Articles | Volume 25, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7669-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7669-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
22 Jul 2025
Measurement report |
| 22 Jul 2025
| 22 Jul 2025
Measurement report: Insight into greenhouse gas emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles in China in the context of technological innovation
Xinping Yang
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Jia Ke
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Zhihui Huang
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Yi Wen
China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176, China
Dailin Yin
China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176, China
Zhen Jiang
China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176, China
Zhigang Yue
China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176, China
Yunjing Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Songdi Liao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
Hang Yin
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Yan Ding
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Related authors
Liuwei Kong, Xin Li, Yu Wang, Sihua Lu, Ying Liu, Shengrong Lou, Wenxin Zhou, Xinping Yang, Yan Ding, Yi Liu, Mengdi Song, Shuyu He, Kai Wang, Feng Wang, Xiaocen Shi, Jian Wang, Yun Zou, Chaofan Lian, Hefan Liu, Miao Feng, Xiaoya Dou, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2322, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2322, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research investigates the volatile organic compounds evaporative emission characteristics of China's typical representative vehicle regulatory standards. The emission factors, chemical composition characteristics and source profiles of volatile organic compounds were determined. The hydroxyl radical total reactivity and compositions of evaporative emissions were quantified, and identified key volatile organic compounds reactive species contributing to atmospheric photochemical processes.
Chao Peng, Yan Ding, Zhenliang Li, Tianyu Zhai, Xinping Yang, Mi Tian, Yang Chen, Xin Long, Haohui Tang, Guangming Shi, Liuyi Zhang, Kangyin Zhang, Fumo Yang, and Chongzhi Zhai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-101, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is a dominant component of atmospheric aerosol worldwide, and it is recognized as a key factor affecting air quality and possibly climate. We revealed the aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation and brownness from aged biomass-burning emissions and highlighted the importance of aqueous-phase reactions on air quality and climate. The aqueous secondary organic aerosol from aged biomass-burning emissions should be taken into account in air quality and climate models.
Chunmeng Li, Xiaorui Chen, Haichao Wang, Tianyu Zhai, Xuefei Ma, Xinping Yang, Shiyi Chen, Min Zhou, Shengrong Lou, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, and Keding Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3905–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports an observation of organic nitrate (including total peroxy nitrates and total alkyl nitrates) in Shanghai, China, during the summer of 2021, by homemade thermal dissociation cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TD-CEAS; Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4033–4051, 2021). The distribution of organic nitrates and their effects on local ozone production are analyzed based on field observations in conjunction with model simulations.
Can Ye, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Wanyi Qiu, Shule Li, Xinping Yang, Chaoyang Xue, Tianyu Zhai, Yuhan Liu, Xuan Li, Yang Li, Haichao Wang, Zhaofeng Tan, Xiaorui Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15455–15472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, combining comprehensive field measurements and a box model, we found NO2 conversion on the ground surface was the most important source for HONO production among the proposed heterogeneous and gas-phase HONO sources. In addition, HONO was found to evidently enhance O3 production and aggravate O3 pollution in summer in China. Our study improved our understanding of the relative importance of different HONO sources and the crucial role of HONO in O3 formation in polluted areas.
Xinping Yang, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Yue Gao, Zhaofeng Tan, Haichao Wang, Xiaorui Chen, Xin Li, Xiaofeng Huang, Lingyan He, Mengxue Tang, Bo Zhu, Shiyi Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12525–12542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the OH and HO2 radical observations at the Shenzhen site (Pearl River Delta, China) in the autumn of 2018. The diurnal maxima were 4.5 × 106 cm−3 for OH and 4.2 × 108 cm−3 for HO2 (including an estimated interference of 23 %–28 % from RO2 radicals during the daytime). The OH underestimation was identified again, and it was attributable to the missing OH sources. HO2 heterogeneous uptake, ROx sources and sinks, and the atmospheric oxidation capacity were evaluated as well.
Liuwei Kong, Xin Li, Yu Wang, Sihua Lu, Ying Liu, Shengrong Lou, Wenxin Zhou, Xinping Yang, Yan Ding, Yi Liu, Mengdi Song, Shuyu He, Kai Wang, Feng Wang, Xiaocen Shi, Jian Wang, Yun Zou, Chaofan Lian, Hefan Liu, Miao Feng, Xiaoya Dou, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2322, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2322, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research investigates the volatile organic compounds evaporative emission characteristics of China's typical representative vehicle regulatory standards. The emission factors, chemical composition characteristics and source profiles of volatile organic compounds were determined. The hydroxyl radical total reactivity and compositions of evaporative emissions were quantified, and identified key volatile organic compounds reactive species contributing to atmospheric photochemical processes.
Chao Peng, Yan Ding, Zhenliang Li, Tianyu Zhai, Xinping Yang, Mi Tian, Yang Chen, Xin Long, Haohui Tang, Guangming Shi, Liuyi Zhang, Kangyin Zhang, Fumo Yang, and Chongzhi Zhai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-101, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is a dominant component of atmospheric aerosol worldwide, and it is recognized as a key factor affecting air quality and possibly climate. We revealed the aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation and brownness from aged biomass-burning emissions and highlighted the importance of aqueous-phase reactions on air quality and climate. The aqueous secondary organic aerosol from aged biomass-burning emissions should be taken into account in air quality and climate models.
Chunmeng Li, Xiaorui Chen, Haichao Wang, Tianyu Zhai, Xuefei Ma, Xinping Yang, Shiyi Chen, Min Zhou, Shengrong Lou, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, and Keding Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3905–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports an observation of organic nitrate (including total peroxy nitrates and total alkyl nitrates) in Shanghai, China, during the summer of 2021, by homemade thermal dissociation cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TD-CEAS; Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4033–4051, 2021). The distribution of organic nitrates and their effects on local ozone production are analyzed based on field observations in conjunction with model simulations.
Can Ye, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Wanyi Qiu, Shule Li, Xinping Yang, Chaoyang Xue, Tianyu Zhai, Yuhan Liu, Xuan Li, Yang Li, Haichao Wang, Zhaofeng Tan, Xiaorui Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15455–15472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, combining comprehensive field measurements and a box model, we found NO2 conversion on the ground surface was the most important source for HONO production among the proposed heterogeneous and gas-phase HONO sources. In addition, HONO was found to evidently enhance O3 production and aggravate O3 pollution in summer in China. Our study improved our understanding of the relative importance of different HONO sources and the crucial role of HONO in O3 formation in polluted areas.
Xinping Yang, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Yue Gao, Zhaofeng Tan, Haichao Wang, Xiaorui Chen, Xin Li, Xiaofeng Huang, Lingyan He, Mengxue Tang, Bo Zhu, Shiyi Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12525–12542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the OH and HO2 radical observations at the Shenzhen site (Pearl River Delta, China) in the autumn of 2018. The diurnal maxima were 4.5 × 106 cm−3 for OH and 4.2 × 108 cm−3 for HO2 (including an estimated interference of 23 %–28 % from RO2 radicals during the daytime). The OH underestimation was identified again, and it was attributable to the missing OH sources. HO2 heterogeneous uptake, ROx sources and sinks, and the atmospheric oxidation capacity were evaluated as well.
Cited articles
Awad, O. I., Ma, X., Kamil, M., Ali, O. M., Zhang, Z., and Shuai, S.: Particulate emissions from gasoline direct injection engines: A review of how current emission regulations are being met by automobile manufacturers, Sci. Total Environ., 718, 137302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137302, 2020.
Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J., and Szczotka, A.: An assessment of regulated emissions and CO2 emissions from a European light-duty CNG-fueled vehicle in the context of Euro 6 emissions regulations, Appl. Energ., 117, 134–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.003, 2014.
Brinklow, G., Herreros, J. M., Zeraati Rezaei, S., Doustdar, O., Tsolakis, A., Kolpin, A., and Millington, P.: Non-carbon greenhouse gas emissions for hybrid electric vehicles: three-way catalyst nitrous oxide and ammonia trade-off, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Te., 20, 12521–12532, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04848-2, 2023.
Cai, H. and Xie, S.: Determination of emission factors from motor vehicles under different emission standards in China, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 46, 319–326, 2010 (in Chinese).
Chen, H., He, J., and Zhong, X.: Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review, J. Energy Inst., 92, 1123–1136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.06.005, 2019.
Clairotte, M., Suarez-Bertoa, R., Zardini, A. A., Giechaskiel, B., Pavlovic, J., Valverde, V., Ciuffo, B., and Astorga, C.: Exhaust emission factors of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from European road vehicles, Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 125, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00407-5, 2020.
Da, P., Tao, L., Sun, K., Golston, L. M., Miller, D. J., Zhu, T., Qin, Y., Zhang, Y., Mauzerall, D. L., and Zondlo, M. A.: Methane emissions from natural gas vehicles in China, Nat. Commun., 11, 4588, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18141-0, 2020.
De Abreu Goes, J., Olsson, L., and Watling, T. C.: Global Kinetic Model of a Three-Way-Catalyst-Coated Gasoline Particulate Filter: Catalytic Effects of Soot Accumulation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 60, 16899–16910, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02742, 2021.
Drozd, G. T., Zhao, Y., Saliba, G., Frodin, B., Maddox, C., Weber, R. J., Chang, M. O., Maldonado, H., Sardar, S., Robinson, A. L., and Goldstein, A. H.: Time Resolved Measurements of Speciated Tailpipe Emissions from Motor Vehicles: Trends with Emission Control Technology, Cold Start Effects, and Speciation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 13592–13599, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04513, 2016.
Duan, L., Yuan, Z., Sha, Q. e., Wang, M., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Hao, Y., and Zheng, J.: Investigation on the trend of emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds from motor vehicle exhaust under different emission standards, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 41, 1239–1249, https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2021.0062, 2021.
Graham, L. A., Belisle, S. L., and Baas, C.-L.: Emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles operating on low blend ethanol gasoline and E85, Atmos. Environ., 42, 4498–4516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.061, 2008.
He, L., Song, J., Hu, J., Xie, S., and Zu, L.: An investigation of the CH4 and N2O emission factors of light-duty gasoline vehicles, Environ. Sci., 35, 4489–4494, 2014.
Hu, Z., Lu, Z., Song, B., and Quan, Y.: Impact of test cycle on mass, number and particle size distribution of particulates emitted from gasoline direct injection vehicles, Sci. Total Environ., 762, 143128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143128, 2021.
Huang, R., Ni, J., Zheng, T., Wang, Q., Shi, X., and Cheng, Z.: Characterizing and assessing the fuel economy, particle number and gaseous emissions performance of hybrid electric and conventional vehicles under different driving modes, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 13, 101597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101597, 2022a.
Huang, X., Wang, Y., Xing, Z., and Du, K.: Emission factors of air pollutants from CNG-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles: Part II. CO, HC and NOx, Sci. Total Environ., 565, 698–705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.069, 2016.
Huang, Z., Ji, L., Yin, J., Lv, C., Wang, J., Yin, H., Ding, Y., Cai, B., and Yan, G.: Peak Pathway of China's Road Traffic Carbon Emissions, Res. Environ. Sci., 385–393, https://doi.org/10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.11.06, 2022b.
Huo, H., Yao, Z., Zhang, Y., Shen, X., Zhang, Q., Ding, Y., and He, K.: On-board measurements of emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in three mega-cities of China, Atmos. Environ., 49, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.005, 2012.
IEA: CO2 Emissions in 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-2023 (last access: 9 July 2025), 2024.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004, 2014.
Li, D., Yu, F., Zhang, R., Zhu, M., Liao, S., Lu, M., Guo, J., Wu, L., and Zheng, J.: Real-world greenhouse gas emission characteristics from in-use light-duty diesel trucks in China, Sci. Total Environ., 940, 173400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173400, 2024.
Li, F., Cai, B., Ye, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Zhou, P., and Chen, J.: Changing patterns and determinants of transportation carbon emissions in Chinese cities, Energy, 174, 562–575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.179, 2019.
Li, G., Gao, J., Deng, S., Sun, Z., Zhang, S., Lu, Z., Lu, P., Zhang, Y., Abula, T., and Li, Q.: A study on high temporal-spatial resolution emission inventory and its characteristics of greenhouse gas for on-road mobile source in Weinan, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 42, 332–340, https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2022.0215, 2022.
Liu, J., Sun, Y., Wang, K., Zou, J., and KOng, Y.: Study on mid- and long-term low carbon development pathway for China's transport sector, Advances in Climate Change Research, 14, 513–521, 2018.
Liu, J., Huang, F., and Chen, B.: Research on Influencing Factors and Emission Reduction Strategies of Carbon Emission in Transportation Industry, Highway, 68, 252–259, 2023.
Liu, Y., Wu, Z. X., Zhou, H., Zheng, H., Yu, N., An, X. P., Li, J. Y., and Li, M. L.: Development of China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle, Int. J. Automot. Techn., 21, 1233–1246, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-020-0117-5, 2020.
Lv, Z., Wu, L., Ma, C., Sun, L., Peng, J., Yang, L., Wei, N., Zhang, Q., and Mao, H.: Comparison of CO2, NOx, and VOCs emissions between CNG and E10 fueled light-duty vehicles, Sci. Total Environ., 858, 159966–159966, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159966, 2023.
Mejía-Centeno, I., Martínez-Hernández, A., and Fuentes, G. A.: Effect of low-sulfur fuels upon NH3 and N2O emission during operation of commercial three-way catalytic converters, Top. Catal., 42, 381–385, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-007-0210-2, 2007.
Ministry of Ecology and Environment: China Mobile Source Environmental Management Annual Report, https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/ydyhjgl/202503/t20250326_1104757.shtml (last access: 9 July 2025), 2024.
Nam, E. K., Jensen, T. E., and Wallington, T. J.: Methane Emissions from Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2005–2010, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034837g, 2004.
Nevalainen, P., Kinnunen, N. M., Kirveslahti, A., Kallinen, K., Maunula, T., Keenan, M., and Suvanto, M.: Formation of NH3 and N2O in a modern natural gas three-way catalyst designed for heavy-duty vehicles: the effects of simulated exhaust gas composition and ageing, Appl. Catal. A-Gen., 552, 30–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2017.12.017, 2018.
Qi, L., Zhao, J., Li, Q., Su, S., Lai, Y., Deng, F., Man, H., Wang, X., Shen, X. e., Lin, Y., Ding, Y., and Liu, H.: Primary organic gas emissions from gasoline vehicles in China: Factors, composition and trends, Environ. Pollut., 290, 117984–117984, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117984, 2021.
Qu, G., Yao, C., Wu, T., Wang, H., Li, Z., and Yan, J.: Comparative experiment research on unregulated exhaust emission characteristics of alcohol-gasoline and gasoline, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 40, 111–118, 2020.
Rašić, D., Rodman Oprešnik, S., Seljak, T., Vihar, R., Baškovič, U. Ž., Wechtersbach, T., and Katrašnik, T.: RDE-based assessment of a factory bi-fuel CNG/gasoline light-duty vehicle, Atmos. Environ., 167, 523–541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.055, 2017.
Saxer, C. J., Forss, A.-M., Rüdy, C., and Heeb, N. V.: Benzene, toluene and C2-benzene emissions of 4-stroke motorbikes: Benefits and risks of the current TWC technology, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6053–6065, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.059, 2006.
Selleri, T., Melas, A. D., Franzetti, J., Ferrarese, C., Giechaskiel, B., and Suarez-Bertoa, R.: On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles–Part 1: Regulated and Unregulated Gaseous Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases, Energies, 15, 2401, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072401, 2022.
Shine, K. P.: The global warming potential–the need for an interdisciplinary retrial, Climatic Change, 96, 467–472, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9647-6, 2009.
Sirithian, D., Thanatrakolsri, P., and Pongpan, S.: CO2 and CH4 Emission Factors from Light-Duty Vehicles by Fuel Types in Thailand, Atmosphere, 13, 1588, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101588, 2022.
Tang, W., He, P., Yang, Q., Lu, Q., Zheng, S., Xia, Y., Jing, B., LU, B., Huang, C., and Lu, J.: Study on greenhouse gas emission inventory of road source in Hangzhou based on IVE model and large data analysis, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 38, 1368–1376, https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0493, 2018.
Wallington, T. J. and Wiesen, P.: N2O emissions from global transportation, Atmos. Environ., 94, 258–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.018, 2014.
Wang, H., Ou, X., and Zhang, X.: Mode, technology, energy consumption, and resulting CO2 emissions in China's transport sector up to 2050, Energ. Policy, 109, 719–733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.010, 2017.
Wang, Q., Cao, F., Fu, M., Su, S., Wang, M., Zhao, Z., Lin, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Emission factors of carbon dioxide from in-use vehicles based on bench testing, Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 14, 156–166, 2022a (in Chinese).
Wang, X., Wang, C., Li, R., Ge, Y., Hao, L., and Tan, J.: Tracing the regulated emissions of field-aged gasoline/natural gas bi-fuel taxis from new to 160,000 km: Deterioration and environmental implications, Fuel, 362, 130863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.130863, 2024.
Wang, Y., Hao, C., Ge, Y., Hao, L., Tan, J., Wang, X., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Tian, W., Lin, Z., and Li, J.: Fuel consumption and emission performance from light-duty conventional/hybrid-electric vehicles over different cycles and real driving tests, Fuel, 278, 118340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118340, 2020.
Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Yin, H., Yang, Z., Hao, L., Tan, J., Wang, X., Zhang, M., Li, J., Lyu, L., Wang, H., Wang, C., Tan, D., and Ge, Y.: Quantitative study of vehicle CO2 emission at various temperatures and road loads, Fuel, 320, 123911, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123911, 2022b.
Woo Jeong, J., Baek, S., Park, S., Lee, S., Lim, Y., and Lee, K.: Trends in NOx and NH3 emissions caused by three-way catalysts, Fuel, 366, 131282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131282, 2024.
Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Hao, J., Liu, H., Wu, X., Hu, J., Walsh, M. P., Wallington, T. J., Zhang, K. M., and Stevanovic, S.: On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China: A review and outlook, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 332–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040, 2017.
Xue, L., Jin, Y., Yu, R., Liu, Y., and Ren, H.: Toward “net zero” emissions in the road transport sector in China, World Resources Institute, https://wri.org.cn/sites/default/files/2021-12/toward-net-zero-emissions-road-transport-sector-china-CN.pdf (last access: 9 July 2025), 2019.
Yang, X., Ke, J., Huang, Z., Wen, Y., Yin, D., Jiang, Z., Yue, Z., Wang, Y., Liao, S., Yin, H., and Ding, Y.: Measurement report: Insight into Greenhouse Gas Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Vehicles in China Driven by Technological Innovation, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15253351, 2025.
Yin, D., Ai, L., and Weng, Y.: Greenhouse gas emissions characteristics of China VI light-duty gasoline vehicles, China Environmental Science, 44, 679–685, 2024.
Yin, X., Chen, W., Eom, J., Clarke, L. E., Kim, S. H., Patel, P. L., Yu, S., and Kyle, G. P.: China's transportation energy consumption and CO2 emissions from a global perspective, Energ. Policy, 82, 233–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.03.021, 2015.
Yuan, Z., Li, Z., Kang, L., Tan, X., Zhou, X., Li, X., Li, C., Peng, T., and Ou, X.: A review of low-carbon measurements and transition pathway of transport sector in China, Advances in Climate Change Research, 17, 27–35, 2021.
Zeng, Y., Tan, X., Gu, B., Wang, Y., and Xu, B.: Greenhouse gas emissions of motor vehicles in Chinese cities and the implication for China's mitigation targets, Appl. Energ., 184, 1016–1025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.130, 2016.
Zhang, L., Long, R., Chen, H., and Geng, J.: A review of China's road traffic carbon emissions, J. Clean. Prod., 207, 569–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.003, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Yang, X., and Fu, M.: Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles, Sustainability, 16, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010012, 2024.
Zhong, H., Yu, F., Liao, S., Zhu, M., Duan, J., Sha, Q. e., Liu, J., and Zheng, J.: Development and evaluation of methane emission factor model for light-duty gasoline vehicles based on on-road driving tests, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 43, 176–184, 2023.
Zhu, X.-H., He, H.-D., Lu, K.-F., Peng, Z.-R., and Gao, H. O.: Characterizing carbon emissions from China V and China VI gasoline vehicles based on portable emission measurement systems, J. Clean. Prod., 378, 134458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134458, 2022.
Short summary
Given the limitation of insufficient research on greenhouse gas emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles in China against a dual-carbon background, we conducted chassis dynamometer tests on over 10 vehicles and elaborated in detail on the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles in the context of technological updates.
Given the limitation of insufficient research on greenhouse gas emission characteristics of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint