Articles | Volume 25, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3753-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3753-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
31 Mar 2025
Research article |
| 31 Mar 2025
| 31 Mar 2025
Mechanistic insights into chloroacetic acid production from atmospheric multiphase volatile organic compound–chlorine chemistry
Mingxue Li
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
Chunshui Lin
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Yifan Jiang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Weihang Sun
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Yurun Wang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Yingnan Zhang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Maoxia He
Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Related authors
Yanru Huo, Mingxue Li, Xueyu Wang, Jianfei Sun, Yuxin Zhou, Yuhui Ma, and Maoxia He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12409–12423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work found that the air–water (A–W) interface and TiO2 clusters promote the oxidation of phenolic compounds (PhCs) to varying degrees compared with the gas phase and bulk water. Some byproducts are more harmful than their parent compounds. This work provides important evidence for the rapid oxidation observed in O3/HO• + PhC experiments at the A–W interface and in mineral dust.
Zhouxing Zou, Tianshu Chen, Qianjie Chen, Weihang Sun, Shichun Han, Zhuoyue Ren, Xinyi Li, Wei Song, Aoqi Ge, Qi Wang, Xiao Tian, Chenglei Pei, Xinming Wang, Yanli Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8147–8161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measured ambient OH and HO2* (HO2 and contribution from RO2, organic peroxyl radicals) concentrations at a subtropical rural site and compared our observations with model results. During warm periods, the model overestimated concentrations of OH and HO2, leading to overestimation of ozone and nitric acid production. Our findings highlight the need to better understand how OH and HO2 are formed and removed, which is important for accurate air quality and climate predictions.
Chunshui Lin, Ru-Jin Huang, Jing Duan, Jing Qu, Jiahua Liu, Yi Liu, Yan Luo, Wei Huang, Wei Xu, Yanan Zhan, Zhitao Liu, Sihan Liu, Qingshuang Zhang, Quan Liu, Zirui Liu, Shengrong Lou, Huinan Yang, Dan Dan Huang, Cheng Huang, and Hongli Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2521, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Since China's 2013 Clean Air Act cut PM2.5 by over half, winter haze in the North China Plain persists due to secondary organic aerosols now dominating primary pollutants, requiring urgent regional cooperation to address model-underestimated chemical transformations and cross-border pollution.
Baihua Chen, Lu Lei, Emmanuel Chevassus, Wei Xu, Ling Zhen, Haobin Zhong, Lin Wang, Chunshui Lin, Ru-Jin Huang, Darius Ceburnis, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1415, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses machine learning to separate marine primary (POA) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from a decade of high-resolution data. POA averages 51 % of marine organic aerosols annually, peaking at 63 % in summer. A support vector regression model, validated via fuzzy clustering and Monte Carlo simulations, identifies POA’s seasonal patterns linked to biological activity. We found diverse impacts of marine POA and SOA on the aerosol hygroscopicity and mixing state.
Emmanuel Chevassus, Kirsten N. Fossum, Darius Ceburnis, Lu Lei, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4107–4129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4107-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4107-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first source apportionment of organic aerosol at Mace Head via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Introducing transfer entropy as a novel method reveals that aged organic aerosol originates from both open-ocean ozonolysis and local peat-burning oxidation. Methanesulfonic acid and organic sea spray both mirror phytoplankton activity, with the former closely tied to coccolithophore blooms and the latter linked to diatoms, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria.
Jianing Dai, Guy P. Brasseur, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Kun Qu, Yijuan Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12943–12962, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12943-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12943-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper employs a regional chemical transport model to quantify the sensitivity of air pollutants and photochemical parameters to specified emission reductions in China for representative winter and summer conditions. The study provides insights into further air quality control in China with reduced primary emissions.
Yanru Huo, Mingxue Li, Xueyu Wang, Jianfei Sun, Yuxin Zhou, Yuhui Ma, and Maoxia He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12409–12423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work found that the air–water (A–W) interface and TiO2 clusters promote the oxidation of phenolic compounds (PhCs) to varying degrees compared with the gas phase and bulk water. Some byproducts are more harmful than their parent compounds. This work provides important evidence for the rapid oxidation observed in O3/HO• + PhC experiments at the A–W interface and in mineral dust.
Kirsten N. Fossum, Chunshui Lin, Niall O'Sullivan, Lu Lei, Stig Hellebust, Darius Ceburnis, Aqeel Afzal, Anja Tremper, David Green, Srishti Jain, Steigvilė Byčenkienė, Colin O'Dowd, John Wenger, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10815–10831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in the Dublin Port area were investigated over a month-long campaign. Two distinct types of ship emissions were identified and characterised: sulfate-rich plumes from the use of heavy fuel oil with scrubbers and organic-rich plumes from the use of low-sulfur fuels. The latter were more frequent, emitting double the particle number and having a typical V / Ni ratio for ship emission.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Ying Wang, Wei Xu, Haobin Zhong, Chunshui Lin, Wei Huang, Yifang Gu, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7687–7698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of atmospheric particles has shown significant changes in recent years. We investigated the potential effects of changes in inorganics on aerosol water uptake and, thus, secondary organic aerosol formation in wintertime haze based on the size-resolved measurements of non-refractory fine particulate matter (NR-PM2.5) in Xi’an, northwestern China. We highlight the key role of aerosol water as a medium to link inorganics and organics in their multiphase processes.
Yifan Jiang, Men Xia, Zhe Wang, Penggang Zheng, Yi Chen, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14813–14828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first estimate of high rates of formic acid (HCOOH) production from the photochemical aging of real ambient particles and demonstrates the potential importance of this pathway in the formation of HCOOH under ambient conditions. Incorporating this pathway significantly improved the performance of a widely used chemical model. Our solution irradiation experiments demonstrated the importance of nitrate photolysis in HCOOH production via the production of oxidants.
Jianing Dai, Guy P. Brasseur, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Kun Qu, Yijuan Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14127–14158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used a regional chemical transport model to characterize the different parameters of atmospheric oxidative capacity in recent chemical environments in China. These parameters include the production and destruction rates of ozone and other oxidants, the ozone production efficiency, the OH reactivity, and the length of the reaction chain responsible for the formation of ozone and ROx. They are also affected by the aerosol burden in the atmosphere.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Yanfen Lin, Qingyan Fu, Tao Wang, Junji Cao, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10313–10324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hourly elemental carbon (EC) and NOx were continuously measured for 5 years (2016–2020) at a sampling site near a highway in western Shanghai. We use a machine learning model to rebuild the measured EC and NOx, and a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario was assumed in 2020 and compared with the measured EC and NOx.
Zhouxing Zou, Qianjie Chen, Men Xia, Qi Yuan, Yi Chen, Yanan Wang, Enyu Xiong, Zhe Wang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7057–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present OH observation and model simulation results at a coastal site in Hong Kong. The model predicted the OH concentration under high-NOx well but overpredicted it under low-NOx conditions. This implies an insufficient understanding of OH chemistry under low-NOx conditions. We show evidence of missing OH sinks as a possible cause of the overprediction.
Yishuo Guo, Chenjuan Deng, Aino Ovaska, Feixue Zheng, Chenjie Hua, Junlei Zhan, Yiran Li, Jin Wu, Zongcheng Wang, Jiali Xie, Ying Zhang, Tingyu Liu, Yusheng Zhang, Boying Song, Wei Ma, Yongchun Liu, Chao Yan, Jingkun Jiang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Men Xia, Tuomo Nieminen, Wei Du, Tom Kokkonen, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6663–6690, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the comprehensive datasets, we investigated the long-term variations of air pollutants during winter in Beijing from 2019 to 2022 and analyzed the characteristics of atmospheric pollution cocktail during different short-term special events (e.g., Beijing Winter Olympics, COVID lockdown and Chinese New Year) associated with substantial emission reductions. Our results are useful in planning more targeted and sustainable long-term pollution control plans.
Yuting Wang, Yong-Feng Ma, Domingo Muñoz-Esparza, Jianing Dai, Cathy Wing Yi Li, Pablo Lichtig, Roy Chun-Wang Tsang, Chun-Ho Liu, Tao Wang, and Guy Pierre Brasseur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5905–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5905-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5905-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality in urban areas is difficult to simulate in coarse-resolution models. This work exploits the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model coupled with a large-eddy simulation (LES) component and online chemistry to perform high-resolution (33.3 m) simulations of air quality in a large city. The evaluation of the simulations with observations shows that increased model resolution improves the representation of the chemical species near the pollution sources.
Yifang Gu, Ru-Jin Huang, Jing Duan, Wei Xu, Chunshui Lin, Haobin Zhong, Ying Wang, Haiyan Ni, Quan Liu, Ruiguang Xu, Litao Wang, and Yong Jie Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5419–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5419-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5419-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can be produced by various pathways, but its formation mechanisms are unclear. Observations were conducted in the North China Plain during a highly oxidizing atmosphere in summer. We found that fast photochemistry dominated SOA formation during daytime. Two types of aqueous-phase chemistry (nocturnal and daytime processing) take place at high relative humidity. The potential transformation from primary organic aerosol (POA) to SOA was also an important pathway.
Chunshui Lin, Ru-Jin Huang, Haobin Zhong, Jing Duan, Zixi Wang, Wei Huang, and Wei Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3595–3607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The complex interaction between O3 and PM2.5, coupled with the topology of the Fenwei Plain and the evolution of the boundary layer height, highlights the challenges in further reducing particulate pollution in winter despite years of efforts to reduce emissions. Through scenario analysis in a chemical box model constrained by observation, we show the co-benefits of reducing NOx and VOCs simultaneously in reducing ozone and SOA.
Yue Tan and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14455–14466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a timely analysis of the effects of the recent lockdown in Shanghai on ground-level ozone (O3). Despite a huge reduction in human activity, O3 concentrations frequently exceeded the O3 air quality standard during the 2-month lockdown, implying that future emission reductions similar to those that occurred during the lockdown will not be sufficient to eliminate O3 pollution in many urban areas without the imposition of additional VOC controls or substantial decreases in NOx emissions.
Marta Via, Gang Chen, Francesco Canonaco, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Benjamin Chazeau, Hasna Chebaicheb, Jianhui Jiang, Hannes Keernik, Chunshui Lin, Nicolas Marchand, Cristina Marin, Colin O'Dowd, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Jean-Eudes Petit, Michael Pikridas, Véronique Riffault, Jean Sciare, Jay G. Slowik, Leïla Simon, Jeni Vasilescu, Yunjiang Zhang, Olivier Favez, André S. H. Prévôt, Andrés Alastuey, and María Cruz Minguillón
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5479–5495, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5479-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5479-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the differences resulting from two techniques (rolling and seasonal) of the positive matrix factorisation model that can be run for organic aerosol source apportionment. The current state of the art suggests that the rolling technique is more accurate, but no proof of its effectiveness has been provided yet. This paper tackles this issue in the context of a synthetic dataset and a multi-site real-world comparison.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Yifang Gu, Chunshui Lin, Haobin Zhong, Wei Xu, Quan Liu, Yan You, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Thorsten Hoffmann, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10139–10153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass-burning-influenced oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA-BB), formed from the photochemical oxidation and aging of biomass burning OA (BBOA), was resolved in urban Xi’an. The aqueous-phase processed oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) concentration was more dependent on secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) content and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). The increased aq-OOA contribution during SIA-enhanced periods likely reflects OA evolution due to the addition of alcohol or peroxide groups
Haobin Zhong, Ru-Jin Huang, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Jing Duan, Yifang Gu, Wei Huang, Haiyan Ni, Chongshu Zhu, Yan You, Yunfei Wu, Renjian Zhang, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin D. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9513–9524, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physico-chemical properties of aerosol transported from major pollution regions in China, observations were conducted ~200 m above the ground at the junction location of the two key pollution areas. We found that the formation efficiency, oxidation state and production rate of secondary aerosol were different in the transport sectors from different pollution regions, and they were largely enhanced by the regional long-distance transport.
Youwei Hong, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7827–7841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) simulation remains uncertain, due to the unknown SOA formation mechanisms. Aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected, along with online measurements of aerosol chemical compositions and meteorological parameters. We found that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of biogenic SOA (BSOA). The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the missed SOA sources.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Chunshui Lin, Darius Ceburnis, Anna Trubetskaya, Wei Xu, William Smith, Stig Hellebust, John Wenger, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6905–6916, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6905-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6905-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment of solid-fuel-burning emissions can be complicated by the use of different fuels, stoves, and burning conditions. Here, the organic aerosol mass spectra produced from burning a range of solid fuels in several stoves were compared. This study accounts for the source variability and provides better constraints on the primary factor contributions to the ambient organic aerosol estimations, holding significant implications for public health and policymakers.
Thierno Doumbia, Claire Granier, Nellie Elguindi, Idir Bouarar, Sabine Darras, Guy Brasseur, Benjamin Gaubert, Yiming Liu, Xiaoqin Shi, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Simone Tilmes, Forrest Lacey, Adrien Deroubaix, and Tao Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4191–4206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4191-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most countries around the world have implemented control measures to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in significant changes in economic and personal activities. We developed the CONFORM (COvid-19 adjustmeNt Factors fOR eMissions) dataset to account for changes in emissions during lockdowns. This dataset was created with the intention of being directly applicable to existing global and regional inventories used in chemical transport models.
Peng Wang, Juanyong Shen, Men Xia, Shida Sun, Yanli Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10347–10356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution has received extensive attention due to worsening air quality and rising health risks. The Chinese National Day holiday (CNDH), which is associated with intensive commercial and tourist activities, serves as a valuable experiment to evaluate the O3 response during the holiday. We find sharply increasing trends of observed O3 concentrations throughout China during the CNDH, leading to 33 % additional total daily deaths.
Jianing Dai and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8747–8759, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8747-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8747-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used the WRF–Chem model with the latest HONO and ClNO2 processes to investigate their effects on the concentrations of ROx radicals, O3, and PM2.5 in Asia during summer. The results show that the ship-derived HONO and ClNO2 increased the ROx radical concentration by 2–3 times and subsequently increased the O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in marine areas. These findings indicate the importance of these nitrogen processes in the evaluation of the impact of ship emissions on air quality.
Wei Xu, Kirsten N. Fossum, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Chunshui Lin, Ru-Jin Huang, Colin O'Dowd, and Darius Ceburnis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8655–8675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are an important topic in atmospheric studies, especially for evaluating the climate impact of aerosol. Here in this study, CCN closure is studied by using chemical composition based on an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and hygroscopicity growth measurements based on a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) at the Mace Head atmospheric research station.
Mengyuan Zhang, Arpit Katiyar, Shengqiang Zhu, Juanyong Shen, Men Xia, Jinlong Ma, Sri Harsha Kota, Peng Wang, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4025–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied changes in air quality in India induced by the COVID-19 lockdown through both surface observations and the CMAQ model. Our results show that emission reductions improved the air quality across India during the lockdown. On average, the levels of PM2.5 and O3 decreased by 28 % and 15 %, indicating positive effects of lockdown measures. We suggest that more stringent and localized emission control strategies should be implemented in India to mitigate air pollutions.
Yuting Wang, Yong-Feng Ma, Domingo Muñoz-Esparza, Cathy W. Y. Li, Mary Barth, Tao Wang, and Guy P. Brasseur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3531–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3531-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3531-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large-eddy simulations (LESs) were performed in the mountainous region of the island of Hong Kong to investigate the degree to which the rates of chemical reactions between two reactive species are reduced due to the segregation of species within the convective boundary layer. We show that the inhomogeneity in emissions plays an important role in the segregation effect. Topography also has a significant influence on the segregation locally.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Zhenhao Ling, Qianqian Xie, Min Shao, Zhe Wang, Tao Wang, Hai Guo, and Xuemei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11451–11467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11451-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11451-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The observation data from a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region were analyzed by a photochemical box model with near-explicit chemical mechanisms (i.e., the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM), improvements with reversible and irreversible heterogeneous processes of glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and the gas-particle partitioning of oxidation products in the present study.
Chunshui Lin, Darius Ceburnis, Wei Xu, Eimear Heffernan, Stig Hellebust, John Gallagher, Ru-Jin Huang, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10513–10529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10513-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10513-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosols (PM1) were simultaneously investigated at a kerbside site in the Dublin city center and at a residential site in suburban Dublin (~5 km apart) during both a nonheating and a heating period in 2018. This study highlights the temporal and spatial variability of sources within the Dublin city center and the need for additional aerosol characterization studies to improve targeted mitigation solutions for a greater impact on urban air quality.
Cited articles
Blanco, M. B., Bejan, I., Barnes, I., Wiesen, P., and Teruel, M. A.: FTIR product distribution study of the Cl and OH initiated degradation of methyl acrylate at atmospheric pressure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7031–7036, https://doi.org/10.1021/es101831r, 2010.
Canosa-Mas, C. E., Cotter, E. S. N., Duffy, J., Thompson, K. C., and Wayne, R. P.: The reactions of atomic chlorine with acrolein, methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 3075–3084, https://doi.org/10.1039/b101434j, 2001.
Cao, X., Gu, D., Li, X., Leung, K. F., Sun, H., Mai, Y., Chan, W. M., and Liang, Z.: Characteristics and source origin analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in Hong Kong, Sci. Total Environ., 862, 160504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160504, 2023.
Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S., Reff, A., Lim, H.-J., and Ervens, B.: Atmospheric oxalic acid and SOA production from glyoxal: Results of aqueous photooxidation experiments, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7588–7602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.035, 2007.
Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Shen, C., Wu, L., Wang, X., Fan, Q., Zhou, S., and Hang, J.: Regional modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation over eastern China: The impact of uptake coefficients of dicarbonyls and semivolatile process of primary organic aerosol, Sci. Total Environ., 793, 148176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148176, 2021.
Choi, M. S., Qiu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Li, X., Sun, Y., Chen, J., and Ying, Q.: Study of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Chlorine Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Polluted Atmosphere Using a 3D Chemical Transport Model, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 13409–13418, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02958, 2020.
Cui, H., Chen, B., Jiang, Y., Tao, Y., Zhu, X., and Cai, Z.: Toxicity of 17 disinfection by-products to different trophic levels of aquatic organisms: Ecological risks and mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 10534–10541, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08796, 2021.
De Haan, D. O., Jimenez, N. G., De Loera, A., Cazaunau, M., Gratien, A., Pangui, E., and Doussin, J.-F.: Methylglyoxal uptake coefficients on aqueous aerosol surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 122, 4854–4860, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00533, 2018.
Fang, Y.-G., Tang, B., Yuan, C., Wan, Z., Zhao, L., Zhu, S., Francisco, J. S., Zhu, C., and Fang, W.-H.: Mechanistic insight into the competition between interfacial and bulk reactions in microdroplets through N2O5 ammonolysis and hydrolysis, Nat. Commun., 15, 2347, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46674-1, 2024.
Franco, B., Blumenstock, T., Cho, C., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., De Mazière, M., De Smedt, I., Dorn, H.-P., Emmerichs, T., Fuchs, H., Gkatzelis, G., Griffith, D. W. T., Gromov, S., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Hohaus, T., Jones, N., Kerkweg, A., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lutsch, E., Mahieu, E., Novelli, A., Ortega, I., Paton-Walsh, C., Pommier, M., Pozzer, A., Reimer, D., Rosanka, S., Sander, R., Schneider, M., Strong, K., Tillmann, R., Van Roozendael, M., Vereecken, L., Vigouroux, C., Wahner, A., and Taraborrelli, D.: Ubiquitous atmospheric production of organic acids mediated by cloud droplets, Nature, 593, 233–237, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03462-x, 2021.
Gen, M., Huang, D. D., and Chan, C. K.: Reactive uptake of glyoxal by ammonium-containing salt particles as a function of relative humidity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 6903–6911, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00606, 2018.
Iraci, L. T. and Tolbert, M. A.: Heterogeneous interaction of formaldehyde with cold sulfuric acid: Implications for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16099–16107, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01259, 1997.
Jahn, L. G., McPherson, K. N., and Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.: Effects of relative humidity and photoaging on the formation, composition, and aging of ethylbenzene SOA: Insights from chamber experiments on chlorine radical-initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene, ACS Earth Space Chem., 8, 675–688, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00279, 2024.
Jenkin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., and Pilling, M. J.: The tropospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds: a protocol for mechanism development, Atmos. Environ., 31, 81–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00105-7, 1997.
Jenkin, M. E., Young, J. C., and Rickard, A. R.: The MCM v3.3.1 degradation scheme for isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11433–11459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11433-2015, 2015.
Jiang, Y., Xia, M., Wang, Z., Zheng, P., Chen, Y., and Wang, T.: Photochemical ageing of aerosols contributes significantly to the production of atmospheric formic acid, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14813–14828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, 2023.
Kaiser, E. W., Pala, I. R., and Wallington, T. J.: Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of methacrolein with chlorine atoms in 1–950 Torr of N2 or N2
Lawler, M. J., Sander, R., Carpenter, L. J., Lee, J. D., von Glasow, R., Sommariva, R., and Saltzman, E. S.: HOCl and Cl2 observations in marine air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7617–7628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7617-2011, 2011.
Le Breton, M., Hallquist, Å. M., Pathak, R. K., Simpson, D., Wang, Y., Johansson, J., Zheng, J., Yang, Y., Shang, D., Wang, H., Liu, Q., Chan, C., Wang, T., Bannan, T. J., Priestley, M., Percival, C. J., Shallcross, D. E., Lu, K., Guo, S., Hu, M., and Hallquist, M.: Chlorine oxidation of VOCs at a semi-rural site in Beijing: significant chlorine liberation from ClNO2 and subsequent gas- and particle-phase Cl–VOC production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13013–13030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13013-2018, 2018.
Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Mohr, C., Kurtén, T., Worsnop, D. R., and Thornton, J. A.: An iodide-adduct high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer: Application to atmospheric inorganic and organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6309–6317, https://doi.org/10.1021/es500362a, 2014.
Liggio, J., Li, S., and McLaren, R.: Reactive uptake of glyoxal by particulate matter, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 2004JD005113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005113, 2005.
Ma, F., Ding, Z., Elm, J., Xie, H.-B., Yu, Q., Liu, C., Li, C., Fu, Z., Zhang, L., and Chen, J.: Atmospheric oxidation of piperazine initiated by ⚫Cl: Unexpected high nitrosamine yield, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9801–9809, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02510, 2018.
Ma, F., Xie, H.-B., Li, M., Wang, S., Zhang, R., and Chen, J.: Autoxidation mechanism for atmospheric oxidation of tertiary amines: Implications for secondary organic aerosol formation, Chemosphere, 273, 129207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129207, 2021.
Ma, W., Chen, X., Xia, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zheng, F., Zhan, J., Hua, C., Wang, Z., Wang, W., Fu, P., Kulmala, M., and Liu, Y.: Reactive chlorine species advancing the atmospheric oxidation capacities of inland urban environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 14638–14647, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05169, 2023.
Marenich, A. V., Cramer, C. J., and Truhlar, D. G.: Universal solvation model based on solute electron density and on a continuum model of the solvent defined by the bulk dielectric constant and atomic surface tensions, J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 6378–6396, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp810292n, 2009.
Masoud, C. G., Modi, M., Bhattacharyya, N., Jahn, L. G., McPherson, K. N., Abue, P., Patel, K., Allen, D. T., and Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.: High chlorine concentrations in an unconventional oil and gas development region and impacts on atmospheric chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 15454–15464, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04005, 2023.
Neese, F.: Software update: The ORCA program system – Version 5.0, WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci., 12, e1606, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1606, 2022.
NIST Chemical Kinetics Database: https://kinetics.nist.gov/, last access: 16 May 2024.
Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., Apel, E. C., Riemer, D. D., and Paulson, S. E.: Rate coefficients and mechanisms of the reaction of Cl-atoms with a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons under atmospheric conditions, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 35, 334–353, https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.10135, 2003.
Osthoff, H. D., Roberts, J. M., Ravishankara, A. R., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Sommariva, R., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D., Quinn, P. K., Dibb, J. E., Stark, H., Burkholder, J. B., Talukdar, R. K., Meagher, J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Brown, S. S.: High levels of nitryl chloride in the polluted subtropical marine boundary layer, Nat. Geosci., 1, 324–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo177, 2008.
Peng, X., Wang, W., Xia, M., Chen, H., Ravishankara, A. R., Li, Q., Saiz-Lopez, A., Liu, P., Zhang, F., Zhang, C., Xue, L., Wang, X., George, C., Wang, J., Mu, Y., Chen, J., and Wang, T.: An unexpected large continental source of reactive bromine and chlorine with significant impact on wintertime air quality, Natl. Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa304, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa304, 2021.
Peng, X., Wang, T., Wang, W., Ravishankara, A. R., George, C., Xia, M., Cai, M., Li, Q., Salvador, C. M., Lau, C., Lyu, X., Poon, C. N., Mellouki, A., Mu, Y., Hallquist, M., Saiz-Lopez, A., Guo, H., Herrmann, H., Yu, C., Dai, J., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Yu, A., Leung, K., Lee, S., and Chen, J.: Photodissociation of particulate nitrate as a source of daytime tropospheric Cl2, Nat. Commun., 13, 939, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28383-9, 2022.
Priestley, M., le Breton, M., Bannan, T. J., Worrall, S. D., Bacak, A., Smedley, A. R. D., Reyes-Villegas, E., Mehra, A., Allan, J., Webb, A. R., Shallcross, D. E., Coe, H., and Percival, C. J.: Observations of organic and inorganic chlorinated compounds and their contribution to chlorine radical concentrations in an urban environment in northern Europe during the wintertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13481–13493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13481-2018, 2018.
Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, D., Soto, A., Bravo, I., Diaz-de-Mera, Y., Notario, A., and Aranda, A.: Products and mechanism of the reaction of Cl atoms with unsaturated alcohols, Atmos. Environ., 50, 214–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.030, 2012.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Li, Q., Cuevas, C. A., Fu, X., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Mahajan, A. S., Gómez Martín, J. C., Iglesias-Suarez, F., Hossaini, R., Plane, J. M. C., Myhre, G., and Lamarque, J.-F.: Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate, Nature, 618, 967–973, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z, 2023.
Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-161-2003, 2003.
Schütze, M. and Herrmann, H.: Uptake of acetone, 2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione and 2-oxopropanal on a water surface, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 965–971, https://doi.org/10.1039/B313474A, 2004.
Shen, H., Huang, L., Qian, X., Qin, X., and Chen, Z.: Positive feedback between partitioning of carbonyl compounds and particulate sulfur formation during haze episodes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 21286–21294, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c07278, 2024.
Simpson, W. R., Brown, S. S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Thornton, J. A., and Von Glasow, R.: Tropospheric halogen chemistry: Sources, cycling, and impacts, Chem. Rev., 115, 4035–4062, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006638, 2015.
Soni, M., Sander, R., Sahu, L. K., Taraborrelli, D., Liu, P., Patel, A., Girach, I. A., Pozzer, A., Gunthe, S. S., and Ojha, N.: Comprehensive multiphase chlorine chemistry in the box model CAABA/MECCA: implications for atmospheric oxidative capacity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15165–15180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15165-2023, 2023.
Spicer, C. W., Chapman, E. G., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Plastridge, R. A., Hubbe, J. M., Fast, J. D., and Berkowitz, C. M.: Unexpectedly high concentrations of molecular chlorine in coastal air, Nature, 394, 353–356, https://doi.org/10.1038/28584, 1998.
Tang, S., Li, F., Lv, J., Liu, L., Wu, G., Wang, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., and Jiang, G.: Unexpected molecular diversity of brown carbon formed by Maillard-like reactions in aqueous aerosols, Chem. Sci., 13, 8401–8411, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC02857C, 2022.
Tentscher, P. R., Lee, M., and von Gunten, U.: Micropollutant oxidation studied by quantum chemical computations: Methodology and applications to thermodynamics, kinetics, and reaction mechanisms, Accounts Chem. Res., 52, 605–614, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00610, 2019.
Tong, S. R., Wu, L. Y., Ge, M. F., Wang, W. G., and Pu, Z. F.: Heterogeneous chemistry of monocarboxylic acids on α-Al2O3 at different relative humidities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7561–7574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7561-2010, 2010.
Vijayakumar, S.: Atmospheric fate of formyl chloride and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions with OH radicals and Cl atoms, Chem. Phys. Lett., 777, 138709, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138709, 2021.
Wang, C., Liggio, J., Wentzell, J. J. B., Jorga, S., Folkerson, A., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Chloramines as an important photochemical source of chlorine atoms in the urban atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2220889120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220889120, 2023.
Wang, J., Zhou, L., Wang, W., and Ge, M.: Gas-phase reaction of two unsaturated ketones with atomic Cl and O3: kinetics and products, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 12000–12012, https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP05461J, 2015.
Wang, W. and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Unique markers of chlorine atom chemistry in coastal urban areas: The reaction with 1,3-butadiene in air at room temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4939–4958, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900683, 2001.
Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Wang, W., and Ge, M.: Heterogeneous uptake of formic acid and acetic acid on mineral dust and coal fly ash, ACS Earth Space Chem., 4, 202–210, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00263, 2020.
Wennberg, P. O., Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Dodson, L. G., McVay, R. C., Mertens, L. A., Nguyen, T. B., Praske, E., Schwantes, R. H., Smarte, M. D., St Clair, J. M., Teng, A. P., Zhang, X., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase reactions of isoprene and its major oxidation products, Chem. Rev., 118, 3337–3390, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439, 2018.
Wolfe, G. M., Marvin, M. R., Roberts, S. J., Travis, K. R., and Liao, J.: The Framework for 0-D Atmospheric Modeling (F0AM) v3.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3309–3319, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3309-2016, 2016.
Xia, M., Wang, T., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., Peng, X., Huo, Y., Wang, W., Yuan, Q., Jiang, Y., Guo, H., Lau, C., Leung, K., Yu, A., and Lee, S.: Pollution-derived Br2 boosts oxidation power of the coastal atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 12055–12065, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02434, 2022.
Xue, J., Ma, F., Elm, J., Chen, J., and Xie, H.-B.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of indole initiated by ⚫OH and ⚫Cl: A computational study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11543–11555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11543-2022, 2022.
Xue, L. K., Saunders, S. M., Wang, T., Gao, R., Wang, X. F., Zhang, Q. Z., and Wang, W. X.: Development of a chlorine chemistry module for the Master Chemical Mechanism, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3151–3162, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3151-2015, 2015.
Yang, X.: Reactive aldehyde chemistry explains the missing source of hydroxyl radicals, Nat. Commun., 15, 1648, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45885-w, 2024.
Yu, H., Ren, L., Huang, X., Xie, M., He, J., and Xiao, H.: Iodine speciation and size distribution in ambient aerosols at a coastal new particle formation hotspot in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4025–4039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4025-2019, 2019.
Zeineddine, M. N., Urupina, D., Romanias, M. N., Riffault, V., and Thevenet, F.: Uptake and reactivity of acetic acid on Gobi dust and mineral surrogates: A source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere?, Atmos. Environ., 294, 119509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119509, 2023.
Zeng, L., Dang, J., Guo, H., Lyu, X., Simpson, I. J., Meinardi, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., and Blake, D. R.: Long-term temporal variations and source changes of halocarbons in the Greater Pearl River Delta region, China, Atmos. Environ., 234, 117550, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117550, 2020.
Zhang, L., Truhlar, D. G., and Sun, S.: Association of Cl with C2H2 by unified variable-reaction-coordinate and reaction-path variational transition-state theory, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 5610–5616, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920018117, 2020.
Zhao, Y. and Truhlar, D. G.: Density functionals with broad applicability in chemistry, Accounts Chem. Res., 41, 157–167, https://doi.org/10.1021/ar700111a, 2008a.
Zhao, Y. and Truhlar, D. G.: The M06 suite of density functionals for main group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, noncovalent interactions, excited states, and transition elements: Two new functionals and systematic testing of four M06-class functionals and 12 other functionals, Theor. Chem. Acc., 120, 215–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0310-x, 2008b.
Short summary
Our field campaigns observed a strong diel pattern of chloroacetic acid as well as a strong correlation between its level and that of reactive chlorine species at a coastal site. Using quantum chemical calculations and box model simulation with an updated Master Chemical Mechanism, we found that the formation pathway of chloroacetic acid involved multiphase processes. Our study enhances understanding of atmospheric organic chlorine chemistry and emphasizes the importance of multiphase reactions.
Our field campaigns observed a strong diel pattern of chloroacetic acid as well as a strong...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint