Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-597-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-597-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 17 Jan 2022
| 17 Jan 2022
Duff burning from wildfires in a moist region: different impacts on PM2.5 and ozone
Aoxing Zhang
Center for Forest Disturbance Science, US Forest Service, 320 Green
St., Athens, 30602, United States
Yongqiang Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Center for Forest Disturbance Science, US Forest Service, 320 Green
St., Athens, 30602, United States
Scott Goodrick
Center for Forest Disturbance Science, US Forest Service, 320 Green
St., Athens, 30602, United States
Marcus D. Williams
Center for Forest Disturbance Science, US Forest Service, 320 Green
St., Athens, 30602, United States
Related authors
Aoxing Zhang, Yuhang Wang, Yuzhong Zhang, Rodney J. Weber, Yongjia Song, Ziming Ke, and Yufei Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1901–1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. We developed a module to simulate the emissions, atmospheric processing and direct radiative effect of BrC in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We found that globally BrC is a significant absorber and is more centered in the tropical free troposphere compared to BC. The contribution of BrC heating to the Hadley circulation and latitudinal expansion of the tropics is comparable to BC heating.
Aoxing Zhang, Yuhang Wang, Yuzhong Zhang, Rodney J. Weber, Yongjia Song, Ziming Ke, and Yufei Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1901–1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. We developed a module to simulate the emissions, atmospheric processing and direct radiative effect of BrC in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We found that globally BrC is a significant absorber and is more centered in the tropical free troposphere compared to BC. The contribution of BrC heating to the Hadley circulation and latitudinal expansion of the tropics is comparable to BC heating.
Yongqiang Liu, Lu Hao, Decheng Zhou, Cen Pan, Peilong Liu, Zhe Xiong, and Ge Sun
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2281–2294, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2281-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2281-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A transition zone often exists between a moist upper river reach and an arid lower reach in a watershed with complex topography. This zone is more suitable for human activities but is difficult to identify in climate classification. We found that a hydrological index overpowers a meteorological index in identifying a transition zone of a watershed in northwestern China, indicating the important role of the land-surface processes and human disturbances in formulating the transition zone.
Mengsheng Qin, Lu Hao, Lei Sun, Yongqiang Liu, and Ge Sun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-241, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-241, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
By identifying the individual climatic controls on reference ET (ETo) at a watershed level, we show that the key climate controls to ETo have dramatically shifted during the past five decades. Accurately predicting future ETo and hydrological change under a changing climate must consider changes in atmospheric demand (VPD). Our results have important implications for watershed management in paddy field-dominated humid regions, where actual water loss is mainly controlled by atmospheric demand.
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Measurement report: Source attribution and estimation of black carbon levels in an urban hotspot of the central Po Valley – an integrated approach combining high-resolution dispersion modelling and micro-aethalometers
Microphysical modelling of aerosol scavenging by different types of clouds: description and validation of the approach
Insights into the sources of ultrafine particle numbers at six European urban sites obtained by investigating COVID-19 lockdowns
In-plume and out-of-plume analysis of aerosol–cloud interactions derived from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun volcanic eruption
Impacts of atmospheric circulation patterns and cloud inhibition on aerosol radiative effect and boundary layer structure during winter air pollution in Sichuan Basin, China
Investigating the sign of stratocumulus adjustments to aerosols in the ICON global storm-resolving model
A model study investigating the sensitivity of aerosol forcing to the volatilities of semi-volatile organic compounds
Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models
Modeling impacts of dust mineralogy on fast climate response
Uncertainties in laboratory-measured shortwave refractive indices of mineral dust aerosols and derived optical properties: a theoretical assessment
Diagnosing uncertainties in global biomass burning emission inventories and their impact on modeled air pollutants
Role of atmospheric aerosols in severe winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: a case study
Long-term variability in black carbon emissions constrained by gap-filled absorption aerosol optical depth and associated premature mortality in China
Intercomparison of aerosol optical depths from four reanalyses and their multi-reanalysis consensus
Global aviation contrail climate effects from 2019 to 2021
Rapid iodine oxoacid nucleation enhanced by dimethylamine in broad marine regions
Simulations of the impact of cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles perturbations on the microphysics and radar reflectivity factor of stratiform mixed-phase clouds
Aerosols in the central Arctic cryosphere: satellite and model integrated insights during Arctic spring and summer
Observationally constrained regional variations of shortwave absorption by iron oxides emphasize the cooling effect of dust
Droplet collection efficiencies inferred from satellite retrievals constrain effective radiative forcing of aerosol–cloud interactions
Predicting Hygroscopic Growth of Organosulfur Aerosol Particles Using COSMOtherm
Global aerosol-type classification using a new hybrid algorithm and Aerosol Robotic Network data
Simulated phase state and viscosity of secondary organic aerosols over China
Comparing the simulated influence of biomass burning plumes on low-level clouds over the southeastern Atlantic under varying smoke conditions
Improved simulations of biomass burning aerosol optical properties and lifetimes in the NASA GEOS Model during the ORACLES-I campaign
Retrieval of refractive index and water content for the coating materials of aged black carbon aerosol based on optical properties: a theoretical analysis
Revealing dominant patterns of aerosols regimes in the lower troposphere and their evolution from preindustrial times to the future in global climate model simulations
Synergistic effects of previous winter NAO and ENSO on the spring dust activities in North China
Sharp increase in Saharan dust intrusions over the western Euro-Mediterranean in February–March 2020–2022 and associated atmospheric circulation
Temporal and spatial variations in dust activity in Australia based on remote sensing and reanalysis datasets
Sensitivity of global direct aerosol shortwave radiative forcing to uncertainties in aerosol optical properties
Molecular-level study on the role of methanesulfonic acid in iodine oxoacid nucleation
Improving estimation of a record breaking East Asian dust storm emission with lagged aerosol Ångström Exponent observations
Regional to global distributions, trends, and drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound emission from 2001 to 2020
Impacts of ice-nucleating particles on cirrus clouds and radiation derived from global model simulations with MADE3 in EMAC
Seasonal characteristics of emission, distribution, and radiative effect of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific Ocean: an investigation with a coupled regional climate aerosol model
Fire–precipitation interactions amplify the quasi-biennial variability in fires over southern Mexico and Central America
Improved estimates of smoke exposure during Australia fire seasons: importance of quantifying plume injection heights
New particle formation induced by anthropogenic–biogenic interactions on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Investigation of observed dust trends over the Middle East region in NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model simulations
Impact of Biomass Burning Aerosols (BBA) on the tropical African climate in an ocean-atmosphere-aerosols coupled climate model
A new process-based and scale-aware desert dust emission scheme for global climate models – Part II: Evaluation in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2)
How well do Earth system models reproduce the observed aerosol response to rapid emission reductions? A COVID-19 case study
Global modeling of aerosol nucleation with an explicit chemical mechanism for highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs)
Observationally constrained analysis of sulfur cycle in the marine atmosphere with NASA ATom measurements and AeroCom model simulations
Impact of acidity and surface-modulated acid dissociation on cloud response to organic aerosol
The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area
Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes
Expanding the simulation of East Asian super dust storms: physical transport mechanisms impacting the western Pacific
Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter
Giorgio Veratti, Alessandro Bigi, Michele Stortini, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10475–10512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a study of two consecutive winter seasons, we used measurements and modelling tools to identify the levels and sources of black carbon pollution in a medium-sized urban area of the Po Valley, Italy. Our findings show that biomass burning and traffic-related emissions (especially from Euro 4 diesel cars) significantly contribute to BC concentrations. This research offers crucial insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to improve air quality in cities.
Pascal Lemaitre, Arnaud Quérel, Alexis Dépée, Alice Guerra Devigne, Marie Monier, Thibault Hiron, Chloé Soto Minguez, Daniel Hardy, and Andrea Flossmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9713–9732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new in-cloud scavenging scheme is proposed. It is based on a microphysical model of cloud formation and may be applied to long-distance atmospheric transport models (> 100 km) and climatic models. This model is applied to the two most extreme precipitating cloud types in terms of both relative humidity and vertical extension: cumulonimbus and stratus.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Tuukka Petäjä, Máté Vörösmarty, Imre Salma, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Dominik van Pinxteren, Thomas Tuch, Kay Weinhold, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9515–9531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sources of airborne particles in the atmospheres of four European cities were distinguished by recognising their particle size distributions using a statistical procedure, positive matrix factorisation. The various sources responded differently to the changes in emissions associated with COVID-19 lockdowns, and the reasons are investigated. While traffic emissions generally decreased, particles formed from reactions of atmospheric gases decreased in some cities but increased in others.
Amy H. Peace, Ying Chen, George Jordan, Daniel G. Partridge, Florent Malavelle, Eliza Duncan, and Jim M. Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9533–9553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural aerosols from volcanic eruptions can help us understand how anthropogenic aerosols modify climate. We use observations and model simulations of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption plume to examine aerosol–cloud interactions in September 2014. We find a shift to clouds with smaller, more numerous cloud droplets in the first 2 weeks of the eruption. In the third week, the background meteorology and previous conditions experienced by air masses modulate the aerosol perturbation to clouds.
Hua Lu, Min Xie, Bingliang Zhuang, Danyang Ma, Bojun Liu, Yangzhihao Zhan, Tijian Wang, Shu Li, Mengmeng Li, and Kuanguang Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8963–8982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To identify cloud, aerosol, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions from an air quality perspective, we summarized two pollution patterns characterized by denser liquid cloud and by obvious cloud radiation interaction (CRI). Numerical simulation experiments showed CRI could cause a 50 % reduction in aerosol radiation interaction (ARI) under a low-trough system. The results emphasized the nonnegligible role of CRI and its inhibition of ARI under wet and cloudy pollution synoptic patterns.
Emilie Fons, Ann Kristin Naumann, David Neubauer, Theresa Lang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8653–8675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols can modify the liquid water path (LWP) of stratocumulus and, thus, their radiative effect. We compare storm-resolving model and satellite data that disagree on the sign of LWP adjustments and diagnose this discrepancy with causal inference. We find that strong precipitation, the absence of wet scavenging, and cloud deepening under a weak inversion contribute to positive LWP adjustments to aerosols in the model, despite weak negative effects from cloud-top entrainment enhancement.
Muhammed Irfan, Thomas Kühn, Taina Yli-Juuti, Anton Laakso, Eemeli Holopainen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Annele Virtanen, and Harri Kokkola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8489–8506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study examines how the volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds affects secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and climate. Our simulations show that uncertainties in these volatilities influence aerosol mass and climate impacts. Accurate representation of these compounds in climate models is crucial for predicting global climate patterns.
Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Chaincy Kuo, Sophie Szopa, Pierre Nabat, Dirk Olivié, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, David Neubauer, Naga Oshima, Jane Mulcahy, Larry W. Horowitz, and Prodromos Zanis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7837–7872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a metric for estimating how human activities and natural agents change the energy flow into and out of the Earth’s climate system. We investigate the anthropogenic aerosol ERF, and we estimate the contribution of individual processes to the total ERF using simulations from Earth system models within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Our findings highlight that aerosol–cloud interactions drive ERF variability during the last 150 years.
Qianqian Song, Paul Ginoux, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7421–7446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implement and simulate the distribution of eight dust minerals in the GFDL AM4.0 model. We found that resolving the eight minerals reduces dust absorption compared to the homogeneous dust used in the standard GFDL AM4.0 model that assumes a globally uniform hematite content of 2.7 % by volume. Resolving dust mineralogy results in significant impacts on radiation, land surface temperature, surface winds, and precipitation over North Africa in summer.
Senyi Kong, Zheng Wang, and Lei Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6911–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The retrieval of refractive indices of dust aerosols from laboratory optical measurements is commonly done assuming spherical particles. This paper aims to investigate the uncertainties in the shortwave refractive indices and corresponding optical properties by considering non-spherical and inhomogeneous models for dust samples. The study emphasizes the significance of using non-spherical models for simulating dust aerosols.
Wenxuan Hua, Sijia Lou, Xin Huang, Lian Xue, Ke Ding, Zilin Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6787–6807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we diagnose uncertainties in carbon monoxide and organic carbon emissions from four inventories for seven major wildfire-prone regions. Uncertainties in vegetation classification methods, fire detection products, and cloud obscuration effects lead to bias in these biomass burning (BB) emission inventories. By comparing simulations with measurements, we provide certain inventory recommendations. Our study has implications for reducing uncertainties in emissions in further studies.
Chandrakala Bharali, Mary Barth, Rajesh Kumar, Sachin D. Ghude, Vinayak Sinha, and Baerbel Sinha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6635–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the role of atmospheric aerosols in winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India using WRF-Chem. The increase in RH with aerosol–radiation feedback (ARF) is found to be important for fog formation as it promotes the growth of aerosols in the polluted environment. Aqueous-phase chemistry in the fog increases PM2.5 concentration, further affecting ARF. ARF and aqueous-phase chemistry affect the fog intensity and the timing of fog formation by ~1–2 h.
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
Peng Xian, Jeffrey S. Reid, Melanie Ades, Angela Benedetti, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo da Silva, Tom F. Eck, Johannes Flemming, Edward J. Hyer, Zak Kipling, Samuel Rémy, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Taichu Tanaka, Keiya Yumimoto, and Jianglong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6385–6411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study compares and evaluates monthly AOD of four reanalyses (RA) and their consensus (i.e., ensemble mean). The basic verification characteristics of these RA versus both AERONET and MODIS retrievals are presented. The study discusses the strength of each RA and identifies regions where divergence and challenges are prominent. The RA consensus usually performs very well on a global scale in terms of how well it matches the observational data, making it a good choice for various applications.
Roger Teoh, Zebediah Engberg, Ulrich Schumann, Christiane Voigt, Marc Shapiro, Susanne Rohs, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6071–6093, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation contrails is comparable to that caused by CO2. We estimate that global contrail net RF in 2019 was 62.1 mW m−2. This is ~1/2 the previous best estimate for 2018. Contrail RF varies regionally due to differences in conditions required for persistent contrails. COVID-19 reduced contrail RF by 54% in 2020 relative to 2019. Globally, 2 % of all flights account for 80 % of the annual contrail energy forcing, suggesting a opportunity to mitigate contrail RF.
Haotian Zu, Biwu Chu, Yiqun Lu, Ling Liu, and Xiuhui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5823–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nucleation of iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2) was proven to be critical in marine areas. However, HIO3–HIO2 nucleation cannot effectively derive the rapid nucleation in some polluted coasts. We find a significant enhancement of dimethylamine (DMA) on the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation in marine and polar regions with abundant DMA sources, which may establish reasonable connections between the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation and the rapid formation of new particles in polluted marine and polar regions.
Junghwa Lee, Patric Seifert, Tempei Hashino, Maximilian Maahn, Fabian Senf, and Oswald Knoth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5737–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral bin model simulations of an idealized supercooled stratiform cloud were performed with the AMPS model for variable CCN and INP concentrations. We performed radar forward simulations with PAMTRA to transfer the simulations into radar observational space. The derived radar reflectivity factors were compared to observational studies of stratiform mixed-phase clouds. These studies report a similar response of the radar reflectivity factor to aerosol perturbations as we found in our study.
Basudev Swain, Marco Vountas, Aishwarya Singh, Nidhi L. Anchan, Adrien Deroubaix, Luca Lelli, Yanick Ziegler, Sachin S. Gunthe, Hartmut Bösch, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5671–5693, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic amplification (AA) accelerates the warming of the central Arctic cryosphere and affects aerosol dynamics. Limited observations hinder a comprehensive analysis. This study uses AEROSNOW aerosol optical density (AOD) data and GEOS-Chem simulations to assess AOD variability. Discrepancies highlight the need for improved observational integration into models to refine our understanding of aerosol effects on cloud microphysics, ice nucleation, and radiative forcing under evolving AA.
Vincenzo Obiso, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Jan P. Perlwitz, Gregory L. Schuster, Susanne E. Bauer, Claudia Di Biagio, Paola Formenti, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Ron L. Miller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5337–5367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5337-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5337-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the dust direct radiative effect (DRE) in an Earth system model accounting for regionally varying soil mineralogy through a new observationally constrained method. Linking dust absorption at solar wavelengths to the varying amount of specific minerals (i.e., iron oxides) improves the modeled range of dust single scattering albedo compared to observations and increases the global cooling by dust. Our results may contribute to improved estimates of the dust DRE and its climate impact.
Charlotte M. Beall, Po-Lun Ma, Matthew W. Christensen, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Adam Varble, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Takuro Michibata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5287–5302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single-layer warm liquid clouds cover nearly one-third of the Earth's surface, and uncertainties regarding the impact of aerosols on their radiative properties pose a significant challenge to climate prediction. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to constrain Earth system model estimates of the radiative forcing from the interactions of aerosols with clouds due to warm rain processes.
Zijun Li, Angela Buchholz, and Noora Hyttinen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1182, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Evaluating organosulfur (OS) hygroscopicity is important for assessing the aerosol-cloud climate interactions in the post-fossil fuel future, when SO2 emissions decrease and OS compounds become increasingly important. Here, a state-of-the-art quantum-chemistry-based method was used to predict the hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of a group of atmospherically relevant OS compounds and their mixtures with AS. A good agreement was observed between their model-estimated and experimental HGFs.
Xiaoli Wei, Qian Cui, Leiming Ma, Feng Zhang, Wenwen Li, and Peng Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5025–5045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new aerosol-type classification algorithm has been proposed. It includes an optical database built by Mie scattering and a complex refractive index working as a baseline to identify different aerosol types. The new algorithm shows high accuracy and efficiency. Hence, a global map of aerosol types was generated to characterize aerosol types across the five continents. It will help improve the accuracy of aerosol inversion and determine the sources of aerosol pollution.
Zhiqiang Zhang, Ying Li, Haiyan Ran, Junling An, Yu Qu, Wei Zhou, Weiqi Xu, Weiwei Hu, Hongbin Xie, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4809–4826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) can exist in liquid, semi-solid, or amorphous solid states, which are rarely accounted for in current chemical transport models. We predict the phase state of SOA particles over China and find that in northwestern China SOA particles are mostly highly viscous or glassy solid. Our results indicate that the particle phase state should be considered in SOA formation in chemical transport models for more accurate prediction of SOA mass concentrations.
Alejandro Baró Pérez, Michael S. Diamond, Frida A.-M. Bender, Abhay Devasthale, Matthias Schwarz, Julien Savre, Juha Tonttila, Harri Kokkola, Hyunho Lee, David Painemal, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4591–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to study interactions between humid light-absorbing aerosol plumes, clouds, and radiation over the southeast Atlantic. We find that the warming produced by the aerosols reduces cloud cover, especially in highly polluted situations. Aerosol impacts on drizzle play a minor role. However, aerosol effects on cloud reflectivity and moisture-induced changes in cloud cover dominate the climatic response and lead to an overall cooling by the biomass burning plumes.
Sampa Das, Peter R. Colarco, Huisheng Bian, and Santiago Gassó
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4421–4449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The smoke aerosols emitted from vegetation burning can alter the regional energy budget via multiple pathways. We utilized detailed observations from the NASA ORACLES airborne campaign based in Namibia during September 2016 to improve the representation of smoke aerosol properties and lifetimes in our GEOS Earth system model. The improved model simulations are for the first time able to capture the observed changes in the smoke absorption during long-range plume transport.
Jia Liu, Cancan Zhu, Donghui Zhou, and Jinbao Han
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1000, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrophilic coatings of aged black carbon (BC) particles absorb moisture during the hygroscopic growth process, but it is difficult to characterize how much water is absorbed under different relative humidities (RHs). In this study, we propose a method to obtain the water content in the coatings based on the equivalent complex refractive index retrieved from optical properties, and this method is verified from theoretical inspect. This method performs well for thickly coated BC at high RHs.
Jingmin Li, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Christof G. Beer, Ulrike Burkhardt, and Anja Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to understand underlying patterns and trends in aerosols, we characterize the spatial patterns and long-term evolution of lower tropospheric aerosols by clustering multiple aerosol properties from preindustrial times to the year 2050 under three SSP scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
Falei Xu, Shuang Wang, Yan Li, and Juan Feng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-955, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-955, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the previous winter affect spring dust activities in North China. The results show that NAO and ENSO, particularly in their negative phases, greatly influence dust activities. When both NAO and ENSO are negative, their combined effect on dust activities is even greater. This research underscores the importance of these climate patterns in predicting spring dust activities in North China.
Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, David Barriopedro, Rosa Delia García, Silvia Alonso-Pérez, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, Ernest Werner, David Suárez, Juan José Bustos, Gerardo García-Castrillo, Omaira García, África Barreto, and Sara Basart
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4083–4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During February–March (FM) 2020–2022, unusually intense dust storms from northern Africa hit the western Euro-Mediterranean (WEM). Using dust products from satellites and atmospheric reanalysis for 2003–2022, results show that cut-off lows and European blocking are key drivers of FM dust intrusions over the WEM. A higher frequency of cut-off lows associated with subtropical ridges is observed in the late 2020–2022 period.
Yahui Che, Bofu Yu, and Katherine Bracco
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4105–4128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dust events occur more frequently during the Austral spring and summer in dust regions, including central Australia, the southwest of Western Australia, and the northern and southern regions of eastern Australia using remote sensing and reanalysis datasets. High-concentration dust is distributed around central Australia and in the downwind northern and southern Australia. Typically, around 50 % of the dust lifted settles on Australian land, with the remaining half being deposited in the ocean.
Jonathan Elsey, Nicolas Bellouin, and Claire Ryder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4065–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols influence the Earth's energy balance. The uncertainty in this radiative forcing is large depending partly on uncertainty in measurements of aerosol optical properties. We have developed a freely available new framework of millions of radiative transfer simulations spanning aerosol uncertainty and assess the impact on radiative forcing uncertainty. We find that reducing these uncertainties would reduce radiative forcing uncertainty, but non-aerosol uncertainties must also be considered.
Jing Li, Nan Wu, Biwu Chu, An Ning, and Xiuhui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3989–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Iodic acid (HIO3) nucleates with iodous acid (HIO2) efficiently in marine areas; however, whether methanesulfonic acid (MSA) can synergistically participate in the HIO3–HIO2-based nucleation is unclear. We provide molecular-level evidence that MSA can efficiently promote the formation of HIO3–HIO2-based clusters using a theoretical approach. The proposed MSA-enhanced iodine nucleation mechanism may help us to deeply understand marine new particle formation events with bursts of iodine particles.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-840, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-840, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, East Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of one and a half decades. Here, we innovative used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize the dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth system, but also to reveal the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Hao Wang, Xiaohong Liu, Chenglai Wu, and Guangxing Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3309–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different global- and regional-scale drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission trends over the past 20 years. The results show that global greening trends significantly boost BVOC emissions and deforestation reduces BVOC emissions in South America and Southeast Asia. Elevated temperature in Europe and increased soil moisture in East and South Asia enhance BVOC emissions. The results deepen our understanding of long-term BVOC emission trends in hotspots.
Christof G. Beer, Johannes Hendricks, and Mattia Righi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3217–3240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have important influences on cirrus clouds and the climate system; however, the understanding of their global impacts is still uncertain. We perform numerical simulations with a global aerosol–climate model to analyse INP-induced cirrus changes and the resulting climate impacts. We evaluate various sources of uncertainties, e.g. the ice-nucleating ability of INPs and the role of model dynamics, and provide a new estimate for the global INP–cirrus effect.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, Xiaohong Yao, and Mingjie Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3129–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are important for aerosol climatic effects but are poorly understood. For the first time, an online coupled regional chemistry–climate model is applied to explore the characteristics of emission, distribution, and direct and indirect radiative effects of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific, which reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in perturbing cloud and radiation and promotes understanding of global aerosol climatic impact.
Yawen Liu, Yun Qian, Philip J. Rasch, Kai Zhang, Lai-yung Ruby Leung, Yuhang Wang, Minghuai Wang, Hailong Wang, Xin Huang, and Xiu-Qun Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3115–3128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fire management has long been a challenge. Here we report that spring-peak fire activity over southern Mexico and Central America (SMCA) has a distinct quasi-biennial signal by measuring multiple fire metrics. This signal is initially driven by quasi-biennial variability in precipitation and is further amplified by positive feedback of fire–precipitation interaction at short timescales. This work highlights the importance of fire–climate interactions in shaping fires on an interannual scale.
Xu Feng, Loretta J. Mickley, Michelle L. Bell, Tianjia Liu, Jenny A. Fisher, and Maria Val Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2985–3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During severe wildfire seasons, smoke can have a significant impact on air quality in Australia. Our study demonstrates that characterization of the smoke plume injection fractions greatly affects estimates of surface smoke PM2.5. Using the plume behavior predicted by the machine learning method leads to the best model agreement with observed surface PM2.5 in key cities across Australia, with smoke PM2.5 accounting for 5 %–52 % of total PM2.5 on average during fire seasons from 2009 to 2020.
Shiyi Lai, Ximeng Qi, Xin Huang, Sijia Lou, Xuguang Chi, Liangduo Chen, Chong Liu, Yuliang Liu, Chao Yan, Mengmeng Li, Tengyu Liu, Wei Nie, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2535–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By combining in situ measurements and chemical transport modeling, this study investigates new particle formation (NPF) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that the NPF was driven by the presence of biogenic gases and the transport of anthropogenic precursors. The NPF was vertically heterogeneous and shaped by the vertical mixing. This study highlights the importance of anthropogenic–biogenic interactions and meteorological dynamics in NPF in this climate-sensitive region.
Adriana Rocha-Lima, Peter R. Colarco, Anton S. Darmenov, Edward P. Nowottnick, Arlindo M. da Silva, and Luke D. Oman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2443–2464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2443-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2443-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations show an increasing aerosol optical depth trend in the Middle East between 2003–2012. We evaluate the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model's ability to capture these trends and examine the meteorological and surface parameters driving dust emissions. Our results highlight the importance of data assimilation for long-term trends of atmospheric aerosols and support the hypothesis that vegetation cover loss may have contributed to increasing dust emissions in the period.
Marc Mallet, Aurore Voldoire, Fabien Solmon, Pierre Nabat, Thomas Drugé, and Romain Roehrig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-496, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the interactions between smoke aerosols and climate in tropical Africa using a coupled ocean-atmosphere-aerosol climate model. The work shows that smoke plumes have a significant impact by increasing the low cloud fraction, decreasing the ocean and continental surface temperature and by reducing the precipitation of the coastal Western Africa. It also highlights the key role of the ocean temperature response and its feedbacks for the September to November season.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, Simone Tilmes, Erik Kluzek, Martina Klose, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2287–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a premier Earth system model to evaluate a new desert dust emission scheme proposed in our companion paper. We show that our scheme accounts for more dust emission physics, hence matching better against observations than other existing dust emission schemes do. Our scheme's dust emissions also couple tightly with meteorology, hence likely improving the modeled dust sensitivity to climate change. We believe this work is vital for improving dust representation in climate models.
Ruth A. R. Digby, Nathan P. Gillett, Adam H. Monahan, Knut von Salzen, Antonis Gkikas, Qianqian Song, and Zhibo Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2077–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The COVID-19 lockdowns reduced aerosol emissions. We ask whether these reductions affected regional aerosol optical depth (AOD) and compare the observed changes to predictions from Earth system models. Only India has an observed AOD reduction outside of typical variability. Models overestimate the response in some regions, but when key biases have been addressed, the agreement is improved. Our results suggest that current models can realistically predict the effects of future emission changes.
Xinyue Shao, Minghuai Wang, Xinyi Dong, Yaman Liu, Wenxiang Shen, Stephen Arnold, Leighton Regayre, Meinrat Andreae, Mira Pöhlker, Duseong Jo, Man Yue, and Ken Carslaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-401, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-401, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). By explicitly coupling the chemical mechanism of HOMs and a comprehensive nucleation scheme in a global climate model. The updated model shows better agreement with measurements of nucleation rate, growth rate, NPF event frequency. Our results reveal that HOMs-driven NPF leads to a considerable increase in particle and cloud condensation nuclei burden globally.
Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Eric C. Apel, Donald R. Blake, Karl Froyd, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Jose Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano Jost, Michael Lawler, Mingxu Liu, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Hitoshi Matsui, Benjamin A. Nault, Joyce E. Penner, Andrew W. Rollins, Gregory Schill, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Hailong Wang, Lu Xu, Kai Zhang, and Jialei Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1717–1741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies sulfur in the remote troposphere at global and seasonal scales using aircraft measurements and multi-model simulations. The goal is to understand the sulfur cycle over remote oceans, spread of model simulations, and observation–model discrepancies. Such an understanding and comparison with real observations are crucial to narrow down the uncertainties in model sulfur simulations and improve understanding of the sulfur cycle in atmospheric air quality, climate, and ecosystems.
Gargi Sengupta, Minjie Zheng, and Nønne L. Prisle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1467–1487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of organic acid aerosol on sulfur chemistry and cloud properties was investigated in an atmospheric model. Organic acid dissociation was considered using both bulk and surface-related properties. We found that organic acid dissociation leads to increased hydrogen ion concentrations and sulfate aerosol mass in aqueous aerosols, increasing cloud formation. This could be important in large-scale climate models as many organic aerosol components are both acidic and surface-active.
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1489–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Residential wood combustion is a major source of fine particulate matter. This study has evaluated the contribution of residential wood combustion to fine particle concentrations and its year-to-year and seasonal variation in te Helsinki metropolitan area. The average concentrations attributed to wood combustion in winter were up to 10- or 15-fold compared to summer. Wood combustion caused 12 % to 14 % of annual fine particle concentrations. In winter, the contribution ranged from 16 % to 21 %.
Arto Heitto, Cheng Wu, Diego Aliaga, Luis Blacutt, Xuemeng Chen, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Wei Huang, Radovan Krejci, Paolo Laj, Isabel Moreno, Karine Sellegri, Fernando Velarde, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaozhi Zha, Federico Bianchi, Marcos Andrade, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Claudia Mohr, and Taina Yli-Juuti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1315–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Particle growth at the Chacaltaya station in Bolivia was simulated based on measured vapor concentrations and ambient conditions. Major contributors to the simulated growth were low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs). Also, sulfuric acid had major role when volcanic activity was occurring in the area. This study provides insight on nanoparticle growth at this high-altitude Southern Hemispheric site and hence contributes to building knowledge of early growth of atmospheric particles.
Steven Soon-Kai Kong, Saginela Ravindra Babu, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Stephen M. Griffith, Jackson Hian-Wui Chang, Ming-Tung Chuang, Guey-Rong Sheu, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1041–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combined ground observations from 7-SEAS Dongsha Experiment, MERRA-2 reanalysis, and MODIS satellite images for evaluation and improvement of the CMAQ dust model for cases of East Asian Dust reaching the Taiwan region, including Dongsha in the western Pacific. We proposed a better CMAQ dust treatment over East Asia and for the first time revealed the impact of typhoons on dust transport.
Hengheng Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Junwei Song, Olga Kiseleva, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Khan, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-90, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-90, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
Cited articles
Abatzoglou, J. T. and Williams, A. P.: Impact of anthropogenic climate
change on wildfire across western US forests, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 11770–11775, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607171113, 2016.
Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
Alvarado, M. J., Logan, J. A., Mao, J., Apel, E., Riemer, D., Blake, D., Cohen, R. C., Min, K.-E., Perring, A. E., Browne, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Diskin, G. S., Sachse, G. W., Fuelberg, H., Sessions, W. R., Harrigan, D. L., Huey, G., Liao, J., Case-Hanks, A., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., Vay, S. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Flocke, F. M., Pollack, I. B., Wennberg, P. O., Kurten, A., Crounse, J., Clair, J. M. St., Wisthaler, A., Mikoviny, T., Yantosca, R. M., Carouge, C. C., and Le Sager, P.: Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9739–9760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9739-2010, 2010.
Amiridis, V., Zerefos, C., Kazadzis, S., Gerasopoulos, E., Eleftheratos, K.,
Vrekoussis, M., Stohl, A., Mamouri, R.-E., Kokkalis, P., and Papayannis, A.:
Impact of the 2009 Attica wild fires on the air quality in urban Athens,
Atmos. Environ., 46, 536–544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.056, 2012.
Andreae, M. O.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019.
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from
biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001.
Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions, Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001, 2008.
Astitha, M., Luo, H., Rao, S. T., Hogrefe, C., Mathur, R., and Kumar, N.:
Dynamic evaluation of two decades of WRF-CMAQ ozone simulations over the
contiguous United States, Atmos. Environ., 164, 102–116, 2017.
Bachelet, D., Neilson, R. P., Lenihan, J. M., and Drapek, R. J.: Climate
change effects on vegetation distribution and carbon budget in the United
States, Ecosystems, 4, 164–185, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0002-7, 2001.
Bai, Y., Guo, C., Degen, A. A., Ahmad, A. A., Wang, W., Zhang, T., Li, W.,
Ma, L., Huang, M., and Zeng, H.: Climate warming benefits alpine vegetation
growth in Three-River Headwater Region, China, Sci. Total
Environ., 742, 140574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140574, 2020.
Ballhorn, U., Siegert, F., Mason, M., and Limin, S.: Derivation of burn scar
depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian
peatlands, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106,
21213–21218, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906457106, 2009.
Barbero, R., Abatzoglou, J. T., Larkin, N. K., Kolden, C. A., and Stocks,
B.: Climate change presents increased potential for very large fires in the
contiguous United States, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 24,
892–899, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15083, 2015.
Barnard, J. C., Fast, J. D., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., and Laskin, A.: Technical Note: Evaluation of the WRF-Chem ”Aerosol Chemical to Aerosol Optical Properties” Module using data from the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7325–7340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7325-2010, 2010.
Belda, M., Holtanová, E., Halenka, T., and Kalvová, J.: Climate
classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha, Clim. Res.,
59, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01204, 2014.
Benner, W. H.: Photochemical reactions of forest fire combustion products, University of Florida, available at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00027183/00001 (last access: 10 January 2022), 1977
Black, R. R., Aurell, J., Holder, A., George, I. J., Gullett, B. K., Hays,
M. D., Geron, C. D., and Tabor, D.: Characterization of gas and particle
emissions from laboratory burns of peat, Atmos. Environ., 132,
49–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.024, 2016.
Blood, A., Starr, G., Escobedo, F., Chappelka, A., and Staudhammer, C.: How
do urban forests compare? Tree diversity in urban and periurban forests of
the southeastern US, Forests, 7, 120, https://doi.org/10.3390/f7060120, 2016.
Bo, M., Mercalli, L., Pognant, F., Berro, D. C., and Clerico, M.: Urban air
pollution, climate change and wildfires: The case study of an extended
forest fire episode in northern Italy favoured by drought and warm weather
conditions, Energ. Reports, 6, 781–786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.002, 2020.
Bonal, D., Burban, B., Stahl, C., Wagner, F., and Hérault, B.: The
response of tropical rainforests to drought – lessons from recent research
and future prospects, Ann. Forest Sci., 73, 27–44,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0522-5, 2016.
Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., and Midgley, G. F.: The global distribution of
ecosystems in a world without fire, New Phytol., 165, 525–538,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x, 2005.
Borren, W., Bleuten, W., and Lapshina, E. D.: Holocene peat and carbon
accumulation rates in the southern taiga of western Siberia, Quaternary
Res., 61, 42–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.09.002, 2004.
Bowman, D. M., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W. J., Carlson, J. M.,
Cochrane, M. A., D'Antonio, C. M., DeFries, R. S., Doyle, J. C., and
Harrison, S. P.: Fire in the Earth system, Science, 324, 481–484,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163886, 2009.
Brey, S. J. and Fischer, E. V.: Smoke in the city: how often and where does
smoke impact summertime ozone in the United States?, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 1288–1294, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05218, 2016.
Brown, T., Leach, S., Wachter, B., and Gardunio, B.: The Extreme 2018
Northern California Fire Season, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 101, S1–S4, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0275.1,
2020.
Burling, I. R., Yokelson, R. J., Griffith, D. W. T., Johnson, T. J., Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Warneke, C., Urbanski, S. P., Reardon, J., Weise, D. R., Hao, W. M., and de Gouw, J.: Laboratory measurements of trace gas emissions from biomass burning of fuel types from the southeastern and southwestern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11115–11130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11115-2010, 2010.
Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N.,
Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric
aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with
satellite and Sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos.
Sci., 59, 461–483, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Clark, J. S., Iverson, L., Woodall, C. W., Allen, C. D., Bell, D. M., Bragg,
D. C., D'Amato, A. W., Davis, F. W., Hersh, M. H., and Ibanez, I.: The
impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and
biodiversity in the United States, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 2329–2352,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13160, 2016.
Clements, H. B. and McMahon, C. K.: Nitrogen oxides from burning forest fuels examined by thermogravimetry and evolved gas analysis, Thermochimica Acta, 35, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(80)87187-5, 1980.
Crutzen, P. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact
on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250, 1669–1678,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4988.1669, 1990.
Cuchiara, G. C., Rappenglück, B., Rubio, M. A., Lissi, E., Gramsch, E.,
and Garreaud, R. D.: Modeling study of biomass burning plumes and their
impact on urban air quality; a case study of Santiago de Chile, Atmos. Environ., 166, 79–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.002, 2017.
Damian, V., Sandu, A., Damian, M., Potra, F., and Carmichael, G. R.: The
kinetic preprocessor KPP-a software environment for solving chemical
kinetics, Comput. Chem. Eng., 26, 1567–1579, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-1354(02)00128-X, 2002.
Darmenov, A. and da Silva, A.: The quick fire emissions dataset
(QFED) – documentation of versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4, NASA Technical Report
Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA TM-2013-104606, 32,
183, available at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180005253 (last access: 5 November 2021), 2013.
Davies, G. M., Gray, A., Rein, G., and Legg, C. J.: Peat consumption and
carbon loss due to smouldering wildfire in a temperate peatland, Forest
Ecol. Manage., 308, 169–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.051, 2013.
Dennison, P. E., Brewer, S. C., Arnold, J. D., and Moritz, M. A.: Large
wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 2928–2933, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059576, 2014.
Diehl, T., Heil, A., Chin, M., Pan, X., Streets, D., Schultz, M., and Kinne, S.: Anthropogenic, biomass burning, and volcanic emissions of black carbon, organic carbon, and SO2 from 1980 to 2010 for hindcast model experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 24895–24954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24895-2012, 2012.
Eidenshink, J., Schwind, B., Brewer, K., Zhu, Z.-L., Quayle, B., and Howard,
S.: A project for monitoring trends in burn severity, Fire Ecol., 3, 3–21,
2007.
Ellison, L., Ichoku, C., Zhang, F., and Wang, J.: Building the Fire
Energetics and Emissions Research (FEER) Smoke Emissions Inventory Version
1.0, available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42724821.pdf (last access: 5 November 2021), 2014.
Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.
Fang, T., Verma, V., Bates, J. T., Abrams, J., Klein, M., Strickland, M. J., Sarnat, S. E., Chang, H. H., Mulholland, J. A., Tolbert, P. E., Russell, A. G., and Weber, R. J.: Oxidative potential of ambient water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States: contrasts in sources and health associations between ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) assays, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3865–3879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3865-2016, 2016.
Fann, N., Alman, B., Broome, R. A., Morgan, G. G., Johnston, F. H., Pouliot, G.,
and Rappold, A. G.: The health impacts and economic value of wildland fire
episodes in the US: 2008–2012, Sci. Total Environ., 610,
802–809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.024, 2018.
Fast, J. D., Gustafson Jr, W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J.
C., Chapman, E. G., Grell, G. A., and Peckham, S. E.: Evolution of ozone,
particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of
Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006.
Field, R. D., Van Der Werf, G. R., and Shen, S. S.: Human amplification of
drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960, Nat. Geosci.,
2, 185–188, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo443, 2009.
Fierer, N., Colman, B. P., Schimel, J. P., and Jackson, R. B.: Predicting
the temperature dependence of microbial respiration in soil: A
continental-scale analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002644, 2006.
Finco, M., Quayle, B., Zhang, Y., Lecker, J., Megown, K. A., and Brewer, C.
K.: Monitoring trends and burn severity (MTBS): monitoring wildfire activity
for the past quarter century using Landsat data, in: Moving from status to trends: Forest Inventory and
Analysis (FIA) symposium 2012, composed by: Morin, R. S. and
Liknes, G. C., 4–6 December 2012; Baltimore, MD. Gen. Tech.
Rep. NRS-P-105, Newtown Square, PA, US Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northern Research Station, [CD-ROM], 222–228, 2012.
Finney, M. A.: FARSITE, Fire Area Simulator–model development and evaluation, 4, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp004.pdf (last access: 10 January 2022), 2004.
Fire Behavior Assessment Team: Big Turnaround and Georgia Bay Complexes Fire
Behavior Assessment Report, available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.649.9331&rep=rep1&type=pdf (last access: 5 November 2021),
2007.
FNL NCEP: NCEP FNL Operational Model Global Tropospheric Analyses,
continuing from July 1999, Research Data Archive at the National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory,
Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6M043C6, 2000.
Frandsen, W. H.: The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the
combustion limits of smoldering forest duff, Can. J. Forest
Res., 17, 1540–1544, https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-236, 1987.
Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Chatfield, R., Latham, D., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Andreae, M. O., Prins, E., Santos, J. C., Gielow, R., and Carvalho Jr., J. A.: Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3385–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007, 2007.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Richard, P. J., Lavoie, M., and
Muller, S. D.: Modeling northern peatland decomposition and peat
accumulation, Ecosystems, 4, 479–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0105-1, 2001.
Gaffen, D. J. and Ross, R. J.: Climatology and trends of US surface
humidity and temperature, J. Climate, 12, 811–828, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0811:CATOUS>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Garcia-Menendez, F., Hu, Y., and Odman, M. T.: Simulating smoke transport
from wildland fires with a regional-scale air quality model: Sensitivity to
uncertain wind fields, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
118, 6493–6504, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50524, 2013.
Geron, C. and Hays, M.: Air emissions from organic soil burning on the
coastal plain of North Carolina, Atmos. Environ., 64, 192–199,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.065, 2013.
Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., and Werf, G. R.: Analysis of daily, monthly,
and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions
database (GFED4), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118,
317–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042, 2013.
Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O.,
and Lin, S. J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with
the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
20255–20273, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000053, 2001.
Goode, J. G., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E.,
Davies, M. A., and Hao, W. M.: Measurements of excess O3, CO2, CO, CH4,
C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan
biomass burning plumes by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 22147–22166,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900287, 2000.
Goodrick, S. L., Achtemeier, G. L., Larkin, N. K., Liu, Y., and Strand, T.
M.: Modelling smoke transport from wildland fires: a review, Int.
J. Wildland Fire, 22, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF11116, 2013.
Gorham, E.: Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable
responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195,
https://doi.org/10.2307/1941811, 1991.
Granier, C., Bessagnet, B., Bond, T., D'Angiola, A., van Der Gon, H. D.,
Frost, G. J., Heil, A., Kaiser, J. W., Kinne, S., and Klimont, Z.: Evolution
of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global
and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period, Climatic Change, 109, 163–190,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1, 2011.
Grell, G., Freitas, S. R., Stuefer, M., and Fast, J.: Inclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5289–5303, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5289-2011, 2011.
Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G.,
Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled “online” chemistry within
the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
Grillakis, M. G.: Increase in severe and extreme soil moisture droughts for
Europe under climate change, Sci. Total Environ., 660,
1245–1255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.001,
2019.
Guan, S., Wong, D. C., Gao, Y., Zhang, T., and Pouliot, G.: Impact of
wildfire on particulate matter in the southeastern United States in November
2016, Sci. Total Envirom., 724, 138354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138354, 2020.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Hao, W. M. and Babbitt, R. E.: Smoke production from residual combustion. Final Report 98-1-9-01, Joint Fire Science Program, 25 pp., available at: http://www.firescience.gov/JFSP_advanced_search.cfm (last access: 13 January 2022), 2007.
He, C., Miljevic, B., Crilley, L. R., Surawski, N. C., Bartsch, J., Salimi,
F., Uhde, E., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Orasche, J., and Ristovski, Z.:
Characterisation of the impact of open biomass burning on urban air quality
in Brisbane, Australia, Environ. Int., 91, 230–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.030, 2016.
Hille, M. G. and Stephens, S. L.: Mixed conifer forest duff consumption
during prescribed fires: tree crown impacts, Forest Sci., 51, 417–424,
https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/51.5.417, 2005.
Hodzic, A., Madronich, S., Bohn, B., Massie, S., Menut, L., and Wiedinmyer, C.: Wildfire particulate matter in Europe during summer 2003: meso-scale modeling of smoke emissions, transport and radiative effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4043–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4043-2007, 2007.
Hoelzemann, J. J.: Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003666, 2004.
Hu, Y., Fernandez-Anez, N., Smith, T. E., and Rein, G.: Review of emissions
from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze
episodes, International J. Wildland Fire, 27, 293–312, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF17084, 2018.
Huang, K., Xia, J., Wang, Y., Ahlström, A., Chen, J., Cook, R. B., Cui,
E., Fang, Y., Fisher, J. B., and Huntzinger, D. N.: Enhanced peak growth of
global vegetation and its key mechanisms, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 2,
1897–1905, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0714-0, 2018.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S.
A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:
Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 113, D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
Jaffe, D., Chand, D., Hafner, W., Westerling, A., and Spracklen, D.:
Influence of fires on O3 concentrations in the western US, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 42, 5885–5891, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800084k, 2008.
Jaffe, D. A. and Wigder, N. L.: Ozone production from wildfires: A critical
review, Atmos. Environ., 51, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.063, 2012.
Jen, C. N., Hatch, L. E., Selimovic, V., Yokelson, R. J., Weber, R., Fernandez, A. E., Kreisberg, N. M., Barsanti, K. C., and Goldstein, A. H.: Speciated and total emission factors of particulate organics from burning western US wildland fuels and their dependence on combustion efficiency, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1013–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1013-2019, 2019.
Jiang, W., Leroy, S. A., Ogle, N., Chu, G., Wang, L., and Liu, J.: Natural
and anthropogenic forest fires recorded in the Holocene pollen record from a
Jinchuan peat bog, northeastern China, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim., 261, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.007, 2008.
Jiang, Y., Yang, X.-Q., Liu, X., Qian, Y., Zhang, K., Wang, M., Li, F.,
Wang, Y., and Lu, Z.: Impacts of wildfire aerosols on global energy budget
and climate: The role of climate feedbacks, J. Climate, 33,
3351–3366, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0572.1, 2020.
Johnson, K. A. and Schmerfeld, J.: The united states'national wildlife
refuge system: a natural laboratory for studying peatland carbon storage,
ecosystem services, and impacts of management, 15th international peat
congress 2016, available at: https://peatlands.org/assets/uploads/2019/06/ipc16p696-700a253johnson.schmerfeld.pdf (last access: 5 November 2021),
2016.
Jolly, W. M., Cochrane, M. A., Freeborn, P. H., Holden, Z. A., Brown, T. J.,
Williamson, G. J., and Bowman, D. M.: Climate-induced variations in global
wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013, Nat. Commun., 6, 7537,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537, 2015.
Kaiser, J., Flemming, J., Schultz, M., Suttie, M., and Wooster, M.: The MACC Global Fire Assimilation System: First Emission Products (GFASvO), ECMWF, available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2009/10373-macc-global-fire-assimilation-system-first-emission-products-gfasv0.pdf (last access: 10 January 2022), 2009.
Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones, L., Morcrette, J.-J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and van der Werf, G. R.: Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences, 9, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-527-2012, 2012.
Karhu, K., Auffret, M. D., Dungait, J. A., Hopkins, D. W., Prosser, J. I.,
Singh, B. K., Subke, J.-A., Wookey, P. A., Ågren, G. I., and Sebastia,
M.-T.: Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by
microbial community response, Nature, 513, 81–84, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13604, 2014.
Keetch, J. J. and Byram, G. M.: A drought index for forest fire control, Res. Pap. SE-38. Asheville, NC, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 35 pp., available at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40 (last access: 10 January 2022), 1968.
Kiely, L., Spracklen, D. V., Wiedinmyer, C., Conibear, L., Reddington, C. L., Archer-Nicholls, S., Lowe, D., Arnold, S. R., Knote, C., Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., Kuwata, M., Budisulistiorini, S. H., and Syaufina, L.: New estimate of particulate emissions from Indonesian peat fires in 2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11105–11121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019, 2019.
Kiely, L., Spracklen, D. V., Wiedinmyer, C., Conibear, L. A., Reddington, C.
L., Arnold, S. R., Knote, C., Khan, M. F., Latif, M. T., and Syaufina, L.:
Air quality and health impacts of vegetation and peat fires in Equatorial
Asia during 2004–2015, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 094054, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9a6c, 2020.
Konrad, C. E. and Knox, P.: The Southeastern Drought and wildfire of 2016,
available at: http://www.sercc.com/NIDISDroughtAssessmentFINAL.pdf (last access: 29 October
2020), 2017.
Kunzli, N., Avol, E., Wu, J., Gauderman, W. J., Rappaport, E., Millstein,
J., Bennion, J., McConnell, R., Gilliland, F. D., and Berhane, K.: Health
effects of the 2003 Southern California wildfires on children, Am.
J. Resp. Crit. Care, 174, 1221–1228,
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC, 2006.
Lawal, S., Lennard, C., and Hewitson, B.: Response of southern African
vegetation to climate change at 1.5 and 2.0∘ global warming above
the pre-industrial level, Climate Services, 16, 100134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2019.100134, 2019.
Li, W., Li, L., Fu, R., Deng, Y., and Wang, H.: Changes to the North
Atlantic subtropical high and its role in the intensification of summer
rainfall variability in the southeastern United States, J. Climate,
24, 1499–1506, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3829.1, 2011.
Li, X. and Rappenglueck, B.: A study of model nighttime ozone bias in air
quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 195, 210–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.046, 2018.
Li, Y., Tong, D. Q., Ngan, F., Cohen, M. D., Stein, A. F., Kondragunta, S.,
Zhang, X., Ichoku, C., Hyer, E. J., and Kahn, R. A.: Ensemble PM2.5
forecasting during the 2018 camp fire event using the HYSPLIT transport and
dispersion model, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032768, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032768, 2020.
Liu, J., Lin, P., Laskin, A., Laskin, J., Kathmann, S. M., Wise, M., Caylor, R., Imholt, F., Selimovic, V., and Shilling, J. E.: Optical properties and aging of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12815–12827, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12815-2016, 2016.
Liu, T., Mickley, L. J., Marlier, M. E., DeFries, R. S., Khan, M. F., Latif,
M. T., and Karambelas, A.: Diagnosing spatial biases and uncertainties in
global fire emissions inventories: Indonesia as regional case study, Remote
Sens. Environ., 237, 111557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111557, 2020.
Liu, Y., Goodrick, S., and Heilman, W.: Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and
climate: Wildfire–climate interactions, Forest Ecol. Manage., 317,
80–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.020, 2014.
Liu, Y., Kochanski, A., Baker, K. R., Mell, W., Linn, R., Paugam, R.,
Mandel, J., Fournier, A., Jenkins, M. A., and Goodrick, S.: Fire behaviour
and smoke modelling: model improvement and measurement needs for
next-generation smoke research and forecasting systems, Int.
J. Wildland Fire, 28, 570–588, 2019.
Liu, Y.-Q., Goodrick, S., and Achtemeier, G.: The Weather Conditions for Desired Smoke
Plumes at a FASMEE Burn Site, Atmosphere, 9, 259,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070259, 2018.
Longo, M., KNOx, R. G., Levine, N. M., Alves, L. F., Bonal, D., Camargo, P.
B., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Hayek, M. N., Restrepo-Coupe, N., and Saleska, S.
R.: Ecosystem heterogeneity and diversity mitigate Amazon forest resilience
to frequent extreme droughts, New Phytol., 219, 914–931, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15185, 2018.
Lu, X., Zhang, L., Yue, X., Zhang, J., Jaffe, D. A., Stohl, A., Zhao, Y., and Shao, J.: Wildfire influences on the variability and trend of summer surface ozone in the mountainous western United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14687–14702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14687-2016, 2016.
Lu, Z. and Sokolik, I. N.: Examining the Impact of Smoke on Frontal Clouds
and Precipitation During the 2002 Yakutsk Wildfires Using the WRF-Chem-SMOKE
Model and Satellite Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
12765–712785, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027001, 2017.
Madronich, S.: Photodissociation in the atmosphere: 1. Actinic flux and the
effects of ground reflections and clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 9740–9752, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD08p09740, 1987.
Mallia, D., Lin, J., Urbanski, S., Ehleringer, J., and Nehrkorn, T.: Impacts
of upwind wildfire emissions on CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations in Salt
Lake City, Utah, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 147–166,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022472, 2015.
Mar, K. A., Ojha, N., Pozzer, A., and Butler, T. M.: Ozone air quality simulations with WRF-Chem (v3.5.1) over Europe: model evaluation and chemical mechanism comparison, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3699–3728, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3699-2016, 2016.
Masih, I., Maskey, S., Mussá, F. E. F., and Trambauer, P.: A review of droughts on the African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3635–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014, 2014.
Mass, C. F. and Ovens, D.: The Northern California wildfires of 8–9
October 2017: The role of a major downslope wind event, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 235–256, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0037.1, 2019.
Matz, C. J., Egyed, M., Xi, G., Racine, J., Pavlovic, R., Rittmaster, R.,
Henderson, S. B., and Stieb, D. M: Health impact analysis of PM2.5 from
wildfire smoke in Canada (2013–2015, 2017–2018), Sci. Total
Environ., 725, 138506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138506,
2020.
Mazdiyasni, O. and AghaKouchak, A.: Substantial increase in concurrent
droughts and heatwaves in the United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 11484–11489, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422945112, 2015.
McDowell, I., Pierce, T., Pouliot, G., Eder, B., Foley, K., Gilliam, R., and
Wilkins, J.: PM2.5 concentrations observed and modeled for the 2016 southern
Appalachian wildfire event, 16th Annual CMAS Conference, available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=_338093&Lab=NERL, 2017.
McKee, D. (Ed.): Tropospheric ozone: human health and agricultural impacts, ISBN: 9780873714754, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 333 pp., 1994.
McMahon, C. K., Wade, D. D., and Tsoukalas, S. N.: Combustion
characteristics and emissions from burning organic soils, in: 73rd Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Montreal, Quebec, 22–27 June 1980, 2–16, 1980.
McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Baker, S., Carrico, C. M., Chow, J. C., Collett, J. L., Hao, W. M., Holden, A. S., Kirchstetter, T. W., Malm, W. C., Moosmüller, H., Sullivan, A. P., and Wold, C. E.: Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011836, 2009.
Milner, A. M., Baird, A. J., Green, S. M., Swindles, G. T., Young, D. M.,
Sanderson, N. K., Timmins, M. S., and Gałka, M.: A regime shift from
erosion to carbon accumulation in a temperate northern peatland, J.
Ecology, 109, 125–138, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13453, 2020.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S.
A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated
correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237, 1997.
Munoz-Alpizar, R., Pavlovic, R., Moran, M. D., Chen, J., Gravel, S.,
Henderson, S. B., Menard, S., Racine, J., Duhamel, A., Gilbert, S., Beaulieu,
P.A., Landry, H., Davignon, D., Cousineau, S., and Bouchet, V.: Multi-year
(2013–2016) PM2.5 wildfire pollution exposure over North America as
determined from operational air quality forecasts, Atmosphere, 8, 179,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8090179, 2017
Navarro, K. M., Cisneros, R., O'Neill, S. M., Schweizer, D., Larkin, N. K.,
and Balmes, J. R.: Air-quality impacts and intake fraction of PM2.5 during
the 2013 Rim Megafire, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50,
11965–11973, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02252, 2016.
NCAR: FINN v1.5 fire emission inventory, available at: https://bai.acom.ucar.edu/Data/fire/, last access: 16 January 2021a.
NCAR: MOZART-4 results, available at: https://www.acom.ucar.edu/wrf-chem/mozart.shtml, last access: 16 January 2021b.
Noble, C. A., Vanderpool, R. W., Peters, T. M., McElroy, F. F., Gemmill, D.
B., and Wiener, R. W.: Federal reference and equivalent methods for
measuring fine particulate matter, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 34,
457–464, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820121582, 2001.
Ottmar, R., and Andreu, A.: Litter and duff bulk densities in the Southern
United States, Seattle, WA: Fire and Environmental Applications team, USDA
Forest Service, Joint Fire Science Program Project, 04-02, available at: https://www.firescience.gov/projects/04-2-1-49/project/04-2-1-49_final_report.pdf (last access: 5 November 2021), 2007.
Ottmar, R. D.: Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: modeling fuel
consumption, Forest Ecol. Managem., 317, 41–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.010, 2014.
Ovenden, L.: Peat accumulation in northern wetlands, Quaternary Res.,
33, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90063-Q,
1990.
Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H.-D. V., Jaya, A., and
Limin, S.: The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in
Indonesia during 1997, Nature, 420, 61–65, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01131, 2002.
Pan, X., Ichoku, C., Chin, M., Bian, H., Darmenov, A., Colarco, P., Ellison, L., Kucsera, T., da Silva, A., Wang, J., Oda, T., and Cui, G.: Six global biomass burning emission datasets: intercomparison and application in one global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 969–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-969-2020, 2020.
Park Williams, A., Cook, B. I., Smerdon, J. E., Bishop, D. A., Seager, R.,
and Mankin, J. S.: The 2016 southeastern US drought: An extreme departure
from centennial wetting and cooling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 10888–810905, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027523, 2017.
Peckham, S., Grell, G., McKeen, S., Schmitz, R., Salzmann, M., Freitas, S.,
Fast, J., Gustafson, W., Ghan, S., and Zaveri, R.: WRF-Chem Version 3.9. 1.1
User's Guide, 2018.
Pfister, G. G., Avise, J., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Diskin, G. D., Podolske, J., and Wisthaler, A.: CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7515–7532, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011, 2011a.
Pfister, G. G., Parrish, D. D., Worden, H., Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Wiedinmyer, C., Diskin, G. S., Huey, G., Oltmans, S. J., Thouret, V., Weinheimer, A., and Wisthaler, A.: Characterizing summertime chemical boundary conditions for airmasses entering the US West Coast, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1769–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011, 2011b.
Pouliot, G., Gilliam, R., Eder, B., McDowell, I., Wilkins, J., and Pierce,
T.: Evaluating the Wildfire Emission estimates in an Air Quality Simulation
of the 2016 Southeastern United States Wildfires, International Emissions
Inventory Conference, 2017.
Poulter, B., Christensen Jr., N. L., and Halpin, P. N.: Carbon emissions from
a temperate peat fire and its relevance to interannual variability of trace
atmospheric greenhouse gases, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
111, D06301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006455, 2006.
Powers, J. G., Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., Davis, C. A., Dudhia, J.,
Gill, D. O., Coen, J. L., Gochis, D. J., Ahmadov, R., and Peckham, S. E.:
The weather research and forecasting model: Overview, system efforts, and
future directions, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98,
1717–1737, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1, 2017.
Prichard, S. J., Andreu, A. G., Ottmar, R. D., and Eberhardt, E.: Fuel
Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) field sampling and fuelbed
development guide, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-972, Portland, OR, US Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 77 pp.,
2019.
Qian, S., Fu, Y., and Pan, F.: Climate change tendency and grassland
vegetation response during the growth season in Three-River Source Region,
Sci. China Earth Sci., 53, 1506–1512, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4064-2, 2010.
Raaflaub, L. and Valeo, C.: Hydrological properties of duff, Water
Resour. Res., 45, W05502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007396,
2009.
Randerson, J., Chen, Y., Werf, G., Rogers, B., and Morton, D.: Global burned
area and biomass burning emissions from small fires, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 117, W05502 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002128, 2012.
Rappold, A. G., Stone, S. L., Cascio, W. E., Neas, L. M., Kilaru, V. J.,
Carraway, M. S., Szykman, J. J., Ising, A., Cleve, W. E., Meredith, J. T.,
Vaughan-Batten, H., Deyneka, L., and Devlin, R. B.: Peat bog wildfire smoke
exposure in rural North Carolina is associated with cardiopulmonary
emergency department visits assessed through syndromic surveillance,
Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 1415–1420, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003206,
2011.
Reddington, C. L., Morgan, W. T., Darbyshire, E., Brito, J., Coe, H., Artaxo, P., Scott, C. E., Marsham, J., and Spracklen, D. V.: Biomass burning aerosol over the Amazon: analysis of aircraft, surface and satellite observations using a global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9125–9152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9125-2019, 2019.
Reddy, A. D., Hawbaker, T. J., Wurster, F., Zhu, Z., Ward, S., Newcomb, D.,
and Murray, R.: Quantifying soil carbon loss and uncertainty from a peatland
wildfire using multi-temporal LiDAR, Remote Sens. Environ., 170,
306–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.017, 2015.
Reid, C. E., Brauer, M., Johnston, F. H., Jerrett, M., Balmes, J. R., and
Elliott, C. T.: Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke
exposure, Environ. Health Perspect., 124, 1334–1343, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277, 2016.
Rein, G. and Belcher, C.: Smouldering fires and natural fuels, Fire phenomena and the Earth system: an interdisciplinary guide to fire science, edited by: Belcher, C. M., John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, 15–33, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118529539.ch2, 2013.
Roulston, C., Paton-Walsh, C., Smith, T., Guérette, É. A., Evers,
S., Yule, C. M., Rein, G., and Van der Werf, G.: Fine particle emissions
from tropical peat fires decrease rapidly with time since ignition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 5607–5617, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027827, 2018.
Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Wiedinmyer, C., Helmig, D., Matsunaga, S.,
Potosnak, M., Milford, J., and Guenther, A.: Monoterpene and sesquiterpene
emission estimates for the United States, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 42, 1623–1629, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702274e,
2008.
San Jose, R., Pérez, J., González, R., Pecci, J., and Palacios, M.:
Improving air quality modelling systems by using on-line wild land fire
forecasting tools coupled into WRF/Chem simulations over Europe, Urban
Clim., 22, 2–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.09.001,
2017.
Sandu, A., Daescu, D. N., and Carmichael, G. R.: Direct and adjoint
sensitivity analysis of chemical kinetic systems with KPP: Part I – theory
and software tools, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5083–5096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.019, 2003.
Sandu, A. and Sander, R.: Technical note: Simulating chemical systems in Fortran90 and Matlab with the Kinetic PreProcessor KPP-2.1, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-187-2006, 2006.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 3rd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN: 978-1-119-22117-3, 1152 pp., 2016.
Selimovic, V., Yokelson, R. J., Warneke, C., Roberts, J. M., de Gouw, J., Reardon, J., and Griffith, D. W. T.: Aerosol optical properties and trace gas emissions by PAX and OP-FTIR for laboratory-simulated western US wildfires during FIREX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2929–2948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2929-2018, 2018.
Selimovic, V., Yokelson, R. J., McMeeking, G. R., and Coefield, S.: Aerosol
mass and optical properties, smoke influence on O3, and high NO3 production
rates in a western US city impacted by wildfires, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032791, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032791, 2020.
Shaposhnikov, D., Revich, B., Bellander, T., Bedada, G. B., Bottai, M.,
Kharkova, T., Kvasha, E., Lezina, E., Lind, T., and Semutnikova, E.:
Mortality related to air pollution with the Moscow heat wave and wildfire of
2010, Epidemiology, 25, 359, https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000090, 2014.
Singh, H., Cai, C., Kaduwela, A., Weinheimer, A., and Wisthaler, A.:
Interactions of fire emissions and urban pollution over California: Ozone
formation and air quality simulations, Atmos. Environ., 56, 45–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.046, 2012.
Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere:The Southern Appalachian assessment summary report, US Department of Agriculture Washington, DC, available at: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689958/ (last access: 5 November 2021), 1996.
Stauffer, D. R. and Seaman, N. L.: Use of four-dimensional data
assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with
synoptic-scale data, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1250–1277, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1250:UOFDDA>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Stocks, B. J., Lynham, T., Lawson, B., Alexander, M., Wagner, C. V.,
McAlpine, R., and Dube, D.: Canadian forest fire danger rating system: an
overview, Forestry Chronicle, 65, 258–265, 1989.
Tansey, K., Beston, J., Hoscilo, A., Page, S., and Paredes Hernández,
C.: Relationship between MODIS fire hot spot count and burned area in a
degraded tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D23112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010717, 2008.
Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall, W. D.: Explicit
forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics
scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon.
Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1, 2008.
Tinling, M. A., West, J. J., Cascio, W. E., Kilaru, V., and Rappold, A. G:
Repeating cardiopulmonary health effects in rural North Carolina population
during a second large peat wildfire, Environ. Health, 15, 12,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0093-4, 2016.
Tosca, M., Randerson, J., Zender, C., Nelson, D., Diner, D., and Logan, J.:
Dynamics of fire plumes and smoke clouds associated with peat and
deforestation fires in Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D08207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015148, 2011.
Tosca, M. G., Randerson, J. T., and Zender, C. S.: Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5227–5241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5227-2013, 2013.
Turetsky, M. R., Benscoter, B., Page, S., Rein, G., Van Der Werf, G. R., and
Watts, A.: Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss, Nat.
Geosci., 8, 11–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325, 2015.
Urbanski, S.: Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission
factors, Forest Ecol. Manage., 317, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.045, 2014.
USEPA: Profile of version 1 of the 2014 national emissions inventory, available at:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-04/documents/2014neiv1_profile_final_april182017.pdf (last access: 5 November 2021), 2017.
USEPA: EPA's 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment (Technical Support
Document), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, available at: https://www.epa.gov/national-air-toxics-assessment/2014-nata-technical-support-document (last access: 5 November 2021),
2018a.
USEPA: Preparation of Emissions Inventories for the Version 7.1 2014
Emissions Modeling Platform for the National Air Toxics Assessment
(Technical Support Document), U.S., Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-modeling/2014-version-71-platform (last access: 5 November 2021),
2018b.
USEPA: Air Data: Air Quality Data Collected at Outdoor Monitors Across the US, available at: https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data, last access: 22 October 2020.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Verma, V., Fang, T., Guo, H., King, L., Bates, J. T., Peltier, R. E., Edgerton, E., Russell, A. G., and Weber, R. J.: Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12915–12930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12915-2014, 2014.
Waldrop, T. A. and Goodrick, S.L.: Introduction to prescribed fires in
Southern ecosystems, Science Update SRS-054, Asheville, NC, US Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, p. 80 , p. 54,
2012.
Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Yahya, K., Wu, S.-Y., and Grell, G.: Implementation and
initial application of new chemistry-aerosol options in WRF/Chem for
simulating secondary organic aerosols and aerosol indirect effects for
regional air quality, Atmos. Environ., 115, 716–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.007, 2015.
Ward, D. S., Kloster, S., Mahowald, N. M., Rogers, B. M., Randerson, J. T., and Hess, P. G.: The changing radiative forcing of fires: global model estimates for past, present and future, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10857–10886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10857-2012, 2012.
Watts, A. C.: Organic soil combustion in cypress swamps: moisture effects
and landscape implications for carbon release, Forest Ecol.
Manage., 294, 178–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.032, 2013.
Watts, A. C. and Kobziar, L. N.: Smoldering Combustion in Organic Soils:
Peat and Muck Fires in the Southeastern US, SFE Research Synthesis, 1–5, available at:
https://www.firescience.gov/projects/11-3-1-22/project/11-3-1-22_SFE_Synthesis_Smoldering_2012-9.pdf (last access: 5 November 2021), 2012.
Wieder, R. K., Vitt, D. H., and Benscoter, B. W.: Peatlands and the Boreal Forest, in: Boreal Peatland Ecosystems, vol. 188, edited by: Wieder, R. K. and Vitt, D. H., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9_1, 2006.
Wiedinmyer, C., Quayle, B., Geron, C., Belote, A., McKenzie, D., Zhang, X.,
O'Neill, S., and Wynne, K. K.: Estimating emissions from fires in North
America for air quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3419–3432,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010, 2006.
Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
Wilbur, R. B. and Christensen, N. L.: Effects of fire on nutrient
availability in a North Carolina coastal plain pocosin, Am. Midland
Natural., 110, 54, https://doi.org/10.2307/2425213, 1983.
Wilkins, J. L., Pouliot, G., Foley, K., Appel, W., and Pierce, T.: The
impact of US wildland fires on ozone and particulate matter: a comparison of
measurements and CMAQ model predictions from 2008 to 2012, Int.
J. Wildland Fire, 27, 684–698, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18053, 2018.
Yang, A., Janssen, N. A., Brunekreef, B., Cassee, F. R., Hoek, G., and
Gehring, U.: Children's respiratory health and oxidative potential of PM2.5: the PIAMA birth cohort study, Occupat. Environ. Med.,
73, 154–160, https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2015-103175, 2016.
Yang, G., Di, X.-Y., Guo, Q.-X., Shu, Z., Zeng, T., Yu, H.-Z., and Wang, C.:
The impact of climate change on forest fire danger rating in China's boreal
forest, J. Forest. Res., 22, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-011-0158-8, 2011.
Yokelson, R. J., Burling, I. R., Gilman, J. B., Warneke, C., Stockwell, C. E., de Gouw, J., Akagi, S. K., Urbanski, S. P., Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Kuster, W. C., Reardon, J., Griffith, D. W. T., Johnson, T. J., Hosseini, S., Miller, J. W., Cocker III, D. R., Jung, H., and Weise, D. R.: Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 89–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-89-2013, 2013.
Yu, J.-Y., Kao, H.-Y., and Lee, T.: Subtropics-related interannual sea
surface temperature variability in the central equatorial Pacific, J. Climate, 23, 2869–2884, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3171.1, 2010.
Zhang, A., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Weber, R. J., Song, Y., Ke, Z., and Zou, Y.: Modeling the global radiative effect of brown carbon: a potentially larger heating source in the tropical free troposphere than black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1901–1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1901-2020, 2020.
Zhang, L., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., Zheng, J., Xu, Z., and Lv, M.: Potential
sources of nitrous acid (HONO) and their impacts on ozone: A WRF-Chem study
in a polluted subtropical region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3645–3662, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024468, 2016.
Zhang, Y. and Wang, Y.: Climate-driven ground-level ozone extreme in the
fall over the Southeast United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10025–10030, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602563113, 2016.
Zhao, F., Liu, Y., Goodrick, S., Hornsby, B., and Schardt, J.: The
contribution of duff consumption to fire emissions and air pollution of the
Rough Ridge Fire, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 28, 993–1004,
https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18205, 2019.
Zhu, Z. and Evans, D. L.: US forest types and predicted percent forest
cover from AVHRR data, Photogramm. Eng. Rem.
S., 60, 525–531, 1994.
Zou, Y., O'Neill, S. M., Larkin, N. K., Alvarado, E. C., Solomon, R., Mass, C.,
Liu, Y., Odman, M. T., and Shen, H.: Machine Learning-Based Integration of
High-Resolution Wildfire Smoke Simulations and Observations for Regional
Health Impact Assessment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Hea., 16, 2137,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122137, 2019.
Zou, Y., Wang, Y., Qian, Y., Tian, H., Yang, J., and Alvarado, E.: Using CESM-RESFire to understand climate–fire–ecosystem interactions and the implications for decadal climate variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 995–1020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-995-2020, 2020.
Short summary
Duff is decomposed forest fuel under ground. Duff burning often occurs at the smoldering phase with low intensity and long periods, which has little impact on regional air quality. However, there is increasing evidence for duff burning during flaming phases. This study simulates the air quality impacts of duff burning during flaming phases in the southeastern US using a regional air quality model. The results indicate the important contributions of such burning to regional PM2.5 concentrations.
Duff is decomposed forest fuel under ground. Duff burning often occurs at the smoldering phase...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint