determine SSA organic content in oligotrophic waters that represent 60 % of the oceans from commonly measured seawater variables.
James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Chiara Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, James Allan, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Ruthambara Joshi, Mathew R. Heal, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Pawel K. Misztal, Will Drysdale, Tuhin K. Mandal, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Bhola Ram Gurjar, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10133–10158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first real-time composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in Old Delhi using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. Seasonal analysis shows peak concentrations occur during the post-monsoon, and novel-tracers reveal the largest sources are a combination of local open and regional crop residue burning. Strong links between increased chloride aerosol concentrations and burning sources of PM1 suggest burning sources are responsible for the post-monsoon chloride peak.
Liine Heikkinen, Mikko Äijälä, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Gang Chen, Olga Garmash, Diego Aliaga, Frans Graeffe, Meri Räty, Krista Luoma, Pasi Aalto, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Douglas Worsnop, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10081–10109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10081-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10081-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In many locations worldwide aerosol particles have been shown to be made up of organic aerosol (OA). The boreal forest is a region where aerosol particles possess a high OA mass fraction. Here, we studied OA composition using the longest time series of OA composition ever obtained from a boreal environment. For this purpose, we tested a new analysis framework and discovered that most of the OA was highly oxidized, with strong seasonal behaviour reflecting different sources in summer and winter.
Yandong Tong, Veronika Pospisilova, Lu Qi, Jing Duan, Yifang Gu, Varun Kumar, Pragati Rai, Giulia Stefenelli, Liwei Wang, Ying Wang, Haobin Zhong, Urs Baltensperger, Junji Cao, Ru-Jin Huang, André S. H. Prévôt, and Jay G. Slowik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9859–9886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate SOA sources and formation processes by a field deployment of the EESI-TOF-MS and L-TOF AMS in Beijing in late autumn and early winter. Our study shows that the sources and processes giving rise to haze events in Beijing are variable and seasonally dependent: (1) in the heating season, SOA formation is driven by oxidation of aromatics from solid fuel combustion; and (2) under high-NOx and RH conditions, aqueous-phase chemistry can be a major contributor to SOA formation.
Sehyun Jang, Ki-Tae Park, Kitack Lee, Young Jun Yoon, Kitae Kim, Hyun Young Chung, Eunho Jang, Silvia Becagli, Bang Yong Lee, Rita Traversi, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Radovan Krejci, and Ove Hermansen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9761–9777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9761-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9761-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides comprehensive datasets encompassing seasonal and interannual variations in sulfate and MSA concentration in aerosol particles in the Arctic atmosphere. As oxidation products of DMS have important roles in new particle formation and growth, we focused on factors affecting their variability and the branching ratio of DMS oxidation. We found a strong correlation between the ratio and the light condition, chemical properties of particles, and biological activities near Svalbard.
Lucille Joanna S. Borlaza, Samuël Weber, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Stephan Houdier, Rémy Slama, Camille Rieux, Alexandre Albinet, Steve Micallef, Cécile Trébluchon, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9719–9739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
With an enhanced source apportionment obtained in a companion paper, this paper acquires more understanding of the spatiotemporal associations of the sources of PM to oxidative potential (OP), an emerging health-based metric. Multilayer perceptron neural network analysis was used to apportion OP from PM sources. Results showed that such a methodology is as robust as the linear classical inversion and permits an improvement in the OP prediction when local features or non-linear effects occur.
Baozhu Ge, Danhui Xu, Oliver Wild, Xuefeng Yao, Junhua Wang, Xueshun Chen, Qixin Tan, Xiaole Pan, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9441–9454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9441-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9441-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, an improved sequential sampling method is developed and implemented to estimate the contribution of below-cloud and in-cloud wet deposition over four years of measurements in Beijing. We find that the contribution of below-cloud scavenging for Ca2+, SO4 2–, and NH4+ decreases from above 50 % in 2014 to below 40 % in 2017. This suggests that the Action Plan has mitigated particulate matter pollution in the surface layer and hence decreased scavenging due to the washout process.
Kai Wang, Ru-Jin Huang, Martin Brüggemann, Yun Zhang, Lu Yang, Haiyan Ni, Jie Guo, Meng Wang, Jiajun Han, Merete Bilde, Marianne Glasius, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9089–9104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the detailed molecular composition of the organic aerosol collected in three eastern Chinese cities from north to south, Changchun, Shanghai and Guangzhou, by applying LC–Orbitrap analysis. Accordingly, the aromaticity degree of chemical compounds decreases from north to south, while the oxidation degree increases from north to south, which can be explained by the different anthropogenic emissions and photochemical oxidation processes.
Charlotte M. Beall, Jennifer M. Michaud, Meredith A. Fish, Julie Dinasquet, Gavin C. Cornwell, M. Dale Stokes, Michael D. Burkart, Thomas C. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9031–9045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) can influence multiple climate-relevant cloud properties by triggering droplet freezing at relative humidities below or temperatures above the freezing point of water. The ocean is a significant INP source; however, the specific identities of marine INPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify 14 ice-nucleating microbes from aerosol and precipitation samples collected at a coastal site in southern California, two or more of which are likely marine.
Jose Ruiz-Jimenez, Magdalena Okuljar, Outi-Maaria Sietiö, Giorgia Demaria, Thanaporn Liangsupree, Elisa Zagatti, Juho Aalto, Kari Hartonen, Jussi Heinonsalo, Jaana Bäck, Tuukka Petäjä, and Marja-Liisa Riekkola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8775–8790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8775-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8775-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Altogether, 84 size-segregated aerosol samples from four particle size fractions were collected at the Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations, Hyytiälä, Finland, in autumn 2017 for the clarification of the complex interrelationships between airborne and particulate chemical traces, amino acids and saccharides, gene copy numbers (16S and 18S for bacteria and fungi, respectively), gas-phase chemistry, and the particle size distribution.
Djacinto Monteiro dos Santos, Luciana Varanda Rizzo, Samara Carbone, Patrick Schlag, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8761–8773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8761-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8761-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP), with very extensive biofuel use, has unique atmospheric chemistry among world megacities. In this study, we examine the complex relationships between aerosol chemical composition and particle size distribution. Our findings provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the physicochemical properties of submicron particles and highlight the key role of secondary organic aerosol formation in the pollution levels in São Paulo.
Rui Li, Yilong Zhao, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, Meng Peng, and Chunying Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8677–8692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a random forest model, the strict lockdown measures significantly decreased primary components such as Cr (−67 %) and Fe (−61 %) in PM2.5 (p < 0.01), whereas the higher relative humidity (RH) and NH3 level and the lower air temperature (T) remarkably enhanced the production of secondary aerosol including SO42− (29 %), NO3− (29 %), and NH4+ (21 %) (p < 0.05). The natural experiment suggested that the NH3 emission should be strictly controlled.
Yue Zhou, Christopher P. West, Anusha P. S. Hettiyadura, Xiaoying Niu, Hui Wen, Jiecan Cui, Tenglong Shi, Wei Pu, Xin Wang, and Alexander Laskin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8531–8555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8531-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8531-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive characterization of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in seasonal snow of northwestern China. We applied complementary multimodal analytical techniques to investigate bulk and molecular-level composition, optical properties, and sources of WSOC. For the first time, we estimated the extent of radiative forcing due to WSOC in snow using a model simulation and showed the profound influences of WSOC on the energy budget of midlatitude seasonal snowpack.
Bingqing Zhang, Huizhong Shen, Pengfei Liu, Hongyu Guo, Yongtao Hu, Yilin Chen, Shaodong Xie, Ziyan Xi, T. Nash Skipper, and Armistead G. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8341–8356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extended ground-level measurements are coupled with model simulations to comprehensively compare the aerosol acidity in China and the United States. Aerosols in China are significantly less acidic than those in the United States, with pH values 1–2 units higher. Higher aerosol mass concentrations and the abundance of ammonia and ammonium in China, compared to the United States, are leading causes of the pH difference between these two countries.
Marta Via, María Cruz Minguillón, Cristina Reche, Xavier Querol, and Andrés Alastuey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8323–8339, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8323-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8323-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric pollutants have been measured in an urban environment by means of state-of-the-art techniques, allowing the origin and the sources of pollution to be identified. Recent years are shown to be increasingly dominated by non-directly emitted particulate matter. Knowledge about the sources of atmospheric pollutants is necessary to design effective mitigation policies.
Dac-Loc Nguyen, Hendryk Czech, Simone M. Pieber, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Martin Steinbacher, Jürgen Orasche, Stephan Henne, Olga B. Popovicheva, Gülcin Abbaszade, Guenter Engling, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Nhat-Anh Nguyen, Xuan-Anh Nguyen, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8293–8312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Southeast Asia is well-known for emission-intense and recurring wildfires and after-harvest crop residue burning during the pre-monsoon season from February to April. We describe a biomass burning (BB) plume arriving at remote Pha Din meteorological station, outline its carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) constituents based on more than 50 target compounds and discuss possible BB sources. This study adds valuable information on chemical PM composition for a region with scarce data availability.
Amy Hrdina, Jennifer G. Murphy, Anna Gannet Hallar, John C. Lin, Alexander Moravek, Ryan Bares, Ross C. Petersen, Alessandro Franchin, Ann M. Middlebrook, Lexie Goldberger, Ben H. Lee, Munkh Baasandorj, and Steven S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8111–8126, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wintertime air pollution in the Salt Lake Valley is primarily composed of ammonium nitrate, which is formed when gas-phase ammonia and nitric acid react. The major point in this work is that the chemical composition of snow tells a very different story to what we measured in the atmosphere. With the dust–sea salt cations observed in PM2.5 and particle sizing data, we can estimate how much nitric acid may be lost to dust–sea salt that is not accounted for and how much more PM2.5 this could form.
Vincent Michoud, Elise Hallemans, Laura Chiappini, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, Aurélie Colomb, Sébastien Dusanter, Isabelle Fronval, François Gheusi, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Thierry Léonardis, Nadine Locoge, Nicolas Marchand, Stéphane Sauvage, Jean Sciare, and Jean-François Doussin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8067–8088, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A multiphasic molecular characterization of oxygenated compounds has been carried out during the ChArMEx field campaign using offline analysis. It leads to the identification of 97 different compounds in the gas and aerosol phases and reveals the important contribution of organic acids to organic aerosol. In addition, comparison between experimental and theoretical partitioning coefficients revealed in most cases a large underestimation by the theory reaching 1 to 7 orders of magnitude.
Maria A. Zawadowicz, Kaitlyn Suski, Jiumeng Liu, Mikhail Pekour, Jerome Fast, Fan Mei, Arthur J. Sedlacek, Stephen Springston, Yang Wang, Rahul A. Zaveri, Robert Wood, Jian Wang, and John E. Shilling
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7983–8002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the results of a recent field campaign in the eastern North Atlantic, where two mass spectrometers were deployed aboard a research aircraft to measure the chemistry of aerosols and trace gases. Very clean conditions were found, dominated by local sulfate-rich acidic aerosol and very aged organics. Evidence of
long-range transport of aerosols from the continents was also identified.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Luca Pozzoli, Enrico Pisoni, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Friedrich Lagler, Guido Lanzani, Umberto Dal Santo, and Augustin Colette
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7597–7609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7597-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7597-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To determine the impact of the COVID lockdown on air quality in northern Italy, measurements of atmospheric pollutants (NO2, PM10, O3, NO, SO2 ) were compared to the output of a model ignoring the lockdown. We found that NO2 decreased on average by −30 % to −40 %. Unlike NO2, PM10 was not significantly affected due to the compensation of decreased emissions from traffic by increased emissions from domestic heating and/or by changes in atmospheric chemistry enhancing secondary aerosol formation.
Nicholas Balasus, Michael A. Battaglia, Katherine Ball, Vanessa Caicedo, Ruben Delgado, Annmarie G. Carlton, and Christopher J. Hennigan
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-365, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of aerosol and gas composition were carried out at a land-water transition site near Baltimore, MD. Gas-phase ammonia concentrations were highly elevated compared to measurements at a nearby inland site. Our analysis reveals that NH3 was from both industrial and agricultural sources. This had a pronounced effect on aerosol chemical composition at the site, most notably contributing to episodic spikes of aerosol nitrate.
Benjamin Chazeau, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Barbara D'Anna, Henri Wortham, and Nicolas Marchand
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7293–7319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The temporal trends in the chemical composition and particle number of the submicron aerosols in a Mediterranean city, Marseille, are investigated over 14 months. Fifteen days were found to exceed the WHO PM2.5 daily limit (25 µg m−3) only during the cold period, with two distinct origins: local pollution events with an increased fraction of the carbonaceous fraction due to domestic wood burning and long-range pollution events with a high level of oxygenated organic aerosol and ammonium nitrate.
Karl Espen Yttri, Francesco Canonaco, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Hans Gundersen, Anne-Gunn Hjellbrekke, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Stephen Matthew Platt, André S. H. Prévôt, David Simpson, Sverre Solberg, Jason Surratt, Kjetil Tørseth, Hilde Uggerud, Marit Vadset, Xin Wan, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7149–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7149-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7149-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonaceous aerosol sources and trends were studied at the Birkenes Observatory. A large decrease in elemental carbon (EC; 2001–2018) and a smaller decline in levoglucosan (2008–2018) suggest that organic carbon (OC)/EC from traffic/industry is decreasing, whereas the abatement of OC/EC from biomass burning has been less successful. Positive matrix factorization apportioned 72 % of EC to fossil fuel sources and 53 % (PM2.5) and 78 % (PM10–2.5) of OC to biogenic sources.
Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Fangqun Yu, Ying Wang, Junting Zhong, Yangmei Zhang, Xinyao Hu, Can Xia, Sinan Zhang, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7039–7052, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7039-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7039-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we revealed the changes of PNSD and NPF events during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Beijing, China, to illustrate the impact of reduced primary emission and elavated atmospheric oxidized capicity on the nucleation and growth processes. The subsequent growth of nucleated particles and their contribution to the aerosol pollution formation were also explored, to highlight the necessity of controlling the nanoparticles in the future air quality management.
Yongchun Liu, Zeming Feng, Feixue Zheng, Xiaolei Bao, Pengfei Liu, Yanli Ge, Yan Zhao, Tao Jiang, Yunwen Liao, Yusheng Zhang, Xiaolong Fan, Chao Yan, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Wei Du, Jing Cai, Federico Bianch, Tuukka Petäjä, Yujing Mu, Hong He, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-289, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms and kinetics of particulate sulfate formation in the atmosphere are still open questions although they have been extensively discussed. We found that uptake of SO2 is the rate determining step for the conversion of SO2 to particulate sulfate. NH4NO3 plays an important role in the AWC, the phase state of aerosol particles, subsequently, the uptake kinetics of SO2 under high RH conditions. This work is a good exmple about the feedback between aerosol physics and aerosol chemistry.
Franziska Köllner, Johannes Schneider, Megan D. Willis, Hannes Schulz, Daniel Kunkel, Heiko Bozem, Peter Hoor, Thomas Klimach, Frank Helleis, Julia Burkart, W. Richard Leaitch, Amir A. Aliabadi, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Andreas B. Herber, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6509–6539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present in situ observations of vertically resolved particle chemical composition in the summertime Arctic lower troposphere. Our analysis demonstrates the strong vertical contrast between particle properties within the boundary layer and aloft. Emissions from vegetation fires and anthropogenic sources in northern Canada, Europe, and East Asia influenced particle composition in the free troposphere. Organics detected in Arctic aerosol particles can partly be identified as dicarboxylic acids.
Sanna Saarikoski, Jarkko V. Niemi, Minna Aurela, Liisa Pirjola, Anu Kousa, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-231, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the main sources of black carbon (BC) at two urban environments. The largest fraction of BC originated from biomass burning at the residential site (38 %) and from vehicular emissions (57 %) at the street canyon. Also, a significant fraction of BC was associated with urban background or long-range transport. The data are needed by modelers and authorities when assessing climate and air quality impact of BC as well as directing the emission legislation and mitigation actions.
Luis M. F. Barreira, Aku Helin, Minna Aurela, Kimmo Teinilä, Milla Friman, Leena Kangas, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Anu Kousa, Liisa Pirjola, Topi Rönkkö, Sanna Saarikoski, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6297–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6297-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from the long-term measurements (5 years) of highly time-resolved atmospheric PM1 composition at an urban street canyon site. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration, composition, and sources in a traffic site and the implications for urban air quality. The investigation of pollution episodes showed that both local and long-range-transported pollutants can still cause elevated PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations in northern Europe.
John MacInnis, Jai Prakash Chaubey, Crystal Weagle, David Atkinson, and Rachel Ying-Wen Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-262, 2021
Preprint under review for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study measured particulate matter in the western Canadian Arctic during 2018 as part of the Year of Polar Prediction. It was found that the particles were likely from the ocean, soil, road dust, and combustion. The concentrations of small aerosol particles, which can affect human health, were low, suggesting they had little impact on local air quality. These results can be used to understand future changes in local aerosol particle sources and concentrations.
Alex R. Baker and Chan Yodle
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-72, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-72, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine is emitted from the ocean and helps to destroy ozone in the lower atmosphere before being taken up into aerosol particles. We measured the chemical forms of iodine in aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean because some of these forms can return to the gas phase and destroy more ozone. Our results indicate that aerosol acidity exerts a strong control on iodine speciation and therefore on its recycling behaviour and impact on ozone concentrations.
Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Paola Angela Bañaga, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Mojtaba AzadiAghdam, Avelino Arellano, Grace Betito, Rachel Braun, Andrea F. Corral, Hossein Dadashazar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Edwin Eloranta, Robert Holz, Gabrielle Leung, Lin Ma, Alexander B. MacDonald, Jeffrey S. Reid, James Bernard Simpas, Connor Stahl, Shane Marie Visaga, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6155–6173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6155-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6155-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Firework emissions change the physicochemical and optical properties of water-soluble particles, which subsequently alters the background aerosol’s respirability, influence on surroundings, ability to uptake gases, and viability as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There was heavy aerosol loading due to fireworks in the boundary layer. The aerosol constituents were largely water-soluble and submicrometer in size due to both inorganic salts in firework materials and gas-to-particle conversion.
Magdalena Reizer, Giulia Calzolai, Katarzyna Maciejewska, José A. G. Orza, Luca Carraresi, Franco Lucarelli, and Katarzyna Juda-Rezler
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-253, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Elemental composition of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 was measured during wintertime with 1-hour resolution by the use of “streaker” sampler for the first time at Central European urban background site. A set of multivariate, wind- and trajectory-based receptor models identified main sources of ambient aerosol. Fine PM fraction was mainly comprised of regionally transported aged secondary sulfate from solid fuel combustion in residential sector, while coarse mode showed traffic-related origin.
Yutong Liang, Coty N. Jen, Robert J. Weber, Pawel K. Misztal, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5719–5737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article reports the molecular composition of smoke particles people in SF Bay Area were exposed to during northern California wildfires in Oct. 2017. Major components are sugars, acids, aromatics, and terpenoids. These observations can be used to better understand health impacts of smoke exposure. Tracer compounds indicate which fuels burned, including diterpenoids for softwood and syringyls for hardwood. A statistical analysis reveals a group of secondary compounds formed in daytime aging.
Steven J. Campbell, Kate Wolfer, Battist Utinger, Joe Westwood, Zhi-Hui Zhang, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Sarah S. Steimer, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Nicholas Straw, Steven Thomson, Atallah Elzein, Yele Sun, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Alastair C. Lewis, Roy M. Harrison, William J. Bloss, Miranda Loh, Mark R. Miller, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP), a metric widely suggested as a potential measure of particle toxicity, in Beijing in summer and winter using four acellular assays. We correlate PM2.5 OP with a comprehensive range of atmospheric and particle composition measurements, demonstrating inter-assay differences and seasonal variation of PM2.5 OP. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we highlight specific particle chemical components and sources that influence OP.
Weiqi Xu, Chun Chen, Yanmei Qiu, Ying Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, Eleni Karnezi, Spyros N. Pandis, Conghui Xie, Zhijie Li, Jiaxing Sun, Nan Ma, Wanyun Xu, Pingqing Fu, Zifa Wang, Jiang Zhu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Nga Lee Ng, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5463–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here aerosol volatility and viscosity at a rural site (Gucheng) and an urban site (Beijing) in the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated in summer and winter. Our results showed that organic aerosol (OA) in winter in the NCP is more volatile than that in summer due to enhanced primary emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. We also found that OA existed mainly as a solid in winter in Beijing but as semisolids in Beijing in summer and Gucheng in winter.
Lucille Joanna S. Borlaza, Samuël Weber, Gaëlle Uzu, Véronique Jacob, Trishalee Cañete, Steve Micallef, Cécile Trébuchon, Rémy Slama, Olivier Favez, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5415–5437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5415-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5415-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on fully discriminating the origins of particulates by tackling specific secondary organic aerosol (SOA) sources that are difficult to resolve using traditional datasets, especially at a city scale. This is done through the use of additional fit-for-purpose tracers in the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, which can be obtained using simpler and more targeted techniques, and the comparison of the PMF models from sites in close range but with different urban typologies.
Wenhua Wang, Longyi Shao, Claudio Mazzoleni, Yaowei Li, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Janarjan Bhandari, Jiaoping Xing, Xiaolei Feng, Mengyuan Zhang, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5301–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the characteristics of individual particles at ground level and above the mixed-layer height. We found that the particles above the mixed-layer height during haze periods are more aged compared to ground level. More coal-combustion-related primary organic particles were found above the mixed-layer height. We suggest that the particles above the mixed-layer height are affected by the surrounding areas, and once mixed down to the ground, they might contribute to ground air pollution.
Jiumeng Liu, Liz Alexander, Jerome D. Fast, Rodica Lindenmaier, and John E. Shilling
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5101–5116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5101-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5101-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the gaps in modeling and observational results due to insufficient understanding of aerosol properties, co-located measurements of aerosols and trace gases were conducted at SGP during the HI-SCALE campaign. Organic aerosols at the SGP site exhibited to be highly oxidized, and biogenic emissions appear to largely control the formation of organic aerosols. Seasonal variations of sources and meteorological impacts likely resulted in the highly oxygenated feature of aerosols.
Cited articles
Andreae, M. O., Schmid, O., Yang, H., Chand, D., Zhen Yu, J., Zeng, L. M., and Zhang, Y. H.: Optical properties and chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol in urban Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6335–6350, 2008.
Baldauf, R.: Roadside vegetation design characteristics that can improve local, near-road air quality, Transport. Res. D-Tr. E., 52A, 354–361, 2017.
Behera, S. N., Sharma, M., Aneja, V. P., and Balasubramanian, R.: Ammonia in the atmosphere: A review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Research, 20, 8092–8131, 2013.
Bergin, M. H., Cass, G. R., Xu, J., Fang, C., Zeng, L., Yu, T., Salmon, L. G., Kiang, C. S., Tang, X. Y., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17969–17980, 2001.
Bond, T. C., Habib, G., and Bergstrom, R. W.: Limitations in the enhancement of visible light absorption due to mixing state, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007315, 2006.
Cao, J., Lee, S., Ho, K., Zou, S., Fung, K., Li, Y., Watson, J. G., and Chow, J. C.: Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4447–4456, 2004.
Cao, J., Zhu, C., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Han, Y., Wang, G., Shen, Z., and An, Z.: Black carbon relationships with emissions and meteorology in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Res., 94, 194–202, 2009.
Cao, J., Wang, Q., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Tie, X., Shen, Z., Wang, P., and An, Z.: Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 59, 559–566, 2012a.
Cao, J., Shen, Z., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lee, S., Tie, X., Ho, K., Wang, G., and Han, Y.: Winter and summer PM2. 5 chemical compositions in fourteen Chinese cities, J. Air Waste Manage., 62, 1214–1226, 2012b.
Cao, J., Cohen, A. M., Hansen, J. E., Lester, R. K., Peterson, P. F., and Xu, H.: China-U.S. cooperation to advance nuclear power, Science, 353, 547–548, 2016.
Cao, J.-J., Zhu, C.-S., Tie, X.-X., Geng, F.-H., Xu, H.-M., Ho, S. S. H., Wang, G.-H., Han, Y.-M., and Ho, K.-F.: Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols from Shanghai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 803–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-803-2013, 2013.
Chan, C. K. and Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1–42, 2008.
Chan, C. Y., Xu, X., Li, Y. S., Wong, K. H., Ding, G. A., Chan, L. Y., and Cheng, X.: Characteristics of vertical profiles and sources of PM2. 5, PM10 and carbonaceous species in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5113–5124, 2005.
Che, H., Yang, Z., Zhang, X., Zhu, C., Ma, Q., Zhou, H., and Wang, P.: Study on the aerosol optical properties and their relationship with aerosol chemical compositions over three regional background stations in China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1093–1099, 2009.
Che, H., Xia, X., Zhu, J., Li, Z., Dubovik, O., Holben, B., Goloub, P., Chen, H., Estelles, V., Cuevas-Agulló, E., Blarel, L., Wang, H., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Tao, R., Zhang, X., and Shi, G.: Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on ground-based sunphotometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2125–2138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2125-2014, 2014.
Che, H., Zhang, X.-Y., Xia, X., Goloub, P., Holben, B., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X. C., Wang, H., Blarel, L., Damiri, B., Zhang, R., Deng, X., Ma, Y., Wang, T., Geng, F., Qi, B., Zhu, J., Yu, J., Chen, Q., and Shi, G.: Ground-based aerosol climatology of China: aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) 2002–2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7619–7652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015, 2015.
Chen, J., Qiu, S., Shang, J., Wilfrid, O. M. F., Liu, X., Tian, H., and Boman, J.: Impact of relative humidity and water soluble constituents of PM2. 5 on visibility impairment in Beijing, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 260–268, 2014a.
Chen, J., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., and Yan, P.: Aerosol hygroscopicity parameter derived from the light scattering enhancement factor measurements in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8105–8118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8105-2014, 2014b.
Chen, Y., Schleicher, N., Chen, Y., Chai, F., and Norra, S.: The influence of governmental mitigation measures on contamination characteristics of PM2. 5 in Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 647–658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.049, 2014a.
Chen, Y., Xie, S., Luo, B., and Zhai, C.: Characteristics and origins of carbonaceous aerosol in the Sichuan Basin, China, Atmos. Environ., 94, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.037, 2014b.
Chen, Y., Xie, S., Luo, B., and Zhai, C.: Particulate pollution in urban Chongqing of southwest China: Historical trends of variation, chemical characteristics and source apportionment, Sci. Total Environ., 584–585, 523–534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.060, 2017.
Cheng, I., Xu, X., and Zhang, L.: Overview of receptor-based source apportionment studies for speciated atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7877–7895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7877-2015, 2015.
Cheng, T., Xu, C., Duan, J., Wang, Y., Leng, C., Tao, J., Che, H., He, Q., Wu, Y., and Zhang, R.: Seasonal variation and difference of aerosol optical properties in columnar and surface atmospheres over Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 123, 315–326, 2015.
Cheng, Y., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Wang, Y. Q., Cao, J. J., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Black carbon measurement in a coastal area of South China, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–11, 2006a.
Cheng, Y., Wiedensohler, A., Eichler, H., Su, H., Gnauk, T., Brüggemann, E., Herrmann, H., Heintzenberg, J., Slanina, J., and Tuch, T.: Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6351–6372, 2008a.
Cheng, Y., He, K.-B., Zheng, M., Duan, F.-K., Du, Z.-Y., Ma, Y.-L., Tan, J.-H., Yang, F.-M., Liu, J. M., Zhang, X. L., Weber, R. J., Bergin, M. H., and Russell, A. G.: Mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon and water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11497–11510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11497-2011, 2011.
Cheng, Y., Engling, G., He, K.-B., Duan, F. K., Ma, Y. L., Du, Z. Y., Liu, J. M., Zheng, M., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7765–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7765-2013, 2013a.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Zheng, B., Wang, Z., Gao, M., Zhang, Q., He, K., Carmichael, G., Pöschl, U., and Su, H.: Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601530, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601530, 2016.
Cheng, Y. F., Eichler, H., Wiedensohler, A., Heintzenberg, J., Zhang, Y. H., Hu, M., Herrmann, H., Zeng, L. M., Liu, S., and Gnauk, T.: Mixing state of elemental carbon and non-light-absorbing aerosol components derived from in situ particle optical properties at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006929, 2006b.
Cheng, Y. F., Wiedensohler, A., Eichler, H., Heintzenberg, J., Tesche, M., Ansmann, A., Wendisch, M., Su, H., Althausen, D., and Herrmann, H.: Relative humidity dependence of aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing in the surface boundary layer at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China: An observation based numerical study, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6373–6397, 2008b.
Cheng, Y. F., Berghof, M., Garland, R. M., Wiedensohler, A., Wehner, B., Muller, T., Su, H., Zhang, Y., Achtert, P., and Nowak, A.: Influence of soot mixing state on aerosol light absorption and single scattering albedo during air mass aging at a polluted regional site in northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010883, 2009.
Cheng, Z., Wang, S., Jiang, J., Fu, Q., Chen, C., Xu, B., Yu, J., Fu, X., and Hao, J.: Long-term trend of haze pollution and impact of particulate matter in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Environ. Pollut., 182, 101–110, 2013b.
Cheung, H. C., Wang, T., Baumann, K., and Guo, H.: Influence of regional pollution outflow on the concentrations of fine particulate matter and visibility in the coastal area of southern China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6463–6474, 2005.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., and Magliano, K. L.: Loss of PM2. 5 nitrate from filter samples in central California, Journal of The Air & Waste Management Association, 55, 1158-1168, 2005.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Crow, D., Lowenthal, D. H., and Merrifield, T.: Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 34, 23–34, 2010.
Cui, H., Chen, W., Dai, W., Liu, H., Wang, X., and He, K.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Guangzhou combining observation data analysis and chemical transport model simulation, Atmos. Environ., 116, 262–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.054, 2015.
Dai, W., Gao, J., Cao, G., and Ouyang, F.: Chemical composition and source identification of PM2. 5 in the suburb of Shenzhen, China, Atmos. Res., 122, 391–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.004, 2013.
Dan, M., Zhuang, G., Li, X., Tao, H., and Zhuang, Y.: The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2. 5 in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3443–3452, 2004.
Du, Z., He, K., Cheng, Y., Duan, F., Ma, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Zheng, M., and Weber, R.: A yearlong study of water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing I: Sources and its primary vs. secondary nature, Atmos. Environ., 92, 514–521, 2014a.
Du, Z., He, K., Cheng, Y., Duan, F., Ma, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Zheng, M., and Weber, R.: A yearlong study of water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing II: Light absorption properties, Atmos. Environ., 89, 235–241, 2014b.
Duan, F., Liu, X., Yu, T., and Cachier, H.: Identification and estimate of biomass burning contribution to the urban aerosol organic carbon concentrations in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1275–1282, 2004.
Duan, F., He, K., Ma, Y., Yang, F., Yu, X., Cadle, S., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P.: Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 in Beijing, China: 2001–2002, Sci. Total Environ., 355, 264–275, 2006.
Duan, J., Tan, J., Cheng, D., Bi, X., Deng, W., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Wong, M. H.: Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in two largest cities in Pearl River Delta Region, China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2895–2903, 2007.
Fan, X., Chen, H., Xia, X., Li, Z., and Cribb, M.: Aerosol optical properties from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility at Shouxian, China, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014650, 2010.
Fang, M., Chan, C. K., and Yao, X.: Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 79–86, 2009.
Feng, J., Chan, C. K., Fang, M., Hu, M., He, L., and Tang, X.: Characteristics of organic matter in PM2. 5 in Shanghai, Chemosphere, 64, 1393–1400, 2006.
Feng, J., Sun, P., Hu, X., Zhao, W., Wu, M., and Fu, J.: The chemical composition and sources of PM2. 5 during the 2009 Chinese New Year's holiday in Shanghai, Atmos. Res., 118, 435–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.08.012, 2012a.
Feng, J., Zhong, M., Xu, B., Du, Y., Wu, M., Wang, H., and Chen, C.: Concentrations, seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon in PM2. 5 in Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 147, 1–9, 2014.
Feng, J., Hu, J., Xu, B., Hu, X., Sun, P., Han, W., Gu, Z., Yu, X., and Wu, M.: Characteristics and seasonal variation of organic matter in PM2. 5 at a regional background site of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, Atmos. Environ., 123, 288–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.019, 2015.
Feng, J. L., Guo, Z. G., Zhang, T. R., Yao, X., Chan, C. K., and Fang, M.: Source and formation of secondary particulate matter in PM2. 5 in Asian continental outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D03302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016400, 2012b.
Feng, Y., Chen, Y., Guo, H., Zhi, G., Xiong, S., Li, J., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2. 5 samples in Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 92, 434–442, 2009.
Fontes, T., Li, P., Barros, N., and Zhao, P.: Trends of PM2. 5 concentrations in China: A long term approach, J. Environ. Manage., 196, 719–732, 2017.
Fu, X., Wang, X., Guo, H., Cheung, K., Ding, X., Zhao, X., He, Q., Gao, B., Zhang, Z., Liu, T., and Zhang, Y.: Trends of ambient fine particles and major chemical components in the Pearl River Delta region: Observation at a regional background site in fall and winter, Sci. Total Environ., 497–498, 274–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.008, 2014.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., Fowler, D., Koren, I., Langford, B., Lohmann, U., Nemitz, E., Pandis, S., Riipinen, I., Rudich, Y., Schaap, M., Slowik, J. G., Spracklen, D. V., Vignati, E., Wild, M., Williams, M., and Gilardoni, S.: Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8217–8299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015, 2015.
Gao, Y., Lai, S., Lee, S., Yau, P. S., Huang, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, T., Xu, Z., Yuan, C., and Zhang, Y.: Optical properties of size-resolved particles at a Hong Kong urban site during winter, Atmos. Res., 155, 1–12, 2015.
Galloway, J. N., Winiwarter, W., Leip, A., Leach, A. M., Bleeker, A., and Erisman, J. W.: Nitrogen footprints: Past, present and future, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 115003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115003, 2014.
Garland, R. M., Yang, H., Schmid, O., Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zeng, L. M., Zhang, Y. H., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Aerosol optical properties in a rural environment near the mega-city Guangzhou, China: implications for regional air pollution, radiative forcing and remote sensing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5161–5186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5161-2008, 2008.
Garland, R. M., Schmid, O., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Gunthe, S. S., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., and Hu, M.: Aerosol optical properties observed during Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing 2006 (CAREBeijing-2006): Characteristic differences between the inflow and outflow of Beijing city air, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010780, 2009.
Geng, N., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, C., and Zhang, R.: PM2. 5 in an industrial district of Zhengzhou, China: Chemical composition and source apportionment, Particuology, 11, 99–109, 2013.
Ginoux, P., Prospero, J. M., Gill, T. E., Hsu, N. C., and Zhao, M.: Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG3005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000388, 2012.
Griffith, S. M., Huang, X. H. H., Louie, P. K. K., and Yu, J. Z.: Characterizing the thermodynamic and chemical composition factors controlling PM2. 5 nitrate: Insights gained from two years of online measurements in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 122, 864–875, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.009, 2015.
Gu, J., Bai, Z., Liu, A., Wu, L., Xie, Y., Li, W., Dong, H., and Zhang, X.: Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Carbon and Element Carbon of PM2. 5 and PM10 at Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 10, 167–176, 2010.
Gu, J., Bai, Z., Li, W., Wu, L., Liu, A., Dong, H., and Xie, Y.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 during winter in Tianjin, China, Particuology, 9, 215–221, 2011.
Guan, D., Su, X., Zhang, Q., Peters, G. P., Liu, Z., Lei, Y., and He, K.: The socioeconomic drivers of China's primary PM2. 5 emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 024010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024010, 2014.
Guo, H., Ding, A. J., So, K. L., Ayoko, G. A., Li, Y., and Hung, W. T.: Receptor modeling of source apportionment of Hong Kong aerosols and the implication of urban and regional contribution, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1159–1169, 2009a.
Guo, J., Zhang, X., Che, H., Gong, S., An, X., Cao, C., Guang, J., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., and Zhang, X.: Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5876–5886, 2009b.
Guo, J., Xia, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Li, J., Lou, M., He, J., Yan, Y., Wang, F., Min, M., and Zhai, P.: Impact of diurnal variability and meteorological factors on the PM2. 5 – AOD relationship: Implications for PM2. 5 remote sensing, Environ. Pollut., 221, 94–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.043, 2017.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu, Z., Shao, M., and Zeng, L.: Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 17373–17378, 2014.
Hagler, G. S. W., Bergin, M. H., Salmon, L. G., Yu, J. Z., Wan, E. C. H., Zheng, M., Zeng, L. M., Kiang, C. S., Zhang, Y. H., Lau, A. K. H., and Schauer, J. J.: Source areas and chemical composition of fine particulate matter in the Pearl River Delta region of China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3802–3815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.032, 2006.
Han, T., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Qu, Y., Gu, J., Ma, Q., Lu, K., Tian, H., Chen, J., and Zeng, L.: Characteristics of aerosol optical properties and their chemical apportionments during CAREBeijing 2006, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 1431–1442, 2014.
Han, T., Qiao, L., Zhou, M., Qu, Y., Du, J., Liu, X., Lou, S., Chen, C., Wang, H., and Zhang, F.: Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China, J. Environ. Sci., 27, 59–69, 2015.
Hand, J. L. and Malm, W. C.: Review of the IMPROVE equation for estimating ambient light extinction coefficients, CIRA, Colorado State University, 2007a.
Hand, J. L. and Malm, W. C.: Review of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies from ground-based measurements since 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008484, 2007b.
He, K., Yang, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., Yao, X., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P.: The characteristics of PM2. 5 in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4959–4970, 2001.
He, K., Zhao, Q., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Yang, F., Shi, Z., and Chen, G.: Spatial and seasonal variability of PM2. 5 acidity at two Chinese megacities: insights into the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1377–1395, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1377-2012, 2012.
He, L. Y., Hu, M., Zhang, Y. H., Huang, X. F., and Yao, T. T.: Fine particle emissions from on-road vehicles in the Zhujiang Tunnel, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4461–4466, 2008.
He, L. Y., Huang, X. F., Xue, L., Hu, M., Lin, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., and Zhang, Y. H.: Submicron aerosol analysis and organic source apportionment in an urban atmosphere in Pearl River Delta of China using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014566, 2011.
He, X., Li, C. C., Lau, A. K. H., Deng, Z. Z., Mao, J. T., Wang, M. H., and Liu, X. Y.: An intensive study of aerosol optical properties in Beijing urban area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8903–8915, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8903-2009, 2009.
Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Cao, J. J., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Chan, C. K.: Seasonal variations and mass closure analysis of particulate matter in Hong Kong, Sci. Total Environ., 355, 276–287, 2006a.
Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., and Chan, C. K.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 in urban area of Hong Kong, J. Hazard. Mater., 138, 73–85, 2006b.
Hopke, P. K.: Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment, J. Air Waste Manage., 66, 237–259, 2016.
Hou, B., Zhuang, G., Zhang, R., Liu, T., Guo, Z., and Chen, Y.: The implication of carbonaceous aerosol to the formation of haze: Revealed from the characteristics and sources of OC/EC over a mega-city in China, J. Hazard. Mater., 190, 529–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.072, 2011.
Hu, M., Wu, Z., Slanina, J., Lin, P., Liu, S., and Zeng, L.: Acidic gases, ammonia and water-soluble ions in PM2. 5 at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6310–6320, 2008.
Hu, X., Waller, L. A., Alhamdan, M. Z., Crosson, W. L., Estes, M. G., Estes, S., Quattrochi, D. A., Sarnat, J. A., and Liu, Y.: Estimating ground-level PM2. 5 concentrations in the southeastern U.S. using geographically weighted regression, Environ. Res., 121, 1–10, 2013.
Huang, G., Cheng, T., Zhang, R., Tao, J., Leng, C., Zhang, Y., Zha, S., Zhang, D., Li, X., and Xu, C.: Optical properties and chemical composition of PM2. 5 in Shanghai in the spring of 2012, Particuology, 13, 52–59, 2014a.
Huang, H., Lee, S. C., Cao, J. J., Zou, C. W., Chen, X. G., and Fan, S. J.: Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2. 5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou city, China, J. Environ. Sci., 19, 35–43, 2007.
Huang, H., Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Tsang, P. K., Ho, S. S. H., Zou, C. W., Zou, S. C., Cao, J. J., and Xu, H. M.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in PM2. 5: Pearl Delta River Region, China, Atmos. Res., 104–105, 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.016, 2012.
Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y., Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., and Canonaco, F.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222, 2014b.
Huang, X., Yun, H., Gong, Z., Li, X., He, L., Zhang, Y., and Hu, M.: Source apportionment and secondary organic aerosol estimation of PM2. 5 in an urban atmosphere in China, Sci. China-Earth Sci., 57, 1352–1362, 2013.
Huang, X. H. H., Bian, Q., Ng, W. M., Louie, P. K. K., and Yu, J. Z.: Characterization of PM2. 5 major components and source Investigation in suburban Hong Kong: a one year monitoring study, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 237–250, 2014c.
Jahn, H. J., Kraemer, A., Chen, X. C., Chan, C. Y., Engling, G., and Ward, T. J.: Ambient and personal PM2. 5 exposure assessment in the Chinese megacity of Guangzhou, Atmos. Environ., 74, 402–411, 2013.
Jing, J., Wu, Y., Tao, J., Che, H., Xia, X., Zhang, X., Yan, P., Zhao, D., and Zhang, L.: Observation and analysis of near-surface atmospheric aerosol optical properties in urban Beijing, Particuology, 18, 144–154, 2015.
Jung, J., Lee, H., Kim, Y. J., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Gu, J., and Fan, S.: Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3231–3244, 2009.
Kang, H., Zhu, B., Su, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., and Wang, F.: Analysis of a long-lasting haze episode in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Res., 120, 78–87, 2013.
Karagulian, F., Belis, C. A., Dora, C. F. C., Prüss-Ustün, A. M., Bonjour, S., Adair-Rohani, H., and Amann, M.: Contributions to cities' ambient particulate matter (PM): A systematic review of local source contributions at global level, Atmos. Environ., 120, 475–483, 2015.
Keck, L. and Wittmaack, K.: Effect of filter type and temperature on volatilisation losses from ammonium salts in aerosol matter, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4093–4100, 2005.
Kuang, Y., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., Liu, H. J., Bian, Y., Tao, J. C., and Hu, M.: Deliquescent phenomena of ambient aerosols on the North China Plain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8744–8750, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070273, 2016.
Lai, S., Zhao, Y., Ding, A., Zhang, Y., Song, T., Zheng, J., Ho, K. F., Lee, S., and Zhong, L.: Characterization of PM2. 5 and the major chemical components during a 1-year campaign in rural Guangzhou, Southern China, Atmos. Res., 167, 208–215, 2016.
Lai, S. C., Zou, S. C., Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., and Ho, K. F.: Characterizing ionic species in PM2. 5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities,South China, J. Environ. Sci., 19, 939–947, 2007.
Lan, Z., Huang, X., Yu, K., Sun, T., Zeng, L., and Hu, M.: Light absorption of black carbon aerosol and its enhancement by mixing state in an urban atmosphere in South China, Atmos. Environ., 69, 118–123, 2013.
Lee, J. H. and Hopke, P. K.: Apportioning sources of PM2. 5 in St. Louis, MO using speciation trends network data, Atmos. Environ., 40, S360–S377, 2006.
Li, B., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Yuan, S., Zhao, Q., Shen, G., and Wu, H.: Seasonal variation of urban carbonaceous aerosols in a typical city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 106, 223–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.064, 2015a.
Li, C., Tsay, S., Fu, J. S., Dickerson, R. R., Ji, Q., Bell, S. W., Gao, Y., Zhang, W., Huang, J., and Li, Z.: Anthropogenic air pollution observed near dust source regions in northwestern China during springtime 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013659, 2010.
Li, G., Bei, N., Cao, J., Huang, R., Wu, J., Feng, T., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., Tie, X., and Molina, L. T.: A possible pathway for rapid growth of sulfate during haze days in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3301–3316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3301-2017, 2017a.
Li, H., Wang, Q., Yang, M., Li, F., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Wu, H., and Qian, X.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2. 5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China, Atmos. Res., 181, 288–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.005, 2016a.
Li, L., Chen, C. H., Fu, J. S., Huang, C., Streets, D. G., Huang, H. Y., Zhang, G. F., Wang, Y. J., Jang, C. J., Wang, H. L., Chen, Y. R., and Fu, J. M.: Air quality and emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1621–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1621-2011, 2011.
Li, L., Chen, J., Wang, L., Melluki, W., and Zhou, H.: Aerosol single scattering albedo affected by chemical composition An investigation using CRDS combined with MARGA, Atmos. Res., 124, 149–157, 2013a.
Li, M. and Zhang, L.: Haze in China: Current and future challenges, Environ. Pollut., 189, 85–86, 2014.
Li, P., Yan, R., Yu, S., Wang, S., Liu, W., and Bao, H.: Reinstate regional transport of PM2. 5 as a major cause of severe haze in Beijing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, E2739–E2740, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502596112, 2015b.
Li, W., Bai, Z., Liu, A., Chen, J., and Chen, L.: Characteristics of Major PM2. 5 Components during Winter in Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 9, 105–119, 2009.
Li, X., He, K., Li, C., Yang, F., Zhao, Q., Ma, Y., Cheng, Y., Ouyang, W., and Chen, G.: PM2. 5 mass, chemical composition, and light extinction before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 12158–12167, 2013b.
Li, X., He, K., Li, C., Yang, F., Zhao, Q., Ma, Y., Cheng, Y., Ouyang, W., and Chen, G.: PM2. 5 mass, chemical composition, and light extinction before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 12158–12167, 2013c.
Li, Y., Meng, J., Liu, J., Xu, Y., Guan, D., Tao, W., Huang, Y., and Tao, S.: Interprovincial Reliance for Improving Air Quality in China: A Case Study on Black Carbon Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 4118–4126, 2016b.
Li, Y. J., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Li, M., Zhou, Z., and Chan, C. K.: Real-time chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter in China: A review, Atmos. Environ., 158, 270–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.02.027, 2017b.
Li, Z., Lau, W. K., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Ding, Y., Manoj, M. G., Liu, J., Qian, Y., Li, J., Zhou, T., Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Ming, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, J., Wang, B., Xu, X., Lee, S. S., Cribb, M., Zhang, F., Yang, X., Takemura, T., Wang, K., Xia, X., Yin, Y., Zhang, H., Guo, J., Zhai, P. M., Sugimoto, N., Babu, S. S., and Brasseur, G. P.: Aerosol and Monsoon Climate Interactions over Asia, Rev. Geophys., 54, 866–929, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000500, 2016c.
Liang, C. S., Duan, F. K., He, K. B., and Ma, Y. L.: Review on recent progress in observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2. 5, Environ. Int., 86, 150–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.016, 2016.
Liao, H., Chang, W., and Yang, Y.: Climatic effects of air pollutants over China: A review, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 115–139, 2015.
Lin, M., Biglari, S., Zhang, Z., Crocker, D., Tao, J., Su, B., Liu, L., and Thiemens, M. H.: Vertically uniform formation pathways of tropospheric sulfate aerosols in East China detected from triple stable oxygen and radiogenic sulfur isotopes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073637, 2017.
Lin, Y., Hsu, S., Chou, C. C. K., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., Kao, S., Luo, L., Huang, C., Lin, S., and Huang, Y.: Wintertime haze deterioration in Beijing by industrial pollution deduced from trace metal fingerprints and enhanced health risk by heavy metals, Environ. Pollut., 208, 284–293, 2016.
Lin, Z. J., Zhang, Z. S., Zhang, L., Tao, J., Zhang, R. J., Cao, J. J., Fan, S. J., and Zhang, Y. H.: An alternative method for estimating hygroscopic growth factor of aerosol light-scattering coefficient: a case study in an urban area of Guangzhou, South China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7631–7644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7631-2014, 2014.
Liu, B., Song, N., Dai, Q., Mei, R., Sui, B., Bi, X., and Feng, Y.: Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient PM2. 5 during the non-heating period in Taian, China, Atmos. Res., 170, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.11.002, 2016a.
Liu, B., Li, T., Yang, J., Wu, J., Wang, J., Gao, J., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., and Yang, H.: Source apportionment and a novel approach of estimating regional contributions to ambient PM2. 5 in Haikou, China, Environ. Pollut., 223, 334–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.030, 2017a.
Liu, B., Wu, J., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Yang, J., Liang, D., Dai, Q., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Q.: Characterization and source apportionment of PM2. 5 based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China, Environ. Pollut., 222, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.005, 2017b.
Liu, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Ding, P., Shen, C., Chen, Y., Tian, C., and Zhang, G.: The use of levoglucosan and radiocarbon for source apportionment of PM2. 5 carbonaceous aerosols at a background site in east China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10454, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401250k, 2013a.
Liu, G., Li, J., Wu, D., and Xu, H.: Chemical composition and source apportionment of the ambient PM2. 5 in Hangzhou, China, Particuology, 18, 135–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.03.011, 2015.
Liu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Ding, P., Shen, C., Shen, K., He, Q., Ding, X., and Wang, X.: Source apportionment using radiocarbon and organic tracers for PM2. 5 carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, south China: contrasting local- and regional-scale haze events, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12002–12011, 2014a.
Liu, P. F., Zhao, C. S., Göbel, T., Hallbauer, E., Nowak, A., Ran, L., Xu, W. Y., Deng, Z. Z., Ma, N., Mildenberger, K., Henning, S., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles at high relative humidity and their diurnal variations in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3479–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3479-2011, 2011.
Liu, S., Hu, M., Slanina, S., He, L., Niu, Y., Bruegemann, E., Gnauk, T., and Herrmann, H.: Size distribution and source analysis of ionic compositions of aerosols in polluted periods at Xinken in Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6284–6295, 2008a.
Liu, X., Chen, Q., Che, H., Zhang, R., Gui, K., Zhang, H., and Zhao, T.: Spatial distribution and temporal variation of aerosol optical depth in the Sichuan basin, China, the recent ten years, Atmos. Environ., 147, 434–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.008, 2016b.
Liu, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Jung, J., Sugimoto, N., Chang, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Fan, S., and Zeng, L.: Influences of relative humidity and particle chemical composition on aerosol scattering properties during the 2006 PRD campaign, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1525–1536, 2008b.
Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Jung, J., Gu, J., Li, Y., Guo, S., Chang, S., Yue, D., Lin, P., and Kim, Y. J.: Research on the hygroscopic properties of aerosols by measurement and modeling during CAREBeijing-2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010805, 2009.
Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Cheng, Y., Hu, M., and Han, T.: Aerosol hygroscopicity and its impact on atmospheric visibility and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 PRIDE-PRD campaign, Atmos. Environ., 60, 59–67, 2012.
Liu, X., Gu, J., Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Qu, Y., Han, T., Wang, J., Tian, H., Chen, J., and Zhang, Y.: Increase of aerosol scattering by hygroscopic growth: Observation, modeling, and implications on visibility, Atmos. Res., 132–133, 91–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.04.007, 2013b.
Liu, X. G., Li, J., Qu, Y., Han, T., Hou, L., Gu, J., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, T., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., and Hu, M.: Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4501–4514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4501-2013, 2013c.
Liu, Y., Sarnat, J. A., Kilaru, V., Jacob, D. J., and Koutrakis, P.: Estimating ground-level PM2. 5 in the eastern United States using satellite remote sensing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3269–3278, 2005.
Liu, Z., Hu, B., Wang, L., Wu, F., Gao, W., and Wang, Y.: Seasonal and diurnal variation in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2. 5) at an urban site of Beijing: analyses from a 9-year study, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 22, 627–642, 2014b.
Louie, P. K., Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Chen, A., Sin, D. W., and Lau, A. K.: Seasonal characteristics and regional transport of PM2. 5 in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1695–1710, 2005a.
Louie, P. K. K., Chow, J. C., Chen, L. W. A., Watson, J. G., Leung, G., and Sin, D. W. M.: PM2. 5 chemical composition in Hong Kong: urban and regional variations, Sci. Total Environ., 338, 267–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.021, 2005b.
Lu, Q., Zheng, J., Ye, S., Shen, X., Yuan, Z., and Yin, S.: Emission trends and source characteristics of SO2, NOx, PM10 and VOCs in the Pearl River Delta region from 2000 to 2009, Atmos. Environ., 76, 11–20, 2013.
Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y. F., Wei, C., Chin, M., Diehl, T., and Tan, Q.: Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6311–6331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010, 2010.
Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., and Streets, D. G.: Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839–9864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011, 2011.
Lv, B., Zhang, B., and Bai, Y.: A systematic analysis of PM2. 5 in Beijing and its sources from 2000 to 2012, Atmos. Environ., 124, 98–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.031, 2016.
Ma, N., Zhao, C. S., Nowak, A., Müller, T., Pfeifer, S., Cheng, Y. F., Deng, Z. Z., Liu, P. F., Xu, W. Y., Ran, L., Yan, P., Göbel, T., Hallbauer, E., Mildenberger, K., Henning, S., Yu, J., Chen, L. L., Zhou, X. J., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Aerosol optical properties in the North China Plain during HaChi campaign: an in-situ optical closure study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5959–5973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5959-2011, 2011.
Ma, Z., Hu, X., Huang, L., Bi, J., and Liu, Y.: Estimating ground-level PM2. 5 in China using satellite remote sensing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 7436–7444, 2014.
Malm, W. C., Day, D. E., Kreidenweis, S. M., Collett, J. L., and Lee, T.: Humidity-dependent optical properties of fine particles during the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4279, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002998, 2003.
Man, C. K. and Shih, M. Y.: Light scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles in Hong Kong, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 795–804, 2001.
Ming, L., Jin, L., Li, J., Fu, P., Yang, W., Liu, D., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., and Li, X.: PM2. 5 in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Chemical compositions, seasonal variations, and regional pollution events, Environ. Pollut., 223, 200–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.013, 2017.
Monks, P. S., Granier, C., Fuzzi, S., Stohl, A., Williams, M. L., Akimoto, H., Amann, M., Baklanov, A., Baltensperger, U., and Bey, I.: Atmospheric composition change – Global and regional air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5268–5350, 2009.
Niu, F., Li, Z., Li, C., Lee, K., and Wang, M.: Increase of wintertime fog in China: Potential impacts of weakening of the Eastern Asian monsoon circulation and increasing aerosol loading, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013484, 2010.
Okuda, T., Matsuura, S., Yamaguchi, D., Umemura, T., Hanada, E., Orihara, H., Tanaka, S., He, K., Ma, Y., and Cheng, Y.: The impact of the pollution control measures for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on the chemical composition of aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2789–2794, 2011.
Orsini, D. A., Ma, Y., Sullivan, A., Sierau, B., Baumann, K., and Weber, R. J.: Refinements to the particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) for ground and airborne measurements of water soluble aerosol composition, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1243–1259, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01015-4, 2003.
Pan, L., Che, H., Geng, F., Xia, X., Wang, Y., Zhu, C., Chen, M., Gao, W., and Guo, J.: Aerosol optical properties based on ground measurements over the Chinese Yangtze Delta Region, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2587–2596, 2010.
Pan, X. L., Yan, P., Tang, J., Ma, J. Z., Wang, Z. F., Gbaguidi, A., and Sun, Y. L.: Observational study of influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth on scattering coefficient over rural area near Beijing mega-city, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7519–7530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7519-2009, 2009.
Pathak, R. K., Wang, T., Ho, K., and Lee, S.: Characteristics of summertime PM2. 5 organic and elemental carbon in four major Chinese cities: implications of high acidity for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Atmos. Environ., 45, 318–325, 2011.
Pitchford, M., Malm, W., Schichtel, B., Kumar, N., Lowenthal, D., and Hand, J.: Revised algorithm for estimating light extinction from IMPROVE particle speciation data, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1326–1336, 2007.
Pu, W., Zhao, X., Shi, X., Ma, Z., Zhang, X., and Yu, B.: Impact of long-range transport on aerosol properties at a regional background station in Northern China, Atmos. Res., 153, 489–499, 2015.
Pui, D. Y., Chen, S.-C., and Zuo, Z.: PM2. 5 in China: Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation, Particuology, 13, 1–26, 2014.
Qian, Y., Yasunari, T. J., Doherty, S. J., Flanner, M. G., Lau, W. K. M., Ming, J., Wang, H., Wang, M., Warren, S. G., and Zhang, R.: Light-absorbing Particles in Snow and Ice: Measurement and Modeling of Climatic and Hydrological Impact, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 64–91, 2015.
Qin, Y. and Xie, S. D.: Spatial and temporal variation of anthropogenic black carbon emissions in China for the period 1980–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4825–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4825-2012, 2012.
Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., Mohler, O., Naumann, K. H., Saathoff, H., Wagner, R., Schurath, U., and Wehner, B.: Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006046, 2005.
Shen, G., Xue, M., Yuan, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, Q., Li, B., Wu, H., and Ding, A.: Chemical compositions and reconstructed light extinction coefficients of particulate matter in a mega-city in the western Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 83, 14–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.055, 2014.
Shen, Z., Cao, J., Arimoto, R., Han, Z., Zhang, R., Han, Y., Liu, S., Okuda, T., Nakao, S., and Tanaka, S.: Ionic composition of TSP and PM2. 5 during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2911–2918, 2009.
Song, Y., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Salmon, L. G., and Zheng, M.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX, Sci. Total Environ., 372, 278–286, 2006a.
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., Zeng, L., Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Shao, M., and Slanina, S.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Beijing by positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1526–1537, 2006b.
Song, Y., Tang, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, M., Zeng, L., and Lu, S.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Beijing in 2004, J. Hazard. Mater., 146, 124–130, 2007.
Sun, Y., Zhuang, G., Wang, Y., Han, L., Guo, J., Dan, M., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., and Hao, Z.: The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing – concentration, composition, distribution and sources, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5991–6004, 2004.
Sun, Y., Zhuang, G., Tang, A., Wang, Y., and An, Z.: Chemical Characteristics of PM2. 5 and PM10 in Haze-Fog Episodes in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3148, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051533g, 2006.
Sun, Y. L., Wang, Z. F., Fu, P. Q., Yang, T., Jiang, Q., Dong, H. B., Li, J., and Jia, J. J.: Aerosol composition, sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4577–4592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4577-2013, 2013.
Tan, J., Duan, J., He, K., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Chen, Y., and Fu, J.: Chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou, J. Environ. Sci., 21, 774–781, 2009.
Tan, J., Duan, J., Zhen, N., He, K., and Hao, J.: Chemical characteristics and source of size-fractionated atmospheric particle in haze episode in Beijing, Atmos. Res., 167, 24–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.06.015, 2016a.
Tan, J., Xiang, P., Zhou, X., Duan, J., Ma, Y., He, K., Cheng, Y., Yu, J., and Querol, X.: Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2. 5 in Lanzhou, China, Sci. Total Environ., 573, 1481–1490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.025, 2016b.
Tan, J., Duan, J., Ma, Y., He, K., Cheng, Y., Deng, S., Huang, Y., and Si-Tu, S.: Long-term trends of chemical characteristics and sources of fine particle in Foshan City, Pearl River Delta: 2008–2014, Sci. Total Environ., 565, 519–528, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.059, 2016c.
Tan, J., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Duan, J., Li, Y., Hu, J., and He, K.: Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Lanzhou, China, Sci. Total Environ., 601–602, 1743–1752, 2017.
Tang, X., Chen, X., and Tian, Y.: Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2. 5 – A case study from one year continuous sampling in the Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 8, 885–899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.02.004, 2017.
Tao, J., Ho, K., Chen, L., Zhu, L., Han, J., and Xu, Z.: Effect of chemical composition of PM2. 5 on visibility in Guangzhou, China, 2007 spring, Particuology, 7, 68–75, 2009.
Tao, J., Cheng, T., Zhang, R., Cao, J., Zhu, L., Wang, Q., Luo, L., and Zhang, L.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 at an urban site of Chengdu in southwestern China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1070–1084, 2013a.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Engling, G., Zhang, R., Yang, Y., Cao, J., Zhu, C., Wang, Q., and Luo, L.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 in an urban environment in Chengdu, China: Importance of springtime dust storms and biomass burning, Atmos. Res., 122, 270–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.004, 2013b.
Tao, J., Gao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Che, H., Zhang, Z., Lin, Z., Jing, J., Cao, J., and Hsu, S.-C.: PM2. 5 pollution in a megacity of southwest China: source apportionment and implication, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8679–8699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8679-2014, 2014a.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Cao, J., Hsu, S. C., Xia, X., Zhang, Z., Lin, Z., Cheng, T., and Zhang, R.: Characterization and source apportionment of aerosol light extinction in Chengdu, southwest China, Atmos. Environ., 95, 552–562, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.017, 2014b.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Ho, K., Zhang, R., Lin, Z., Zhang, Z., Lin, M., Cao, J., Liu, S., and Wang, G.: Impact of PM2. 5 chemical compositions on aerosol light scattering in Guangzhou - the largest megacity in South China, Atmos. Res., 135–136, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.015, 2014c.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Gao, J., Wang, H., Chai, F., and Wang, S.: Aerosol chemical composition and light scattering during a winter season in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 110, 36-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.037, 2015a.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Huang, R., Wu, Y., Zhang, R., Cao, J., and Zhang, Y.: Control of PM2. 5 in Guangzhou during the 16th Asian Games period: Implication for hazy weather prevention, Sci. Total Environ., 508, 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.074, 2015b.
Tao, J., Gao, J., Zhang, L., Wang, H., Qiu, X., Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Chai, F., and Wang, S.: Chemical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014, Atmos. Environ., 144, 8–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.067, 2016a.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Cao, J., and Zhang, Y.: Uncertainty assessment of source attribution of PM2. 5 and its water-soluble organic carbon content using different biomass burning tracers in positive matrix factorization analysis – a case study in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 543, 326–335, 2016b.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Cao, J., Zhong, L., Chen, D., Yang, Y., Chen, D., Chen, L., Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Xia, Y., Ye, S., and Zhang, R.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 at urban and suburban areas of the Pearl River Delta region, south China – With emphasis on ship emissions, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 1559–1570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.175, 2017.
Tian, P., Wang, G., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., and Yan, P.: Impacts of aerosol chemical compositions on optical properties in urban Beijing, China, Particuology, 18, 155-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.03.014, 2015.
Tian, Y. Z., Chen, G., Wang, H. T., Huang-Fu, Y.Q., Shi, G. L., Han, B., and Feng, Y. C.: Source regional contributions to PM2. 5 in a megacity in China using an advanced source regional apportionment method, Chemosphere, 147, 256–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.132, 2016.
Trebs, I., Meixner, F. X., Slanina, J., Otjes, R., Jongejan, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Real-time measurements of ammonia, acidic trace gases and water-soluble inorganic aerosol species at a rural site in the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 967–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-967-2004, 2004.
Verma, R. L., Sahu, L. K., Kondo, Y., Takegawa, N., Han, S., Jung, J. S., Kim, Y. J., Fan, S., Sugimoto, N., Shammaa, M. H., Zhang, Y. H., and Zhao, Y.: Temporal variations of black carbon in Guangzhou, China, in summer 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6471–6485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6471-2010, 2010.
Wang, J. and Christopher, S. A.: Intercomparison between satellite-derived aerosol optical thickness and PM2. 5 mass: Implications for air quality studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2095–2099, 2003.
Wang, G., Zhang, R., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L., Zamora, M. L., Hu, M., Lin, Y., Peng, J., Guo, S., and Meng, J.: Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, 13630–13635, 2016a.
Wang, H., Shi, G., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Yang, F., and Cao, X.: Aerosol optical properties and chemical composition apportionment in Sichuan Basin, China, Sci. Total Environ., 577, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.173, 2017a.
Wang, H. L., Qiao, L. P., Lou, S. R., Zhou, M., Ding, A. J., Huang, H. Y., Chen, J. M., Wang, Q., Tao, S. K., Chen, C. H., Li, L., and Huang, C.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 and meteorological impact among three years in urban Shanghai, China, J. Clean. Prod., 112, 1302–1311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.099, 2016b.
Wang, J., Li, X., Jiang, N., Zhang, W., Zhang, R., and Tang, X.: Long term observations of PM2. 5-associated PAHs: Comparisons between normal and episode days, Atmos. Environ., 104, 228–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.026, 2015a.
Wang, L., Zhou, X., Ma, Y., Cao, Z., Wu, R., and Wang, W.: Carbonaceous aerosols over China–review of observations, emissions, and climate forcing, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 23, 1671–1680, 2015b.
Wang, P., Cao, J., Shen, Z., Han, Y., Lee, S., Huang, Y., Zhu, C., Wang, Q., Xu, H., and Huang, R.: Spatial and seasonal variations of PM2. 5 mass and species during 2010 in Xi'an, China, Sci. Total Environ., 508, 477–487, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.007, 2015c.
Wang, Q., Shao, M., Liu, Y., William, K., Paul, G., Li, X., Liu, Y., and Lu, S.: Impact of biomass burning on urban air quality estimated by organic tracers: Guangzhou and Beijing as cases, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8380–8390, 2007.
Wang, Q., Huang, R. J., Cao, J., Han, Y., Wang, G., Li, G., Wang, Y., Dai, W., Zhang, R., and Zhou, Y.: Mixing state of black carbon aerosol in a heavily polluted urban area of China: Implications for light absorption enhancement, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 689–697, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.917758, 2014a.
Wang, Q., Jiang, N., Yin, S., Li, X., Yu, F., Guo, Y., and Zhang, R.: Carbonaceous species in PM2. 5 and PM10 in urban area of Zhengzhou in China: Seasonal variations and source apportionment, Atmos. Res., 191, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.02.003, 2017b.
Wang, S. and Hao, J.: Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options, J. Environ. Sci., 24, 2–13, 2012.
Wang, S., Xing, J., Jang, C., Zhu, Y., Fu, J. S., and Hao, J.: Impact assessment of ammonia emissions on inorganic aerosols in East China using response surface modeling technique, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9293–9300, 2011.
Wang, X., Ding, X., Fu, X., He, Q., Wang, S., Bernard, F., Zhao, X., and Wu, D.: Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, south China, J. Environ. Sci., 24, 72–77, 2012.
Wang, Y., Jia, C., Tao, J., Zhang, L., Liang, X., Ma, J., Gao, H., Huang, T., and Zhang, K.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2. 5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical – industrialized city, Northwest China, Sci. Total Environ., 573, 1031–1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.179, 2016c.
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Tang, A., Yuan, H., Sun, Y., Chen, S., and Zheng, A.: The ion chemistry and the source of PM2. 5 aerosol in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3771–3784, 2005.
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, X. Y., Huang, K., Xu, C., Tang, A. H., Chen, J. M., and An, Z.: The ion chemistry, seasonal cycle, and sources of PM2. 5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2935–2952, 2006.
Wang, Y., Yao, L., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Ji, D., Tang, G., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Hu, B., and Xin, J.: Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China, Sci. China-Earth Sci., 57, 14–25, 2014b.
Wang, Y., Ying, Q., Hu, J., and Zhang, H.: Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013–2014, Environ. Int., 73, 413–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.016, 2014c.
Wang, Z., Li, J., Wang, Z., Yang, W., Tang, X., Ge, B., Yan, P., Zhu, L., Chen, X., and Chen, H.: Modeling study of regional severe hazes over mid-eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control, Sci.China-Earth Sci., 57, 3–13, 2013.
Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and regulation, J. Air Waste Manage., 52, 628–713, 2002.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Houck, J. E.: PM2. 5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995, Chemosphere, 43, 1141–1151, 2001.
Weber, R., Orsini, D., Duan, Y., Baumann, K., Kiang, C. S., Chameides, W. L., Lee, Y. N., Brechtel, F. J., Klotz, P. J., and Jongejan, P.: Intercomparison of near real time monitors of PM2. 5 nitrate and sulfate at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Atlanta Supersite, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8421, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001220, 2003.
Wu, C., Ng, W. M., Huang, J., Wu, D., and Yu, J. Z.: Determination of Elemental and Organic Carbon in PM2. 5 in the Pearl River Delta Region: Inter-Instrument (Sunset vs. DRI Model 2001 Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer) and Inter-Protocol Comparisons (IMPROVE vs. ACE-Asia Protocol), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 610–621, 2011.
Wu, D., Mao, J., Deng, X., Tie, X., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Li, F., Tan, H., Bi, X., and Huang, X.: Black carbon aerosols and their radiative properties in the Pearl River Delta region, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 1152-1163, 2009.
Wu, D., Wu, C., Liao, B., Chen, H., Wu, M., Li, F., Tan, H., Deng, T., Li, H., Jiang, D., and Yu, J. Z.: Black carbon over the South China Sea and in various continental locations in South China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12257–12270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12257-2013, 2013.
Wu, S., Deng, F., Wei, H., Huang, J., Wang, X., Hao, Y., Zheng, C., Qin, Y., Lv, H., Shima, M., and Guo, X.: Association of Cardiopulmonary Health Effects with Source-Appointed Ambient Fine Particulate in Beijing, China: A Combined Analysis from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) Study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3438–3448, https://doi.org/10.1021/es404778w, 2014.
Wu, Y., Zhang, R., Tian, P., Tao, J., Hsu, S. C., Yan, P., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Zhang, X., and Xia, X.: Effect of ambient humidity on the light absorption amplification of black carbon in Beijing during January 2013, Atmos. Environ., 124, 217–223, 2016.
Wu, Y., Wang, X., Yan, P., Zhang, L., Tao, J., Liu, X., Tian, P., Han, Z., and Zhang, R.: Investigation of hygroscopic growth effect on aerosol scattering coefficient at a rural site in the southern North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 599–600, 76–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.194, 2017.
Xie, Y., Ding, A., Nie, W., Mao, H., Qi, X., Huang, X., Xu, Z., Kerminen, V. M., Petaja, T., and Chi, X.: Enhanced sulfate formation by nitrogen dioxide: Implications from in situ observations at the SORPES station, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 12679–12694, 2015a.
Xie, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Dong, W., Lv, B., and Bai, Y.: Daily Estimation of Ground-Level PM2. 5 Concentrations over Beijing Using 3 km Resolution MODIS AOD, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12280–12288, 2015b.
Xiong, Y., Zhou, J., Schauer, J. J., Yu, W., and Hu, Y.: Seasonal and spatial differences in source contributions to PM2. 5 in Wuhan, China, Sci. Total Environ., 577, 155–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.150, 2017.
Xu, H., Cao, J., Chow, J. C., Huang, R. J., Shen, Z., Chen, L. W. A., Ho, K. F., and Watson, J. G.: Inter-annual variability of wintertime PM2. 5 chemical composition in Xi'an, China: Evidences of changing source emissions, Sci. Total Environ., 545, 546–555, 2016.
Xu, J., Bergin, M., Yu, X., Liu, G., Zhao, J., Carrico, C., and Baumann, K.: Measurement of aerosol chemical, physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China, Atmos. Environ., 36, 161–173, 2002.
Xu, J., Bergin, M. H., Greenwald, R., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Jaffrezo, J. L., and Aymoz, G.: Aerosol chemical, physical, and radiative characteristics near a desert source region of northwest China during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004239, 2004.
Xu, J., Tao, J., Zhang, R., Cheng, T., Leng, C., Chen, J., Huang, G., Li, X., and Zhu, Z.: Measurements of surface aerosol optical properties in winter of Shanghai, Atmos. Res., 109, 25–35, 2012a.
Xu, L., Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhang, F., He, C., Zhao, J., and Yin, L.: Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of PM2. 5 aerosol in the urban area of Fuzhou, China, Atmos. Res., 104–105, 264–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.017, 2012b.
Xu, L., Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhang, F., He, C., Zhao, J., and Yin, L.: Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of PM2. 5 aerosol in the urban area of Fuzhou, China, Atmos. Res., 104, 264–272, 2012c.
Xu, W. Y., Zhao, C. S., Ran, L., Deng, Z. Z., Liu, P. F., Ma, N., Lin, W. L., Xu, X. B., Yan, P., He, X., Yu, J., Liang, W. D., and Chen, L. L.: Characteristics of pollutants and their correlation to meteorological conditions at a suburban site in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4353-4369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4353-2011, 2011.
Yan, H.: Aerosol scattering properties in northern China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6916–6922, 2007.
Yan, P., Tang, J., Huang, J., Mao, J. T., Zhou, X. J., Liu, Q., Wang, Z. F., and Zhou, H. G.: The measurement of aerosol optical properties at a rural site in Northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2229–2242, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2229-2008, 2008.
Yan, P., Pan, X., Tang, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, R., and Zeng, L.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol scattering coefficient: A comparative analysis between urban and suburban sites at winter in Beijing, Particuology, 7, 52–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2008.11.009, 2009.
Yang, F., He, K., Ye, B., Chen, X., Cha, L., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1449–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005, 2005a.
Yang, F., Huang, L., Duan, F., Zhang, W., He, K., Ma, Y., Brook, J. R., Tan, J., Zhao, Q., and Cheng, Y.: Carbonaceous species in PM2. 5 at a pair of rural/urban sites in Beijing, 2005–2008, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 7893–7903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7893-2011, 2011a.
Yang, F., Tan, J., Zhao, Q., Du, Z., He, K., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Chen, G., and Zhao, Q.: Characteristics of PM2. 5 speciation in representative megacities and across China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5207–5219, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5207-2011, 2011b.
Yang, H., Yu, J. Z., Ho, S. S. H., Xu, J., Wu, W., Wan, C. H., Wang, X., Wang, X., and Wang, L.: The chemical composition of inorganic and carbonaceous materials in PM2. 5 in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3735–3749, 2005b.
Yang, H., Chen, J., Wen, J., Tian, H., and Liu, X.: Composition and sources of PM2. 5 around the heating periods of 2013 and 2014 in Beijing: Implications for efficient mitigation measures, Atmos. Environ., 124, 378–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.015, 2016.
Yang, L., Zhou, X., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Cheng, S., Xu, P., Gao, X., Nie, W., Wang, X., and Wang, W.: Airborne fine particulate pollution in Jinan, China: concentrations, chemical compositions and influence on visibility impairment, Atmos. Environ., 55, 506–514, 2012.
Yang, L., Cheng, S., Wang, X., Nie, W., Xu, P., Gao, X., Yuan, C., and Wang, W.: Source identification and health impact of PM2. 5 in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere in China, Atmos. Environ., 75, 265–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.058, 2013.
Yang, Y. R., Liu, X. G., Qu, Y., An, J. L., Jiang, R., Zhang, Y. H., Sun, Y. L., Wu, Z. J., Zhang, F., Xu, W. Q., and Ma, Q. X.: Characteristics and formation mechanism of continuous hazes in China: a case study during the autumn of 2014 in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8165–8178, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8165-2015, 2015.
Yao, L., Yang, L., Yuan, Q., Yan, C., Dong, C., Meng, C., Sui, X., Yang, F., Lu, Y., and Wang, W.: Sources apportionment of PM2. 5 in a background site in the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 541, 590–598, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.123, 2016.
Ye, B., Ji, X., Yang, H., Yao, X., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: Concentration and chemical composition of PM2. 5 in Shanghai for a 1-year period, Atmos. Environ., 37, 499–510, 2003.
Yu, H., Wu, C., Wu, D., and Yu, J. Z.: Size distributions of elemental carbon and its contribution to light extinction in urban and rural locations in the pearl river delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5107–5119, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5107-2010, 2010.
Zha, S., Cheng, T., Tao, J., Zhang, R., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Leng, C., Zhang, D., and Du, J.: Characteristics and relevant remote sources of black carbon aerosol in Shanghai, Atmos. Res., 135, 159–171, 2014.
Zhang, F., Zhao, J., Chen, J., Xu, Y., and Xu, L.: Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2. 5 in Xiamen, China, J. Environ. Sci., 23, 1342–1349, 2011a.
Zhang, F., Xu, L., Chen, J., Yu, Y., Niu, Z., and Yin, L.: Chemical compositions and extinction coefficients of PM2. 5 in peri-urban of Xiamen, China, during June 2009–May 2010, Atmos. Res., 106, 150–158, 2012a.
Zhang, F., Wang, Z., Cheng, H., Lv, X., Gong, W., Wang, X., and Zhang, G.: Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 in Wuhan, central China, Sci. Total Environ., 518–519, 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.054, 2015a.
Zhang, L., Sun, J. Y., Shen, X. J., Zhang, Y. M., Che, H., Ma, Q. L., Zhang, Y. W., Zhang, X. Y., and Ogren, J. A.: Observations of relative humidity effects on aerosol light scattering in the Yangtze River Delta of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8439–8454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8439-2015, 2015b.
Zhang, N., Zhuang, M., Tian, J., Tian, P., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., Huang, R., Zhu, C., Zhang, X., and Cao, J.: Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Xiamen, China, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 10, 17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0879-1, 2016.
Zhang, Q., Geng, G., Wang, S., Richter, A., and He, K.: Satellite remote sensing of changes in NOx emissions over China during 1996–2010, Chinese Sci. Bull., 57, 2857–2864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5015-4, 2012b.
Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013a.
Zhang, R., Li, Q., and Zhang, R.: Meteorological conditions for the persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in January 2013, Sci. China-Earth Sci., 57, 26–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4774-3, 2014a.
Zhang, T., Cao, J., Tie, X., Shen, Z., Liu, S., Ding, H., Han, Y., Wang, G., Ho, K., and Qiang, J.: Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: seasonal variations and sources, Atmos. Res., 102, 110–119, 2011b.
Zhang, T., Cao, J., Chow, J. C., Shen, Z., Ho, K., Ho, S. S. H., Liu, S., Han, Y., Watson, J. G., and Wang, G.: Characterization and seasonal variations of levoglucosan in fine particulate matter in Xi'an, China, J. Air Waste Manage., 64, 1317–1327, 2014b.
Zhang, W., Guo, J., Sun, Y., Yuan, H., Zhuang, G., Zhuang, Y., and Hao, Z.: Source apportionment for urban PM10 and PM2. 5 in the Beijing area, Chinese Sci. Bull., 52, 608–615, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0076-5, 2007.
Zhang, X., Wu, L., Zhang, R., Deng, S., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Li, Y., Lin, L., Li, L., Wang, Y., and Wang, L.: Evaluating the relationships among economic growth, energy consumption, air emissions and air environmental protection investment in China, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 259–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.029, 2013b.
Zhang, X., Du, J., Huang, T., Zhang, L., Gao, H., Zhao, Y., and Ma, J.: Atmospheric removal of PM2. 5 by man-made three northern regions shelter forest in northern China estimated using satellite retrieved PM2. 5 concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 593–594, 713–721, 2017a.
Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Wang, S., He, K., and Zheng, M.: Review of receptor-based source apportionment research of fine particulate matter and its challenges in China, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 917–929, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.071, 2017b.
Zhao, B., Wang, S., Wang, J., Fu, J. S., Liu, T., Xu, J., Fu, X., and Hao, J.: Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China, Atmos. Environ., 77, 453–463, 2013a.
Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Liu, H., Xu, J. Y., Fu, K., Klimont, Z., Hao, J. M., He, K. B., Cofala, J., and Amann, M.: NOx emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, 2013b.
Zhao, M., Huang, Z., Qiao, T., Zhang, Y., Xiu, G., and Yu, J.: Chemical characterization, the transport pathways and potential sources of PM2. 5 in Shanghai: Seasonal variations, Atmos. Res., 158, 66–78, 2015a.
Zhao, M., Qiao, T., Huang, Z., Zhu, M., Xu, W., Xiu, G., Tao, J., and Lee, S.: Comparison of ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM2. 5 in 2009 and 2012 in Shanghai, China, Sci. Total Environ., 536, 695–703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.100, 2015b.
Zhao, P. S., Dong, F., He, D., Zhao, X. J., Zhang, X. L., Zhang, W. Z., Yao, Q., and Liu, H. Y.: Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2. 5 in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4631–4644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4631-2013, 2013c.
Zhao, X., Zhang, X., Pu, W., Meng, W., and Xu, X.: Scattering properties of the atmospheric aerosol in Beijing, China, Atmos. Res., 101, 799–808, 2011.
Zhao, X. J., Zhao, P. S., Xu, J., Meng,, W., Pu, W. W., Dong, F., He, D., and Shi, Q. F.: Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5685–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5685-2013, 2013d.
Zheng, J., Hu, M., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Kumar, P., Li, M., Wang, Y., and Guo, S.: Spatial distributions and chemical properties of PM2. 5 based on 21 field campaigns at 17 sites in China, Chemosphere, 159, 480–487, 2016.
Zheng, J. Y., Yin, S. S., Kang, D. W., Che, W. W., and Zhong, L. J.: Development and uncertainty analysis of a high-resolution NH3 emissions inventory and its implications with precipitation over the Pearl River Delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7041–7058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7041-2012, 2012.
Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Schauer, J. J., Zeng, L., Kiang, C. S., Zhang, Y., and Cass, G. R.: Seasonal trends in PM2. 5 source contributions in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3967–3976, 2005.
Zhou, B., Shen, H., Huang, Y., Li, W., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Su, S., Chen, Y., Lin, N., Zhuo, S., Zhong, Q., Liu, J., Li, B., and Tao, S.: Daily variations of size-segregated ambient particulate matter in Beijing, Environ. Pollut., 197, 36–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.029, 2015a.
Zhou, Y., Shuiyuan, C., Lang, J., Chen, D., Zhao, B., Liu, C., Xu, R., and Li, T.: A comprehensive ammonia emission inventory with high-resolution and its evaluation in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, China, Atmos. Environ., 106, 305–317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.069, 2015b.
Zhu, C., Cao, J., Ho, K., Chen, L. W. A., Huang, R., Wang, Y., Li, H., Shen, Z., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: The optical properties of urban aerosol in northern China: A case study at Xi'an, Atmos. Res., 160, 59–67, 2015.
Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Effects of relative humidity on aerosol light scattering: results from different European sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10609–10631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10609-2013, 2013.
Zíková, N., Wang, Y., Yang, F., Li, X., Tian, M., and Hopke, P. K.: On the source contribution to Beijing PM2. 5 concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 134, 84–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.047, 2016.
Zong, Z., Wang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Qu, L., Ji, L., Zhi, G., Li, J., and Zhang, G.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 at a regional background site in North China using PMF linked with radiocarbon analysis: insight into the contribution of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11249–11265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11249-2016, 2016.
Zou, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Koo, J. H.: Arctic sea ice, Eurasia snow, and extreme winter haze in China, Sci. Adv., 3, e1602751, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602751, 2017.
Short summary
In this study, studies on PM2.5 chemical composition, source apportionment and its impact on aerosol optical properties across China are thoroughly reviewed, and historical emission control policies in China and their effectiveness in reducing PM2.5 are discussed.
In this study, studies on PM2.5 chemical composition, source apportionment and its impact on...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint