Articles | Volume 23, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-687-2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-687-2023
Research article
 | 
16 Jan 2023
Research article |  | 16 Jan 2023

Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 2: Stratospheric and free-tropospheric response

Ewa M. Bednarz, Daniele Visioni, Ben Kravitz, Andy Jones, James M. Haywood, Jadwiga Richter, Douglas G. MacMartin, and Peter Braesicke

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Cited articles

Abalos, M. and de la Cámara, A.: Twenty-first century trends in mixing barriers and eddy transport in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089548, 2020. 
Anstey, J. A., Osprey, S. M. Alexander, J., Baldwin, M. P., Butchart, N., Gray, L. J., Kawatani, Y., Newman, P. A., and Richter, J. H.: Impacts, processes and projections of the quasi-biennial oscillation, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 588–603, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00323-7, 2022. 
Aquila, V., Garfinkel, C., Newman, P., Oman, L., and Waugh, D.: Modifications of the quasi-biennial oscillation by a geoengineering perturbation of the stratospheric aerosol layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1738–1744, 2014. 
Bauer, S. E., Wright, D. L., Koch, D., Lewis, E. R., McGraw, R., Chang, L.-S., Schwartz, S. E., and Ruedy, R.: MATRIX (Multiconfiguration Aerosol TRacker of mIXing state): an aerosol microphysical module for global atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6003–6035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6003-2008, 2008. 
Short summary
Building on Part 1 of this two-part study, we demonstrate the role of biases in climatological circulation and specific aspects of model microphysics in driving the differences in simulated sulfate distributions amongst three Earth system models. We then characterize the simulated changes in stratospheric and free-tropospheric temperatures, ozone, water vapor, and large-scale circulation, elucidating the role of the above aspects in the surface responses discussed in Part 1.
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