Articles | Volume 10, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
15 Feb 2010
A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system
K. S. Carslaw
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
O. Boucher
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, UK
D. V. Spracklen
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
G. W. Mann
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
J. G. L. Rae
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, UK
S. Woodward
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, UK
M. Kulmala
University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Division of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics, Helsinki, Finland
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Synergistic effects of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on dust activities in North China during the following spring
Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter
Measurement report: Source attribution and estimation of black carbon levels in an urban hotspot of the central Po Valley – an integrated approach combining high-resolution dispersion modelling and micro-aethalometers
Microphysical modelling of aerosol scavenging by different types of clouds: description and validation of the approach
Insights into the sources of ultrafine particle numbers at six European urban sites obtained by investigating COVID-19 lockdowns
In-plume and out-of-plume analysis of aerosol–cloud interactions derived from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun volcanic eruption
Impacts of atmospheric circulation patterns and cloud inhibition on aerosol radiative effect and boundary layer structure during winter air pollution in Sichuan Basin, China
Investigating the sign of stratocumulus adjustments to aerosols in the ICON global storm-resolving model
A model study investigating the sensitivity of aerosol forcing to the volatilities of semi-volatile organic compounds
Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models
Modeling impacts of dust mineralogy on fast climate response
Uncertainties in laboratory-measured shortwave refractive indices of mineral dust aerosols and derived optical properties: a theoretical assessment
Diagnosing uncertainties in global biomass burning emission inventories and their impact on modeled air pollutants
Role of atmospheric aerosols in severe winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: a case study
Long-term variability in black carbon emissions constrained by gap-filled absorption aerosol optical depth and associated premature mortality in China
Intercomparison of aerosol optical depths from four reanalyses and their multi-reanalysis consensus
Global aviation contrail climate effects from 2019 to 2021
Rapid iodine oxoacid nucleation enhanced by dimethylamine in broad marine regions
Simulations of the impact of cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles perturbations on the microphysics and radar reflectivity factor of stratiform mixed-phase clouds
Aerosols in the central Arctic cryosphere: satellite and model integrated insights during Arctic spring and summer
Observationally constrained regional variations of shortwave absorption by iron oxides emphasize the cooling effect of dust
Droplet collection efficiencies inferred from satellite retrievals constrain effective radiative forcing of aerosol–cloud interactions
Predicting Hygroscopic Growth of Organosulfur Aerosol Particles Using COSMOtherm
Global aerosol-type classification using a new hybrid algorithm and Aerosol Robotic Network data
Simulated phase state and viscosity of secondary organic aerosols over China
Comparing the simulated influence of biomass burning plumes on low-level clouds over the southeastern Atlantic under varying smoke conditions
Improved simulations of biomass burning aerosol optical properties and lifetimes in the NASA GEOS Model during the ORACLES-I campaign
Retrieval of refractive index and water content for the coating materials of aged black carbon aerosol based on optical properties: a theoretical analysis
Revealing dominant patterns of aerosols regimes in the lower troposphere and their evolution from preindustrial times to the future in global climate model simulations
Sharp increase in Saharan dust intrusions over the western Euro-Mediterranean in February–March 2020–2022 and associated atmospheric circulation
Temporal and spatial variations in dust activity in Australia based on remote sensing and reanalysis datasets
Sensitivity of global direct aerosol shortwave radiative forcing to uncertainties in aerosol optical properties
Molecular-level study on the role of methanesulfonic acid in iodine oxoacid nucleation
Improving estimation of a record breaking East Asian dust storm emission with lagged aerosol Ångström Exponent observations
Regional to global distributions, trends, and drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound emission from 2001 to 2020
Impacts of ice-nucleating particles on cirrus clouds and radiation derived from global model simulations with MADE3 in EMAC
Seasonal characteristics of emission, distribution, and radiative effect of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific Ocean: an investigation with a coupled regional climate aerosol model
Fire–precipitation interactions amplify the quasi-biennial variability in fires over southern Mexico and Central America
Improved estimates of smoke exposure during Australia fire seasons: importance of quantifying plume injection heights
New particle formation induced by anthropogenic–biogenic interactions on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Investigation of observed dust trends over the Middle East region in NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model simulations
Impact of Biomass Burning Aerosols (BBA) on the tropical African climate in an ocean-atmosphere-aerosols coupled climate model
A new process-based and scale-aware desert dust emission scheme for global climate models – Part II: Evaluation in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2)
How well do Earth system models reproduce the observed aerosol response to rapid emission reductions? A COVID-19 case study
Global modeling of aerosol nucleation with an explicit chemical mechanism for highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs)
Observationally constrained analysis of sulfur cycle in the marine atmosphere with NASA ATom measurements and AeroCom model simulations
Impact of acidity and surface-modulated acid dissociation on cloud response to organic aerosol
The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area
Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes
Expanding the simulation of East Asian super dust storms: physical transport mechanisms impacting the western Pacific
Falei Xu, Shuang Wang, Yan Li, and Juan Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10689–10705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affect dust activities in North China during the following spring. The results show that the NAO and ENSO, particularly in their negative phases, greatly influence dust activities. When both are negative, their combined effect on dust activities is even greater. This research highlights the importance of these climate patterns in predicting spring dust activities in North China.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hengheng Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Junwei Song, Olga Kiseleva, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Khan, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10617–10637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Giorgio Veratti, Alessandro Bigi, Michele Stortini, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10475–10512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a study of two consecutive winter seasons, we used measurements and modelling tools to identify the levels and sources of black carbon pollution in a medium-sized urban area of the Po Valley, Italy. Our findings show that biomass burning and traffic-related emissions (especially from Euro 4 diesel cars) significantly contribute to BC concentrations. This research offers crucial insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to improve air quality in cities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pascal Lemaitre, Arnaud Quérel, Alexis Dépée, Alice Guerra Devigne, Marie Monier, Thibault Hiron, Chloé Soto Minguez, Daniel Hardy, and Andrea Flossmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9713–9732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new in-cloud scavenging scheme is proposed. It is based on a microphysical model of cloud formation and may be applied to long-distance atmospheric transport models (> 100 km) and climatic models. This model is applied to the two most extreme precipitating cloud types in terms of both relative humidity and vertical extension: cumulonimbus and stratus.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Tuukka Petäjä, Máté Vörösmarty, Imre Salma, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Dominik van Pinxteren, Thomas Tuch, Kay Weinhold, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9515–9531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sources of airborne particles in the atmospheres of four European cities were distinguished by recognising their particle size distributions using a statistical procedure, positive matrix factorisation. The various sources responded differently to the changes in emissions associated with COVID-19 lockdowns, and the reasons are investigated. While traffic emissions generally decreased, particles formed from reactions of atmospheric gases decreased in some cities but increased in others.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amy H. Peace, Ying Chen, George Jordan, Daniel G. Partridge, Florent Malavelle, Eliza Duncan, and Jim M. Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9533–9553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural aerosols from volcanic eruptions can help us understand how anthropogenic aerosols modify climate. We use observations and model simulations of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption plume to examine aerosol–cloud interactions in September 2014. We find a shift to clouds with smaller, more numerous cloud droplets in the first 2 weeks of the eruption. In the third week, the background meteorology and previous conditions experienced by air masses modulate the aerosol perturbation to clouds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hua Lu, Min Xie, Bingliang Zhuang, Danyang Ma, Bojun Liu, Yangzhihao Zhan, Tijian Wang, Shu Li, Mengmeng Li, and Kuanguang Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8963–8982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To identify cloud, aerosol, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions from an air quality perspective, we summarized two pollution patterns characterized by denser liquid cloud and by obvious cloud radiation interaction (CRI). Numerical simulation experiments showed CRI could cause a 50 % reduction in aerosol radiation interaction (ARI) under a low-trough system. The results emphasized the nonnegligible role of CRI and its inhibition of ARI under wet and cloudy pollution synoptic patterns.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emilie Fons, Ann Kristin Naumann, David Neubauer, Theresa Lang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8653–8675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols can modify the liquid water path (LWP) of stratocumulus and, thus, their radiative effect. We compare storm-resolving model and satellite data that disagree on the sign of LWP adjustments and diagnose this discrepancy with causal inference. We find that strong precipitation, the absence of wet scavenging, and cloud deepening under a weak inversion contribute to positive LWP adjustments to aerosols in the model, despite weak negative effects from cloud-top entrainment enhancement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Muhammed Irfan, Thomas Kühn, Taina Yli-Juuti, Anton Laakso, Eemeli Holopainen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Annele Virtanen, and Harri Kokkola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8489–8506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study examines how the volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds affects secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and climate. Our simulations show that uncertainties in these volatilities influence aerosol mass and climate impacts. Accurate representation of these compounds in climate models is crucial for predicting global climate patterns.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Chaincy Kuo, Sophie Szopa, Pierre Nabat, Dirk Olivié, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, David Neubauer, Naga Oshima, Jane Mulcahy, Larry W. Horowitz, and Prodromos Zanis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7837–7872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a metric for estimating how human activities and natural agents change the energy flow into and out of the Earth’s climate system. We investigate the anthropogenic aerosol ERF, and we estimate the contribution of individual processes to the total ERF using simulations from Earth system models within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Our findings highlight that aerosol–cloud interactions drive ERF variability during the last 150 years.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qianqian Song, Paul Ginoux, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7421–7446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implement and simulate the distribution of eight dust minerals in the GFDL AM4.0 model. We found that resolving the eight minerals reduces dust absorption compared to the homogeneous dust used in the standard GFDL AM4.0 model that assumes a globally uniform hematite content of 2.7 % by volume. Resolving dust mineralogy results in significant impacts on radiation, land surface temperature, surface winds, and precipitation over North Africa in summer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Senyi Kong, Zheng Wang, and Lei Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6911–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The retrieval of refractive indices of dust aerosols from laboratory optical measurements is commonly done assuming spherical particles. This paper aims to investigate the uncertainties in the shortwave refractive indices and corresponding optical properties by considering non-spherical and inhomogeneous models for dust samples. The study emphasizes the significance of using non-spherical models for simulating dust aerosols.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wenxuan Hua, Sijia Lou, Xin Huang, Lian Xue, Ke Ding, Zilin Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6787–6807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we diagnose uncertainties in carbon monoxide and organic carbon emissions from four inventories for seven major wildfire-prone regions. Uncertainties in vegetation classification methods, fire detection products, and cloud obscuration effects lead to bias in these biomass burning (BB) emission inventories. By comparing simulations with measurements, we provide certain inventory recommendations. Our study has implications for reducing uncertainties in emissions in further studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chandrakala Bharali, Mary Barth, Rajesh Kumar, Sachin D. Ghude, Vinayak Sinha, and Baerbel Sinha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6635–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the role of atmospheric aerosols in winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India using WRF-Chem. The increase in RH with aerosol–radiation feedback (ARF) is found to be important for fog formation as it promotes the growth of aerosols in the polluted environment. Aqueous-phase chemistry in the fog increases PM2.5 concentration, further affecting ARF. ARF and aqueous-phase chemistry affect the fog intensity and the timing of fog formation by ~1–2 h.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peng Xian, Jeffrey S. Reid, Melanie Ades, Angela Benedetti, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo da Silva, Tom F. Eck, Johannes Flemming, Edward J. Hyer, Zak Kipling, Samuel Rémy, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Taichu Tanaka, Keiya Yumimoto, and Jianglong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6385–6411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study compares and evaluates monthly AOD of four reanalyses (RA) and their consensus (i.e., ensemble mean). The basic verification characteristics of these RA versus both AERONET and MODIS retrievals are presented. The study discusses the strength of each RA and identifies regions where divergence and challenges are prominent. The RA consensus usually performs very well on a global scale in terms of how well it matches the observational data, making it a good choice for various applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roger Teoh, Zebediah Engberg, Ulrich Schumann, Christiane Voigt, Marc Shapiro, Susanne Rohs, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6071–6093, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation contrails is comparable to that caused by CO2. We estimate that global contrail net RF in 2019 was 62.1 mW m−2. This is ~1/2 the previous best estimate for 2018. Contrail RF varies regionally due to differences in conditions required for persistent contrails. COVID-19 reduced contrail RF by 54% in 2020 relative to 2019. Globally, 2 % of all flights account for 80 % of the annual contrail energy forcing, suggesting a opportunity to mitigate contrail RF.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Haotian Zu, Biwu Chu, Yiqun Lu, Ling Liu, and Xiuhui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5823–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nucleation of iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2) was proven to be critical in marine areas. However, HIO3–HIO2 nucleation cannot effectively derive the rapid nucleation in some polluted coasts. We find a significant enhancement of dimethylamine (DMA) on the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation in marine and polar regions with abundant DMA sources, which may establish reasonable connections between the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation and the rapid formation of new particles in polluted marine and polar regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junghwa Lee, Patric Seifert, Tempei Hashino, Maximilian Maahn, Fabian Senf, and Oswald Knoth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5737–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral bin model simulations of an idealized supercooled stratiform cloud were performed with the AMPS model for variable CCN and INP concentrations. We performed radar forward simulations with PAMTRA to transfer the simulations into radar observational space. The derived radar reflectivity factors were compared to observational studies of stratiform mixed-phase clouds. These studies report a similar response of the radar reflectivity factor to aerosol perturbations as we found in our study.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Basudev Swain, Marco Vountas, Aishwarya Singh, Nidhi L. Anchan, Adrien Deroubaix, Luca Lelli, Yanick Ziegler, Sachin S. Gunthe, Hartmut Bösch, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5671–5693, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic amplification (AA) accelerates the warming of the central Arctic cryosphere and affects aerosol dynamics. Limited observations hinder a comprehensive analysis. This study uses AEROSNOW aerosol optical density (AOD) data and GEOS-Chem simulations to assess AOD variability. Discrepancies highlight the need for improved observational integration into models to refine our understanding of aerosol effects on cloud microphysics, ice nucleation, and radiative forcing under evolving AA.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Vincenzo Obiso, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Jan P. Perlwitz, Gregory L. Schuster, Susanne E. Bauer, Claudia Di Biagio, Paola Formenti, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Ron L. Miller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5337–5367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5337-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5337-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the dust direct radiative effect (DRE) in an Earth system model accounting for regionally varying soil mineralogy through a new observationally constrained method. Linking dust absorption at solar wavelengths to the varying amount of specific minerals (i.e., iron oxides) improves the modeled range of dust single scattering albedo compared to observations and increases the global cooling by dust. Our results may contribute to improved estimates of the dust DRE and its climate impact.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charlotte M. Beall, Po-Lun Ma, Matthew W. Christensen, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Adam Varble, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Takuro Michibata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5287–5302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single-layer warm liquid clouds cover nearly one-third of the Earth's surface, and uncertainties regarding the impact of aerosols on their radiative properties pose a significant challenge to climate prediction. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to constrain Earth system model estimates of the radiative forcing from the interactions of aerosols with clouds due to warm rain processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zijun Li, Angela Buchholz, and Noora Hyttinen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1182, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Evaluating organosulfur (OS) hygroscopicity is important for assessing the aerosol-cloud climate interactions in the post-fossil fuel future, when SO2 emissions decrease and OS compounds become increasingly important. Here, a state-of-the-art quantum-chemistry-based method was used to predict the hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of a group of atmospherically relevant OS compounds and their mixtures with AS. A good agreement was observed between their model-estimated and experimental HGFs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiaoli Wei, Qian Cui, Leiming Ma, Feng Zhang, Wenwen Li, and Peng Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5025–5045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new aerosol-type classification algorithm has been proposed. It includes an optical database built by Mie scattering and a complex refractive index working as a baseline to identify different aerosol types. The new algorithm shows high accuracy and efficiency. Hence, a global map of aerosol types was generated to characterize aerosol types across the five continents. It will help improve the accuracy of aerosol inversion and determine the sources of aerosol pollution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhiqiang Zhang, Ying Li, Haiyan Ran, Junling An, Yu Qu, Wei Zhou, Weiqi Xu, Weiwei Hu, Hongbin Xie, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4809–4826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) can exist in liquid, semi-solid, or amorphous solid states, which are rarely accounted for in current chemical transport models. We predict the phase state of SOA particles over China and find that in northwestern China SOA particles are mostly highly viscous or glassy solid. Our results indicate that the particle phase state should be considered in SOA formation in chemical transport models for more accurate prediction of SOA mass concentrations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alejandro Baró Pérez, Michael S. Diamond, Frida A.-M. Bender, Abhay Devasthale, Matthias Schwarz, Julien Savre, Juha Tonttila, Harri Kokkola, Hyunho Lee, David Painemal, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4591–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to study interactions between humid light-absorbing aerosol plumes, clouds, and radiation over the southeast Atlantic. We find that the warming produced by the aerosols reduces cloud cover, especially in highly polluted situations. Aerosol impacts on drizzle play a minor role. However, aerosol effects on cloud reflectivity and moisture-induced changes in cloud cover dominate the climatic response and lead to an overall cooling by the biomass burning plumes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sampa Das, Peter R. Colarco, Huisheng Bian, and Santiago Gassó
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4421–4449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The smoke aerosols emitted from vegetation burning can alter the regional energy budget via multiple pathways. We utilized detailed observations from the NASA ORACLES airborne campaign based in Namibia during September 2016 to improve the representation of smoke aerosol properties and lifetimes in our GEOS Earth system model. The improved model simulations are for the first time able to capture the observed changes in the smoke absorption during long-range plume transport.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jia Liu, Cancan Zhu, Donghui Zhou, and Jinbao Han
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1000, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrophilic coatings of aged black carbon (BC) particles absorb moisture during the hygroscopic growth process, but it is difficult to characterize how much water is absorbed under different relative humidities (RHs). In this study, we propose a method to obtain the water content in the coatings based on the equivalent complex refractive index retrieved from optical properties, and this method is verified from theoretical inspect. This method performs well for thickly coated BC at high RHs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jingmin Li, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Christof G. Beer, Ulrike Burkhardt, and Anja Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to understand underlying patterns and trends in aerosols, we characterize the spatial patterns and long-term evolution of lower tropospheric aerosols by clustering multiple aerosol properties from preindustrial times to the year 2050 under three SSP scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, David Barriopedro, Rosa Delia García, Silvia Alonso-Pérez, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, Ernest Werner, David Suárez, Juan José Bustos, Gerardo García-Castrillo, Omaira García, África Barreto, and Sara Basart
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4083–4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During February–March (FM) 2020–2022, unusually intense dust storms from northern Africa hit the western Euro-Mediterranean (WEM). Using dust products from satellites and atmospheric reanalysis for 2003–2022, results show that cut-off lows and European blocking are key drivers of FM dust intrusions over the WEM. A higher frequency of cut-off lows associated with subtropical ridges is observed in the late 2020–2022 period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yahui Che, Bofu Yu, and Katherine Bracco
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4105–4128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dust events occur more frequently during the Austral spring and summer in dust regions, including central Australia, the southwest of Western Australia, and the northern and southern regions of eastern Australia using remote sensing and reanalysis datasets. High-concentration dust is distributed around central Australia and in the downwind northern and southern Australia. Typically, around 50 % of the dust lifted settles on Australian land, with the remaining half being deposited in the ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathan Elsey, Nicolas Bellouin, and Claire Ryder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4065–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols influence the Earth's energy balance. The uncertainty in this radiative forcing is large depending partly on uncertainty in measurements of aerosol optical properties. We have developed a freely available new framework of millions of radiative transfer simulations spanning aerosol uncertainty and assess the impact on radiative forcing uncertainty. We find that reducing these uncertainties would reduce radiative forcing uncertainty, but non-aerosol uncertainties must also be considered.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jing Li, Nan Wu, Biwu Chu, An Ning, and Xiuhui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3989–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Iodic acid (HIO3) nucleates with iodous acid (HIO2) efficiently in marine areas; however, whether methanesulfonic acid (MSA) can synergistically participate in the HIO3–HIO2-based nucleation is unclear. We provide molecular-level evidence that MSA can efficiently promote the formation of HIO3–HIO2-based clusters using a theoretical approach. The proposed MSA-enhanced iodine nucleation mechanism may help us to deeply understand marine new particle formation events with bursts of iodine particles.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-840, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-840, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, East Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of one and a half decades. Here, we innovative used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize the dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth system, but also to reveal the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hao Wang, Xiaohong Liu, Chenglai Wu, and Guangxing Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3309–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different global- and regional-scale drivers of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission trends over the past 20 years. The results show that global greening trends significantly boost BVOC emissions and deforestation reduces BVOC emissions in South America and Southeast Asia. Elevated temperature in Europe and increased soil moisture in East and South Asia enhance BVOC emissions. The results deepen our understanding of long-term BVOC emission trends in hotspots.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christof G. Beer, Johannes Hendricks, and Mattia Righi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3217–3240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have important influences on cirrus clouds and the climate system; however, the understanding of their global impacts is still uncertain. We perform numerical simulations with a global aerosol–climate model to analyse INP-induced cirrus changes and the resulting climate impacts. We evaluate various sources of uncertainties, e.g. the ice-nucleating ability of INPs and the role of model dynamics, and provide a new estimate for the global INP–cirrus effect.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, Xiaohong Yao, and Mingjie Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3129–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are important for aerosol climatic effects but are poorly understood. For the first time, an online coupled regional chemistry–climate model is applied to explore the characteristics of emission, distribution, and direct and indirect radiative effects of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific, which reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in perturbing cloud and radiation and promotes understanding of global aerosol climatic impact.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yawen Liu, Yun Qian, Philip J. Rasch, Kai Zhang, Lai-yung Ruby Leung, Yuhang Wang, Minghuai Wang, Hailong Wang, Xin Huang, and Xiu-Qun Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3115–3128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fire management has long been a challenge. Here we report that spring-peak fire activity over southern Mexico and Central America (SMCA) has a distinct quasi-biennial signal by measuring multiple fire metrics. This signal is initially driven by quasi-biennial variability in precipitation and is further amplified by positive feedback of fire–precipitation interaction at short timescales. This work highlights the importance of fire–climate interactions in shaping fires on an interannual scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xu Feng, Loretta J. Mickley, Michelle L. Bell, Tianjia Liu, Jenny A. Fisher, and Maria Val Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2985–3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During severe wildfire seasons, smoke can have a significant impact on air quality in Australia. Our study demonstrates that characterization of the smoke plume injection fractions greatly affects estimates of surface smoke PM2.5. Using the plume behavior predicted by the machine learning method leads to the best model agreement with observed surface PM2.5 in key cities across Australia, with smoke PM2.5 accounting for 5 %–52 % of total PM2.5 on average during fire seasons from 2009 to 2020.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shiyi Lai, Ximeng Qi, Xin Huang, Sijia Lou, Xuguang Chi, Liangduo Chen, Chong Liu, Yuliang Liu, Chao Yan, Mengmeng Li, Tengyu Liu, Wei Nie, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2535–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By combining in situ measurements and chemical transport modeling, this study investigates new particle formation (NPF) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that the NPF was driven by the presence of biogenic gases and the transport of anthropogenic precursors. The NPF was vertically heterogeneous and shaped by the vertical mixing. This study highlights the importance of anthropogenic–biogenic interactions and meteorological dynamics in NPF in this climate-sensitive region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Adriana Rocha-Lima, Peter R. Colarco, Anton S. Darmenov, Edward P. Nowottnick, Arlindo M. da Silva, and Luke D. Oman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2443–2464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2443-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2443-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations show an increasing aerosol optical depth trend in the Middle East between 2003–2012. We evaluate the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model's ability to capture these trends and examine the meteorological and surface parameters driving dust emissions. Our results highlight the importance of data assimilation for long-term trends of atmospheric aerosols and support the hypothesis that vegetation cover loss may have contributed to increasing dust emissions in the period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marc Mallet, Aurore Voldoire, Fabien Solmon, Pierre Nabat, Thomas Drugé, and Romain Roehrig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-496, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the interactions between smoke aerosols and climate in tropical Africa using a coupled ocean-atmosphere-aerosol climate model. The work shows that smoke plumes have a significant impact by increasing the low cloud fraction, decreasing the ocean and continental surface temperature and by reducing the precipitation of the coastal Western Africa. It also highlights the key role of the ocean temperature response and its feedbacks for the September to November season.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, David M. Lawrence, Simone Tilmes, Erik Kluzek, Martina Klose, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2287–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a premier Earth system model to evaluate a new desert dust emission scheme proposed in our companion paper. We show that our scheme accounts for more dust emission physics, hence matching better against observations than other existing dust emission schemes do. Our scheme's dust emissions also couple tightly with meteorology, hence likely improving the modeled dust sensitivity to climate change. We believe this work is vital for improving dust representation in climate models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ruth A. R. Digby, Nathan P. Gillett, Adam H. Monahan, Knut von Salzen, Antonis Gkikas, Qianqian Song, and Zhibo Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2077–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The COVID-19 lockdowns reduced aerosol emissions. We ask whether these reductions affected regional aerosol optical depth (AOD) and compare the observed changes to predictions from Earth system models. Only India has an observed AOD reduction outside of typical variability. Models overestimate the response in some regions, but when key biases have been addressed, the agreement is improved. Our results suggest that current models can realistically predict the effects of future emission changes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinyue Shao, Minghuai Wang, Xinyi Dong, Yaman Liu, Wenxiang Shen, Stephen Arnold, Leighton Regayre, Meinrat Andreae, Mira Pöhlker, Duseong Jo, Man Yue, and Ken Carslaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-401, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-401, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). By explicitly coupling the chemical mechanism of HOMs and a comprehensive nucleation scheme in a global climate model. The updated model shows better agreement with measurements of nucleation rate, growth rate, NPF event frequency. Our results reveal that HOMs-driven NPF leads to a considerable increase in particle and cloud condensation nuclei burden globally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Eric C. Apel, Donald R. Blake, Karl Froyd, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Jose Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano Jost, Michael Lawler, Mingxu Liu, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Hitoshi Matsui, Benjamin A. Nault, Joyce E. Penner, Andrew W. Rollins, Gregory Schill, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Hailong Wang, Lu Xu, Kai Zhang, and Jialei Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1717–1741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies sulfur in the remote troposphere at global and seasonal scales using aircraft measurements and multi-model simulations. The goal is to understand the sulfur cycle over remote oceans, spread of model simulations, and observation–model discrepancies. Such an understanding and comparison with real observations are crucial to narrow down the uncertainties in model sulfur simulations and improve understanding of the sulfur cycle in atmospheric air quality, climate, and ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gargi Sengupta, Minjie Zheng, and Nønne L. Prisle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1467–1487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of organic acid aerosol on sulfur chemistry and cloud properties was investigated in an atmospheric model. Organic acid dissociation was considered using both bulk and surface-related properties. We found that organic acid dissociation leads to increased hydrogen ion concentrations and sulfate aerosol mass in aqueous aerosols, increasing cloud formation. This could be important in large-scale climate models as many organic aerosol components are both acidic and surface-active.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1489–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Residential wood combustion is a major source of fine particulate matter. This study has evaluated the contribution of residential wood combustion to fine particle concentrations and its year-to-year and seasonal variation in te Helsinki metropolitan area. The average concentrations attributed to wood combustion in winter were up to 10- or 15-fold compared to summer. Wood combustion caused 12 % to 14 % of annual fine particle concentrations. In winter, the contribution ranged from 16 % to 21 %.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arto Heitto, Cheng Wu, Diego Aliaga, Luis Blacutt, Xuemeng Chen, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Wei Huang, Radovan Krejci, Paolo Laj, Isabel Moreno, Karine Sellegri, Fernando Velarde, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaozhi Zha, Federico Bianchi, Marcos Andrade, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Claudia Mohr, and Taina Yli-Juuti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1315–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Particle growth at the Chacaltaya station in Bolivia was simulated based on measured vapor concentrations and ambient conditions. Major contributors to the simulated growth were low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs). Also, sulfuric acid had major role when volcanic activity was occurring in the area. This study provides insight on nanoparticle growth at this high-altitude Southern Hemispheric site and hence contributes to building knowledge of early growth of atmospheric particles.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steven Soon-Kai Kong, Saginela Ravindra Babu, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Stephen M. Griffith, Jackson Hian-Wui Chang, Ming-Tung Chuang, Guey-Rong Sheu, and Neng-Huei Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1041–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combined ground observations from 7-SEAS Dongsha Experiment, MERRA-2 reanalysis, and MODIS satellite images for evaluation and improvement of the CMAQ dust model for cases of East Asian Dust reaching the Taiwan region, including Dongsha in the western Pacific. We proposed a better CMAQ dust treatment over East Asia and for the first time revealed the impact of typhoons on dust transport.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Adams, J. M., Constable, J. V. H., Guenther, A. B., and Zimmerman, P.: An estimate of natural volatile organic compound emissions from vegetation since the last glacial maximum, Chemosphere – Glob. Change Sci., 3, 73–91, 2001.
Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4370, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001010, 2002.
Alfaro, S. C. and Gomes, L.: Modeling mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Emission intensities and aerosol size distributions in source areas, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18075–18084, 2001.
Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Hyötyläinen, T., Cavalli, F., and Laaksonen, A.: Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 315–327, 2006.
Amiro, B. D., Cantin, A., Flannigan, M. D., and de Groot, W. J.: Future emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires, Can. J. Forest Res., 39, 383–395, https://doi.org/10.1139/X08-154, 2009.
Anderson, T. R., Spall, S. A., Yool, A., Cipollini, P., Challenor, P. G., and Fasham, M. J. R.: Global fields of sea surface dimethylsulfide predicted from chlorophyll, nutrients and light, J. Marine Syst., 30, 1–20, 2001.
Andreae, M. O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A. A., Frank, G. P., Longo, K. M., and Silva-Dias, M. A. F.: Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science, 303, 1337–1342, 2004.
Andreae, M. O.: Aerosols before pollution, Science, 315(50–51), 5808, 2007.
Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth Sci. Rev., 89, 13-41, 2008.
Aragao, L. E. O. C., Malhi, Y., Barbier, N., Lima, A., Shimabukuro, Y., Anderson, L., and Saatchi, S.: Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 363, 1779–1785, 2008.
Archer, S.: Crucial uncertainties in predicting biological control of DMS emission, Environ. Chem., 4, 404–405, 2007.
Arimoto, R.: Aeolian dust and climate: relationships to sources, tropospheric chemistry, transport and deposition, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 29–42, 2001.
Ariya, P. A. and Amyot, M.: New directions: The role of bioaerosols in atmospheric chemistry and physics, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1231–1232, 2004.
Arneth, A., Niinemets, Ü., Pressley, S., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Karl, T., Noe, S., Prentice, I. C., Serça, D., Hickler, T., Wolf, A., and Smith, B.: Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31–53, 2007a.
Arneth, A., Miller, P. A., Scholze, M., Hickler, T., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., and Prentice, I. C.: CO2 inhibition of global terrestrial isoprene emissions: Potential implications for atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030615, 2007b.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, 2008.
Arnold, S. R., Spracklen, D. V., Williams, J., Yassaa, N., Sciare, J., Bonsang, B., Gros, V., Peeken, I., Lewis, A. C., Alvain, S., and Moulin, C.: Evaluation of the global oceanic isoprene source and its impacts on marine organic carbon aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1253–1262, 2009.
Arora, V. K. and Boer, G. J.: Fire as an interactive component of dynamic vegetation models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, G02008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000042, 2005.
Avise, J., Chen, J., Lamb, B., Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., Salathé, E., and Mass, C.: Attribution of projected changes in summertime US ozone and PM2.5 concentrations to global changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1111–1124, 2009.
Ayers, G. P. and Gras, J. L.: Seasonal relationship between cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol methanesulfonate in marine air, Nature, 353, 834–835, 1991.
Ayers, G. P. and Cainey, J. M.: The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments, Environ. Chem., 4, 366–374, 2007.
Ayers, G. P., Cainey, J. M., Gillett, R. W., and Ivey, J. P: Atmospheric sulphur and cloud condensation nuclei in marine air in the southern Hemisphere, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 352, 203–211, 1997.
Bachelet, D., Neilson, R. P., Hickler, T., Drapek, R. J., Lenihan, J. M., Sykes, M. T., Smith, B., Sitch, S., and Thonicke, K.: Simulating past and future dynamics of natural ecosystems in the United States, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1045, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001508, 2003.
Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Claquin, T., and Guibert, S.: Reevaluation of Mineral aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 81–95, 2007.
Barnes, I., Hjorth, J., Mihalopoulos, N., et al.: Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 106, 940–975, 2006.
Bauer, H., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Kasper-Giebl, A., Reischl, G., Zibuschka, F., and Puxbaum, H.: Airborne bacteria as cloud condensation nuclei, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4658, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003545, 2003.
Bauer, S. E. and Koch, D.: Impact of heterogeneous sulfate formation at mineral dust surfaces on aerosol loads and radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D17202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005870, 2005.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., et al.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, 2006.
Bergeron, Y. P. and Flannigan, M.: Predicting the effects of climate change on fire frequency in the southeastern Canada boreal forest, Water Air Soil Poll., 82, 437–444, 1995.
Bian, H. and Zender, C. S.: Mineral dust and global tropospheric chemistry: Relative roles of photolysis and heterogeneous uptake, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4672, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003143, 2003.
Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: The composition of fragments of bubbles bursting at the ocean surface, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009078, 2008.
Blain, S., Queguiner, B., Armand, L., et al.: Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the southern ocean, Nature, 446, 1070–1071, 2007.
Blanchard, D. C.: Sea-to-air transport of surface active material, Science, 146, 396–397, 1964.
Boers, R., Ayers, G. P., and Gras, J. L.: Coherence between seasonal-variation in satellite-derived cloud optical depth and boundary-layer CCN concentrations at a midlatitude southern-hemisphere station, Tellus B, 46, 123–131, 1994.
Bonn, B., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., et al.: How biogenic terpenes govern the correlation between sulfuric acid concentrations and new particle formation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009327, 2008.
Bonsang, B., Polle, C., Lambert, G., et al.: Evidence for marine production of isoprene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1129–1132, 1992.
Bopp, L., Kohfeld, K. E., Le Quere, C., et al.: Dust impact on marine biota and atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods, Paleoceanography, 18, 1046, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000810, 2003a.
Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Belviso, S., and Monfray, P.: Potential impact of climate change on marine dimethyl sulfide emissions, Tellus B, 55, 11–22, 2003b.
Bopp, L., Boucher, O., Aumont, O., Belviso, S., Dufresne, J. L., Monfray, P., and Pham, M.: Will marine dimethylsulfide emissions amplify or alleviate global warming?, Can. J. Marine Fish., 61, 826–835, 2004.
Boucher, O. and Pham, M.: History of sulfate aerosol radiative forcings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014048, 2002.
Boucher, O., Moulin, C., Belviso, S., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Cosme, E., von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Pham, M., Reddy, M. S., Sciare, J., and Venkataraman, C.: DMS atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study to the DMS source representation and oxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 49–65, 2003.
Boy, J. and Wilcke, W.: Tropical Andean forest derives calcium and magnesium from Saharan dust, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002960, 2008.
Boyd, P. W.: Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton processes in the southern ocean, J. Phycol., 38, 844–861, 2002.
Boyd, P. W. and Doney, S. C.: Modeling regional responses by marine pelagic ecosystems to global climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014130, 2002.
Boyd, P. W., Jickells, T., Law, C. S., et al.: Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993–2005: Synthesis and future directions, Science, 315, 612–617, 2007.
Brown, T., Hall, B., and Westerling, A.: The impact of twenty-first century climate change on wildland fire danger in the western United States: An applications perspective, Climatic Change, 62, 365–388, 2004.
Bryant, R. G., Bigg, G. R., Mahowald, N. M., Eckardt, F. D., and Ross, S. G.: Dust emission response to climate in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007025, 2007.
Bullard, J., Baddock, M., McTainsh, G., and Leys, J.: Sub-basin scale dust source geomorphology detected using MODIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL039928, 2008.
Burke, E. J., Brown, S. J., and Christidis, N.: Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the twenty-first century with the Hadley Centre Climate Model, J. Hydrometeor., 7, 1113–1125, 2006.
Butchart, N. and Scaife, A. A.: Removal of chloroflurocarbons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate, Nature, 410, 799–802, 2001.
Butchart, N., Scaife, A. A., Bourqui, M., de Grandpré, J., Hare, S. H. E., Kettleborough, J., Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Sassi, F., Shibata, K., Shindell, D., and Sigmond, M.: Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, Clim. Dynam., 27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4, 2006.
Caffrey, P. F., Hoppel, W. A., and Shi, J. J.: A one-dimensional sectional aerosol model integrated with mesoscale meteorological data to study marine boundary layer aerosol dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007237, 2006.
Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature, 425, 365–365, 2003.
Caldwell, M. M., Bornman, J. F., Ballaré, C. L., Flint, S. D., and Kulandaivelu, G.: Terrestrial ecosystems, increased solar ultraviolet radiation, and interactions with other climate change factors, Photoch. Photobio. Sci., 6, 252–266, 2007.
Cape, J. N.: Interactions of forests with secondary air pollutants: Some challenges for future research, Environ. Pollut., 155, 391–397, 2008.
Cardoso, M. F., Hurtt, G. C., Moore III, B., Nobre, C. A., and Prins, E. M.: Projecting future fire activity in Amazonia, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 656–669, 2003.
Carpenter, L. J., Liss, P. S., and Penkett, S. A.: Marine organohalogens in the atmosphere over the Atlantic and southern oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4256, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002769, 2003.
Cassar, N., Bender, M. L., Barnett, B. A., et al.: The southern ocean biological response to aeolian iron deposition, Science, 317, 1067–1070, 2007.
Cavalli, F., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., et al.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005137, 2004.
Ceburnis, D., O'Dowd, C. D., Jennings, G. S., Facchini, M. C., Emblico, L., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., and Sakalys, J.: Marine aerosol chemistry gradients: Elucidating primary and secondary processes and fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033462, 2008.
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E, Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.
Chen, Q., Farmer, D. K., Schneider, J., Zorn, S. R., et al.: Mass spectral characterization of submicron biogenic organic particles in the Amazon Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039880, 2009.
Chin, M. A. and Jacob, D. J.: Anthropogenic and natural contributions to tropospheric sulfate: A global model analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18691–18699, 1996.
Christner, B. C., Cai, R., Morris, C. E., et al.: Geographic, seasonal, and precipitation chemistry influence on the abundance and activity of biological ice nucleators in rain and snow, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 18854–18859, 2008.
Claquin, T., Schulz, M., and Balkanski, Y. J.: Modeling the mineralogy of atmospheric dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22243–22256, 1999.
Clarke, A. D., Owens, S. R., and Zhou, J.: An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006565, 2006.
Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Garnier, B., Johnson, C. E., Sanderson, M. G., and Stevenson, D. S.: Effect of stratosphere-troposphere exchange on future tropospheric ozone trend, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002617, 2003.
Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184–187, 2000.
Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Collins, M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C., and Jones, C. D.: Amazon forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 78, 137–156, 2004.
Cox, P. M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C., et al: Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution, Nature, 453, 212–215, 2008.
Cropp, R. A., Gabric, A. J., McTainsh, G. H., Braddock, R. D., and Tindale, N.: Coupling between ocean biota and atmospheric aerosols: Dust, dimethylsulphide, or artifact?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002436, 2005.
Curran, M. A. J., Van Ommen, T. D., Morgan, V. I., et al.: Ice core evidence for Antarctic sea ice decline since the 1950s, Science, 302, 1203–1206, 2003.
de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., et al.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005623, 2005.
DeMott, P. J., Sassen, K., Poellot, M. R., et al.:African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1732, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017410, 2003.
Dentener, F., Carmichael, G., Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crutzen, P.: Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22869–22889, 1996.
Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321–4344, 2006.
Driscoll, C. T., Lawrence, G. B., Bulger, A. J., et al.: Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies, BioScience, 51(3), 180–198, 2001.
Duhl, T. R., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review, Biogeosciences, 5, 761–777, 2008.
Elbert, W., Taylor, P. E., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4569–4588, 2007.
Erickson, D. J., Hernandez, J. L., Ginoux, P., Gregg, W. W., McClain, C., and Christian, J.: Atmospheric iron delivery and surface biological activity in the southern ocean and patagonian region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017241, 2003.
Fabian, P., Kohlpaintner, M., and Rollenbeck, R.: Biomass burning in the Amazon – fertilizer for the mountaineous rain forest in Ecuador, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 12(5), 290–296, 2005.
Fan, S.-M., Horowitz, L. W., Levy II, H., and Moxim, W. J.: Impact of air pollution on wet deposition of mineral dust aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018501, 2004.
Fan, S.-M., Moxim, W. J., and Levy II, H.: Aeolian input of bioavailable iron to the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024852, 2006.
Feichter, J., Roeckner, E., Lohmann, U., and Liepert, B.: Nonlinear aspects of the climate response to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing, J. Climate, 17, 2384–2398, 2004.
Feingold, G., Cotton, W. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., et al.: The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: Implications for cloud radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(24), 4100–4117, 1999.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 2000.
Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
Flannigan, M. D., Logan, K. A., Amiro, B. D., Skinner, W. R., and Stocks, B. J.: Future area burned in Canada, Climatic Change, 72, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5935-y, 2005.
Flannigan, M. and Van Wagner, C.: Climate change and wildfire in Canada, Can. J. Forest Res., 21, 66–72, 1991.
Flannigan, M., Stocks, B., and Wotton, B.: Climate change and forest fires, Sci. Total Environ., 262, 221–229, 2000.
Flannigan, M., Campbell, I., Wotton, M., Carcaillet, C., Richard, P., and Bergeron, Y.: Future fire in Canada's boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model – regional climate model simulations, Can. J. Forest Res., 31, 854–864, 2001.
Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., de Groot, W. J. et al.: Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 18, 483–507, 2009.
Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., et al.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 129–234, 2007.
Fuzzi, S., Andreae, M. O., Huebert, B. J., Kulmala, M., Bond, T. C., Boy, M., Doherty, S. J., Guenther, A., Kanakidou, M., Kawamura, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Lohmann, U., Russell, L. M., and Pöschl, U.: Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017–2038, 2006.
Gabric, A., Murray, N., Stone, L., and Kohl, M.: Modeling the production of Dimethylsulfide during a phytoplankton bloom, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22805–22816, 1993.
Gabric, A. J., Whetton, P. H., Boers, R., et al.: The impact of simulated climate change on the air-sea flux of dimethylsulphide in the subantarctic southern ocean, Tellus B, 50, 388–399, 1998.
Gabric, A. J., Whetton, P. H., Cropp, R., et al.: Dimethylsulphide production in the subantarctic southern ocean under enhanced greenhouse conditions, Tellus B, 53, 273–287, 2001.
Gabric, A. J., Cropp, R., Hirst, T., and Marchant, H.: The sensitivity of dimethyl sulfide production to simulated climate change in the eastern antarctic southern ocean, Tellus B, 55, 966–981, 2003.
Gabric, A. J., Simó, R., Cropp, R. A., Hirst, A. C., and Dachs, J.: Modeling estimates of the global emission of dimethylsulfide under enhanced greenhouse conditions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB2014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002183, 2004.
Gabric, A. J., Qu, B., Matrai, P., et al.: The simulated response of dimethylsulfide production in the arctic ocean to global warming, Tellus B, 57, 391–403, 2005.
Garcia, R. R. and Randel, W. J.: Acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation due to increases in greenhouse gases, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2731–2739, 2008.
Gauci, V., Dise, N. B., Howell, G., and Jenkins, M. E.: Suppression of rice methane emission by sulfate deposition in simulated acid rain, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G00A07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000501, 2008.
Geever, M., O'Dowd, C. D., van Ekeren, S., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, D. E., de Leeuw, G., and Rannik, Ü.: Submicron sea spray fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023081, 2005.
Generoso, S., Bréon, F.-M., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., and Schulz, M.: Improving the seasonal cycle and interannual variations of biomass burning aerosol sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1211–1222, 2003.
Gillett, N. P., Weaver, A. J., Zwiers, F. W., and Flannigan, M. D.: Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020876, 2004.
Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic carbon constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514–1521, 2007.
Gondwe, M., Krol, M., Gieskes, W., Klaassen, W., and de Baar, H.: The contribution of ocean-leaving DMS to the global atmospheric burdens of DMS, MSA, SO2, and NSS SO$_4^=$, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1056, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001937, 2003.
Gregg, W. W. and Conkright, M. E.: Decadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1730, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014689, 2002.
Griffin, D. W., Westphal, D. L., and Gray, M. A.: Airborne microorganisms in the African desert dust corridor over the mid-Atlantic ridge, Ocean Drilling Program, Leg 209, Aerobiologia, 22, 211–226, 2006.
Grini, A. and Zender, C. S.: Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the Puerto Rican Dust Experiment (PRIDE), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004233, 2004.
Gu, L., Baldocchi, D., Verma, S. B., Black, T. A., Vesala, T., Falge, E. M., and Dowty, P. R.: Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D6), 4050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001242, 2002.
Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Wofsy, S. C., Munger, J. W., Michalsky, J. J., Urbanski, S. P., and Boden, T. A.: Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis, Science, 299, 2035–2038, 2003.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., et al.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, 2006.
Gunson, J. R., Spall, S. A., Anderson, T. R., et al.: Climate sensitivity to ocean dimethylsulphide emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024982, 2006.
Häder, D.-P., Kumar, H. D., Smith, R. C., and Worrest, R. C.: Effects of solar UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobio. S., 6, 267–285, 2007.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5235, 2009.
Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for Measuring Ecosystems-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Env. Res., 10, 315–322, 2005.
Harrison, S. P., Kohfeld, K. E., Roelandt, C., and Claquin, T.: The role of dust in climate changes today, at the last glacial maximum and in the future, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 43–80, 2001.
Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513–543, 2000.
Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Russell, L. M., et al.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023831, 2005.
Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Turquety, S., et al.: Concentrations and sources of organic carbon aerosols in the free troposphere over North America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007705, 2006a.
Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., et al.: Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006847, 2006b.
Heald, C. L., Henze, D. K., Horowitz, L. W., et al.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009092, 2008.
Heald, C. L., Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., et al.: Response of isoprene emission to ambient CO2 changes and implications for global budgets, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1127–1140, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01802.x, 2009.
Heald, C. L. and Spracklen, D. V.: Atmospheric budget of primary biological aerosol particles from fungal sources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037493, 2009.
Highwood, E. J., Haywood, J. M., Silverstone, M. D., Newman, S. M., and Taylor, J. P.: Radiative properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust measured by the C-130 aircraft during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE). 2: terrestrial spectrum, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8578, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002552, 2003.
Hoelzemann, J., Schultz, M., Brasseur, G., Granier, C., and Simon, M.: Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003666, 2004.
Hoose, C., Lohmann, U., Erdin, R., and Tegen, I.: The global influence of dust mineralogical composition on heterogeneous ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds, Env. Res. Lett., 3, 025003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025003, 2008.
Jaenicke, R.: Abundance of cellular material and proteins in the atmosphere, Science, 308, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106335, 2005.
Jaffe, D., Hafner, W., Chand, D., Westerling, A., and Spracklen, D.: Interannual variations in PM2.5 due to Wildfires in the Western United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(8), 2812–2818, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702755v, 2008.
Jiang X., Wiedinmyer, C., Chen, F., Yang, Z.-L., and Lo, J. C.-F.: Predicted impacts of climate and land use change on surface ozone in the Houston, Texas, area, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009820, 2008.
Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308(5718), 67–71, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105959, 2005.
Johnson, D., Utembe, S. R., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., Hayman, G. D., Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., and McFiggans, G.: Simulating regional scale secondary organic aerosol formation during the TORCH 2003 campaign in the southern UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 403–418, 2006.
Jones, A. M. and Harrison, R. M.: The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations – a review, Sci. Total Environ., 326, 151–180, 2004.
Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., Woodage, M. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Indirect sulphate aerosolforcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20293–20310, 2001.
Jones, A., Haywood, J. M., and Boucher, O.: Aerosol forcing, climate response and climate sensitivity in the Hadley Centre climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008688, 2007.
Joutsensaari, J., Loivamäki, M., Vuorinen, T., Miettinen, P., Nerg, A.-M., Holopainen, J. K., and Laaksonen, A.: Nanoparticle formation by ozonolysis of inducible plant volatiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1489–1495, 2005.
Jung, E. and Shao, Y.: An intercomparison of four wet deposition schemes used in dust transport modeling, Global Planet. Change, 52, 248–260, 2006.
Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, 2005.
Kaplan, J. O., Folberth, G., and Hauglustaine, D. A.: Role of methane and biogenic volatile organic compound sources in late glacial and Holocene fluctuations of atmospheric methane concentrations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002590, 2006.
Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Tanré, D., Ginoux, P., and Fan, S.: Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-MODIS spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004436, 2005.
Keene, W. C., Maring, H., Maben, J. R., Kieber, D. J., Pszenny, A. A. P., Dahl, E. E., Izaguirre, M. A., Davis, A. J., Long, M. S., Zhou, X. L., Smoydzin, L., and Sander, R.: Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008464, 2007.
Kerminen, V., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023130, 2005.
Kloster, S., Feichter, J., Maier-Reimer, E., Six, K. D., Stier, P., and Wetzel, P.: DMS cycle in the marine ocean-atmosphere system – a global model study, Biogeosciences, 3, 29–51, 2006.
Kloster, S., Six, K. D., Feichter, J., Maier-Reimer, E., Roeckner, E., Wetzel, P., Stier, P., and Esch, M.: Response of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the ocean and atmosphere to global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G03005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000224, 2007.
Koch, D., Park, J., and Del Genio, A.: Clouds and sulfate are anticorrelated: A new diagnostic for global sulfur models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4781, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003621, 2003.
Koga, T. and Tanaka, H.: Modeling the methansulphonate to non-sea-salt sulfate molar ratio and dimethylsulfide oxidation in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13735–13747, 1999.
Kohfeld, K. E. and Harrison, S. P.: The geologic record of dust, Earth Sci. Rev., 54, 81–114, 2001.
Kohfeld, K. E., Le Quéré, C., Harrison, S. P., and Anderson, R. F.: Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles, Science, 308, 74–78, 2005.
Korhonen, H., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., and Woodhouse, M. T.: Influence of oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and seasonality over the remote southern hemisphere oceans: A global model study, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009718, 2008.
Korhonen, H., Carslaw, K. S., Forster, P. M., et al.: Aerosol climate feedback due to decadal increases in southern hemisphere wind speeds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041320, 2010.
Krinner, G., Boucher, O., and Balkanski, Y.: Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow, Clim. Dynam., 27, 613–625, 2006.
Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023637, 2005.
Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Pirjola, L.: Parameterizations for sulfuric acid/water nucleation rates, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8301–8307, 1998.
Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Reissell, A., Rannik, Ü., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Hakola, H., Bäck, J., Hoffmann, T., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 557–562, 2004a.
Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143–176, 2004b.
Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Laaksonen, A., et al.: Overview of the BACCI (Biosphere-Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions) studies, Tellus B, 60, 300–317, 2008.
Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Carslaw, K. S., Pöschl, U., Baltensperger, U., Hov, Ø., Brenquier, J.-L., Pandis, S. N., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825–2841, 2009.
Kurtén, T., Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Suni, T., Reissell, A., Vehkamäki, H., Hari, P., Laaksonen, A., Viisanen, Y., and Vesala, T.: Estimation of different forest-related contributions to the radiative balance using observations in southern Finland, Boreal Env. Res., 8, 275–285, 2003.
Laaksonen, A., Kulmala, M., O'Dowd, C. D., Joutsensaari, J., Vaattovaara, P., Mikkonen, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P., Petäjä, T., Sogachev, A., Yoon, Y. J., Lihavainen, H., Nilsson, D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Hoffmann, T., Arnold, F., Hanke, M., Sellegri, K., Umann, B., Junkermann, W., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Riekkola, M.-L., Hyötyläinen, T., and Viisanen, Y.: The role of VOC oxidation products in continental new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2657–2665, 2008.
Langmann, B., Scannell, C., and O'Dowd, C.: New Directions: Organic matter contribution to marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7821–7822, 2008.
Larsen, S. H.: Solar variability, dimethyl sulphide, clouds, and climate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002333, 2005.
Larsen, S. H.: Comment on "Analysis of a potential" solar radiation dose-dimethylsulfide-cloud condensation nuclei "link from globally mapped seasonal correlations" by S. M. Vallina et al., Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003013, 2008.
Lathière, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Krinner, G., and Folberth, G. A.: Past and future changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions simulated with a global dynamic vegetation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024164, 2005.
Lathière, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G. A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129–2146, 2006.
Laurance, W. F. and Williamson, G. B.: Positive feedbacks among forest fragmentation, drought, and climate change in the Amazon, Conserv. Biol., 15, 1529–1535, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01093.x, 2001.
Lawrence, M. G.: An empirical-analysis of the strength of the phytoplankton-dimethylsulfide-cloud-climate feedback cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20663–20673, 1993.
Le Quéré, C. L., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., et al.: Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models, Global Change Biol., 11, 2016–2040, 2005.
Le Quéré, C., Rodenbeck, C., Buitenhuis, E. T., et al.: Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change, Science, 316, 1735–1738, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136188, 2007.
Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Source and evolution of the marine aerosol – A new perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023651, 2005.
Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: A modified aerosol-cloud-climate feedback hypothesis, Environ. Chem., 4, 400–403, 2007.
Lee, Y. H., Chen, K., and Adams, P. J.: Development of a global model of mineral dust aerosol microphysics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2441–2458, 2009.
Legrand, M.: Ice-core records of atmospheric sulphur, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 352(1350), 241–250, 1997.
Levin, Z., Ganor, E., and Gladstein, V.: The effect of desert particles coated with sulfate on rain formation in the Eastern Mediterranean, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1511–1523, 1996.
Levis S., Wiedinmyer, C., Bonan, G. B., and Guenther, A.: Simulating biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the Community Climate System Model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4659, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003203, 2003.
Lewis, E. R. and Schwartz, S. E.: Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models: A Critical Review, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J.: Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols: sensitivity to key variables, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31637–31645, 1998.
Liao, H., Adams, P. J., Chung, S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Mickley, L. J., and Jacob, D. J.: Interactions between tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in a unifed general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001260, 2003.
Liao, H., Chen, W.-T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of climate change in global predictions of future tropospheric ozone and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006852, 2006.
Lighthart, B. and Sharffer, B. T.: Bacterial flux from chaparral into the atmosphere in the mid-summer at a high desert location, Atmos. Environ., 28, 1267–1274, 1994.
Lindemann, J., Constantinidou, H. A., Barchet, W. R., and Upper, C. D.: Plants as sources of airborne bacteria including ice nucleation active bacteria, Applied Env. Microbiol., 44, 1059–1063, 1982.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, 2005.
Loreto, F., Pinelli, P., Manes, F., and Kollist, H.: Impact of ozone on monoterpene emissions and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action of monoterpenes emitted by Quercus ilex leaves, Tree Physiol., 24, 361–367, 2004.
Lucas, D. D. and Prinn, R. G.: Sensitivities of gas-phase dimethylsulfide oxidation products to the assumed mechanisms in a chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005386, 2005.
Mahowald, N. M., Artaxo, P., Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Okin, G. S., Randerson, J. T., and Townsend, A. R.: Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use change on Amazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002541, 2005.
Mahowald, N., Jickells, T. D., Baker, A. R., et al.: Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003240, 2008.
Mahowald, N. M. and Luo, C.: A less dusty future?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1903, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017880, 2003.
Mahowald, N. M., Zender, C. S., Luo, C., Savoie, D., Torres, O., and del Corral, J.: Understanding the 30-year Barbados desert dust record, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4561, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002097, 2002.
Mahowald, N. M., Muhs, D. R., Levis, S., Rasch, P. J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C. S., and Luo, C.: Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006653, 2006.
Manktelow, P. T., Carslaw, K. S., Mann, G. W., and Spracklen, D. V.: The impact of dust on sulfate aerosol, CN and CCN during an East Asian dust storm, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 365–382, 2010.
Marlon, J. R., Bartlein, P. J., Carcaillet, C., Gavin, D. G., Harrison, S. P., Higuera, P. E., Joos, F., Power, M. J., and Prentice, I. C.: Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia, Nat. Geosci., 1, 697–702, 2008.
Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415–16430, 1995.
Martensson, E. M., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L. H., and Hansson, H. C.: Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4297, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002263, 2003.
Martin, J. H.: Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis, Paleoceanography, 5, 1–13, 1990.
Mbourou, G. N., Bertrand, J. J., and Nicholson, S. E.: The diurnal and seasonal cycles of wind-borne dust over Africa north of the Equator, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 868–882, 1997.
Mencuccini, M., Borghetti, M., Berbigier, P., et al.: The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests, Nature, 447, 849–851, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05847, 2007.
Mentel, Th. F., Wildt, J., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kleist, E., Tillmann, R., Dal Maso, M., Fisseha, R., Hohaus, Th., Spahn, H., Uerlings, R., Wegener, R., Griffiths, P. T., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Wahner, A.: Photochemical production of aerosols from real plant emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4387–4406, 2009.
Mercado, L. M., Bellouin, N., Sitch, S., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., and Cox, P.: Changing contribution of diffuse radiation to the global land carbon sink, Nature, 458, 1014–1018, 2009.
Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601–8616, 2009.
Meskhidze, N., Chameides, W. L., Nenes, A., and Chen, G.: Iron mobilization in mineral dust: Can anthropogenic SO2 emissions affect ocean productivity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018035, 2003.
Meskhidze, N. and Nenes, A.: Phytoplankton and cloudiness in the southern ocean, Science, 314, 1419–1423, 2006.
Miller, R. L. and Tegen, I.: Climate response to soil dust aerosols, J. Climate, 11, 3247–3267, 1998.
Miller, M. A. and Yuter, S. E.: Lack of correlation between chlorophyll a and cloud droplet effective radius in shallow marine clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034354, 2008.
Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Davey, M., LaRoche, J., and Geider, R.: Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Nature, 429, 292–294, 2004.
Morcrette, J.-J., Beljaars, A., Benedetti, A., Jones, L., and Boucher, O.: Sea-salt and dust aerosols in the ECMWF IFS model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24813, https://doi.org/10.1028/2008GL036041, 2008.
Moriondo, M., Good, P., Durao, R., Bindi, M., Giannakopoulos, C., and Corte-Real, J.: Potential impact of climate change on fire risk in the Mediterranean area, Climate Res., 31, 85–95, 2006.
Moulin, C. and Chiapello, I.: Impact of human-induced desertification on the intensification of Sahel dust emission and export over the last decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025923, 2006.
Murphy, D. M., Thomson, D. S., and Mahoney, M. J.: In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers, Science, 282, 1664–1668, 1998.
Myhre, G. and Stordal, F.: Global sensitivity experiments of the radiative forcing due to mineral aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18193–18204, 2001.
Mönkkönen, P., Koponen, I. K., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Uma, R., Srinivasan, D., Hämeri, K., and Kulmala, M.: Death of nucleation and Aitken mode particles: Observations at extreme atmospheric conditions and their theoretical explanation, J. Aerosol Sci. 35, 781–787, 2004.
Nepstad, D., Lefebvre, P., Da Silva, U. L., Tomasella, J., Schlesinger, P., Solorzano, L., Moutinho, P., Ray, D., and Benito, J. G.: Amazon drought and its implications for forest flammability and tree growth: a basin-wide analysis, Global Change Biol., 10, 704–717, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00772.x, 2004.
Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159–5174, 2007.
Niemeyer, T. C., Gillette, D. A., Deluisi, J. J., Kim, Y. J., Niemeyer, W. G., Ley, T., Gill, T. E., and Ono, D.: Optical depth, size distribution and flux of dust from Owen's Lake, California, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 24, 463–479, 1999.
Nilsson, E. D., Mårtensson, E. M., Van Ekeren, J. S., de Leeuw, G., Moerman, M., and O'Dowd, C.: Primary marine aerosol emissions: size resolved eddy covariance measurements with estimates of the sea salt and organic carbon fractions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 13345–13400, 2007.
Novakov, T., Corrigan, C. E., Penner, J. E., et al.: Organic aerosols in the Caribbean trade winds: A natural source? J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21307–21313, 1997.
O'Dowd, C. D. and Smith, M. H.: Physicochemical properties of aerosols over the Northeast Atlantic – Evidence for wind-speed-related submicron sea-salt aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1137–1149, 1993.
O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., et al.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676–680, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02959, 2004.
O'Dowd, C. D., Jimenez, J. L., Bahreini, R., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Hämeri, K., Pirjola, L., Kulmala, K., Jennings, S. G., and Hoffmann, T.: Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions, Nature, 417, 632–636, 2002.
O'Dowd, C. D., Langmann, B., Varghese, S., Scannell, C., Ceburnis, D., and Facchini, M. C.: A combined organic-inorganic sea-spray source function, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030331, 2008.
O'Dowd, C. D., Aalto, P., Hameri, K., Kulmala, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Atmospheric particles from organic vapours, Nature, 416, 497–497, 2002.
Oman, L., Robock, A., Stenchikov, G. L., and Thordarson, T.: High-latitude eruptions cast shadow over the african monsoon and the flow of the Nile, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027665, 2006.
Palmer, P. I. and Shaw, S. L.: Quantifying global marine isoprene fluxes using MODIS chlorophyll observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022592, 2005.
Palmer, P. I., Abbot, D. S., Fu, T. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006689, 2006.
Pegoraro, E., Abrell, L., Van Haren, J., Barron-Gafford, G., Grieve, K. A., Malhi, Y., Murthy, R., and Lin, G. H.: The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought on sources and sinks of isoprene in a temperate and tropical rainforest mesocosm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1234–1246, 2005.
Penner, J. E., Andreae, M., Annegarn, H., Barrie, L., Feichter, J., Hegg, D., Jayaraman, A., Leaitch, R., Murphy, D., Nganga, J., and Pitari, G.: Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., and Xiaosu, D., Cambridge University Press, UK, chapter 5, 289–348, 2001.
Petroff, A., Maillet, A., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F.: Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part I: Review of present knowledge, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3652–3653, 2008.
Pham, M., Boucher, O., and Hauglustaine, D.: Changes in atmospheric sulfur burdens and concentrations and resulting radiative forcings under IPCC SRES emission scenarios for 1990–2100, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005125, 2005.
Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006186, 2006.
Pio, C. A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., et al.: Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008038, 2007.
Polymenakou, P. N., Mandalakis, M., Stephanou, E. G., et al.: Particle size distribution of airborne microorganisms and pathogens during an intense African dust event in the eastern Mediterranean, Environ. Health Persp., 116(3), 292–296, 2008.
Possell, M, Hewitt, C. N., and Beerling, D. J.: The effects of glacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate on isoprene emissions by vascular plants, Global Change Biol., 11, 60–69, 2005.
Posselt, R. and Lohmann, U.: Influence of Giant CCN on warm rain processes in the ECHAM5 GCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3769–3788, 2008.
Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D. Kreidenweis, S. M., et al.: Wet season ice nuclei budget in the Amazon Basin: Biogenic emissions and Saharan dust, Nature Geosciences, 2, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO517, 2009.
Price, C. and Rind, D.: The impact of a $2{\times}CO2$ climate on lightning-caused fires, J. Climate, 7, 1484–1494, 1994.
Prospero, J. M. and Lamb, P. J.: African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean: climate change implications, Science, 302, 1024–1027, 2003.
Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S. E., and Gill, T. E.: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40, 1–31, 2002.
Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., et al.: Chemical mass closure and assessment of the origin of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 141–168, 2000.
Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Baum, E., Doubleday, N., Fiore, A. M., Flanner, M., Fridlind, A., Garrett, T. J., Koch, D., Menon, S., Shindell, D., Stohl, A., and Warren, S. G.: Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1723–1735, 2008.
Raes, F.: Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulating mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary-layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2893–2903, 1995.
Raisanen, T., Ryyppo, A., and Kellomaki, S.: Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on monoterpene emission of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Atmos. Environ., 42, 4160–4171, 2008.
Randerson, J. T., Liu, H., Flanner, M. G., Chambers, S. D., Jin, Y., Hess, P. G., Pfister, G., Mack, M. C., Treseder, K. K., Welp, L. R., Chapin, F. S., Harden, J. W., Goulden, M. L., Lyons, E., Neff, J. C., Schuur, E. A. G., and Zender, C. S.: The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming, Science 314, 1130–1132, 2006.
Read, K. A., Mahajan, A. S., Carpenter, L. J., et al.: Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 453, 1232–1235, 2008.
Robock, A.: Pinatubo eruption: The climatic aftermath, Science, 295, 1242–1244, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069903, 2002.
Roelofs, G. J.: A GCM study of organic matter in marine aerosol and its potential contribution to cloud drop activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 709–719, 2008.
Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., Lahav, R., et al.: Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5975–5980, 2001.
Rosenstiel, T. N., Potosnak, M. J., Griffin, K. L., Fall, R., and Monson, R. K.: Increased CO2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem, Nature, 421, 256–259, 2003.
Running, S. W.: Is global warming causing more, larger wildfires?, Science, 313, 927–928, 2006.
Sanderson, M. G., Jones, C. D., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Effect of climate change on isoprene emissions and surface ozone levels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1936, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017642, 2003.
Schepanski, K., Tegen I., Laurent, B., Heinold, B., and Macke, A.: A new Saharan dust source activation frequency map derived from MSG-SEVIRI IR-channels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030168, 2007.
Schlesinger, W. H. and Hartley, A. E.: A global budget for atmospheric NH3, Biogeochemistry, 15, 191–211, 1992.
Schultz, M. G., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J., Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., Goldammer, J. G., Held, A. C., Pereira, J. M. C., and van het Bolscher, M.: Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003031, 2008.
Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions combining production and release from storage, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3409–3423, 2009.
Sciare, J., Kanakidou, M., Mihalopoulos, N., et al.: Diurnal and seasonal variation of atmospheric dimethylsulfoxide at Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17257–17265, 2000a.
Sciare, J., Mihalopoulos, N., Dentener, F. J., et al.: Interannual variability of atmospheric dimethylsulfide in the southern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26369–26377, 2000b.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, 1998.
Sharkey, T. D., Loreto, F., and Delwiche, C. F.: High-carbon dioxide and sun shade effects on isoprene emission from oak and aspen tree leaves, Plant Cell Environ., 14, 333–338, 1991.
Shaw, G. E.: Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycle, Climatic Change, 5, 297–303, 1983.
Shaw, G. E., Benner, R. L., Cantrell, W., and Clarke, A. D.: The regulation of climate: A sulfate particle feedback loop involving deep convection – An editorial essay, Clim. Change, 39, 23–33, 1998.
Shindell, D. T., Faluvegi, G., Bauer, S. E., Koch, D. M., Unger, N., Menon, S., Miller, R. L., Schmidt, G. A., and Streets, D. G.: Climate response to projected changes in shortlived species under an A1B scenario from 2000–2050 in the GISS climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008753, 2007.
Simo, R. and Pedros-Alio, C.: Role of vertical mixing in controlling the oceanic production of dimethyl sulphide, Nature, 402, 396–399, 1999.
Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., et al.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Glob. Change Biol., 14(9), 2015–2039, 2008.
Soden, B. J., Wetherald, R. T., Stenchikov, G. L., and Robock, A.: Global cooling following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo: A test of climate feedback by water vapor, Science, 296, 727–730, 2002.
Sokolik, I. N. and Toon, O. B.: Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols, Nature, 381, 681–683, https://doi.org/10.1038/381681a0, 1996.
Sokolik, I. N., Toon, O. B., Bergstrom, R. W., et al.: Modeling the radiative characteristics of airborne mineral dust aerosols at infrared wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8813–8826, 1998.
Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., and Wooster, M.: The importance of fire in the Earth System: Simulation models, EO data and future prospects, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 10, EGU2008-A-02530, 2008.
Son, S. W., Polvani, L. M., Waugh, D. W., Akiyoshi, H., et al.: The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet, Science, 320, 1486–1489, 2008.
Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2227–2252, 2005.
Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Mann, G. W., and Sihto, S.-L.: The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5631–5648, 2006.
Spracklen, D. V., Logan, J. A., Mickley, L. J., Park, R. J., Yevich, R., Westerling, A. L., and Jaffe, D.: Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16816, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030037, 2007a.
Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Mann, G. W., Manktelow, P., and Heintzenberg, J.: Evaluation of a global aerosol microphysics model against size-resolved particle statistics in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2073–2090, 2007b.
Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Sihto, S.-L., Riipinen, I., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., and Lihavainen, H.: Contribution of particle formation to global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L06808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL033038, 2008a.
Spracklen, D. V., Bonn, B., and Carslaw, K. S.: Boreal Forests, Aerosols and the Impacts on Clouds and Climate, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A., 366, 4613–4626, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0201, 2008b.
Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., Sciare, J., Carslaw, K. S., and Pio, C.: Globally significant oceanic source of organic carbon aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12811,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033359, 2008c.
Spracklen, D. V., Mickley, L. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., Yevich, R., Flannigan, M. D., and Westerling, A. L.: Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D20301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010966, 2009.
Stefels, J., Steinke, M., Turner, S., et al.: Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modelling, Biogeochemistry, 83, 245–275, 2007.
Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, 2005.
Stocks, B., Fosberg, M., Lynham, T., Mearns, L., Wotton, B., Yang, Q., Jin, J., Lawrence, K., Hartley, G., Mason, J., and McKenney, D.: Climate change and forest fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests, Clim. Change, 38, 1–13, 1998.
Sunda, W., Kieber, D. J, Kiene, R. P., et al.: An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae, Nature, 418, 317–320, 2002.
Swap, R., Garstang, M., Greco, S., Talbot., R., and Kallberg, P.: Saharan dust in the Amazon basin, Tellus B, 44(2) 133–149, 1992.
Tagaris, E., Liao, K.-J., Manomaiphiboon, K., Woo, J.-H., He, S., Amar, P., and Russell, A. G.: Impacts of future climate change and emissions reductions on nitrogen and sulfur deposition over the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033477, 2008.
Tegen, I. and Fung, I.: Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from land surface modification, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18707–18726, 1995.
Tegen, I., Lacis, A. A., and Fung, I.: The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils, Nature, 380, 419–422, https://doi.org/10.1038/380419a0, 1996.
Tegen, I., Harrison, S. P., Kohfeld, K., Prentice, I. C., Coe, M., and Heimann, M.: Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4576, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000963, 2002.
Tegen, I., Werner, M., Harrison, S. P., and Kohfeld, K. E.: Relative importance of climate and land use in determining present and future global soil dust emission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019216, 2004.
Thordarson, T. and Larsen, G.: Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history, J. Geodynamics, 43, 118–152, 2007.
Thordarson, T. and Self, S.: Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002042, 2003.
Todd, M. C., Washington, R., Martins, J. V., Dubovnik, O., Lizcano, G., M'Bainayel, S., and Engelstaedter, S.: Mineral dust emission from the Bodele Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007170, 2007.
Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 41(22), 4682–4692, 2007.
Tsigaridis, K., Lathière, J., Kanakidou, M., and Hauglustaine, D. A.: Naturally driven variability in the global secondary organic aerosol over a decade, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1891–1904, 2005.
Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kerminen, V. M., Strom, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312(5771), 261–263, 2006a.
Tunved, P., Korhonen, H., Strom, J., Hansson, H. C., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: Is nucleation capable of explaining observed aerosol integral number increase during southerly transport over Scandinavia?, Tellus B, 58, 129–140, 2006b.
Tunved, P., Ström, J., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Svenningson, B., Lunder, C., and Hansson, H.-C.: The natural aerosol over Northern Europe and its relation to anthropogenic emissions – Implications of important climate feedbacks, Tellus B, 60, 473–484, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00363.x, 2008.
Turner, D. P., Baglio, J. V., Wones, A. G., and Pross, D.: Climate change and isoprene emission from vegetation, Chemosphere, 23(1), 37–56, 1991.
Underwood, G. M., Song, C. H., Phadnis, M., Carmichael, G. R., and Grassian, V. H.: Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and HNO3 on oxides and mineral dust: A combined laboratory and modelling study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18055–18066, 2001.
Usher, C. R., Al-Hosney, H., Carlos-Cuellar, S., and Grassian, V. H.: A laboratory study of the heterogeneous uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide on mineral dust particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002051, 2002.
Vaattovaara, P., Huttunen, P. E., Yoon, Y. J., Joutsensaari, J., Lehtinen, K. E. J., O'Dowd, C. D., and Laaksonen, A.: The composition of nucleation and Aitken modes particles during coastal nucleation events: evidence for marine secondary organic contribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4601–4616, 2006.
Valdes, P. J., Beerling, D. J., and Johnson, C. E.: The ice age methane budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021004, 2005.
Vallina, S. M. and Simo, R.: Re-visiting the CLAW hypothesis, Environ. Chem., 4, 384–387, 2007a.
Vallina, S. M. and Simo, R.: Strong relationship between DMS and the solar radiation dose over the global surface ocean, Science, 315, 506–508, 2007b.
Vallina, S. M., Simó, R., and Gassó, S.: What controls CCN seasonality in the Southern Ocean? A statistical analysis based on satellite-derived chlorophyll and CCN and model-estimated OH radical and rainfall, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002597, 2006.
Vallina, S. M., Simó, R., Gassó, S., de Boyer-Montégut, C., del Río, E., Jurado, E., and Dachs, J.: Analysis of a potential "solar radiation dose-dimethylsulfide-cloud condensation nuclei" link from globally mapped seasonal correlations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002787, 2007a.
Vallina, S. M., Simo, R., and Manizza, M.: Weak response of oceanic dimethylsulfide to upper mixing shoaling induced by global warming, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 16004–16009, 2007b.
Vallina, S. M., Simo, R., Anderson, T. R., Gabric, A., Cropp, R., and Pacheco, J. M.: A dynamic model of oceanic sulfur (DMOS) applied to the Sargasso Sea: Simulating the dimethylsulfide (DMS) summer paradox, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G01009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000415, 2008.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Gobron, N., and Dolman, A. J.: Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003122, 2008.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Giglio, L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Arellano, A. F., Olsen, S. C., and Kasischke, E. S.: Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period, Science, 303, 73–76, 2004.
Velikova, V., Pinelli, P., Pasqualini, S., Reale, L., Ferranti, F., and Loreto, F.: Isoprene decreases the concentration of nitric oxide in leaves exposed to elevated ozone, New Phytol., 166, 634, 419–426, 2005.
Verheggen, B., Simo, R., Anderson, T. R., Gabric, A., et al.: alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates, and yield, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6046–6051, 2007.
Vogt, M., Steinke, M., Turner, S., Paulino, A., Meyerhöfer, M., Riebesell, U., LeQuéré, C., and Liss, P.: Dynamics of dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphide under different CO2 concentrations during a mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 5, 407–419, 2008.
Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006.
von Glasow, R.: A look at the CLAW hypothesis from an atmospheric chemistry point of view, Environ. Chem., 4, 379–381, 2007.
Warneck, P.: Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, 2nd edn., Academic Press, San Diego, California, 2000.
Washington, R., Todd, M., Middleton, N. J., and Goudie, A. S.: Dust-storm source areas determined by the total ozone monitoring spectrometer and surface observations, Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geog., 93, 297–313, 2003.
Washington, R., Todd, M. C., Lizcano, G., et al.: Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodele Depression, Chad, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025827, 2006.
Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J.: A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734–2745, 1980.
Weisenstein, D., Bekki, S., Mills, M., Pitari, G., and Timmreck, C.: Modeling of stratospheric aerosols, in: Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), SPARC Report No. 4 WMO/TD- No. 1295, 219–272, 2006.
Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R., and Swetnam, T. W.: Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity, Science, 313, 943, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128834, 2006.
Westerling, A. and Bryant, B.: Climate change and wild fire in California, Climatic Change, 87, S231–S249, 2008.
Wiedinmyer, C., Tie, X., Guenther, A., Neilson, R., and Granier, C.: Future changes in biogenic isoprene emissons: How might they affect regional and global atmospheric chemistry, Earth Interactions, 10, 1–19, 2006.
Wingenter, O. W., Haase, K. B., Zeigler, M., et al.: Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05710, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028139, 2007.
Winiwarter, W., Bauer, H., Caseiro, A., et al.: Quantifying emissions of primary biological aerosol particle mass in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 43(7), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.037, 2009.
Woodward, S.: Modeling the atmospheric life cycle and radiative impact of mineral dust in the Hadley Centre climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18155–18166, 2001.
Woodward, S., Roberts, D. L., and Betts, R. A.: A simulation of the effect of climate change-induced desertification on mineral dust aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023482, 2005.
Woodhouse, M. T., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., and Boucher, O.: New Directions: The impact of oceanic iron fertilization on cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5728–5730, 2008.
Woodhouse, M. T., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., et al.: Low sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to changes in the sea-air flux of dimethyl-sulphide, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., submitted, 2010.
Wotton, B. and Flannigan, M.: Length of the fire season in a changing climate, Forest. Chron., 69, 187–192, 1993.
Wu, J., Rember, R., and Cahill, C.: Dissolution of aerosol iron in the surface waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans as determined by a semicontinuous flow-through reactor method, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002851, 2007.
Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Leibensperger, E. M., Jacob, D. J., Rind, D., and Streets, D. G.: Effects of 2000-2050 global change on ozone air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008917, 2008.
Yassaa, N., Peeken, I., Zollner, E., Bluhm, K., Arnold, S., Spracklen, D., and Williams, J.: Evidence for marine production of monoterpenes, Environ. Chem., 5, 391–401, 2008.
Zender, C. S., Newman, D., and Torres, O.: Spatial heterogeneity in aeolian erodibility: uniform, topographic, geomorphic and hydrologic hypotheses, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003039, 2003.
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., et al.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007a.
Zhang, H., McFarquhar, G. M., Saleeby, S. M., and Cotton, W. R.: Impacts of Saharan dust as CCN on the evolution of an idealized tropical cyclone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029876, 2007b.
Zhang, R. Y., Suh, I., Zhao, J., et al.: Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids, Science, 304, 1487–1490, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095139, 2004.
Zoppas, B., Valencia-Barrera, R. M., Duso, S. M. V., et al.: Fungal spores prevalent in the aerosol of the city of Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, over a 2-year period (2001–2002), Aerobiologia, 22, 119–126, 2006.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint