Articles | Volume 9, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data
J. Quaas
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Y. Ming
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, USA
S. Menon
Goddard Institute for Space Studies/NASA, New York, USA
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
T. Takemura
Kyushu University, Fukoka, Japan
M. Wang
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
J. E. Penner
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
A. Gettelman
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
U. Lohmann
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science/ETH Zurich, Switzerland
N. Bellouin
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
O. Boucher
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
A. M. Sayer
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, UK
G. E. Thomas
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, UK
A. McComiskey
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA
G. Feingold
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA
C. Hoose
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
J. E. Kristjánsson
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
X. Liu
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
Y. Balkanski
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
L. J. Donner
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, USA
P. A. Ginoux
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, USA
P. Stier
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, UK
B. Grandey
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, UK
J. Feichter
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
I. Sednev
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
S. E. Bauer
Goddard Institute for Space Studies/NASA, New York, USA
D. Koch
Goddard Institute for Space Studies/NASA, New York, USA
R. G. Grainger
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, UK
A. Kirkevåg
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
T. Iversen
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
Ø. Seland
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
R. Easter
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
S. J. Ghan
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
P. J. Rasch
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
H. Morrison
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
J.-F. Lamarque
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
M. J. Iacono
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, USA
S. Kinne
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
M. Schulz
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Role of K-feldspar and quartz in global ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds
Projected increases in wildfires may challenge regulatory curtailment of PM2.5 over the eastern US by 2050
Meteorological export and deposition fluxes of black carbon on glaciers of the central Chilean Andes
Future changes in atmospheric rivers over East Asia under stratospheric aerosol intervention
Modeling the influence of chain length on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation via multiphase reactions of alkanes
How aerosol size matters in aerosol optical depth (AOD) assimilation and the optimization using the Ångström exponent
Microphysical, macrophysical, and radiative responses of subtropical marine clouds to aerosol injections
Hemispheric-wide climate response to regional COVID-19-related aerosol emission reductions: the prominent role of atmospheric circulation adjustments
Impacts of an aerosol layer on a midlatitude continental system of cumulus clouds: how do these impacts depend on the vertical location of the aerosol layer?
Impact of phase state and non-ideal mixing on equilibration timescales of secondary organic aerosol partitioning
A global climatology of ice-nucleating particles under cirrus conditions derived from model simulations with MADE3 in EMAC
Enviro-HIRLAM model estimates of elevated black carbon pollution over Ukraine resulted from forest fires
Where does the dust deposited over the Sierra Nevada snow come from?
Instant and delayed effects of March biomass burning aerosols over the Indochina Peninsula
Aerosol–cloud interaction in the atmospheric chemistry model GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE and its impacts on mesoscale numerical weather prediction under haze pollution conditions in Jing–Jin–Ji in China
Survival probabilities of atmospheric particles: comparison based on theory, cluster population simulations, and observations in Beijing
The simulation of mineral dust in the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1
Dust pollution in China affected by different spatial and temporal types of El Niño
Late summer transition from a free-tropospheric to boundary layer source of Aitken mode aerosol in the high Arctic
An improved representation of aerosol mixing state for air quality–weather interactions
Circulation-regulated impacts of aerosol pollution on urban heat island in Beijing
Size-resolved dust direct radiative effect efficiency derived from satellite observations
Modeling coarse and giant desert dust particles
Local and remote climate impacts of future African aerosol emissions
Fire–climate interactions through the aerosol radiative effect in a global chemistry–climate–vegetation model
Contributions of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions to the trends in winter PM2.5 in eastern China 2013–2018
Impacts of condensable particulate matter on atmospheric organic aerosols and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China
Mapping the dependence of black carbon radiative forcing on emission region and season
Regional PM2.5 pollution confined by atmospheric internal boundaries in the North China Plain: boundary layer structures and numerical simulation
Toward targeted observations of the meteorological initial state for improving the PM2.5 forecast of a heavy haze event that occurred in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region
Below-cloud scavenging of aerosol by rain: a review of numerical modelling approaches and sensitivity simulations with mineral dust in the Met Office's Unified Model
Aggravated Air Pollution and Health Burden due to Traffic Congestion in Urban China
Predicting gridded winter PM2.5 concentration in the east of China
Satellite-based evaluation of AeroCom model bias in biomass burning regions
Impacts of marine organic emissions on low-level stratiform clouds – a large eddy simulator study
Aviation contrail climate effects in the North Atlantic from 2016 to 2021
Source attribution of cloud condensation nuclei and their impact on stratocumulus clouds and radiation in the south-eastern Atlantic
Simulating wildfire emissions and plume rise using geostationary satellite fire radiative power measurements: a case study of the 2019 Williams Flats fire
Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations reveal increased ice nucleation activity on silver iodide surfaces in slit and wedge geometries
Secondary aerosol formation in marine Arctic environments: a model measurement comparison at Ny-Ã…lesund
Assessing the climate and air quality effects of future aerosol mitigation in India using a global climate model combined with statistical downscaling
Effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols in E3SM version 1: historical changes, causality, decomposition, and parameterization sensitivities
Examination of aerosol impacts on convective clouds and precipitation in two metropolitan areas in East Asia; how varying depths of convective clouds between the areas diversify those aerosol effects?
Influence of emission size distribution and nucleation on number concentrations over Greater Paris
Impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature in China: a surface energy budget perspective
Regional impacts of black carbon morphologies on shortwave aerosol–radiation interactions: a comparative study between the US and China
Tropospheric warming over the northern Indian Ocean caused by South Asian anthropogenic aerosols: possible impact on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
Self-lofting of wildfire smoke in the troposphere and stratosphere caused by radiative heating: simulations vs space lidar observations
Intraseasonal variation of the northeast Asian anomalous anticyclone and its impacts on PM2.5 pollution in the North China Plain in early winter
Inverse modeling of the 2021 spring super dust storms in East Asia
Marios Chatziparaschos, Nikos Daskalakis, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Nikos Kalivitis, Athanasios Nenes, MarÃa Gonçalves Ageitos, Montserrat Costa-Surós, Carlos Pérez GarcÃa-Pando, Medea Zanoli, Mihalis Vrekoussis, and Maria Kanakidou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1785–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation is enabled by ice-nucleating particles (INP) at higher temperatures than homogeneous formation and can profoundly affect the properties of clouds. Our global model results show that K-feldspar is the most important contributor to INP concentrations globally, affecting mid-level mixed-phase clouds. However, quartz can significantly contribute and dominates the lowest and the highest altitudes of dust-derived INP, affecting mainly low-level and high-level mixed-phase clouds.
Chandan Sarangi, Yun Qian, L. Ruby Leung, Yang Zhang, Yufei Zou, and Yuhang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1769–1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show that for air quality, the densely populated eastern US may see even larger impacts of wildfires due to long-distance smoke transport and associated positive climatic impacts, partially compensating the improvements from regulations on anthropogenic emissions. This study highlights the tension between natural and anthropogenic contributions and the non-local nature of air pollution that complicate regulatory strategies for improving future regional air quality for human health.
Rémy Lapere, Nicolás Huneeus, Sylvain Mailler, Laurent Menut, and Florian Couvidat
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1749–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the Andes of central Chile are shrinking rapidly in response to global warming. This melting is accelerated by the deposition of opaque particles onto snow and ice. In this work, model simulations quantify typical deposition rates of soot on glaciers in summer and winter months and show that the contribution of emissions from Santiago is not as high as anticipated. Additionally, the combination of regional- and local-scale meteorology explains the seasonality in deposition.
Ju Liang and Jim Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1687–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1687-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1687-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The recent record-breaking flood events in China during the summer of 2021 highlight the importance of mitigating the risks from future changes in high-impact weather systems under global warming. Based on a state-of-the-art Earth system model, we demonstrate a pilot study on the responses of atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation over East Asia to anthropogenically induced climate warming and an unconventional mitigation strategy – stratospheric aerosol injection.
Azad Madhu, Myoseon Jang, and David Deacon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1661–1675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
SOA formation is simulated using the UNIPAR model for series of linear alkanes. The inclusion of autoxidation reactions within the explicit gas mechanisms of C9–C12 was found to significantly improve predictions. Available product distributions were extrapolated with an incremental volatility coefficient (IVC) to predict SOA formation of alkanes without explicit mechanisms. These product distributions were used to simulate SOA formation from C13 and C15 and had good agreement with chamber data.
Jianbing Jin, Bas Henzing, and Arjo Segers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1641–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1641-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1641-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol models and satellite retrieval algorithms rely on different aerosol size assumptions. In practice, differences between simulations and observations do not always reflect the difference in aerosol amount. To avoid inconsistencies, we designed a hybrid assimilation approach. Different from a standard aerosol optical depth (AOD) assimilation that directly assimilates AODs, the hybrid one estimates aerosol size parameters by assimilating Ängström observations before assimilating the AODs.
Je-Yun Chun, Robert Wood, Peter Blossey, and Sarah J. Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1345–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of injected aerosol on subtropical low marine clouds under a variety of meteorological conditions using high-resolution model simulations. This study illustrates processes perturbed by aerosol injections and their impact on cloud properties (e.g., cloud number concentration, thickness, and cover). We show that those responses are highly sensitive to background meteorological conditions, such as precipitation, and background cloud properties.
Nora L. S. Fahrenbach and Massimo A. Bollasina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 877–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-877-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-877-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the monthly-scale climate response to COVID-19 aerosol emission reductions during January–May 2020 using climate models. Our results show global temperature and rainfall anomalies driven by circulation changes. The climate patterns reverse polarity from JF to MAM due to a shift in the main SO2 reduction region from China to India. This real-life example of rapid climate adjustments to abrupt, regional aerosol emission reduction has large implications for future climate projections.
Seoung Soo Lee, Junshik Um, Won Jun Choi, Kyung-Ja Ha, Chang Hoon Jung, Jianping Guo, and Youtong Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 273–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper elaborates on process-level mechanisms regarding how the interception of radiation by aerosols interacts with the surface heat fluxes and atmospheric instability in warm cumulus clouds. This paper elucidates how these mechanisms vary with the location or altitude of an aerosol layer. This elucidation indicates that the location of aerosol layers should be taken into account for parameterizations of aerosol–cloud interactions.
Meredith Schervish and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 221–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) can exhibit complex non-ideal behavior and adopt an amorphous semisolid state. We simulate condensation of semi-volatile compounds into a phase-separated particle to investigate the effect of non-ideality and particle phase state on the equilibration timescale of SOA partitioning. Our results provide useful insights into the interpretation of experimental observations and the description and treatment of SOA in aerosol models.
Christof G. Beer, Johannes Hendricks, and Mattia Righi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15887–15907, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15887-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15887-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have important influences on cirrus clouds and the climate system; however, their global atmospheric distribution in the cirrus regime is still very uncertain. We present a global climatology of INPs under cirrus conditions derived from model simulations, considering the mineral dust, soot, crystalline ammonium sulfate, and glassy organics INP types. The comparison of respective INP concentrations indicates the large importance of ammonium sulfate particles.
Mykhailo Savenets, Larysa Pysarenko, Svitlana Krakovska, Alexander Mahura, and Tuukka Petäjä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15777–15791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper explores the spatio-temporal variability of black carbon during a wildfire in August 2010, with a focus on Ukraine. As a research tool, the seamless Enviro-HIRLAM modelling system is used for investigating the atmospheric transport of aerosol particles emitted by wildfires from remote and local sources. The results of this study improve our understanding of the physical and chemical processes and the interactions of aerosols in the atmosphere.
Huilin Huang, Yun Qian, Ye Liu, Cenlin He, Jianyu Zheng, Zhibo Zhang, and Antonis Gkikas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15469–15488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using a clustering method developed in the field of artificial neural networks, we identify four typical dust transport patterns across the Sierra Nevada, associated with the mesoscale and regional-scale wind circulations. Our results highlight the connection between dust transport and dominant weather patterns, which can be used to understand dust transport in a changing climate.
Anbao Zhu, Haiming Xu, Jiechun Deng, Jing Ma, and Shaofeng Hua
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15425–15447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15425-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15425-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates the instant and delayed effects of biomass burning (BB) aerosols on precipitation over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP). The convection suppression due to the BB aerosol-induced stabilized atmosphere dominates over the favorable water-vapor condition induced by large-scale circulation responses, leading to an overall reduced precipitation in March, while the delayed effect promotes precipitation from early April to mid April due to the anomalous atmospheric circulations.
Wenjie Zhang, Hong Wang, Xiaoye Zhang, Liping Huang, Yue Peng, Zhaodong Liu, Xiao Zhang, and Huizheng Che
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15207–15221, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) is first implemented in the atmospheric chemistry system GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE. ACI can improve the simulated cloud, temperature, and precipitation under haze pollution conditions in Jing-Jin-Ji in China. This paper demonstrates the critical role of ACI in current numerical weather prediction over the severely polluted region.
Santeri Tuovinen, Runlong Cai, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Jingkun Jiang, Chao Yan, Markku Kulmala, and Jenni Kontkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15071–15091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15071-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15071-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compare observed survival probabilities of atmospheric particles from Beijing, China, with survival probabilities based on analytical formulae and model simulations. We find observed survival probabilities under polluted conditions at smaller sizes to be higher, while at larger sizes they are lower than or similar to theoretical survival probabilities. Uncertainties in condensation sink and growth rate are unlikely to explain higher-than-predicted survival probabilities at smaller sizes.
Stephanie Woodward, Alistair A. Sellar, Yongming Tang, Marc Stringer, Andrew Yool, Eddy Robertson, and Andy Wiltshire
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14503–14528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14503-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14503-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the dust scheme in the UKESM1 Earth system model and show generally good agreement with observations. Comparing with the closely related HadGEM3-GC3.1 model, we show that dust differences are not only due to inter-model differences but also to the dust size distribution. Under climate change, HadGEM3-GC3.1 dust hardly changes, but UKESM1 dust decreases because that model includes the vegetation response which, in our models, has a bigger impact on dust than climate change itself.
Yang Yang, Liangying Zeng, Hailong Wang, Pinya Wang, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14489–14502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using an aerosol–climate model, dust pollution in China affected by different spatial and temporal types of El Niño are examined. Both eastern and central Pacific El Niño and short-duration El Niño increase winter dust concentrations over northern China, while long-duration El Niño decreases concentrations. Only long-duration El Niño events can significantly affect dust over China in the following spring. This study has profound implications for air pollution control and dust storm prediction.
Ruth Price, Andrea Baccarini, Julia Schmale, Paul Zieger, Ian M. Brooks, Paul Field, and Ken S. Carslaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1079, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1079, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic clouds can control how much energy is absorbed by the surface or reflected back to space. Using a computer model of the atmosphere, we investigated the formation of atmospheric particles that allow cloud droplets to form. We found that particles formed aloft are transported to the lowest part of the Arctic atmosphere and that this is a key source of particles. Our results have implications for the way Arctic clouds will behave in the future as climate change continues to impact the region.
Robin Stevens, Andrei Ryjkov, Mahtab Majdzadeh, and Ashu Dastoor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13527–13549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Absorbing particles like black carbon can be coated with other matter. How much radiation these particles absorb depends on the coating thickness. The removal of these particles by clouds and rain depends on the coating composition. These effects are important for both climate and air quality. We implement a more detailed representation of these particles in an air quality model which accounts for both coating thickness and composition. We find a significant effect on particle concentrations.
Fan Wang, Gregory R. Carmichael, Jing Wang, Bin Chen, Bo Huang, Yuguo Li, Yuanjian Yang, and Meng Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13341–13353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Unprecedented urbanization in China has led to serious urban heat island (UHI) issues, exerting intense heat stress on urban residents. We find diverse influences of aerosol pollution on urban heat island intensity (UHII) under different circulations. Our results also highlight the role of black carbon in aggravating UHI, especially during nighttime. It could thus be targeted for cooperative management of heat islands and aerosol pollution.
Qianqian Song, Zhibo Zhang, Hongbin Yu, Jasper F. Kok, Claudia Di Biagio, Samuel Albani, Jianyu Zheng, and Jiachen Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13115–13135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a dataset that enables us to efficiently calculate dust direct radiative effect (DRE, i.e., cooling or warming our planet) for any given dust size distribution in addition to three sets of dust mineral components and two dust shapes. We demonstrate and validate the method of using this dataset to calculate dust DRE. Moreover, using this dataset we found that dust mineral composition is a more important factor in determining dust DRE than dust size and shape.
Eleni Drakaki, Vassilis Amiridis, Alexandra Tsekeri, Antonis Gkikas, Emmanouil Proestakis, Sotirios Mallios, Stavros Solomos, Christos Spyrou, Eleni Marinou, Claire L. Ryder, Demetri Bouris, and Petros Katsafados
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12727–12748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12727-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12727-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
State-of-the-art atmospheric dust models have limitations in accounting for a realistic dust size distribution (emission, transport). We modify the parameterization of the mineral dust cycle by including particles with diameter >20 μm, as indicated by observations over deserts. Moreover, we investigate the effects of reduced settling velocities of dust particles. Model results are evaluated using airborne and spaceborne dust measurements above Cabo Verde.
Christopher D. Wells, Matthew Kasoar, Nicolas Bellouin, and Apostolos Voulgarakis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-919, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The climate is altered by greenhouse gases and air pollutant particles, and such emissions are likely to change drastically in the future over Africa. Air pollutants do not travel far, so their climate effect depends on where they are emitted. This study uses a climate model to find the climate impacts of future African pollutant emissions being either high or low. The particles absorb and scatter sunlight, causing the ground nearby to be cooler, but elsewhere the increased heat causes warming.
Chenguang Tian, Xu Yue, Jun Zhu, Hong Liao, Yang Yang, Yadong Lei, Xinyi Zhou, Hao Zhou, Yimian Ma, and Yang Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12353–12366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impacts of fire aerosols on climate through direct, indirect, and albedo effects. In atmosphere-only simulations, we find global fire aerosols cause surface cooling and rainfall inhibition over many land regions. These fast atmospheric perturbations further lead to a reduction in regional leaf area index and lightning activities. By considering the feedback of fire aerosols on humidity, lightning, and leaf area index, we predict a slight reduction in fire emissions.
Yanxing Wu, Run Liu, Yanzi Li, Junjie Dong, Zhijiong Huang, Junyu Zheng, and Shaw Chen Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11945–11955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses often interpret the correlation coefficient (r2) as the contribution of an independent variable to the dependent variable. Since a good correlation does not imply a causal relationship, we propose that r2 should be interpreted as the maximum possible contribution. Moreover, MLR results are sensitive to the length of time analyzed; long-term analysis gives a more accurate assessment because of its additional constraints.
Mengying Li, Shaocai Yu, Xue Chen, Zhen Li, Yibo Zhang, Zhe Song, Weiping Liu, Pengfei Li, Xiaoye Zhang, Meigen Zhang, Yele Sun, Zirui Liu, Caiping Sun, Jingkun Jiang, Shuxiao Wang, Benjamin N. Murphy, Kiran Alapaty, Rohit Mathur, Daniel Rosenfeld, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11845–11866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study constructed an emission inventory of condensable particulate matter (CPM) in China with a focus on organic aerosols (OAs), based on collected CPM emission information. The results show that OA emissions are enhanced twofold for the years 2014 and 2017 after the inclusion of CPM in the new inventory. Sensitivity cases demonstrated the significant contributions of CPM emissions from stationary combustion and mobile sources to primary, secondary, and total OA concentrations.
Petri Räisänen, Joonas Merikanto, Risto Makkonen, Mikko Savolahti, Alf Kirkevåg, Maria Sand, Øyvind Seland, and Antti-Ilari Partanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11579–11602, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A climate model is used to evaluate how the radiative forcing (RF) associated with black carbon (BC) emissions depends on the latitude, longitude, and seasonality of emissions. It is found that both the direct RF (BC absorption of solar radiation in air) and snow RF (BC absorption in snow/ice) depend strongly on the emission region and season. The results suggest that, for a given mass of BC emitted, climatic impacts are likely to be largest for high-latitude emissions due to the large snow RF.
Xipeng Jin, Xuhui Cai, Mingyuan Yu, Yu Song, Xuesong Wang, Hongsheng Zhang, and Tong Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11409–11427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Meteorological discontinuities in the vertical direction define the lowest atmosphere as the boundary layer, while in the horizontal direction it identifies the contrast zone as the internal boundary. Both of them determine the polluted air mass dimension over the North China Plain. This study reveals the boundary layer structures under three categories of internal boundaries, modified by thermal, dynamical, and blending effects. It provides a new insight to understand regional pollution.
Lichao Yang, Wansuo Duan, Zifa Wang, and Wenyi Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11429–11453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11429-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11429-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The initial meteorological state has a great impact on PM2.5 forecasts. Assimilating additional observations is an effective way to improve the accuracy of the initial meteorological state. Here we used an advanced optimization approach to identify where we should preferentially place the meteorological observations associated with PM2.5 forecasts in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China. We provide evidence that the target observation strategy is effective for improving PM2.5 forecasts.
Anthony C. Jones, Adrian Hill, John Hemmings, Pascal Lemaitre, Arnaud Quérel, Claire L. Ryder, and Stephanie Woodward
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11381–11407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As raindrops fall to the ground, they capture aerosol (i.e. below-cloud scavenging or BCS). Many different BCS schemes are available to climate models, and it is unclear what the impact of selecting one scheme over another is. Here, various BCS models are outlined and then applied to mineral dust in climate model simulations. We find that dust concentrations are highly sensitive to the BCS scheme, with dust atmospheric lifetimes ranging from 5 to 44 d.
Peng Wang, Ruhan Zhang, Shida Sun, Meng Gao, Bo Zheng, Dan Zhang, Yangli Zhang, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-577, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
In China, vehicles have jumped significantly in the recent decade. This caused severe traffic congestion and aggravated air pollution. In this study, we developed a new temporal-allocation approach to quantify the impacts of traffic congestion. We found that traffic congestion worsens air quality and health burden across China, especially in the urban clusters. More effective and comprehensive vehicle emission control policies should be implemented to improve air quality in China.
Zhicong Yin, Mingkeng Duan, Yuyan Li, Tianbao Xu, and Huijun Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11173–11185, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The PM2.5 concentration has been greatly reduced in recent years in China and has entered a crucial stage that required fine seasonal prediction. However, there is still no study aimed at predicting gridded PM2.5 concentration. A model for seasonal prediction of gridded winter PM2.5 concentration in the east of China was developed by analyzing the contributions of emissions and climate variability, which could provide scientific support for air pollution control at the regional and city levels.
Qirui Zhong, Nick Schutgens, Guido van der Werf, Twan van Noije, Kostas Tsigaridis, Susanne E. Bauer, Tero Mielonen, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Harri Kokkola, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, David Neubauer, Zak Kipling, Hitoshi Matsui, Paul Ginoux, Toshihiko Takemura, Philippe Le Sager, Samuel Rémy, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Kai Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Svetlana G. Tsyro, Gabriele Curci, Anna Protonotariou, Ben Johnson, Joyce E. Penner, Nicolas Bellouin, Ragnhild B. Skeie, and Gunnar Myhre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11009–11032, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) errors for biomass burning aerosol (BBA) are evaluated in 18 global models against satellite datasets. Notwithstanding biases in satellite products, they allow model evaluations. We observe large and diverse model biases due to errors in BBA. Further interpretations of AOD diversities suggest large biases exist in key processes for BBA which require better constraining. These results can contribute to further model improvement and development.
Marje Prank, Juha Tonttila, Jaakko Ahola, Harri Kokkola, Thomas Kühn, Sami Romakkaniemi, and Tomi Raatikainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10971–10992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10971-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10971-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols and clouds persist as the dominant sources of uncertainty in climate projections. In this modelling study, we investigate the role of marine aerosols in influencing the lifetime of low-level clouds. Our high resolution simulations show that sea spray can both extend and shorten the lifetime of the cloud layer depending on the model setup. The impact of the primary marine organics is relatively limited while secondary aerosol from monoterpenes can have larger impact.
Roger Teoh, Ulrich Schumann, Edward Gryspeerdt, Marc Shapiro, Jarlath Molloy, George Koudis, Christiane Voigt, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10919–10935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10919-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft condensation trails (contrails) contribute to over half of the climate forcing attributable to aviation. This study uses historical air traffic and weather data to simulate contrails in the North Atlantic over 5 years, from 2016 to 2021. We found large intra- and inter-year variability in contrail radiative forcing and observed a 66 % reduction due to COVID-19. Most warming contrails predominantly result from night-time flights in winter.
Haochi Che, Philip Stier, Duncan Watson-Parris, Hamish Gordon, and Lucia Deaconu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10789–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Extensive stratocumulus clouds over the south-eastern Atlantic (SEA) can lead to a cooling effect on the climate. A key pathway by which aerosols affect cloud properties is by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we investigated the source attribution of CCN in the SEA as well as the cloud responses. Our results show that aerosol nucleation contributes most to CCN in the marine boundary layer. In terms of emissions, anthropogenic sources contribute most to the CCN and cloud droplets.
Aditya Kumar, R. Bradley Pierce, Ravan Ahmadov, Gabriel Pereira, Saulo Freitas, Georg Grell, Chris Schmidt, Allen Lenzen, Joshua P. Schwarz, Anne E. Perring, Joseph M. Katich, John Hair, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, and Hongyu Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10195–10219, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use the WRF-Chem model with new implementations of GOES-16 wildfire emissions and plume rise based on fire radiative power (FRP) to interpret aerosol observations during the 2019 NASA–NOAA FIREX-AQ field campaign and perform model evaluations. The model shows significant improvements in simulating the variety of aerosol loading environments sampled during FIREX-AQ. Our results also highlight the importance of accurate wildfire diurnal cycle and aerosol chemical mechanisms in models.
Golnaz Roudsari, Olli H. Pakarinen, Bernhard Reischl, and Hanna Vehkamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10099–10114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10099-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10099-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use atomistic simulations to study heterogeneous ice nucleation on silver iodide surfaces in slit and wedge geometries at low supercooling which serve as a model of irregularities on real atmospheric aerosol particle surfaces. The revealed microscopic ice nucleation mechanisms in confined geometries strongly support the experimental evidence for the importance of surface features such as cracks or pits functioning as active sites for ice nucleation in the atmosphere.
Carlton Xavier, Metin Baykara, Robin Wollesen de Jonge, Barbara Altstädter, Petri Clusius, Ville Vakkari, Roseline Thakur, Lisa Beck, Silvia Becagli, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Radovan Krejci, Peter Tunved, Mauro Mazzola, Birgit Wehner, Mikko Sipilä, Markku Kulmala, Michael Boy, and Pontus Roldin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10023–10043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The focus of this work is to study and improve our understanding of processes involved in the formation and growth of new particles in a remote Arctic marine environment. We run the 1D model ADCHEM along air mass trajectories arriving at Ny-Ã…lesund in May 2018. The model finds that ion-mediated H2SO4–NH3 nucleation can explain the observed new particle formation at Ny-Ã…lesund. The growth of particles is driven via H2SO4 condensation and formation of methane sulfonic acid in the aqueous phase.
Tuuli Miinalainen, Harri Kokkola, Antti Lipponen, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Vijay Kumar Soni, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, and Thomas Kühn
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-513, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the effects of aerosol emission mitigation on both global and regional radiative forcing and city-level air quality with a global-scale climate model. We used a machine learning downscaling approach to bias-correct the PM2.5 values obtained from the global model for the Indian mega-city New Delhi. Our results indicate that aerosol mitigation could result in both improved air quality and less radiative heating for India.
Kai Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Hui Wan, Philip J. Rasch, Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter, Xiangjun Shi, Yong Wang, Hailong Wang, Po-Lun Ma, Shixuan Zhang, Jian Sun, Susannah M. Burrows, Manish Shrivastava, Balwinder Singh, Yun Qian, Xiaohong Liu, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Qi Tang, Xue Zheng, Shaocheng Xie, Wuyin Lin, Yan Feng, Minghuai Wang, Jin-Ho Yoon, and L. Ruby Leung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9129–9160, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze the effective aerosol forcing simulated by E3SM version 1 using both century-long free-running and short nudged simulations. The aerosol forcing in E3SMv1 is relatively large compared to other models, mainly due to the large indirect aerosol effect. Aerosol-induced changes in liquid and ice cloud properties in E3SMv1 have a strong correlation. The aerosol forcing estimates in E3SMv1 are sensitive to the parameterization changes in both liquid and ice cloud processes.
Seoung Soo Lee, Jinho Choi, Goun Kim, Kyung-Ja Ha, Kyong-Hwan Seo, Chang Hoon Jung, Junshik Um, Youtong Zheng, Jianping Guo, Sang-Keun Song, Yun Gon Lee, and Nobuyuki Utsumi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9059–9081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how aerosols affect clouds and precipitation and how the aerosol effects vary with varying types of clouds that are characterized by cloud depth in two metropolitan areas in East Asia. As cloud depth increases, the enhancement of precipitation amount transitions to no changes in precipitation amount with increasing aerosol concentrations. This indicates that cloud depth needs to be considered for a comprehensive understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions.
Karine Sartelet, Youngseob Kim, Florian Couvidat, Maik Merkel, Tuukka Petäjä, Jean Sciare, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8579–8596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A methodology is defined to estimate number emissions from an inventory providing mass emissions. Number concentrations are simulated over Greater Paris using different nucleation parameterisations (binary, ternary involving sulfuric acid and ammonia, and heteromolecular involving sulfuric acid and extremely low-volatility organics, ELVOCs). The comparisons show that ternary nucleation may not be a dominant process for new particle formation in cities, but they stress the role of ELVOCs.
Zhaochen Liu, Xianmei Lang, and Dabang Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7667–7680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering is considered a potential means to counteract global warming. Here the impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature over China and related physical processes are investigated. Results show that the increased stratospheric aerosols cause surface cooling over China. The temperature responses vary with models, regions, and seasons and are largely related to net surface shortwave radiation changes.
Jie Luo, Zhengqiang Li, Chenchong Zhang, Qixing Zhang, Yongming Zhang, Ying Zhang, Gabriele Curci, and Rajan K. Chakrabarty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7647–7666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The fractal black carbon was applied to re-evaluate the regional impacts of morphologies on aerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs), and the effects were compared between the US and China. The regional-mean clear-sky ARI is significantly affected by the BC morphology, and relative differences of 17.1 % and 38.7 % between the fractal model with a Df of 1.8 and the spherical model were observed in eastern China and the northwest US, respectively.
Suvarna Fadnavis, Prashant Chavan, Akash Joshi, Sunil M. Sonbawne, Asutosh Acharya, Panuganti C. S. Devara, Alexandru Rap, Felix Ploeger, and Rolf Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7179–7191, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We show that large amounts of anthropogenic aerosols are transported from South Asia to the northern Indian Ocean. These aerosols are then lifted into the UTLS by the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation. They are further transported to the Southern Hemisphere and downward via westerly ducts over the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. These aerosols increase tropospheric heating, resulting in an increase in water vapor, which is then transported to the UTLS.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Jonas Witthuhn, Hartwig Deneke, Alexandra Chudnovsky, and Gregor Walter
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-343, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that smoke layers can reach the tropopause via the self-lofting effect within 3–7 days in the absence of pyroCB convection if the AOT is larger than approximately 2 for a longer time period. In the stratosphere it can further self-loft if the AOT is larger than 0.01. When reaching the stratosphere, wildfire smoke can sensitively influence the stratospheric composition on a hemispheric scale and thus can affect the Earth’s climate and the ozone layer.
Xiadong An, Wen Chen, Peng Hu, Shangfeng Chen, and Lifang Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6507–6521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The intraseasonal NAAA usually establishes quickly on day −3 with a life span of 8 days. Further results revealed that the probability of regional PM2.5 pollution related to the NAAA for at least 2 days in the NCP is 80% in NDJ period 2000–2021. Particularly, air quality in the NCP tends to deteriorate on day 2 prior to the peak day of the NAAA and reaches a peak on day −1 with a life cycle of 4 days. The corresponding meteorological conditions support these conclusions.
Jianbing Jin, Mijie Pang, Arjo Segers, Wei Han, Li Fang, Baojie Li, Haochuan Feng, Hai Xiang Lin, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6393–6410, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Super dust storms reappeared in East Asia last spring after being absent for one and a half decades. Accurate simulation of such super sandstorms is valuable, but challenging due to imperfect emissions. In this study, the emissions of these dust storms are estimated by assimilating multiple observations. The results reveal that emissions originated from both China and Mongolia. However, for northern China, long-distance transport from Mongolia contributes much more dust than Chinese deserts.
Cited articles
Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation, 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D5), 6837–6844, 2000.
Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation, 3. Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000483, 2002.
Ackerman, A. S., Kirkpatrick, M. P., Stevens, D. E., and Toon, O. B.: The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014–1017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03174, 2004.
Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, 1989.
Anderson, T. L., Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Knutti, R., Boucher, O., Rodhe, H., and Heintzenberg, J.: Climate forcing by aerosols – A hazy picture, Science, 300, 1103–1104, 2003.
Andreae, M. O., Jones, C. D., and Cox, P. M.: Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future, Nature, 435, 1187–1190, 2005.
Andreae, M. O.: Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 543–556, 2009.
Bauer, S. E., Koch, D., Unger, N., Metzger, S. M., Shindell, D. T., and Streets, D. G.: Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5043–5059, 2007.
Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Haywood, J., and Reddy, M. S.: Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements, Nature, 438, 1138–1141, 2005.
Berry, E. X.: Cloud droplet growth by collection, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 688–701, 1967.
Bony, S. and Emanuel, K. E.: A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; evaluation using TOGA COARE data, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3158–3183, 2001.
Brenguier, J. L., Pawlowska, H., Schüller, L., Preusker, R., Fischer, J., and Fouquart, Y.: Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: Droplet effective radius versus number concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 803–821, 2000.
Bréon, F.-M., Tanré, D., and Generoso, S.: Aerosol effect on cloud droplet size monitored from satellite, Science, 295, 834–838, 2002.
Bretherton, C. S., McCaa, J. R., and Grenier, H.: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers, Part I: Description and 1-D Results, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 864–-882, 2004.
Charlson, R. J., Ackerman, A. S., Bender, F. A.-M., Anderson, T. L., and Liu, Z.: On the climate forcing consequences of the albedo continuum between cloudy and clear air, Tellus 59B, 715–727, 2007.
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., Hack, J. J., McCaa, J. R., Williamson, D. L., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Lin, S. J., and Zhang, M.: The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model: CAM3, J. Climate, 19(11), 2122–2161, 2006.
Collins, W. J., Bellouin, N., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Gedney, N., Hinton, T., Jones, C. D., Liddicoat, S., Martin, G., O'Connor, F., Rae, J., Senior, C., Totterdell, I., Woodward, S., Reichler, T., and Kim, J.: Evaluation of HadGEM2 model, Hadley Centre Technical Note 74, available at http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/index.html last access: 11 November 2009, 2008.
Del Genio, A. D. and Yao, M.-S.: Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme, The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Mon., 46, 181–184, 1993.
Del Genio, A. D., Yao, M.-S., Kovari, W., and Lo, K. K.: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for general circulation models, J. Climate, 9, 270–304, 1996.
Del Genio, A. D., Kovari, W., Yao, M.-S., and Jonas, J.: Cumulus microphysics and climate sensitivity, J. Climate, 18, 2376–2387, 2005.
Denman, K. L., Brasseur, G., Chidthaisong, A., Ciais, P., Cox, P. M., Dickinson, R. E., Hauglustaine, D., Heinze, C., Holland, E., Jacob, D., Lohmann, U., Ramachandran, S., da Silva Dias, P. L., Wofsy, S. C., and Zhang, X.: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321–4344, 2006.
Devasthale, A., Krüger, O., and Grassl, H.: Change in cloud-top temperatures over Europe, IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 2, 333–336, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.851736, 2005.
Donner, L. J.: A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and Mesoscale Effects, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 889–906, 1993.
Donner, L. J., Wyman, B. L., Hemler, R. S., Horowitz, L. W., Ming, Y., Zhao, M., Golaz, J.-C., Austin, J., Cooke, W. F., Freidenreich, S. R., Ginoux, P., Gordon, C. T., Griffies, S., Held, I. M., Hurlin, W. J., Klein, S. A., Langenhorst, A. R., Lee, H.-C., Lin, S.-J., Maleyshev, S. L., Milly, P. C. D., Nath, M. J., Pincus, R., Ploshay, J. J., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Seman, C. J., Shevliakova, E., Sirutis, J. J., Stern, W. F., Stouffer, R. J., Wilson, R. J., Winton, M., and Wittenberg, A. T.: The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component of the GFDL global Coupled Model CM3, J. Climate, in preparation, 2009.
Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., and Ghan, S. J.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3), part II: Single-column and global results, J. Climate, 21(15), 3660–3679, 2008.
Ghan, S. J., Easter, R., Chapman, E., Abdul-Razzak, H., Zhang, Y., Leung, L., Laulainen, N., Saylor, R., and Zaveri, R.: A physically based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5279–5293, 2001.
Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20255–20273, 2001.
Guo, H., Penner, J. E., Herzog, M., and Pawlowska, H.: Examination of the aerosol indirect effect under contrasting environments during the ACE-2 experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 535–548, 2007.
Feingold, G.: Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1997, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017967, 2003.
Feingold, G., Eberhard, W. L., Veron, D. E., and Previdi, M.: First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016633, 2003.
Haywood, J. M., Ramaswamy, V., and Donner, L. J.: A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(2), 143–146, 1997.
Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., and Gettelman, A.: Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038568, 2009.
Hourdin, F., Musat, I., Bony, S., Braconnot, P., Codron, F., Dufresne, J. L., Fairhead, L., Filiberti, M. A., Friedlingstein, P., Grandpeix, J. Y., Krinner, G., Levan, P., Li, Z. X., and Lott, F.: The LMDZ4 general circulation model: Climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Clim. Dynam., 27, 787–813, 2006.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S. A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
IPCC: Climate change 2007 – The scientific basis, Contribution of working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., Woodage, M. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20293–20310, 2001.
Jones, A., Haywood, J. M., and Boucher, O.: Aerosol forcing, climate response and climate sensitivity in the Hadley Centre climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008688, 2007.
K-1 Model Developers: K-1 coupled GCM (MIROC) description, edited by: Hasumi, H. and Emori, S., Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, K-1 Tech. Rep. 1, 34 pp., 2004.
Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L., Rosenfeld, D., and Rudich, I.: The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 11207–11212, 2005.
Kaufman, Y. J. and Koren, I.: Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover, Science, 313, 655–658, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126232, 2006.
Khairoutdinov, M. and Kogan, Y.: A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 229–243, 2000.
Kinne, S., Schulz, M., Textor, C., Guibert, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T. F., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Collins, W., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Herzog, M., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., KirkevÃ¥g, A., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Lesins, G., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment –- optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815–1834, 2006.
Koch, D., Bond, T. C., Streets, D., and Unger, N.: Linking future aerosol readiative forcing to shifts in source activities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05821, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028360, 2007.
Koch, D., Menon, S., Del Genio, A., Ruedy, R., Alienov, I., and Schmidt, G. A.: Distinguishing aerosol impacts on climate over the past century, J. Climate, 22, 2659–-2677, 2009.
Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Remer, L. A., and Rudich, Y.: Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14828, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023187, 2005.
Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Rudich, Y., and Martins, J. V.: On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029253, 2007.
Krüger, O. and Gra{ß}l, H.: The indirect aerosol effect over Europe, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1925–1929, 2002.
Lee, S. S., Penner, J. E., and Saleeby, S. M.: Aerosol effects on liquid-water path of thin stratocumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010513, 2009a.
Lee, S. S. and Penner, J. E.: Comparison of a global-climate model to a cloud-system resolving model for the long-term response of thin stratocumulus clouds to preindustrial and present-day aerosol conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 21317–21369, 2009.
Le Treut, H. and Li, Z.-X.: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback processes associated with the simulation of cloud properties, Clim. Dynam., 5, 175–187, 1991.
Lin, H. and Leaitch, W. R.: Development of an in-cloud aerosol activation parameterization for climate modelling, Proceedings of the WMO Workshop on Measurement of Cloud Properties for Forecasts of Weather, Air Quality and Climate, Mexico City, June, 328–335, 1997.
Lin, S. J.: A "Vertically Lagrangian" finite-volume dynamical core for global models, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 2293–2307, 2004.
Liu, X., Ghan, S., Easter, R., Zaveri, R., Gettelman, A., Rasch, P., Morrison, H., Hess, P., Lamarque, J. F., Mahowald, N., Vitt, F. M., Cameron-Smith, P., Chuang, C. C., and Ekman, A.: Indirect effect in NCAR CAM: Sensitivity to aerosol-cloud parameterizations. Presented at the American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, 15–19 December 2008, San Francisco, California, 2008.
Liu, X., Penner, J. E., and Wang, M.: Influence of anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon on upper tropospheric clouds in the NCAR CAM3 model coupled to the IMPACT global aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010492, 2009.
Loeb, N. G. and Manalo-Smith, N.: Top-of-atmosphere direct radiative effect of aerosols over global oceans from merged CERES and MODIS observations, J. Climate, 18, 3506, 2005.
Loeb, N. G. and Schuster, G. L.: An observational study of the relationship between cloud, aerosol and meteorology in broken low-level cloud conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009763, 2008.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D12), 13685–13700, 1997.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, 2005.
Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Hoose, C., Ferrachat, S., Kloster, S., Roeckner, E., and Zhang, J.: Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3425–3446, 2007.
Martin, G. M., Ringer, M. A., Pope, V. D., Jones, A., Dearden, C., and Hinton, T. J.: The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environment Model (HadGEM1), Part I: Model description and global climatology, J. Climate, 19, 1274–1301, 2006.
Mauger, G. S. and Norris, J. R.: Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16824, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029952, 2007.
McComiskey, A. and Feingold, G.: Quantifying error in the radiative forcing of the first aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032667, 2008.
McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Frisch, A. S., Turner, D., Miller, M., Chiu, J., Min, Q., and Ogren, J.: An assessment of aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratus clouds based on surface remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D09203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011006, 2009.
Menon, S., Brenguier, J.-L., Boucher, O., Davison, P., Del Genio, A. D., Feichter, J., Ghan, S., Guibert, S., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Pawlowska, H., Penner, J. E., Quaas, J., Roberts, D. L., Schüller, L., and Snider, J.: Evaluating aerosol/cloud/radiation process parameterizations with single column models and ACE-2 cloudy column observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4762, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003902, 2003.
Menon, S., Del Genio, A. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Bennartz, R., Koch, D., Loeb, N., and Orlikowski, D.: Analyzing signatures of aerosol-cloud interactions from satellite retrievals and the GISS GCM to constrain the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009442, 2008a.
Menon, S., Unger, N., Koch, D., Francis, J., Garrett, T., Sednev, I., Shindell, D., and Streets, D.: Aerosol climate effects and air quality impacts from 1980 to 2030, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 12 pp., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024004, 2008b.
Ming, Y., Ramaswamy, V., Donner, L. J., Phillips, V. T. J., Klein, S. A., Ginoux, P. A., and Horowitz, L. W.: Modeling the interactions between aerosols and liquid water clouds with a self-consistent cloud scheme in a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1189–1209, 2007.
Minnis, P., Sun-Mack, D. F., Heck, P. W., Doelling, D. R., and Trepte, Q. Z.: CERES cloud property retrievals from imagers on TRMM, Terra, and Aqua. Proc. SPIE 10th International Symposium on Remote Sensing: Conference on Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere VII, Barcelona, Spain, 8–12 September, 37–48, 5235 pp., 2003.
Morrison, H. and Gettelman, A.: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3), Part I: Description and numerial tests, J. Climate, 21, 3642–3659, 2008.
Myhre, G., Stordal, F., Johnsrud, M., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Storelvmo, T., Kristjansson, J. E., Berntsen, T. K., Myhre, A., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Aerosol-cloud interaction inferred from MODIS satellite data and global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3081–3101, 2007.
Nakajima, T., Higurashi, A., Kawamoto, K., and Penner, J. E.: A possible correlation between satellite-derived cloud and aerosol microphysical parameters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1171–1174, 2001.
Penner, J. E., Quaas, J., Storelvmo, T., Takemura, T., Boucher, O., Guo, H., Kirkevåg, A., Kristjánsson, J. E., and Seland, Ø.: Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3391–3405, 2006.
Pincus, R., and Baker, M. B.: Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 372, 250–252, 1994.
Pincus, R., Hemler, R., and Klein, S. A.: Using stochastically generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 3644–3656, 2006.
Poulsen, C. A., Campmany, E., Dean, S., Ewen, G., Sayer, A. M., Thomas, G. E., Grainger, R. G., Siddans, R., Lawrence, B., and Watts, P.: The ORAC ATSR-2 cloud retrieval algorithm for GRAPE, in preparation for the RSE AATSR special issue, 2009.
Platnick, S., King, M. D., Ackerman, S. A., Menzel, W. P., Baum, B. A., Riédi, J. C., and Frey, R. A.: The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote S., 41, 459–473, 2003.
Quaas, J., Boucher,O., and Bréon, F.-M.: Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and in the LMDZ GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004317, 2004.
Quaas, J., Boucher, O., and Lohmann, U.: Constraining the total aerosol indirect effect in the LMDZ and ECHAM4 GCMs using MODIS satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 947–955, 2006.
Quaas, J., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., and Kinne, S.: Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008962, 2008.
Quaas, J., Bony, S., Collins, W. D., Donner, L., Illingworth, A. J., Jones, A., Lohmann, U., Satoh, M., Schwartz, S. E., Tao, W.-K., and Wood, R.: Current understanding and quantification of clouds in the changing climate system and strategies for reducing critical uncertainties, edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., Perturbed Clouds in the Climate System, Proceedings Ernst Strüngmann Forum, MIT press, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-262-01287-4, p. 576, 2009.
Rasch, P. J. and Kristjánsson, J. E.: A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterizations, J. Climate, 11, 1587–1614, 1998.
Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R. R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., Kleidman, R. G., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS algorithm, products, and validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947–973, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3385.1, 2005.
Roeckner, E., Bäuml, G., Bonaventura, L., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kirchner, I., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Rhodin, A., Schlese, U., Schulzweida, U., and Tompkins, A.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5: Part I: Model description, Report No. 349, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 127 pp., 2003.
Rotstayn, L. D.: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. 1: Description and evaluation of microphysical processes, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1227–1282, 1997.
Rotstayn, L. D., Ryan, B., and Katzfey, J.: A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1070–1088, 2000.
Rotstayn, L. D. and Penner, J. E.: Forcing, quasi-forcing and climate response, J. Climate, 14, 2960–2975, 2001.
Rotstayn, L. D. and Liu, Y.: A smaller global estimate of the second indirect aerosol effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021922, 2005.
Schmidt, G. A., Ruedy, R., Hansen, J. E., Aleinov, I., Bell, N., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Cairns, B., Canuto, V., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Friend, A. D., Hall, T. M., Hu, Y., Kelley, M., Kiang, N. Y., Koch, D., Lacis, A. A., Lerner, J., Lo, K. K., Miller, R. L., Nazarenko, L., Oinas, V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Russell, G. L., Sato, M., Shindell, D. T., Stone, P. H., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., and Yao, M.-S.: Present day atmospheric simulations using GISS ModelE: Comparison to in-situ, satellite and reanalysis data, J. Climate, 19, 153–192, 2006.
Schulz, M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225–5246, 2006.
Sekiguchi, M., Nakajima, T., Suzuki, K., Kawamoto, K., Higurashi, A., Rosenfeld, D., Sano, I., and Mukai, S.: A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets of aerosol and cloud parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 4699, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003359, 2003.
Seland, Ø., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., and Storelvmo, T.: Aerosol-climate interactions in the CAM-Oslo atmospheric GCM and investigation of associated basic shortcomings, Tellus, 60A, 459–491, 2008.
Shine, K. P., Cook, J., Highwood, E. J., and Joshi, M. M.: An alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2047, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018141, 2003.
Slingo, J. M.: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 899–927, 1987.
Stevens, B. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Cloud controlling factors – low clouds, edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. J., Perturbed Clouds in the Climate System, Proceedings Ernst Strüngmann Forum, MIT press, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-262-01287-4, p. 576, 2009.
Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, 2005.
Storelvmo, T., Kristjánsson, J. E., Myhre, G., Johnsrud, M., and Stordal, F.: Combined observational and modeling based study of the aerosol indirect effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3583–3601, 2006.
Storelvmo, T., Kristjánsson, J. E., Ghan, S. J., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., and Iversen,:. Predicting cloud droplet number concentration in Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)-Oslo, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006300, 2006b.
Sundqvist, H.: A parameterization scheme for nonconvective condensation including prediction of cloud water content, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 104, 677–690, 1978.
Sundqvist, H., Berge, E., and Kristiansson, J. E.: Condensation and Cloud Parameterization Studies with a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1641–1657, 1989.
Suzuki, K. and Stephens, G. L.: Global identification of warm cloud microphysical processes with combined use of A-Train observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033590, 2008.
Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T. Y., and Nakajima, T.: Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005029, 2005.
Takemura, T., Egashira, M., Matsuzawa, K., Ichijo, H., O'ishi, R., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: A simulation of the global distribution and radiative forcing of soil dust aerosols at the Last Glacial Maximum, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3061–3073, 2009.
Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, I., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777–1813, 2006.
Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Kloster, S., Koch, D., KirkevÃ¥g, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, M. S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol properties in global models –- an AeroCom experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4489–4501, 2007.
The GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team: The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2–LM2: Evaluation with prescribed SST simulations, J. Climate, 17, 4641–4673, 2004.
Thomas, G. E., Poulsen, C. A., Sayer, A. M., Marsh, S. H., Dean, S. M., Carboni, E., Siddans, R., Grainger, R. G., and Lawrence, B. N.: The ORAC ATSR-2 aerosol retrieval algorithm for GRAPE, AMT, 2, 679–701, 2009.
Tian, B., Waliser, D. E., Kahn, R. A., Li, Q., Yung, Y. L., Tyranowski, T., Geogdzhayev, I. V., Mishchenko, M. I., Torres, O., and Smirnov, A.: Does the Madden-Julian Oscillation influence aerosol variability?, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009372, 2008.
Tie, X. X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Edwards, D. P., Ginoux, P., Mahowald, N., Zhang, R. Y., Lou, C., and Brasseur, G.: Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005359, 2005.
Tiedtke, M.: Representation of clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 212, 3040–3061, 1993.
Twohy, C. H., Coakley Jr, J. A., and Tahnk, W. R.: Effect of changes in relative humidity on aerosol scattering near clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010991, 2009.
Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251–1256, 1974.
Várnai, T. and Marshak, A.: MODIS observations of enhanced clear-sky reflectance near clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037089, 2009.
Wen, G., Marshak, A., Cahalan, R. F., Remer, L. A., and Kleidman, R. G.: 3-D aerosol-cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008267, 2007.
Wielicki, B. A.,Barkstrom, B. R., Harrison, E. F., Lee III, R. B., Smith, G. L., and Cooper, J. E.: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES): An earth observing system experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 853–868, 1996.
Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 239–260, 2009.
Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Cirrus clouds in a global climate model with a statistical cirrus cloud scheme, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 16607–16682, 2009.
Wang, M., Penner, J. E., and Liu, .: Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010459, 2009.
Wood, R.: Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stratocumulus through cloud thinning, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2657–2669, 2007.
Zhang, J., Reid, J. S., and Holben, B. N.: An analysis of potential cloud artifacts in MODIS over ocean aerosol optical thickness products, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023254, 2005.
Zhang, M., Lin, W., Bretherton, C. B., Hack, J. J., and Rasch, P. J.: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002523, 2003.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint