Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-767-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-767-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
26 Jan 2011
Review article |
| 26 Jan 2011
Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations
A. Hirsikko
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
T. Nieminen
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
S. Gagné
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
K. Lehtipalo
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
H. E. Manninen
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
M. Ehn
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
U. Hõrrak
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Str., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
V.-M. Kerminen
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
L. Laakso
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University, Potchestroom, Republic of South Africa
P. H. McMurry
Particle Technology Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
A. Mirme
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Str., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
S. Mirme
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Str., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
T. Petäjä
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
H. Tammet
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Str., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
V. Vakkari
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
M. Vana
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli Str., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
M. Kulmala
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Measurement report: Contribution of atmospheric new particle formation to ultrafine particle concentration, cloud condensation nuclei, and radiative forcing – results from 5-year observations in central Europe
Simulated contrail-processed aviation soot aerosols are poor ice-nucleating particles at cirrus temperatures
Biological and dust aerosols as sources of ice-nucleating particles in the eastern Mediterranean: source apportionment, atmospheric processing and parameterization
Quantifying the dust direct radiative effect in the southwestern United States: findings from multiyear measurements
How horizontal transport and turbulent mixing impact aerosol particle and precursor concentrations at a background site in the UAE
Markedly different impacts of primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation on aerosol mixing states revealed by simultaneous measurements of CCNC, H(/V)TDMA, and SP2
Vertically resolved aerosol variability at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory under wet-season conditions
Vertical structure of a springtime smoky and humid troposphere over the southeast Atlantic from aircraft and reanalysis
Multi-year gradient measurements of sea spray fluxes over the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean
Shipborne observations of black carbon aerosols in the western Arctic Ocean during summer and autumn 2016–2020: impact of boreal fires
Attribution of aerosol particle number size distributions to main sources using an 11-year urban dataset
Contribution of fluorescent primary biological aerosol particles to low-level Arctic cloud residuals
Opinion: New directions in atmospheric research offered by research infrastructures combined with open and data-intensive science
Measurement report: A comparison of ground-level ice-nucleating-particle abundance and aerosol properties during autumn at contrasting marine and terrestrial locations
Vertical distribution of ice nucleating particles over the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland
Efficient droplet activation of ambient black carbon particles in a suburban environment
Tropospheric sulfate from Cumbre Vieja (La Palma) observed over Cabo Verde contrasted with background conditions: a lidar case study of aerosol extinction, backscatter, depolarization and lidar ratio profiles at 355, 532 and 1064 nm
Measurements of particle emissions of an A350-941 burning 100 % sustainable aviation fuels in cruise
Occurrence, abundance, and formation of atmospheric tarballs from a wide range of wildfires in the western US
The radiative impact of biomass burning aerosols on dust emissions over Namibia and the long-range transport of smoke observed during the Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) campaign
Ice-nucleating particles active below -24 °C in a Finnish boreal forest and their relationship to bioaerosols
Atmospheric Black Carbon in the metropolitan area of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia: concentration levels and emission sources
Extending the wind profile beyond the surface layer by combining physical and machine learning approaches
Aerosol Size Distribution Properties Associated with Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Norwegian Arctic
Amazonian aerosol size distributions in a lognormal phase space: characteristics and trajectories
Long range transport of coarse mineral dust: an evaluation of the Met Office Unified Model against aircraft observations
Measurement report: Hygroscopicity of size-selected aerosol particles in the heavily polluted urban atmosphere of Delhi: impacts of chloride aerosol
Measurement report: In-situ vertical profiles of below-cloud aerosol over the central Greenland Ice Sheet
An observation-constrained estimation of brown carbon aerosol direct radiative effects
The Puy de Dôme ICe Nucleation Intercomparison Campaign (PICNIC): comparison between online and offline methods in ambient air
Optical properties and simple forcing efficiency of the organic aerosols and black carbon emitted by residential wood burning in rural central Europe
Particle phase state and aerosol liquid water greatly impact secondary aerosol formation: insights into phase transition and its role in haze events
Emerging extreme Saharan-dust events expand northward over the Atlantic and Europe prompting record-breaking PM10 and PM2.5 episodes
Measurement report: Nocturnal subsidence behind the cold front enhances surface particulate matter in plains regions: observations from the mobile multi-lidar system
Increase in precipitation scavenging contributes to long-term reductions of light-absorbing aerosol in the Arctic
Sea spray emissions from the Baltic Sea: comparison of aerosol eddy covariance fluxes and chamber-simulated sea spray emissions
Higher absorption enhancement of black carbon in summer shown by 2-year measurements at the high-altitude mountain site of Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees
Variations of the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, sources, and health risk and the direct medical costs of lung cancer around the Bohai Sea against a background of pollution prevention and control in China
Characterization of aerosol over the Eastern Mediterranean by polarization sensitive Raman lidar measurements during A-LIFE – aerosol type classification and type separation
Changing optical properties of Black Carbon and Brown Carbon aerosols during long-range transport from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the equatorial Indian Ocean
Introducing the novel concept of cumulative concentration roses for studying the transport of ultrafine particles from an airport to adjacent residential areas
Significant spatial gradients in new particle formation frequency in Greece during summer
Impact of desert dust on new particle formation events and the cloud condensation nuclei budget in dust-influenced areas
Active thermokarst regions contain rich sources of ice-nucleating particles
Examining the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Southern Great Plains
Drivers controlling black carbon temporal variability in the lower troposphere of the European Arctic
Opinion: The strength of long-term comprehensive observations to meet multiple grand challenges in different environments and in the atmosphere
Measurement report: Size-resolved mass concentration of equivalent black carbon-containing particles larger than 700 nm and their role in radiation
Aerosol absorption using in situ filter-based photometers and ground-based sun photometry in the Po Valley urban atmosphere
Aerosol and dynamical contributions to cloud droplet formation in Arctic low-level clouds
Jia Sun, Markus Hermann, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Wolfram Birmili, Yifan Yang, Thomas Tuch, Harald Flentje, Björn Briel, Ludwig Ries, Cedric Couret, Michael Elsasser, Ralf Sohmer, Klaus Wirtz, Frank Meinhardt, Maik Schütze, Olaf Bath, Bryan Hellack, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Nan Ma, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10667–10687, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the characteristics of new particle formation (NPF) for various environments from urban background to high Alpine and the impacts of NPF on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol radiative forcing. NPF features differ between site categories, implying the crucial role of local environmental factors such as the degree of emissions and meteorological conditions. The results also underscore the importance of local environments when assessing the impact of NPF on climate in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Baptiste Testa, Lukas Durdina, Jacinta Edebeli, Curdin Spirig, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10409–10424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation soot residuals released from contrails can become compacted upon sublimation of the ice crystals, generating new voids in the aggregates where ice nucleation can occur. Here we show that contrail-processed soot is highly compact but that it remains unable to form ice at a relative humidity different from that required for the formation of background cirrus from the more ubiquitous aqueous solution droplets, suggesting that it will not perturb cirrus cloud formation via ice nucleation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kunfeng Gao, Franziska Vogel, Romanos Foskinis, Stergios Vratolis, Maria I. Gini, Konstantinos Granakis, Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Olga Zografou, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Alexis Berne, Alexandros Papayannis, Konstantinos Eleftheridadis, Ottmar Möhler, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9939–9974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations are required for correct predictions of clouds and precipitation in a changing climate, but they are poorly constrained in climate models. We unravel source contributions to INPs in the eastern Mediterranean and find that biological particles are important, regardless of their origin. The parameterizations developed exhibit superior performance and enable models to consider biological-particle effects on INPs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandra Kuwano, Amato T. Evan, Blake Walkowiak, and Robert Frouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9843–9868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9843-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The dust direct radiative effect is highly uncertain. Here we used new measurements collected over 3 years and during dust storms at a field site in a desert region in the southwestern United States to estimate the regional dust direct radiative effect. We also used novel soil mineralogy retrieved from an airborne spectrometer to estimate this parameter with model output. We find that, in this region, dust has a minimal net cooling effect on this region's climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jutta Kesti, Ewan J. O'Connor, Anne Hirsikko, John Backman, Maria Filioglou, Anu-Maija Sundström, Juha Tonttila, Heikki Lihavainen, Hannele Korhonen, and Eija Asmi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9369–9386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9369-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9369-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study combines aerosol particle measurements at the surface and vertical profiling of the atmosphere with a scanning Doppler lidar to investigate how particle transportation together with boundary layer evolution can affect particle and SO2 concentrations at the surface in the Arabian Peninsula region. The instrumentation enabled us to see elevated nucleation mode particle and SO2 concentrations at the surface when air masses transported from polluted areas are mixed in the boundary layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jiangchuan Tao, Biao Luo, Weiqi Xu, Gang Zhao, Hanbin Xu, Biao Xue, Miaomiao Zhai, Wanyun Xu, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Li Liu, Ye Kuang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9131–9154, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using simultaneous measurements of DMA–CCNC, H(/V)TDMA, and DMA–SP2, impacts of primary emissions and secondary aerosol formations on changes in aerosol physicochemical properties were comprehensively investigated. It was found that intercomparisons among aerosol mixing-state parameters derived from different techniques can help us gain more insight into aerosol physical properties which, in turn, will aid the investigation of emission characteristics and secondary aerosol formation pathways.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marco A. Franco, Rafael Valiati, Bruna A. Holanda, Bruno B. Meller, Leslie A. Kremper, Luciana V. Rizzo, Samara Carbone, Fernando G. Morais, Janaína P. Nascimento, Meinrat O. Andreae, Micael A. Cecchini, Luiz A. T. Machado, Milena Ponczek, Ulrich Pöschl, David Walter, Christopher Pöhlker, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8751–8770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon wet-season atmosphere was studied at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory site, revealing vertical variations (between 60 and 325 m) in natural aerosols. Daytime mixing contrasted with nighttime stratification, with distinct rain-induced changes in aerosol populations. Notably, optical property recovery at higher levels was faster, while near-canopy aerosols showed higher scattering efficiency. These findings enhance our understanding of aerosol impacts on climate dynamics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristina Pistone, Eric M. Wilcox, Paquita Zuidema, Marco Giordano, James Podolske, Samuel E. LeBlanc, Meloë Kacenelenbogen, Steven G. Howell, and Steffen Freitag
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7983–8005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The springtime southeast Atlantic atmosphere contains lots of smoke from continental fires. This smoke travels with water vapor; more smoke means more humidity. We use aircraft observations and models to describe how the values change through the season and over the region. We sort the atmosphere into different types by vertical structure and amount of smoke and humidity. Since our work shows how frequently these components coincide, it helps to better quantify heating effects over this region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Piotr Markuszewski, E. Douglas Nilsson, Julika Zinke, E. Monica Mårtensson, Matthew Salter, Przemysław Makuch, Małgorzata Kitowska, Iwona Niedźwiecka-Wróbel, Violetta Drozdowska, Dominik Lis, Tomasz Petelski, Luca Ferrero, and Jacek Piskozub
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1254, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1254, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray aerosol whipped up from the sea surface, is an important compound of the atmospheric boundary layer. Our research provides new insights into the study of sea spray emission in the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic. We investigated the impact of environmental factors on sea spray fluxes. We observed that in case of increased marine biological activity in the Baltic Sea, sea spray flux is suppressed. We also observed evidence of sea surface temperature influence on sea spray emission.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yange Deng, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Kohei Ikeda, Sohiko Kameyama, Sachiko Okamoto, Jinyoung Jung, Young Jun Yoon, Eun Jin Yang, and Sung-Ho Kang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6339–6357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6339-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6339-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosols play important roles in Arctic climate change, yet they are not well understood because of limited observational data. We observed BC mass concentrations (mBC) in the western Arctic Ocean during summer and early autumn 2016–2020. The mean mBC in 2019 was much higher than in other years. Biomass burning was likely the dominant BC source. Boreal fire BC transport occurring near the surface and/or in the mid-troposphere contributed to high-BC events in the Arctic Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Máté Vörösmarty, Philip K. Hopke, and Imre Salma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5695–5712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5695-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5695-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The World Health Organization identified ultrafine particles, which make up most of the particle number concentrations, as a potential risk factor for humans. The sources of particle numbers are very different from those of the particulate matter mass. We performed source apportionment of size-segregated particle number concentrations over the diameter range of 6–1000 nm in Budapest for 11 full years. Six source types were identified, characterized and quantified.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gabriel Pereira Freitas, Ben Kopec, Kouji Adachi, Radovan Krejci, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Karl Espen Yttri, Alun Hubbard, Jeffrey M. Welker, and Paul Zieger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5479–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5479-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5479-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols can participate in ice formation within clouds. In the Arctic, where global warming manifests most, they may become more important as their sources prevail for longer periods of the year. We have directly measured bioaerosols within clouds for a full year at an Arctic mountain site using a novel combination of cloud particle sampling and single-particle techniques. We show that bioaerosols act as cloud seeds and may influence the presence of ice within clouds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andreas Petzold, Ulrich Bundke, Anca Hienola, Paolo Laj, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Alex Vermeulen, Angeliki Adamaki, Werner Kutsch, Valerie Thouret, Damien Boulanger, Markus Fiebig, Markus Stocker, Zhiming Zhao, and Ari Asmi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5369–5388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5369-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5369-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Easy and fast access to long-term and high-quality observational data is recognised as fundamental to environmental research and the development of climate forecasting and assessment services. We discuss the potential new directions in atmospheric sciences offered by the atmosphere-centric European research infrastructures ACTRIS, IAGOS, and ICOS, building on their capabilities for standardised provision of data through open access combined with tools and methods of data-intensive science.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Elise K. Wilbourn, Larissa Lacher, Carlos Guerrero, Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Kristina Höhler, Jens Nadolny, Aidan D. Pantoya, Ottmar Möhler, and Naruki Hiranuma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5433–5456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient ice particles were measured at terrestrial and temperate marine sites. Ice particles were more abundant in the former site, while the fraction of ice particles relative to total ambient particles, representing atmospheric ice nucleation efficiency, was higher in the latter site. Ice nucleation parameterizations were developed as a function of examined freezing temperatures from two sites for our study periods (autumn).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zoé Brasseur, Julia Schneider, Janne Lampilahti, Ville Vakkari, Victoria A. Sinclair, Christina J. Williamson, Carlton Xavier, Dmitri Moisseev, Markus Hartmann, Pyry Poutanen, Markus Lampimäki, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Erik S. Thomson, Kristina Höhler, Ottmar Möhler, and Jonathan Duplissy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) strongly influence the formation of clouds by initiating the formation of ice crystals. However, very little is known concerning the vertical distribution of INPs in the atmosphere. Here, we present aircraft measurements of INP concentrations above the Finnish boreal forest. Results show that near-surface INPs are efficiently transported and mixed within the boundary layer, and occasionally reach the free troposphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ping Tian, Dantong Liu, Kang Hu, Yangzhou Wu, Mengyu Huang, Hui He, Jiujiang Sheng, Chenjie Yu, Dawei Hu, and Deping Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5149–5164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5149-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5149-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The results provide direct evidence of efficient droplet activation of black carbon (BC). The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation fraction of BC was higher than for all particles, suggesting higher CCN activity of BC, even though its hygroscopicity is lower. Our research reveals that the evolution of BC's hygroscopicity and its CCN activation properties through atmospheric aging can be effectively characterized by the photochemical age.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Henriette Gebauer, Athena Augusta Floutsi, Moritz Haarig, Martin Radenz, Ronny Engelmann, Dietrich Althausen, Annett Skupin, Albert Ansmann, Cordula Zenk, and Holger Baars
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5047–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfate aerosol from the volcanic eruption at La Palma in 2021 was observed over Cabo Verde. We characterized the aerosol burden based on a case study of lidar and sun photometer observations. We compared the volcanic case to the typical background conditions (reference case) to quantify the volcanic pollution. We show the first ever measurements of the extinction coefficient, lidar ratio and depolarization ratio at 1064 nm for volcanic sulfate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rebecca Katharina Dischl, Daniel Sauer, Christiane Voigt, Theresa Harlaß, Felicitas Sakellariou, Raphael Satoru Märkl, Ulrich Schumann, Monika Scheibe, Stefan Kaufmann, Anke Roiger, Andreas Dörnbrack, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Peter Swann, Paul Madden, Darren Luff, Mark Johnson, Denise Ahrens, Reetu Sallinen, Tobias Schripp, Georg Eckel, Uwe Bauder, and Patrick Le Clercq
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1224, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In-flight measurements of aircraft emissions burning 100 % sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) show reduced particle number concentrations up to 41 % compared to conventional jet fuel. Particle emissions are dependent on engine power setting, flight altitude and fuel composition. Engine models show a good correlation with measurement results. Future increased prevalence of SAF can positively influence the climate impact of aviation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kouji Adachi, Jack E. Dibb, Joseph M. Katich, Joshua P. Schwarz, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Jeff Peischl, Christopher D. Holmes, and James Crawford
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-880, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-880, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined aerosol particles from wildfires and identified tarballs (TBs) during the FIREX-AQ campaign. This study revealed the compositions, abundance, sizes, and mixing states of TBs and showed that TBs formed as the smoke aged for up to 5 h. This study provides measurements of TBs from various biomass burning and ages and enhances the knowledge of TB emissions and our understanding of their climate impact.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cyrille Flamant, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Marco Gaetani, Kerstin Schepanski, and Paola Formenti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4265–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the austral dry season, the atmospheric composition over southern Africa is dominated by biomass burning aerosols and terrigenous aerosols (so-called mineral dust). This study suggests that the radiative effect of biomass burning aerosols needs to be taken into account to properly forecast dust emissions in Namibia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Franziska Vogel, Michael P. Adams, Larissa Lacher, Polly Foster, Grace C. E. Porter, Barbara Bertozzi, Kristina Höhler, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Jens Nadolny, Zoé Brasseur, Paavo Heikkilä, Erik S. Thomson, Nicole Büttner, Martin I. Daily, Romy Fösig, Alexander D. Harrison, Jorma Keskinen, Ulrike Proske, Jonathan Duplissy, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Ottmar Möhler, and Benjamin J. Murray
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Primary ice formation in clouds strongly influences their properties, hence it is important to understand the sources of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and their variability. We present 2 months INP measurements in a Finnish boreal forest using a new semi-autonomous INP counting device based on gas expansion. These results show strong variability in INP concentrations, and we present a case that the INP we observe are, at least some of the time, of biological origin.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Valeria Mardoñez-Balderrama, Griša Močnik, Marco Pandolfi, Robin Modini, Fernando Velarde, Laura Renzi, Angela Marinoni, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Isabel Moreno R., Diego Aliaga, Federico Bianchi, Claudia Mohr, Martin Gysel-Beer, Patrick Ginot, Radovan Krejci, Alfred Widensohler, Gaëlle Uzu, Marcos Andrade, and Paolo Laj
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-770, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-770, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Levels of black carbon (BC) are scarcely reported in the southern hemisphere, especially in high-altitude conditions. This study provides insight on the concentration level, variability, and optical properties of BC in the cities of La Paz and El Alto, and at the station GAW Chacaltaya Mountain station. Two methods of source apportionment of absorption were tested and compared showing traffic as the main contributor to absorption in the urban area, additionally to biomass and open waste burning.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Boming Liu, Xin Ma, Jianping Guo, Renqiang Wen, Hui Li, Shikuan Jin, Yingying Ma, Xiaoran Guo, and Wei Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4047–4063, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate wind profile estimation, especially for the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere, is of great significance for the weather, climate, and renewable energy sector. We propose a novel method that combines the power-law method with the random forest algorithm to extend wind profiles beyond the surface layer. Compared with the traditional algorithm, this method has better stability and spatial applicability and can be used to obtain the wind profiles on different land cover types.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Abigail S. Williams, Jeramy L. Dedrick, Lynn M. Russell, Florian Tornow, Israel Silber, Ann M. Fridlind, Benjamin Swanson, Paul J. DeMott, Paul Zieger, and Radovan Krejci
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-584, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The measured aerosol size distribution modes reveal distinct properties characteristic of cold-air outbreaks in the Norwegian Arctic. We find higher sea spray number concentration, smaller Hoppel minima, lower effective supersaturations, and accumulation mode particle scavenging during cold-air outbreaks. These results advance our understanding of cold-air outbreak aerosol-cloud interactions in order to improve their accurate representation in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gabriela R. Unfer, Luiz A. T. Machado, Paulo Artaxo, Marco A. Franco, Leslie A. Kremper, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3869–3882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Amazonian aerosols and their interactions with precipitation were studied by understanding them in a 3D space based on three parameters that characterize the concentration and size distribution of aerosols. The results showed characteristic arrangements regarding seasonal and diurnal cycles, as well as when interacting with precipitation. The use of this 3D space appears to be a promising tool for aerosol population analysis and for model validation and parameterization.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalie Georgina Ratcliffe, Claire Louise Ryder, Nicolas Bellouin, Stephanie Woodward, Anthony Jones, Ben Johnson, Bernadett Weinzierl, Lisa-Maria Wieland, and Josef Gasteiger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-806, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large mineral dust particles are more abundant in the atmosphere than expected and have different impacts on the environment than small particles, which are better represented in climate models. We use aircraft measurements to assess a climate model representation of large dust transport. We find that the model underestimates the amount of large dust at all stages of transport and that fast removal of the large particles increases this underestimation with distance from the Sahara.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anil Kumar Mandariya, Ajit Ahlawat, Mohammed Haneef, Nisar Ali Baig, Kanan Patel, Joshua Apte, Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Gazala Habib
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3627–3647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The current study explores the temporal variation of size-selected particle hygroscopicity in Delhi for the first time. Here, we report that the high volume fraction contribution of ammonium chloride to aerosol governs the high aerosol hygroscopicity and associated liquid water content based on the experimental data. The episodically high ammonium chloride present in Delhi's atmosphere could lead to haze and fog formation under high relative humidity in the region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Heather Guy, Andrew S. Martin, Erik Olson, Ian M. Brooks, and Ryan R. Neely III
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-733, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles impact cloud properties which influence Greenland Ice Sheet melt. Understanding the aerosol population that interacts with clouds is important for constraining future melt. Measurements of aerosols at cloud height over Greenland are rare, and surface measurements are often used to investigate cloud-aerosol interactions. We use a tethered balloon to measure aerosols up to cloud base and show that surface measurements are often not equivalent to those just below the cloud.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yueyue Cheng, Chao Liu, Jiandong Wang, Jiaping Wang, Zhouyang Zhang, Li Chen, Dafeng Ge, Caijun Zhu, Jinbo Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3065–3078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC), a light-absorbing aerosol, plays a pivotal role in influencing global climate. However, assessing BrC radiative effects remains challenging because the required observational data are hardly accessible. Here we develop a new BrC radiative effect estimation method combining conventional observations and numerical models. Our findings reveal that BrC absorbs up to a third of the sunlight at 370 nm that black carbon does, highlighting its importance in aerosol radiative effects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Larissa Lacher, Michael P. Adams, Kevin Barry, Barbara Bertozzi, Heinz Bingemer, Cristian Boffo, Yannick Bras, Nicole Büttner, Dimitri Castarede, Daniel J. Cziczo, Paul J. DeMott, Romy Fösig, Megan Goodell, Kristina Höhler, Thomas C. J. Hill, Conrad Jentzsch, Luis A. Ladino, Ezra J. T. Levin, Stephan Mertes, Ottmar Möhler, Kathryn A. Moore, Benjamin J. Murray, Jens Nadolny, Tatjana Pfeuffer, David Picard, Carolina Ramírez-Romero, Mickael Ribeiro, Sarah Richter, Jann Schrod, Karine Sellegri, Frank Stratmann, Benjamin E. Swanson, Erik S. Thomson, Heike Wex, Martin J. Wolf, and Evelyn Freney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2651–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles that trigger ice formation in clouds are important for the climate system but are very rare in the atmosphere, challenging measurement techniques. Here we compare three cloud chambers and seven methods for collecting aerosol particles on filters for offline analysis at a mountaintop station. A general good agreement of the methods was found when sampling aerosol particles behind a whole air inlet, supporting their use for obtaining data that can be implemented in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrea Cuesta-Mosquera, Kristina Glojek, Griša Močnik, Luka Drinovec, Asta Gregorič, Martin Rigler, Matej Ogrin, Baseerat Romshoo, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Alfred Wiedensohler, Mira Pöhlker, and Thomas Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2583–2605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the air pollution and climate impacts of residential-wood-burning particle emissions from a rural European site. The authors investigate the optical and physical properties that connect the aerosol emissions with climate by evaluating atmospheric radiative impacts via simple-forcing calculations. The study contributes to reducing the lack of information on the understanding of the optical properties of air pollution from anthropogenic sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiangxinyue Meng, Zhijun Wu, Jingchuan Chen, Yanting Qiu, Taomou Zong, Mijung Song, Jiyi Lee, and Min Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2399–2414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study revealed that particles predominantly exist in a semi-solid or solid state during clean winter days with RH below 30 %. However, a non-liquid to a liquid phase transition occurred when the aerosol liquid water (ALW) mass fraction surpassed 15 % (dry mass) at transition RH thresholds ranging from 40 % to 60 %. We also provide insights into the increasingly important roles of particle phase state variation and ALW in secondary particulate growth during haze formation in Beijing, China.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sergio Rodríguez and Jessica López-Darias
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3083, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3083, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme Saharan-dust events have expanded northward to the Atlantic and Europe, prompting the most intense PM10 and PM2.5 events ever recorded in the governmental air quality network of Spain. The events occurred during hemispheric anomalies characterised by subtropical anticyclones shifted to higher latitudes, anomalous low pressures expanding beyond the tropic and a mid-latitude amplified Rossby-waves undulation, resembling the circulation anomalies due to the anthropogenic global warming.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yiming Wang, Haolin Wang, Yujie Qin, Xinqi Xu, Guowen He, Nanxi Liu, Shengjie Miao, Xiao Lu, Haichao Wang, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a vertical measurement of winter PM2.5 using a mobile multi-lidar system in four cities. Combined with the surface PM2.5 data, the ERA5 reanalysis data, and GEOS-Chem simulations during Dec 2018–Feb 2019, we found that transport nocturnal PM2.5 enhancement by subsidence (T-NPES) events widely occurred with high frequencies in plains regions in eastern China but happened less often in basin regions like Xi’an and Chengdu. We propose a conceptual model of the T-NPES events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dominic Heslin-Rees, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Roxana Cremer, Paul Zieger, Ilona Riipinen, Annica M. L. Ekman, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2059–2075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing atmospheric particles (e.g. black carbon – BC) exert a warming effect on the Arctic climate. We show that the amount of particle light absorption decreased from 2002 to 2023. We conclude that in addition to reductions in emissions of BC, wet removal plays a role in the long-term reduction of BC in the Arctic, given the increase in surface precipitation experienced by air masses arriving at the site. The potential impact of biomass burning events is shown to have increased.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Julika Zinke, Ernst Douglas Nilsson, Piotr Markuszewski, Paul Zieger, Eva Monica Mårtensson, Anna Rutgersson, Erik Nilsson, and Matthew Edward Salter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1895–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted two research campaigns in the Baltic Sea, during which we combined laboratory sea spray simulation experiments with flux measurements on a nearby island. To combine these two methods, we scaled the laboratory measurements to the flux measurements using three different approaches. As a result, we derived a parameterization that is dependent on wind speed and wave state for particles with diameters 0.015–10 μm. This parameterization is applicable to low-salinity waters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sarah Tinorua, Cyrielle Denjean, Pierre Nabat, Thierry Bourrianne, Véronique Pont, François Gheusi, and Emmanuel Leclerc
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1801–1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At a French high-altitude site, where many complex interactions between black carbon (BC), radiation, clouds and snow impact climate, 2 years of refractive BC (rBC) and aerosol optical and microphysical measurements have been made. We observed strong seasonal rBC properties variations, with an enhanced absorption in summer compared to winter. The combination of rBC emission sources, transport pathways, atmospheric dynamics and chemical processes explains the rBC light absorption seasonality.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Silke Groß, Volker Freudenthaler, Moritz Haarig, Albert Ansmann, Carlos Toledano, David Mateos, Petra Seibert, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Josef Gasteiger, Maximilian Dollner, Anne Tipka, Manuel Schöberl, Marilena Teri, and Bernadett Weinzierl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-140, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols contribute to the largest uncertainties in climate change predictions. Especially absorbing aerosols propose difficulties in our understanding. The eastern Mediterranean is a hot spot for aerosols with natural and anthropogenic contributions. We present lidar measurements performed during the A-LIFE field experiment to characterize aerosols and aerosol mixtures. We extend current classification and separation schemes and compare different classification schemes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Krishnakant Budhavant, Mohanan Remani Manoj, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Henry Holmstrand, Abdus Salam, Ahmed Muslim, Sreedharan K. Satheesh, and Orjan Gustafsson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-104, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The South Asian Pollution Experiment-2018 utilized access to 3 strategically located atmospheric receptor observatories. These observational constraints revealed opposite trends during long-range transport in BC-MAC and BrC-MAC. Models estimating the climate effects of particularly BC aerosols may have underestimated the ambient BC-MAC over distant and extensive receptor areas, which could contribute to the discrepancy between aerosol absorption predicted by models constrained by observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Julius Seidler, Markus N. Friedrich, Christoph K. Thomas, and Anke C. Nölscher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 137–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-137-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-137-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we study the transport of ultrafine particles (UFPs) from an airport to two new adjacent measuring sites for 1 year. The number of UFPs in the air and the diurnal variation are typical urban. Winds from the airport show increased number concentrations. Additionally, considering wind frequencies, we estimate that, from all UFPs measured at the two sites, 10 %–14 % originate from the airport and/or other UFP sources from between the airport and site.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andreas Aktypis, Christos Kaltsonoudis, David Patoulias, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Angeliki Matrali, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Evangelia Kostenidou, Kalliopi Florou, Nikos Kalivitis, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Stergios Vratolis, Maria I. Gini, Athanasios Kouras, Constantini Samara, Mihalis Lazaridis, Sofia-Eirini Chatoutsidou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Spyros N. Pandis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 65–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-65-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Extensive continuous particle number size distribution measurements took place during two summers (2020 and 2021) at 11 sites in Greece for the investigation of the frequency and the spatial extent of new particle formation. The frequency during summer varied from close to zero in southwestern Greece to more than 60 % in the northern, central, and eastern regions. The spatial variability can be explained by the proximity of the sites to coal-fired power plants and agricultural areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Hassan Lyamani, Fernando Rejano, Andrea Casans, Gloria Titos, Francisco José Olmo, Lubna Dada, Simo Hakala, Tareq Hussein, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Pauli Paasonen, Antti Hyvärinen, Noemí Pérez, Xavier Querol, Sergio Rodríguez, Nikos Kalivitis, Yenny González, Mansour A. Alghamdi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Andrés Alastuey, Tuukka Petäjä, and Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15795–15814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the first study of the effect of mineral dust on the inhibition/promotion of new particle formation (NPF) events in different dust-influenced areas. Unexpectedly, we show that the occurrence of NPF events is highly frequent during mineral dust outbreaks, occurring even during extreme dust outbreaks. We also show that the occurrence of NPF events during mineral dust outbreaks significantly affects the potential cloud condensation nuclei budget.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kevin R. Barry, Thomas C. J. Hill, Marina Nieto-Caballero, Thomas A. Douglas, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Paul J. DeMott, and Jessie M. Creamean
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15783–15793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are important for the climate due to their influence on cloud properties. To understand potential land-based sources of them in the Arctic, we carried out a survey near the northernmost point of Alaska, a landscape connected to the permafrost (thermokarst). Permafrost contained high concentrations of INPs, with the largest values near the coast. The thermokarst lakes were found to emit INPs, and the water contained elevated concentrations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yang Wang, Chanakya Bagya Ramesh, Scott E. Giangrande, Jerome Fast, Xianda Gong, Jiaoshi Zhang, Ahmet Tolga Odabasi, Marcus Vinicius Batista Oliveira, Alyssa Matthews, Fan Mei, John E. Shilling, Jason Tomlinson, Die Wang, and Jian Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15671–15691, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report the vertical profiles of aerosol properties over the Southern Great Plains (SGP), a region influenced by shallow convective clouds, land–atmosphere interactions, boundary layer turbulence, and the aerosol life cycle. We examined the processes that drive the aerosol population and distribution in the lower troposphere over the SGP. This study helps improve our understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions and the model representation of aerosol processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefania Gilardoni, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Mauro Mazzola, Vito Vitale, Michael Sprenger, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15589–15607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Models still fail in reproducing black carbon (BC) temporal variability in the Arctic. Analysis of equivalent BC concentrations in the European Arctic shows that BC seasonal variability is modulated by the efficiency of removal by precipitation during transport towards high latitudes. Short-term variability is controlled by synoptic-scale circulation patterns. The advection of warm air from lower latitudes is an effective pollution transport pathway during summer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Markku Kulmala, Anna Lintunen, Hanna Lappalainen, Annele Virtanen, Chao Yan, Ekaterina Ezhova, Tuomo Nieminen, Ilona Riipinen, Risto Makkonen, Johanna Tamminen, Anu-Maija Sundström, Antti Arola, Armin Hansel, Kari Lehtinen, Timo Vesala, Tuukka Petäjä, Jaana Bäck, Tom Kokkonen, and Veli-Matti Kerminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14949–14971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To be able to meet global grand challenges, we need comprehensive open data with proper metadata. In this opinion paper, we describe the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Earth surface – Atmosphere Relations) concept and include several examples (cases), such as new particle formation and growth, feedback loops and the effect of COVID-19, and what has been learned from these investigations. The future needs and the potential of comprehensive observations of the environment are summarized.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Weilun Zhao, Ying Li, Gang Zhao, Song Guo, Nan Ma, Shuya Hu, and Chunsheng Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14889–14902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14889-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14889-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Studies have concentrated on particles containing black carbon (BC) smaller than 700 nm because of technical limitations. In this study, BC-containing particles larger than 700 nm (BC>700) were measured, highlighting their importance to total BC mass and absorption. The contribution of BC>700 to the BC direct radiative effect was estimated, highlighting the necessity to consider the whole size range of BC-containing particles in the model estimation of BC radiative effects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alessandro Bigi, Giorgio Veratti, Elisabeth Andrews, Martine Collaud Coen, Lorenzo Guerrieri, Vera Bernardoni, Dario Massabò, Luca Ferrero, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14841–14869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14841-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14841-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric particles include compounds that play a key role in the greenhouse effect and air toxicity. Concurrent observations of these compounds by multiple instruments are presented, following deployment within an urban environment in the Po Valley, one of Europe's pollution hotspots. The study compares these data, highlighting the impact of ground emissions, mainly vehicular traffic and biomass burning, on the absorption of sun radiation and, ultimately, on climate change and air quality.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ghislain Motos, Gabriel Freitas, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Jörg Wieder, Guangyu Li, Wenche Aas, Chris Lunder, Radovan Krejci, Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Jan Henneberger, Robert Oscar David, Christoph Ritter, Claudia Mohr, Paul Zieger, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13941–13956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Low-altitude clouds play a key role in regulating the climate of the Arctic, a region that suffers from climate change more than any other on the planet. We gathered meteorological and aerosol physical and chemical data over a year and utilized them for a parameterization that help us unravel the factors driving and limiting the efficiency of cloud droplet formation. We then linked this information to the sources of aerosol found during each season and to processes of cloud glaciation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Parameterizing the formation rate of new particles: The effect of nuclei self-coagulation, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 621–636, 2010.
Aplin, K. L. and Harrison, R. G.: A computer-controlled Gerdien atmospheric ion counter, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71, 3037–3041, 2000.
Arnold, F.: Multi-ion complexes in the stratosphere-implications for trace gases and aerosol, Nature, 284, 610–611, 1980.
Arnold, F.: Ion nucleation-a potential source for stratospheric aerosols, Nature, 299, 134–135, 1982.
Arnold, F.: Atmospheric Ions and Aerosol Formation, Space Sci. Rev., 137, 225–239, 2008.
Arnold, F., Böhringer, H., and Henschen, G.: Composition measurements of stratospheric positive ions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 653–656, 1978.
Asmi, E., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H.E., Vanhanen, J., Lehtipalo, K., Gagné, S., Neitola, K., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Tamm, E., Uin, J., Komsaare, K., Attoui, M., and Kulmala, M.: Results on the first air ion spectrometer calibration and intercomparison workshop, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 141–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-141-2009, 2009.
Asmi, E., Frey, A., Virkkula, A., Ehn, M., Manninen, H. E., Timonen, H., Tolonen-Kivimäki, O., Aurela, M., Hillamo, R., and Kulmala, M.: Hygroscopicity and chemical composition of Antarctic sub-micrometre aerosol particles and observations of new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4253–4271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4253-2010, 2010.
Bazilevskaya, G. A., Usoskin, I. G., Flückiger, E. O., Harrison, R. G., Desorgher, L., Bütikofer, R., Krainev, M. B., Makhmutov, V. S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., Svirzhevsky, N. S., and Kovaltsov, G. A.: Cosmic Ray Induced Ion Production in the Atmosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 137, 149–173, 2008.
Blanchard, D. C.: Positive Space Charge from the Sea, J. Aerosol Sci., 23, 507–515, 1966.
Cadle, R. D. and Kiang, C. S.: Stratospheric Aitken particles, Rev. Geophys., 15(2), 195–202, 1977.
Chalmers, J. A.: Negative electric fields in mist and fog, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 2, 155–159, 1952.
Chalmers, J. A.: Atmospheric Electricity, Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, 515 pp., 1967.
Chapman, S. and Cowling, T.G.: The mathematical theory of non-uniform gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970.
Clarke, A. D., Kapustin, V. N., Eisele, F. L., Weber, R. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Particle Production near Marine Clouds: Sulfuric Acid and Predictions from Classical Binary Nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(16), 2425–2428, 1999.
Coulomb, C. A.: Troisième Mémoire sur l'Electricité et le Magnétisme, Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, l'Acad`emie Royale des Sciences Paris, 612–638, 1785.
Curtius, J., Lovejoy, E. R., and Froyd, K. D.: Atmospheric ion-induced aerosol nucleation, Space Sci. Rev., 125, 159–167, 2006.
Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.
Dal Maso, M., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Spring recovery of photosynthesis and atmospheric particle formation, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 711–721, 2009.
Dhanorkar, S. and Kamra A. K.: Relation between electrical conductivity and small ions in the presence of intermediate and large ions in the lower atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20345–20360, 1992.
Dhanorkar, S. and Kamra, A. K.: Diurnal variations of the mobility spectrum of ions and size distribution of fine aerosols in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2639–2650, 1993a.
Dhanorkar, S. and Kamra, A. K.: Diurnal and seasonal variations of the small-, intermediate-, and large-ion concentrations and their contributions to polar conductivity, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14895–14908, 1993b.
Dhanorkar, S. and Kamra, A. K.: Diurnal variation of ionization rate close to ground, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18523–18526, 1994.
Duplissy, J., Enghoff, M. B., Aplin, K. L., Arnold, F., Aufmhoff, H., Avngaard, M., Baltensperger, U., Bondo, T., Bingham, R., Carslaw, K., Curtius, J., David, A., Fastrup, B., Gagné, S., Hahn, F., Harrison, R. G., Kellet, B., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A., Lillestol, E., Lockwood, M., Mäkelä, J., Makhmutov, V., Marsh, N. D., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pedersen, E., Pedersen, J. O. P., Polny, J., Reichl, U., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Svensmark, H., Svensmark, J., Veenhof, R., Verheggen, B., Viisanen, Y., Wagner, P. E., Wehrle, G., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Wilhelmsson, M., and Winkler, P. M.: Results from the CERN pilot CLOUD experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1635–1647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1635-2010, 2010.
Ebert, H.: Aspirationsapparat zur Bestimmung des Ionengehalts der Atmosphäre, Phys. Z., 2, 662–664, 1901.
Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., Kurtén, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Schobesberger, S., Manninen, H. E., Ortega, I. K., Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Composition and temporal behavior of ambient ions in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8513–8530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8513-2010, 2010.
Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Schobesberger, S., Manninen, H. E., Franchin, A., Sipilä, M., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Tammet, H., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: An Instrumental Comparison of Mobility and Mass Measurements of Atmospheric Small Ions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 4, 522-532, 2011.
Eiceman, G. A. and Karpas, Z.: Ion Mobility Spectrometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
Eichkorn, S., Wilhelm, S., Aufmhoff, H., Wohlfrom, K. H., and Arnold, F.: Cosmic ray-induced aerosol-formation: First observational evidence from aircraft-based ion mass spectrometer measurements in the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1698, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015044, 2002.
Eichmeier, J. und Braun, W.: Beweglichkeitsspektrometrie atmosphärischer Ionen, Meteorol. Rundsch., 25, 14–19, 1972.
Eichmeier, J. A. and von Berckheim, C. Ph.: Measurement of Atmospheric-Electric Field Strength and Air-Ion Concentration at Varying Distances From the Coast With a Mobile Measuring Station, Arch. Meteor. Geophy., 28, 107–109, 1979.
Eisele, F. L.: Direct troposheric ion sampling and mass identification, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 54, 119–126, 1983.
Eisele, F. L.: Natural and atmospheric negative ions in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2183–2196, 1989a.
Eisele, F. L.: Natural and transmission line produced positive ions, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6309–6318, 1989b.
Eisele, F. L. and McMurry, P. H.: Recent progress in understanding particle nucleation and growth, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lon. B, 352, 191–201, 1997.
Eisele, F. L., Lovejoy, E. R., Koscjuch, E., Moore, K. F., Mauldin III, R. L., Smith, J. N., McMurry, P. H., and Iida, K.: Negative atmospheric ion and their potential role in ion-induced nucleation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04305, https://doi.org/10.1020/2005JD006568, 2006.
Elster, J. and Geitel, H.: Über die Existenz elektrischer Ionen in der Atmosphäre, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 4, 213–234, 1899.
Enghoff, M. B. and Svensmark, H.: The role of atmospheric ions in aerosol nucleation-a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4911–4923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4911-2008, 2008.
Enghoff, M. B., Pedersen, J. O. P., Bondo, T., Johnson, M. S., Paling, S., and Svensmark, H.: Evidence for the Role of Ions in Aerosol Nucleation, J. Phys. Chem., 112, 10305–10309, 2008.
Erikson, H. A.: The change of mobility of the positive ions in air with age, Phys. Rev., 18, 100–101, 1921.
Faraday, M.: Experimental researches on electricity, 7th series, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.), 124, 77–122, 1834.
Ferguson, E. E.: Sodium hydroxide ions in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 1035–1038, 1978.
Fews, A. P., Holden, N. K., Keitch, P. A., and Henshaw, D. L.: A novel high-resolution small ion spectrometer to study ion nucleation of aerosols in ambient indoor and outdoor air, Atmos. Res., 76, 29–48, 2005.
Flagan, R. C.: History of Electrical Aerosol Measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 28, 301–380, 1998.
Flagan, R. C.: Opposed Migration Aerosol Classifier (OMAC), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 890–899, 2004.
Franchin, A., Siivola, E., Lehtipalo, K., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Design and characterization of a double Gerdien ion counter, in Proceedings of the Finnish Center of Excellence and Graduate School in: Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Meteorology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change, annual workshop: 17–19 MAy 2010, edited by: Kulmala, M., Bäck, J.. and Nieminen, T., http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/FAAR/reportseries/rs-109/abstracts.html, 2010.
Friedlander, S. K.: Smoke, Dust and Haze, Whiley, New York, 631 pp., 1977.
Froyd, K. D. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Experimental Thermodynamics of Cluster Ions Composed of H2SO4 and H2O, 1. Positive Ions, J. Phys. Chem. A., 107, 9800–9811, 2003b.
Froyd, K. D. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Experimental Thermodynamics of Cluster Ions Composed of H2SO4 and H2O. 2, measurements and ab Initio Structures of Negative Ions, J. Phys. Chem. A., 107, 9812–9824, 2003b.
Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis of one year of Ion-DMPS data from the SMEAR II station, Finland, Tellus, 60B, 318–329, 2008.
Gagné, S., Nieminen, T., Kurtén, T., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Laakso, L., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Factors influencing the contribution of ion-induced nucleation in a boreal forest, Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3743–3757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3743-2010, 2010.
Gagné, S., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., Schobesberger, T., Franchin, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Bouloun, J., Sonntag, A., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Hõrrak, U., Petäjä, T., Asmi, E., and Kulmala, M.: Intercomparison of air ion spectrometers: a basis for data interpretation, Atmos. Meas. Techniques., submitted, 2011.
Gerdien, H.: Die absolute Messung der elektrishen Leitfähigkeit und der spezifishen Iongeschwindigkeit in der Atmosphäre, Phys. Z., 4, 465–472, 1903.
Gerdien, H.: Demonstration eines apparates zur absolute Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Luft, Phys. Z., 6, 800–801, 1905.
Gopalakrishnan, V., Pawar, S. D., Siingh, D., and Kamra, A. K.: Intermediate ion formation in the ship's exhaust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022613, 2005.
Gupta, M., Chauhan, R. P., Garg, A., Kumar S., and Sonkawade, R.G.: Estimation of radioactivity in some sand and soil samples, Indian J. Pure Ap. Phy., 48, 482–485, 2010.
Hand, J. L. and Malm, W. C.: Review of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies from ground-based measurements since 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008484, 2007.
Harrison, R. G. and Aplin, K. L.: Atmospheric condensation nuclei formation and high-energy radiation, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 63, 1811–1819, 2001.
Harrison, R. G. and Aplin, K. L.: Water vapour changes and atmospheric cluster ions, Atmos. Res., 85, 199–208, 2007.
Harrison, R. G. and Carslaw, K. S.: Ion-aerosol-cloud processes in the lower atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41(3), 1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RG000114, 2003.
Harrison, R. G. and Tammet, H.: Ions in Terrestrial Atmosphere and Other Solar System Atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 137, 107–118, 2008.
Hatakka, J., Paatero, J., Viisanen, Y., and Mattsson, R.: Variations of external radiation due to meteorological and hydrological factors in central Finland, Radiochemistry, 40, 534–538, 1998.
Hatakka, J., Aalto, T., Aaltonen, V., Aurela, M., Hakola, H., Komppula, M., Laurela, T., Lihavainen, H., Paatero, J., Salminen, K., and Viisanen, Y.: Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 365–383, 2003.
Haverkamp, H., Wilhelm, S., Sorokin, A., and Arnold, F.: Positive and negative ion measurements in jet aircraft engine exhaust: concentrations, sizes and implications for aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2879–2884, 2004.
Hensen, A., and van der Hage, J. C. H.: Parametrization of cosmic radiation at sea level, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D5), 10,693–10,695, 1994.
Hewitt, G. W.: The charging of small particles for electrostatic precipitation, Trans. AIEE Comm. Electr., 76, 300–306, 1957.
Hidy, G.M.: Aerosols. An Industrial and Environmental Science, Academic Press, Inc., London, 757 pp., 1984.
Hinds, W. C.: Aerosol technology: properties, behaviour, and measurement of airborne particles, Wiley, New York, USA,, 1999.
Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L, Hõrrak, U., Aalto, P. P., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 357–369, 2005.
Hirsikko, A., Bergmann, T., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Riipinen, I., Hõrrak, U., and Kulmala, M.: Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 201–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-201-2007, 2007a.
Hirsikko, A., Paatero, J., Hatakka, J., and Kulmala, M.: The 222Rn activity concentration, external radiation dose and air ion production rates in a boreal forest in Finland between March 2000 and June 2006, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 265–278, 2007b.
Hirsikko, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Vartiainen, E., Laakso, L., Hussein, T., and Kulmala, M.: Indoor and outdoor air ions and aerosol particles in the urban atmosphere of Helsinki: characteristics, sources and formation, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 295–310, 2007c.
Hogg, A. R.: The intermediate ions of the atmosphere, P. Phys. Soc. Lond., 51, 1014–1027, 1939.
Hoppel, W. A.: Ion-Aerosol Attachement Coefficients, Ion Depletion, and the Charge Distribution on Aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5917–5923, 1985.
Hoppel, W. A. and Frick, G. M.: Ion-attachment coefficients and the steady-state charge distribution on aerosols in a bipolar ion environment, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 5, 1–21, 1986.
Hoppel, W. A. and Frick, G. M.: The nonequilibrium character of the aerosol charge distributions produced by neutralizers, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 12, 471–496, 1990.
Hõrrak, U.: Statistical results of air ions and aerosol measurements on the island of Vilsandi in the summer of 1984, Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 755, 47–57, 1987 (in Russian).
Hõrrak, U.: Air ion mobility spectrum at a rural area, in: Dissertationes Geophysicales Universitatis Tartuensis, 15, Tartu Univ. Press, Tartu, available at: http://ael.physic.ut.ee/KF.public/sci/publs/UH_thesis/, 2001.
Hõrrak, U., Iher, H., Luts, A., Salm, J., and Tammet, H.: Mobility spectrum of air ions at Takhuse Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10697–10700, 1994.
Hõrrak, U., Mirme, A., Salm, J., Tamm, E., and Tammet, H.: Air ion measurements as a source of information about atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Res., 46, 233–242, 1998a.
Hõrrak, U., Salm, J., and Tammet, H.: Bursts of intermediate ions in atmospheric air, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13909–13915, 1998b.
Hõrrak, U., Salm, J., and Tammet, H.: Statistical characterization of air ion mobility spectra at Tahkuse Observatory: Classification of air ions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9291–9302, 2000.
Hõrrak, U., Salm, J., and Tammet, H.: Diurnal variation in the concentration of air ions of different mobility classes in a rural area, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4653, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003240, 2003.
Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., Aalto, P. P., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Formation of charged particles associated with rainfall: atmospheric measurements and lab experiments, Rep. Ser. Aerosol Sci., 80, 180–185, 2006.
Hõrrak, U., Aalto, P. P., Salm, J., Komsaare, K., Tammet, H., Mäkelä, J. M., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Variation and balance of positive air ion concentrations in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 655–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-655-2008, 2008.
Hurd, F. K. and Mullins, J. C.: Aerosol Size Distributions from Ion Mobility, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 17, 91–100, 1962.
Hussein, T., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Koponen, I. K., Paatero, P., Aalto, P. P., Hämeri, K., and Kulmala, M.: Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distributions, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 337–355, 2005.
Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M., McMurry, P., Dunn, M. J., Smith, J. N., Eisele, F., and Keady, P.: Contribution of ion-induced nucleation to new particle formation: Methodology and its application to atmospheric observations in Boulder, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007167, 2006.
Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., and Smith, J. N.: Estimating nanoparticle growth rates from size-dependent charged fractions: Analysis of new particle formation events in Mexico City, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009260, 2008.
Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., and McMurry, P. H.: Effect of Working Fluid on Sub-2 nm Particle Detection with a Laminar Flow Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43(1), 81–96, 2009.
Ilic, R., Rusov, V. D., Pavlovych, V. N., Vaschenko, V. M., Hanzic, L., and Bondarchuk, Y. A.: Radon in Antarctica, Radiat. Meas., 40, 415–422, 2005.
Israël, H.: Ein transportables Messgerät für schwere Ionen, Z. Geophys., 5, 342–350, 1929.
Israël, H.: Zur Theorie und Methodik der {\rm Gr}össenbestimmung von Luftionen, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., 31, 173–216, 1931.
Israël, H.: Atmospheric Electricity, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1, 317 pp., 1970.
Israel, H. and Schulz, L.: The mobility-spectrum of atmospheric ions-principles of measurements and results, Terr. Magn., 38, 285–300, 1933.
Israelsson, S. and Knudsen, E.: Effects of radioactive fallout from a nuclear power plant accident on electrical parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 91(D11), 11909–11910, 1986.
Jayaratne, E. R., Ling, X., and Morawska, L.: Ions in motor vehicle exhaust and their dispersion near busy roads, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3644–3650, 2010.
Jiang, J., Zhao, J., Chen, M., Eisele, F.L., Scheckman, J., Williams, B.J., Kuang, C., and McMurry, P.H.: First Measurements of Neutral Atmospheric Cluster and 1–2 nm Particle Number Size Distributions During Nucleation Events, Aerosol Sci. Technol. (Aerosol Research Letter), 45, 4, ii–v, 2011a.
Jiang, J., Chen, M., Kuang, C., Attoui, M., and McMurry, P. H.: Electrical Mobility Spectrometer Using a Diethylene Glycol Condensation Particle Counter for Measurements of Aerosol Size Distributions Down to 1 nm, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 4, 510–521, 2011b.
Junninen, H., Hulkkonen, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., Hirsikko, A., Suni, T., Boy, M., Lee, S.-H., Vana, M., Tammet, H., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala M.: Observations on nocturnal growth of atmospheric clusters, Tellus, 60B, 365–371, 2008.
Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Luosujärvi, L., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Roghner, U., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1039–1053, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010, 2010.
Kamra, A. K., Siingh, D., and Pant, V.: Scavenging of atmospheric ions and aerosol by drifting snow in Antarctica, Atmos. Res., 91, 215–218, 2009.
Kazil, J., Harrison, R. G., and Lovejoy, E. R.: Tropospheric New Particle Formation and the Role of Ions, Space Sci. Rev., 137, 241–255, 2008.
Kazil, J., Stier, P., Zhang, K., Quaas, J., Kinne, S., O'Donnell, D., Rast, S., Esch, M., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., and Feichter, J.: Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10733–10752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10733-2010, 2010.
Kanawade, V. and Tripathi, S. N.: Evidence for the role of ion-induced particle formation during an atmospheric nucleation event observed in Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006366, 2006.
Keesee, R. G. and Castleman Jr., A. W.: Ions and cluster ions: Experimental studies and atmospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5885–45890, 1985.
Kerminen, V.-M., Anttila, T., Petäjä, T., Laakso, L., Gagné, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: Charging state of the atmospheric nucleation mode: Implications for separating neutral and ion-induced nucleation, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008649, 2007.
%Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., %Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Gagné, S, Laakso, %L., Riipinen, I., Vehkamäki, H., Kurtén, T., Ortega, I. K., Dal %Maso, M., Brus, D., Hyvärinen, A., Lihavainen, H., Leppä, J., %Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Berndt, T., %Stratmann, F., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., %Baltensperger, U., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Winkler, %P. M., Wagner, P. E., Petzold, A., Minikin, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., %Pöschl, U., Laaksonen, A., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric nucleation: %highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., %10, 10829-10848, 2010. Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Riipinen, I., Vehkamäki, H., Kurten, T., Ortega, I. K., Dal Maso, M., Brus, D., Hyvärinen, A., Lihavainen, H., Leppä, J., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Winkler, P. M., Wagner, P. E., Petzold, A., Minikin, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., Pöschl, U., Laaksonen, A., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10829–10848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10829-2010, 2010.
Kirkby, J.: Cosmic rays and climate, Surv. Geophys., 28, 333–375, 2008.
Knutson, E. O. and Whitby, K. T.: Accurate measurement of aerosol electric mobility moments, J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 443–451, 1975.
Komppula, M., Vana, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Hõrrak, U., Komsaare, K., Tamm, E., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Size distributions of atmospheric ions in the Baltic Sea region, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 323–336, 2007.
Ku, B. K. and de la Mora, J. F.: Relation between Electrical Mobility, Mass, and Size for Nanodrops 1–6.5 nm in Diameter in Air, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 241–249, 2009.
Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., McCormick, A. V., and Eisele, F. L.: Dependence of nucleation rates on sulphuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric locations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 113(D10), D10209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009253, 2008.
Kulmala, M. and Kerminen, V.-M.: On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, Atmos. Res., 90, 132–150, 2008.
Kulmala, M. and Tammet, H.: Finnish-Estonian air ion and aerosol workshops, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 237–245, 2007.
Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J.M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K. and O'Dowd, C.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus B, 53, 479–490, 2001.
Kulmala, M., Hari, P., Laaksonen, A., Vesala, T., and Viisanen, Y.: Research Unit of Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change: overview of recent results, Boreal Env. Res., 10, 459–477, 2005.
Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-787-2006, 2006.
Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143–176, 2004a.
Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Riipinen, I., Dal Maso, M., Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Hõrral, U., Vana, M., and Tammet, H.: Initial steps of aerosol growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2553–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2553-2004, 2004b.
Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Junninen, H., Dal Maso, M., Mordas, G., Mirme, A., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Harrison, R. M., Hanson, I., Leung, C., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation, Science, 318, 89–92, 2007.
Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., Hulkkonen, M., Sogacheva, L., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Viljanen, A., Usoskin, I., Vainio, R., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Hõrrak, U., Plaß-Dülmer, C., Birmili, W., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Atmospheric data over a solar cycle: no connection between galactic cosmic rays and new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1885–1898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1885-2010, 2010.
Laakso, L., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., and Kulmala, M.: Model studies on ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 4427, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002140, 2002.
Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Paatero, J., Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933–1943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004, 2004a.
Laakso, L., Anttila, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Hõrrak, U., Paatero, J., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Kinetic nucleation and ions in boreal forest particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2353–2366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2353-2004, 2004b.
Laakso, L., Gagné, S., Petäjä, T., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurement, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1333–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007, 2007a.
Laakso, L., Hirsikko, A., {\rm Gr}önholm, T., Kulmala, M., Luts, A., and Parts, T.-E.: Waterfalls as sources of small charged aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2271–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2271-2007, 2007b.
Laakso, L., {\rm Gr}önholm, T., Kulmala, L., Haapanala, S., Hirsikko, A., Lovejoy, E. R., Kazil, J., Kurtén, T., Boy, M., Nilsson, E. D., Sogachev, A., Riipinen, I., Stratmann, F., and Kulmala, M.: Hot-air balloon as a platform for boundary layer profile measurements during particle formation, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 279–294, 2007c.
Laakso, L., Laakso, H., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Petäjä, T., Nieminen, T., Pohja, T., Siivola, E., Kulmala, M., Kgabi, N., Molefe, M., Mabaso, D., Phalatse, D., Pienaar, K., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4823–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4823-2008, 2008.
Langevin, P.: Sur les ions de l'atmosphère, C. R. Acad. Sci., 140, 232–234, 1905.
Lee, S.-H., Reeves, J. M., Wilson, J. C., Hunton, D. E., Viggiano, A. A., Miller, T. M., Ballenthin, J. O., and Lait, L. R.: Particle formation by ion nucleation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Science, 301, 1886–1889, 2003.
Lee, S.-H., Young, L.-H., Benson, D. R., Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Junninen, H., Campos, T. L., Rogers, D. C., and Jensen, J.: Observations of nighttime new particle formation in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009351, 2008.
Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Kulmala, M.: A model for particle formation and growth in the atmosphere with molecular resolution in size, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 251–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-251-2003, 2003.
Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis of atmospheric neutral and charged molecular clusters in boreal forest using pulse-height CPC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4177–4184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4177-2009, 2009.
Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Berndt, T., Kajos, M. K., Worsnop, D. R., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Observations of Nano-CN in the Nocturnal Boreal Forest, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 4, 499–509, 2011.
Lehtipalo, K., Kulmala, M., Sipilä, M., Petäjä, T., Vana, M., Ceburnis, D., Dupuy, R., and O'Dowd, C.: Nanoparticles in boreal forest and coastal environment: a comparison of observations and implications of the nucleation mechanism, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7009–7016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7009-2010, 2010.
Leppä, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Laakso, L., Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Gagne, S., Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., and Kulmala, M.: Ion-UHMA: a model for simulating the dynamics of neutral and charged aerosol particles, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 559–575, 2009.
Li, Z. and Wang, H.: Drag force, diffusion coefficient, and electric mobility of small particles. I. Theory applicable to the free-molecule regime, Phys. Rev. E, 68, 061206, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.061206, 2003.
Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Järvinen, H., Viisanen, Y., Lehtinen, K., Vana, M., and Kulmala, M.: Size distributions of atmospheric ions inside clouds and in cloud-free air at a remote continental site, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 337–344, 2007.
Ling, X., Jayaratne, R., and Morawska, L.: Air ion concentrations in various urban outdoor environments, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2186–2193, 2010.
Liu, B. Y. H. and Pui, D. Y. H.: A submicron aerosol standard and the primary, absolute calibration of the condensation nuclei counter, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 47, 155–171, 1974.
Loscertales, I. G.: Drift differential mobility analyzer, J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 1117–1139, 1998.
Luts, A. and Parts, T.-E.: Evolution of negative small air ions at two different temperatures, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 64, 763–774, 2002.
Lähde, T., Rönkkö, T., Virtanen, A., Schuck, T. J., Pirjola, L., Hämeri, K., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Rothe, D., and Keskinen, J.: Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Aerosol Particle and Ion Measurements, Environ. Sci. Tech., 43, 163–168, 2009.
Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Asmi, E., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., Mikkilä, J., Hõrrak, U., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Laakso, L., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Long-term field measurements of charged and neutral clusters using Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS), Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 591–605, 2009a.
Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Riipinen, I., Yli-Juuti, T., Gagné, S., Asmi, E., Aalto, P. P., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Charged and total particle formation and growth rates during EUCAARI 2007 campaign in Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4077–4089, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4077-2009, 2009b.
Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S., Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Töro, N., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G. N., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M.C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites – analysis of new-particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907–7927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010, 2010.
Matisen, R., Miller, F., Tammet, H., and Salm, J.: Air ion counters and spectrometers designed in Tartu University, Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 947, 60–67, 1992.
McClelland, J. A.: On the conductivity of hot gases from flames, Philos. Mag., 46, 29–42, 1898.
Mehra, R., Singh, S., and Singh, K.: Analysis of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K in soil samples for the assessment of the average effective dose, Indian J. Phys., 83, 1031–1037, 2009.
Millikan, R. A.: The general law of fall of a small spherical body through a gas, and its bearing upon the nature of molecular reflection from surfaces, Phys. Rev., 22, 1–23, 1923.
Mirme, A., Tamm, E., Mordas, G., Vana, M., Uin, J., Mirme, S., Bernotas, T., Laakso, L., Hirsikko, A., and Kulmala, M.: A wide-range multi-channel Air Ion Spectrometer, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 247–264, 2007.
Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Hõrrak, U., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric sub-3nm particles at high altitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 437–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-437-2010, 2010.
Misaki, M.: A Method of Measuring the Ion Spectrum, Pap. Meteorol. Geophys., 1, 313–318, 1950.
Misaki, M.: Studies on the Atmospheric ion Spectrum (I). Procedures of experimental and data analysis, Pap. Meteorol. Geophys., 12, 247–260, 1961a.
Misaki, M.: Studies on the Atmospheric Ion Spectrum (II). Relation between the ion spectrum and the electrical conductivity, Pap. Meteorol. Geophys., 12, 261–276, 1961b.
Misaki, M., Ohtagaki, M., and Kanazawa, I.: Mobility spectrometry of the atmospheric pollution, Pure Appl. Geophys., 100, 133–145, 1972a.
Misaki, M., Ikegami, M., and Kanazawa, I.: Atmospheric electrical conductivity measurement in the Pasific Ocean, exploring the background level of global pollution, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 50, 497–500, 1972b.
Misaki, M., Ikegami, M., and Kanazawa, I.: Deformation of the size distribution of aerosol particles dispersing from land to ocean, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 53, 111–120, 1975.
Mohnen, V. A.: Formation, nature and mobility of ions of atmospheric importance, in: Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, edited by: Dolezalek, H. and Reiter, R., Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany, 1–17, 1977.
Modini, R. L., Ristovski, Z. D., Johnson, G. R., He, C., Surawski, N., Morawska, L., Suni, T., and Kulmala, M.: New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7607–7621, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7607-2009, 2009.
Myhre, G.: Consistency between satellite-derived and modelled estimates of the direct aerosol effect, Science, 325, 187–190, 2009.
Myles, L. T., Meyers, T. P., and Robinson, L.: Atmospheric ammonia measurement with an ion mobility spectrometer, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5745–5752, 2006.
Mäkelä, J.M., Riihelä, M., Ukkonen, A., Jokinen, V., and Keskinen, J.: Comparison of mobility equivalent with Kelvin-Thomson diameter using ion mobility data, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 1562–1571, 1996.
Nadykto, A. B. and Yu, F.: Formation of binary ion clusters from polar vapours: effect of the dipole-charge interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 385–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-385-2004, 2004.
Nagaraja, K., Prasad, B. S. N., Madhava, M. S., and Paramesh, L.: Concentration of radon and its progeny near the surface of the earth at a continental station Pune (18° N, 74° E), Ind. J. Pure Ap. Phys., 41, 562–569, 2003.
Nagato, K. and Ogawa, T.: Evolution of tropospheric ions observed by an ion mobility spectrometer with a drift tube, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13917–13925, 1998.
Nagato, K., Tanner, D. J., Friedli, H.R., and Eisele, F.L.: Field measurement of positivie ion mobility and mass spectra at a Colorado site in winter, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3471–3482, 1999.
Nieminen, T., Manninen, H. E., Sihto, S.-L., Yli-Juuti, T., Mauldin, I. L., III., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Connection of Sulphuric Acid to Atmospheric Nucleation in Boreal Forest, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4715–4721, 2009.
Nolan, J. J. and de Sachy, G. P.: Atmospheric ionization, P. Roy. Irish Acad., A37, 71–94, 1927.
Norinder, H. and Siksna, R.: Variations in the density of small ions caused by the accumulation of emanation exhaled from the soil, Tellus, 2, 168–172, 1950.
Ogawa, T.: Fair-weather electricity, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5951–5960, 1985.
Paasonen, P., Sihto, S.-L., Nieminen, T., Vuollekoski, H., Riipinen, I., Plaβ-Dülmer, C., Berresheim, H., Birmili, W., and Kulmala, M.: Connection between new particle formation and sulphuric acid at Hohenpeissenberg (Germany) including the influence of organic compounds, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 616–629, 2009.
Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H., Petäjä, T., Plass-Dülner, C., Birmili, W., Hõrrak, U., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., Hamed, A., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: On the role of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in new particle formation at four European measurement sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223–11242, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11223-2010, 2010.
Parts, T.-E. and Luts, A.: Observed and simulated effects of certain pollutants on small air ion spectra: I. Positive ions, Atmos. Environ., 38(9), 1283–1289, 2004.
Pawar, S. D., Siingh, D., Gopalakrishnan, V., and Kamra, A. K.: Effect of the onset of southwest monsoon on the atmospheric electric conductivity over the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005689, 2005.
Pedersen, C. S., Lauritsen, F. R., Sysoev, A., Viitanen, A.-K., Mäkelä, J. M., Adamov, A., Laakia, J., Mauriala, T., and Kotiaho, T.: Characterazation of Proton-Bound Acetate Dimers in Ion Mobility Spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr., 19, 1361–1366, 2008.
Pollock, J. A.: A new type of ion in the air, Philos. Mag., 29, 636–646, 1915.
Prüller, P. and Saks, O.: Ion counter with automatic photorecorder and vibrating-reed electrometer, Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 240, 32–60, 1970.
Quaas, J., Ming, Y., Menon, S., Takemura, T., Wang, M., Penner, J.E., Gettelman, A., Lohmann, U., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Sayer, A.M., Thomas, G.E., McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J.E., Liu, X., Balkanski, Y., Donner, L. J., Ginoux, P.A., Stier, P., Grandey, B., Feichter, J., Sednev, I., Bauer, S.E., Koch, D., Grainger, R.G., Kirkevåg, A., Iversen, T., Seland, Ø., Easter, R., Ghan, S.J., Rasch, P.J., Morrison, H., Lamarque, J.-F., Iacono, M. J., Kinne, S., and Schulz, M.: Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation mode intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8697–8717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009, 2009.
Reinet, J.: A combined counter of atmospheric ions (Russian), Tr. Main Geophys. Observ., 58, 23–30, 1956.
Reinet, J.: On the changes of atmospheric ionization in Tartu during a yearly period (Estonian), Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 59, 71–107, 1958.
Reiter, R.: Frequency distribution of positive and negative small ion concentrations, based on many years' recordings at two mountain stations located at 740 and 1780 m a.s.l., Int. J. Biometeorol., 29, 223–231, 1985.
Retalis, D. A.: On the Relationship Between Small Atmospheric Ions Concentration and (1) Smoke, (2) Sulfur Dioxide and (3) Wind Speed, Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 575–581, 1977.
Retalis, D. and Pitta, A.: Effects of electrical parameters at Athens Greece by radioactive fallout from a nuclear power plant accident, J. Geophys. Res., 94(D11), 13093–13097, 1989.
Retalis, A., Nastos, P., and Retalis, D.: Study of small ions concentration in the air above Athens, Greece, Atmos. Res., 91, 219–228, 2009.
Richmann, G. W.: De electricitate in corporibus producenda nova tentamina, Commentarii Acad. Sci. Imper. Petropolitanae., 14, 299–326, 1744-1746, 1751.
Richmann, G. W.: Trudy po fizike (translations into Russian), edited by: Eliseev, A. A., Zubov, V. P., and Murzin, A. M., Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Moscow, 1956.
Riecke, E.: Beiträge zu der Lehre von der Luftelektrizität, Ann. Phys., 12, 52–84, 1903.
Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Dal Maso, M., Birmili, W., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1899–1914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1899-2007, 2007.
Riipinen, I., Manninen, H.E., Yli-Juuti, T., Boy, M., Sipilä, M., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Applying the Condensation Particle Counter Battery (CPCB) to study the water-affinity of freshly-formed 2-9 nm particles in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3317–3330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3317-2009, 2009.
Ristovski, Z. D., Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Boy M., Meyer, N. K., Duplissy, J., Turnipseed, A., Morawska, L., and Baltensperger, U.: The role of sulphates and organic vapours in growth of newly formed particles in a eucalypt forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2919–2926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2919-2010, 2010.
Robertson, L. B., Stevenson, D. S., and Conen, F.: Test of a northwards-decreasing 222Rn source term by comparison of modelled and observed atmospheric 222Rn concentrations, Tellus, 57B, 116–123, 2005.
Rosen, J. M., Hofmann, D. J., and Gringel, W.: Measurements of ion mobility to 30 km, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5876–5884, 1985.
Russell, A. G. and Brunekreef, B.: A focus on particulate matter and health, Environ. Sci. Tech., 43, 4620–4625, 2009.
Ruuskanen, T. M., Kaasik, M., Aalto, P. P., Hõrrak, U., Vana, M., Mårtensson, M., Yoon, Y. J., Keronen, P., Mordas, G., Ceburnis, D., Nilsson, E. D., O'Dowd, C., Noppel, M., Alliksaar, T., Ivask, J., Sofiev, M., Prank, M., and Kulmala, M.: Concentrations and fluxes of aerosol particles during the LAPBIAT measurement campaign at Värriö field station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3683–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3683-2007, 2007.
Rutherford, E.: The velocity and rate of recombination of the ions of gases exposed to Rontgen radiation, Philos. Mag., 44, 422–440, 1897.
Salm, J., Tammet, H., Iher, H., and Hõrrak, U.: The dependence of small air ion mobility spectra in the ground layer of the atmosphere on temperature and pressure, Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 947, 50–56, 1992.
Saros, M., Weber, R. J., Marti, J., and McMurry, P. H.: Ultra fine aerosol measurement using a condensation nucleus counter with pulse height analysis, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 25, 200–213, 1996.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 1998.
Sgro, L. A. and Fernandez de la Mora, J.: A Simple Turbulent Mixing CNC for Charged Particle Detection Down to 1.2 nm, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 1–11, 2004.
Shashikumar, T. S., Ragini, N., Chandrashekara, M. S., and Paramesh, L.: Studies on radon in soil, its concentration in the atmosphere and gamma exposure rate around Mysore city, India, Curr. Sci., 94, 1180–1185, 2008.
Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079–4091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4079-2006, 2006.
Siingh, D., Pawar, S. D., Gopalakrishnan, V., and Kamra, A. K.: Measurements of the ion concentrations and conductivity over the Arabian Sea during ARMEX, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005765, 2005.
Siingh, D., Pant, V., and Kamra, A. K.: Measurements of positive ions and air-Earth current density at Maitri, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008101, 2007.
Siksna, R.: Variations of large-ions in atmospheric air during disturbed weather conditions, Arkiv Geofys., 1, 237–246, 1950.
Sipilä, M., Lehtipalo, K., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Junninen, H., Aalto, P.P., Manninen, H. E., Kyrö, E.-M., Asmi, E., Riipinen, I., Curtius, J., Kürten, A., Borrmann, S., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Applicability of condensation particle counters to measure atmospheric clusters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4049–4060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4049-2008, 2008.
Sipilä, M., Lehtipalo, K., Attoui, M., Neitola, K., Petäjä, T., Aalto, P. P., O'Dowd, C. D., and Kulmala, M.: Laboratory Verification of PH-CPC's Ability to Monitor Atmospheric Sub-3 nm Clusters, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 126–135, 2009.
Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin, III R.L., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The Role of Sulfuric Acid in Atmospheric Nucleation, Science, 5, 1243–1246, 2010.
Smirnov, V. V.: Nature and Evolution of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 42, 663–687, 2006.
Smirnov, V. V., Radionov, V. F., Savchenko, A. V., Pronin, A. A., and Kuusk, V. V.: Variability in aerosol and air ion composition in the Arctic spring atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 49, 163–176, 1998.
Smith, J. N., Moore, K. F., Eisele, F. L., Voisin, D., Ghimire, A. K., Sakurai, H., and McMurry, P. H.: Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles during nucleation events in Atlanta, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005912, 2005.
Smith, J. N., Dunn, M. J., VanReken, T. M., Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., and Huye, L. G.: Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles formed from nucleation in Tecamac, Mexico: Evidence for an important role for organic species in nanoparticle growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032523, 2008.
Smith, J. N., Barsanti, K. C., Friedli, H. R., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Collins, D. R., Scheckman, J. H., Williams, B. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Observations of aminium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications, P. Natl. Acad. Sci, 107, 6634–6639, 2010.
Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Probability of nucleation events and aerosol particle concentration in different air mass types arriving at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, based on back trajectories analysis, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 479–491, 2005.
Stolzenburg, M. R.: An Ultrafine Aerosol Size Distribution Measuring System, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 1988.
Stolzenburg , M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: An Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 14, 48–65, 1991.
Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: Equations governing single and tandem DMA configurations and a new lognormal approximation to the transfer function, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 421–432, 2008.
Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., Sakurai, H., Smith, J. N., Mauldin III, R. L., Eisele, F. L., and Clement, C. F.: Growth rates of freshly nucleated particles in Atlanta, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005935, 2005.
Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Hirsikko, A., Bergman, T., Laakso, L., Aalto, P. P., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H., Zegelin, S., Hughes, D., van Gorsel, E., Kitchen, M., Vana, M., Hõrrak, U., Mirme, A., Sevanto, S., Twining, J., and Tadros, C.: Formation and characteristics of ions and charged aerosol particles in a native Australian Eucalypt forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 129–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-129-2008, 2008.
Suni, T., Sogacheva, L., Lauros, J., Hakola, H., Bäck, J., Kurtén, T., Cleugh, H., van Gorsel, E., Briggs, P., Sevanto, S., and Kulmala, M.: Cold oceans enhance terrestrial new-particle formaton in near-coastal forests, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8639–8650, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8639-2009, 2009.
Suzuki, K., Iritani, M., and Mitsukuchi, T.: Measurements of small ion mobility spectrum with multi-electrodes Gerdien condenser, Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr., 2, 1–4, 1982.
Svenningsson, B., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Holst, T., Massling, A., Swietlicki, E., Hirsikko, A., Junninen, H., Riipinen, I., Vana, M., Dal Maso, M., Hussein, T., and Kulmala, M.: Aerosol particle formation events and analysis of high growth rates observed above a subarctic wetland-forest mosaic, Tellus, 60B, 353–364, 2008.
Szegvary, T., Conen, F., Stöhlker, U., Dubois, G., Bossew, P., and de Vries, G.: Mapping terrestrial γ-dose rate in Europe based on routine monitoring data, Radiat. Meas., 42, 1561–1572, 2007.
Szegvary, T., Conen, F., and Ciais, P.: European 222Rn inventory for applied atmospheric studies, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1536–1539, 2009.
Tammet, H.: The aspiration method for the determination of atmospheric ion-spectra, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 208 pp., 1970.
Tammet, H.: Size and mobility of nanometer particles, clusters and ions, J. Aerosol Sci., 26, 459–475, 1995.
Tammet, H.: Reduction of air ion mobility to standard conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13933–13937, 1998.
Tammet, H.: The limits of air ion mobility resolution, Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Atmos. Electr., NASA, MSFC, Alabama, 626–629, 1999.
Tammet, H.: Inclined grid mobility analyzer: The plain model, Abstracts of Sixth International Aerosol Conference, International Aerosol Research Assembly, Taipei, 2, 647–648, 2002.
Tammet, H.: Method of inclined velocities in the air ion mobility analysis, in: Proceedings of the 12-th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, International Commision on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, 1, 399–402, 2003.
Tammet, H.: Continuous scanning of the mobility and size distribution of charged clusters and nanoparticles in atmospheric air and the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA, Atmos. Res., 82, 523–535, 2006.
Tammet, H.: A joint dataset of fair-weather atmospheric electricity, Atmos. Res., 91, 194–200, http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.01.012, 2009.
Tammet, H. F., Jakobson, A. F., and Salm, J. J.: Multi-channel automatic air ion spectrometer (in Russian), Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu., 320, 48–75, 1973.
Tammet, H., Hõrrak, U., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Factors of air ion balance in a coniferous forest according to measurements in Hyytiälä, Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3377–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3377-2006, 2006.
Tammet, H., Hõrrak, U., and Kulmala, M.: Negatively charged nanoparticles produced by splashing of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-357-2009, 2009.
Thomson, J. J.: Conduction of Electricity through Gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Vi, 566 pp., 1903.
Tiitta, P., Miettinen, P., Vaattovaara, P., Laaksonen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P. and Kulmala, M.: Road-side measurements of aerosol and ion number size distributions: a comparison with remote site measurements, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 311–321, 2007.
Tuomi, T. J.: Ten year summary 1977–1986 of atmospheric electricity measured at Helsinki-Vantaa airport, Finland, Geophysica, 25, 1–20, 1989.
Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 30777–30821, 2010.
Vana, M., Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Hõrrak, U., and Tamm, E.: Comparative study of nucleation mode aerosol particles and intermediate ions formation events at three sites, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004413, 2004.
Vana, M., Tamm, E., Hõrrak, U., Mirme, A., Tammet, H., Laakso, L., Aalto, P. P., and Kulmala, M.: Charging state of atmospheric nanoparticles during the nucleation burst events, Atmos. Res., 82, 536–546, 2006a.
Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Tamm, E., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., Verheggen, B., Cozic, J., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Characteristics of Air Ions and Aerosol Particles at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Proceedings of 7-th International Aerosol Conference, the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), ISBN 978-0-9788735-0-9, 1427, 2006b.
Vana, M., Virkkula, A., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., and Hillamo, R.: Air Ion Measurements During a Cruise from Europe to Antarctica, Proceedings of Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 17-th International Conference Galway, Ireland 2007, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-647-6, 368-372, 2007.
Vana, M., Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Vuollekoski, H., Aalto, P., de Leeuw, G., Ceburnis, D., O'Dowd, C.D., and Kulmala, M.: Characteristic features of air ions at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland, Atmos. Res., 90, 278–286, 2008.
Vanhanen, J., Mikkilä, J., Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Siivola, E., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Particle Size Magnifier for Nano-CN Detection, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 4, 533–542, 2011.
Vartiainen, E., Kulmala, M., Ehn, M., Hirsikko, A., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., Sogacheva, L., Kuokka, S., Hillamo, R., Skorokhod, A., Belikov, I., Elansky, N., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Ion and particle number concentrations and size distributions along the Trans-Siberian railroad, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 375–396, 2007.
Venzac, H., Sellegri, K., and Laj, P.: Nucleation events detected at the high altitude site of the Puy de Dôme Research Station, France, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 345–359, 2007.
Venzac, H., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Villani, P., Bonasoni, P., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Calzolari, F., Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M.-C., Vuillermoz, E., and Verza, G. P.: High frequency new particle formation in the Himalayas, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 15666–15671, 2008.
Viggiano, A. A.: In situ mass spectrometry and ion chemistry in the stratosphere and troposphere, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 12, 115–137, 1993.
Virkkula, A., Hirsikko, A., Vana, M., Aalto, P. P., Hillamo, R., and Kulmala, M.: Charged particle size distributions and analysis of particle formation events at the Finnish Antarctic research station Aboa, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 397–408, 2007.
Voisin, D., Smith, J. N., Sakurai, H., McMurry, P. H., and Eisele, F. L.: Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer for Ultrafine Particle Chemical Composition, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 37, 471–475, 2003.
Weber, R. J., Marti, P., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D. J., and Jefferson, A.: Measured atmospheric new particle formation rates: implications for nucleation mechanisms, Chem. Eng. Comm., 151, 53–64, 1996.
Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D. J., and Jefferson, A.: Measurements of new particle formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a clean continental site, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4375–4385, 1997.
Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Mauldin, L., Tanner, D. J., Eisele, F. L., Brechtel, F. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Kok, G. L., Schillaswki, R. D., and Baumgardner, D.: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species measured during ACE 1, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,385–16,396, 1998.
Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Mauldin III, R. L., Tanner, D. J., Eisele, F. L., Clarke, A. D., and Kapustin, V. N.: New particle formation in the remote troposphere: A comparison of observations at various sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(3), 307–310, 1999.
Wilding, R. J. and Harrison, R. G.: Aerosol modulation of small ion growth in coastal air, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5876–5883, 2005.
Winkler, P. M., Steiner, G., Vrtala, A., Vehkamäki, H., Noppel, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Reischl, G. P., Wagner, P. E., and Kulmala, M.: Heterogenous Nucleation Experiments Bridging the Scale form Molecular Ion Cluster to Nanoparticles, Science, 7, 1374–1377, 2008.
Yli-Juuti, T., Riipinen, I., Aalto, P. P. Nieminen, T., Maenhaut, W., Janssens, I. A., Clayas , S. I., Ocskay, R., Hoffer, A., Imre, K., and Kulmala M.: Characteristics of new particle formation events and cluster ions at K-puszta, Hungary, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 683–698, 2009.
Yu, F.: Ion-mediated nucleation in the atmosphere: Key controlling parameters, implications, and look-up table, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012630, 2010.
Yu, F. and Turco, R. P.: Ultrafine aerosol formation via ion-mediated nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 883–886, 2000.
Yu, F. and Turco, R.: Case studies of particle formation events observed in boreal forests: implications for nucleation mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6085–6102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6085-2008, 2008.
Yu, F., Luo, G., Bates, T. S., Andersson, B., Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Yantosca, R. M., Wang, Y., and Wu, S.: Spatial distributions of particle number concentrations in the global troposphere: Simulations, observations, and implications for nucleation mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013473, 2010.
Yunker, E. A.: The mobility spectrum of atmospheric ions, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 45, 127–132, 1940.
Zeleny, J.: On the ratio of velocities of the two ions produced in gases by Röngten radiation, and on some related phenomena, Philos. Mag., 46, 120–154, 1898.
Zeleny, J.: The velocity of ions produced in gases by Röntgen rays, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 195, 193–234, 1900.
Zhang, S.-H., Akutsu, Y., Russell, L. M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Radial differential mobility analyzer, Aerosol Sci. Techn., 23, 357–72, 1995.
Zhao, J., Eisele, F. L., Titcombe, M., Kuang, C., and McMurry, P. H.: Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Measurements of Atmospheric Neutral Clusters using the Cluster-CIMS, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D08205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012606, 2010.
Zwang, L. R. and Komarov, N. N.: A study of small ion spectra in the free atmosphere, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Series, 1167–1176, 1959.
