Articles | Volume 23, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Assessment of the impacts of cloud chemistry on surface SO2 and sulfate levels in typical regions of China
Jianyan Lu
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of
Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese
Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Sunling Gong
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of
Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese
Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological
Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau
University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
Jian Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of
Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese
Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Jianmin Chen
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and
Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Fudan Tyndall Centre, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, China
Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern
Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
Lei Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of
Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese
Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Chunhong Zhou
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of
Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese
Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Related authors
Jian-yan Lu, Sunling Gong, Chun-hong Zhou, Jian Zhang, Jian-min Chen, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A regional online chemical weather model WRF/ CUACE was used to assess the contributions of cloud chemistry to the SO2 and sulfate levels in typical regions in China. The cloud chemistry scheme in CUACE was evaluated, and well reproduces the cloud chemistry processes. During cloud availability in a heavy pollution episode, the sulfate production increases 40–80 % and SO2 reduces over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the over-estimate phenomenon of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Jian Zhang, Chunhong Zhou, Xiaoyu Shen, Hong Wang, and Xiaoye Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4127, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4127, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
To quantitatively investigate the influence of ice nuclei (IN) activated by dust aerosols on cloud and precipitation during a typical dust-affected precipitation event in China, this study enhances the GRAPES/CUACE model by incorporating an online-aerosol–IN nucleation scheme, which can not only modify the spatial distribution and density of IN and distribution of hydrometeors, but also ultimately improve precipitation simulation by 15 % through modulating the distribution of precipitation.
Qianqian Gao, Guochao Chen, Xiaohui Lu, Jianmin Chen, Hongliang Zhang, and Xiaofei Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous lakes are shrinking due to climate change and human activities, releasing pollutants from dried lakebeds as dust aerosols. The health risks remain unclear. Recently, Poyang and Dongting Lakes faced record droughts, exposing 99 % and 88 % of their areas. We show lakebed dust can raise PM10 to 637.5 μg/m³ and exceed non-carcinogenic (HQ=4.13) and Cr carcinogenic (~2.10×10⁻⁶) risk thresholds, posing growing health threats.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12775–12792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger number of microbes from anthropogenic and soil emissions, whereas saprophytic and gut microbes were predominant in marine samples. Mixed air masses indicated a fusion of marine and terrestrial aerosols, characterized by alterations in the ratio of pathogenic and saprophytic microbes when compared to either terrestrial or marine samples.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
Wenxing Jia, Xiaoye Zhang, Hong Wang, Yaqiang Wang, Deying Wang, Junting Zhong, Wenjie Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lifeng Guo, Yadong Lei, Jizhi Wang, Yuanqin Yang, and Yi Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6833–6856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6833-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6833-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In addition to the dominant role of the PBL scheme on the results of the meteorological field, many factors in the model are influenced by large uncertainties. This study focuses on the uncertainties that influence numerical simulation results (including horizontal resolution, vertical resolution, near-surface scheme, initial and boundary conditions, underlying surface update, and update of model version), hoping to provide a reference for scholars conducting research on the model.
Wenxing Jia, Xiaoye Zhang, Hong Wang, Yaqiang Wang, Deying Wang, Junting Zhong, Wenjie Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lifeng Guo, Yadong Lei, Jizhi Wang, Yuanqin Yang, and Yi Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6635–6670, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Most current studies on planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes are relatively fragmented and lack systematic in-depth analysis and discussion. In this study, we comprehensively evaluate the performance capability of the PBL scheme in five typical regions of China in different seasons from the mechanism of the scheme and the effects of PBL schemes on the near-surface meteorological parameters, vertical structures of the PBL, PBL height, and turbulent diffusion.
Qianqian Gao, Shengqiang Zhu, Kaili Zhou, Jinghao Zhai, Shaodong Chen, Qihuang Wang, Shurong Wang, Jin Han, Xiaohui Lu, Hong Chen, Liwu Zhang, Lin Wang, Zimeng Wang, Xin Yang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaofei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13049–13060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Dust aerosols are mainly generated by wind erosion, which may have some chemical selectivity. Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM2.5) aerosols. In addition, estimation of heavy metal emissions from dust generation by air quality models may have errors without using proper dust profiles.
Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Huizheng Che, Yangmei Zhang, Chunhong Zhou, Ke Gui, Wanyun Xu, Quan Liu, Junting Zhong, Can Xia, Xinyao Hu, Sinan Zhang, Jialing Wang, Shuo Liu, Jiayuan Lu, Aoyuan Yu, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8241–8257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8241-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8241-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation (NPF) events occur when the dust episodes' fade is analysed based on long-term measurement of particle number size distribution. Analysis shows that the observed formation and growth rates are approximately 50 % of and 30 % lower than those of other NPF events. As a consequence of the uptake of precursor gases on mineral dust, the physical and chemical properties of submicron particles, as well as the ability to be cloud condensation nuclei, can be changed.
Jinlong Ma, Shengqiang Zhu, Siyu Wang, Peng Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4311–4325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An updated version of the CMAQ model with biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from MEGAN was applied to study the impacts of different land cover inputs on O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in China. The estimated BVOC emissions ranged from 25.42 to 37.39 Tg using different leaf area index (LAI) and land cover (LC) inputs. Those differences further induced differences of 4.8–6.9 ppb in O3 concentrations and differences of 5.3–8.4 µg m−3 in SOA concentrations in China.
Yiqun Lu, Yingge Ma, Dan Dan Huang, Shengrong Lou, Sheng'ao Jing, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Hui Chen, Yunhua Chang, Naiqiang Yan, Jianmin Chen, Christian George, Matthieu Riva, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3233–3245, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-containing oxygenated organic molecules have been identified as important precursors of aerosol particles. We used an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with an online sample inlet to accurately measure their molecular composition, concentration level and variation patterns. We show their formation process and influencing factors in a Chinese megacity involving various volatile organic compound precursors and atmospheric oxidants, and we highlight the influence of PM2.5 episodes.
Yu Han, Tao Wang, Rui Li, Hongbo Fu, Yusen Duan, Song Gao, Liwu Zhang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2877–2900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Limited knowledge is available on volatile organic compound (VOC) multi-site research of different land-use types at city level. This study performed a concurrent multi-site observation campaign on the three typical land-use types of Shanghai, East China. The results showed that concentrations, sources and ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs varied with the land-use types.
Jian-yan Lu, Sunling Gong, Chun-hong Zhou, Jian Zhang, Jian-min Chen, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A regional online chemical weather model WRF/ CUACE was used to assess the contributions of cloud chemistry to the SO2 and sulfate levels in typical regions in China. The cloud chemistry scheme in CUACE was evaluated, and well reproduces the cloud chemistry processes. During cloud availability in a heavy pollution episode, the sulfate production increases 40–80 % and SO2 reduces over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the over-estimate phenomenon of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Tao Wang, Yangyang Liu, Hanyun Cheng, Zhenzhen Wang, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, and Liwu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13467–13493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study compared the gas-phase, aqueous-phase, and heterogeneous SO2 oxidation pathways by combining laboratory work with a modelling study. The heterogeneous oxidation, particularly that induced by the dust surface drivers, presents positive implications for the removal of airborne SO2 and formation of sulfate aerosols. This work highlighted the atmospheric significance of heterogeneous oxidation and suggested a comparison model to evaluate the following heterogeneous laboratory research.
Lei Li, Yevgeny Derimian, Cheng Chen, Xindan Zhang, Huizheng Che, Gregory L. Schuster, David Fuertes, Pavel Litvinov, Tatyana Lapyonok, Anton Lopatin, Christian Matar, Fabrice Ducos, Yana Karol, Benjamin Torres, Ke Gui, Yu Zheng, Yuanxin Liang, Yadong Lei, Jibiao Zhu, Lei Zhang, Junting Zhong, Xiaoye Zhang, and Oleg Dubovik
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3439–3469, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3439-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3439-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A climatology of aerosol composition concentration derived from POLDER-3 observations using GRASP/Component is presented. The conceptual specifics of the GRASP/Component approach are in the direct retrieval of aerosol speciation without intermediate retrievals of aerosol optical characteristics. The dataset of satellite-derived components represents scarce but imperative information for validation and potential adjustment of chemical transport models.
Ke Gui, Wenrui Yao, Huizheng Che, Linchang An, Yu Zheng, Lei Li, Hujia Zhao, Lei Zhang, Junting Zhong, Yaqiang Wang, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7905–7932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7905-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7905-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the aerosol optical and radiative properties and meteorological drivers during two mega SDS events over Northern China in March 2021. The MODIS-retrieved DOD data registered these two events as the most intense episode in the same period in history over the past 20 years. These two extreme SDS events were associated with both atmospheric circulation extremes and local meteorological anomalies that favor enhanced dust emissions in the Gobi Desert.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Chenglong Zhang, Valéry Catoire, Fengxia Bao, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Likun Xue, Jianmin Chen, Keding Lu, Yong Zhao, Hengde Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3149–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were conducted at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m above sea level). We proposed a rapid vertical air mass exchange between the foot and the summit level, which enhances the role of HONO in the oxidizing capacity of the upper boundary layer. Kinetics for aerosol-derived HONO sources were constrained. HONO formation from different paths was quantified and discussed.
Huan Zhang, Sunling Gong, Lei Zhang, Jingwei Ni, Jianjun He, Yaqiang Wang, Xu Wang, Lixin Shi, Jingyue Mo, Huabing Ke, and Shuhua Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2221–2236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study established a multi-model simulation system for street-level circulation and pollutant tracking and applied to real building scenarios and atmospheric conditions. Results showed that for a particular site the potential contribution ratio varies with the height of the site, with a peak not at the ground but at a certain height. This work is of significance for urban planning and improvement of urban air quality.
Wei Sun, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Feng Jiang, Xiufeng Lian, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinhui Bi, Duohong Chen, Jianmin Chen, Xinming Wang, Jie Ou, Ping'an Peng, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16631–16644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled cloud water at a remote mountain site and investigated the molecular characteristics. CHON and CHO are dominant in cloud water. No statistical difference in the oxidation state is observed between cloud water and interstitial PM2.5. Most of the formulas are aliphatic and olefinic species. CHON, with aromatic structures and organosulfates, are abundant, especially in nighttime samples. The in-cloud and multi-phase dark reactions likely contribute significantly.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Ke Gui, Huizheng Che, Yu Zheng, Hujia Zhao, Wenrui Yao, Lei Li, Lei Zhang, Hong Wang, Yaqiang Wang, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15309–15336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilized the globally gridded aerosol extinction data from CALIOP during 2007–2019 to investigate the 3D climatology, trends, and meteorological drivers of tropospheric type-dependent aerosols. Results revealed that the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free troposphere contribute 62.08 % and 37.92 %, respectively, of the global tropospheric TAOD. Trends in
CALIOP-derived aerosol loading, in particular those partitioned in the PBL, can be explained to a large extent by meteorology.
Letizia Abis, Carmen Kalalian, Bastien Lunardelli, Tao Wang, Liwu Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Sébastien Perrier, Benjamin Loubet, Raluca Ciuraru, and Christian George
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12613–12629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaf litter have been investigated by means of a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber. The diversity of emitted VOCs increased also in the presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaf litter was exposed to both UV light and ozone, indicating a potential contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales.
Zhenzhen Wang, Di Wu, Zhuoyu Li, Xiaona Shang, Qing Li, Xiang Li, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan, Huiling Ouyang, Xu Tang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12227–12241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study firstly investigates the composition of sugars in the fine fraction of aerosol over three sites in southwest China. The result suggested no significant reduction in biomass burning emissions in southwest Yunnan Province to some extent. The result shown sheds light on the contributions of biomass burning and the characteristics of biogenic saccharides in these regions, which could be further applied to regional source apportionment models and global climate models.
Rui Li, Yilong Zhao, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, Meng Peng, and Chunying Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8677–8692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a random forest model, the strict lockdown measures significantly decreased primary components such as Cr (−67 %) and Fe (−61 %) in PM2.5 (p < 0.01), whereas the higher relative humidity (RH) and NH3 level and the lower air temperature (T) remarkably enhanced the production of secondary aerosol including SO42− (29 %), NO3− (29 %), and NH4+ (21 %) (p < 0.05). The natural experiment suggested that the NH3 emission should be strictly controlled.
Jinlong Ma, Juanyong Shen, Peng Wang, Shengqiang Zhu, Yu Wang, Pengfei Wang, Gehui Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7343–7355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown, mainly from the transportation and industrial sectors, PM2.5 decreased significantly in the whole Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and its major cities. However, the contributions and relative importance of different source sectors and regions changed differently, indicating that control strategies should be adjusted accordingly for further pollution control.
Sunling Gong, Hongli Liu, Bihui Zhang, Jianjun He, Hengde Zhang, Yaqiang Wang, Shuxiao Wang, Lei Zhang, and Jie Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2999–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Surface concentrations of PM2.5 in China have had a declining trend since 2013 across the country. This research found that the control measures of emission reduction are the dominant factors in the PM2.5 declining trends in various regions. The contribution by the meteorology to the surface PM2.5 concentrations from 2013 to 2019 was not found to show a consistent trend, fluctuating positively or negatively by about 5% on the annual average and 10–20% for the fall–winter heavy-pollution seasons.
Xiaona Shang, Ling Li, Xinlian Zhang, Huihui Kang, Guodong Sui, Gehui Wang, Xingnan Ye, Hang Xiao, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1037–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidative stress can be used to evaluate not only adverse health effects but also adverse ecological effects. However, little research uses eco-toxicological assay to assess the risks posed by particle matter to non-human biomes. One important reason might be that the concentration of toxic components of atmospheric particles is far below the high detection limit of eco-toxic measurement. To solve the rapid detection problem, we extended a VACES for ecotoxicity aerosol measurement.
Lei Zhang, Sunling Gong, Tianliang Zhao, Chunhong Zhou, Yuesi Wang, Jiawei Li, Dongsheng Ji, Jianjun He, Hongli Liu, Ke Gui, Xiaomei Guo, Jinhui Gao, Yunpeng Shan, Hong Wang, Yaqiang Wang, Huizheng Che, and Xiaoye Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 703–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Development of chemical transport models with advanced physics and chemical schemes is important for improving air-quality forecasts. This study develops the chemical module CUACE by updating with a new particle dry deposition scheme and adding heterogenous chemical reactions and couples it with the WRF model. The coupled model (WRF/CUACE) was able to capture well the variations of PM2.5, O3, NO2, and secondary inorganic aerosols in eastern China.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Cited articles
Alexander, B., Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., and Gong, S.: Transition
metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the
sulfur budget, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02309,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010486, 2009.
Binkowski, F. S. and Roselle, S. J.: Models-3 Community Multiscale Air
Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 1. Model description, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4183,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001409, 2003.
Buchard, V., da Silva, A. M., Colarco, P., Krotkov, N., Dickerson, R. R., Stehr, J. W., Mount, G., Spinei, E., Arkinson, H. L., and He, H.: Evaluation of GEOS-5 sulfur dioxide simulations during the Frostburg, MD 2010 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1929–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1929-2014, 2014.
Caffrey, P., Hoppel, W., Frick, G., Pasternack, L., Fitzgerald, J., Hegg,
D., Gao, S., Leaitch, R., Shantz, N., Albrechcinski, T., and Ambrusko, J.:
In-cloud oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2: Cloud chamber measurements and
modeling of particle growth, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
106, 27587–27601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900844, 2001.
Cao, J., Qiu, X., Gao, J., Wang, F., Wang, J., Wu, J., and Peng, L.: Significant decrease in SO2 emission and enhanced atmospheric oxidation trigger changes in sulfate formation pathways in China during 2008–2016, J. Clean. Product., 326, 129396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clepro.2021.129396, 2021.
Chang, J. S., Brost, R. A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Madronich, S., Middleton, P.,
Stockwell, W. R., and Walcek, C. J.: A three-dimensional eulerian acid
deposition model physical concepts and formulation, J. Geophys.
Res., 92, 14681–14700, https://doi.org/10.1029/jd092id12p14681, 1987.
Chapman, E. G., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Easter, R. C., Barnard, J. C., Ghan, S. J., Pekour, M. S., and Fast, J. D.: Coupling aerosol-cloud-radiative processes in the WRF-Chem model: Investigating the radiative impact of elevated point sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-945-2009, 2009.
Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales,
J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. D., Hansen, J. E., and Hofmann, D. J.: Climate forcing by anthropogenic
aerosols, Science, 255, 423–423,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5043.423, 1992.
Chen, F., and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0587:caalsh>2.0.co;2, 2001.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Zheng, B., Wang, Z., Gao, M., Zhang,
Q., He, K., and Carmichael, G.: Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water
as asource of sulfate during haze events in China, Sci. Adv., 2,
e1601530, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601530, 2016.
Chou, M. D., and Suarez, M. J.: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models, NASA Tech. Memorandum 104606 – Vol. 3, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 1994.
Dovrou, E., Rivera-Rios, J. C., Bates, K. H., and Keutsch, F. N.: Sulfate
Formation via Cloud Processing from Isoprene Hydroxyl Hydroperoxides
(ISOPOOH), Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 12476–12484,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04645, 2019.
Emery, C., Tai, E., and Yarwood, G.: Enhanced meteorological modeling and
performance evaluation for two Texas ozone episodes, Corpus ID 127579774, Biology, 2001.
Faloona, I., Conley, S. A., Blomquist, B., Clarke, A. D., Kapustin, V.,
Howell, S., Lenschow, D. H., and Bandy, A. R.: Sulfur dioxide in the
tropical marine boundary layer: dry deposition and heterogeneous oxidation
observed during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment, J.
Atmos. Chem., 63, 13–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-010-9155-0,
2010.
Fan, D., Ye. Y., and Wang, W.: Air Pollution Control and Public
Health: Evidence from “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” in
China, Stat. Res., 38, 60–74,
https://doi.org/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2021.09.005, 2010.
Gao, M., Carmichael, G. R., Wang, Y., Ji, D., Liu, Z., and Wang, Z.:
Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern
China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2, Front.
Environ. Sci. Eng., 10, 11,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0878-2, 2016.
Ge, W., Liu, J., Yi, K., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Ma, J., Wang, X., Wan, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., and Tao, S.: Influence of atmospheric in-cloud aqueous-phase chemistry on the global simulation of SO2 in CESM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16093–16120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16093-2021, 2021.
Ge, W., Liu, J., Xiang, S., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J., Hu, X., Ma, J., Wang, X.,
Wan, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., and Tao, S.: Improvement and
uncertainties of global simulation of sulfate concentration and radiative
forcing in CESM2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127,
e2022JD037623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037623, 2022.
Gen, M., Zhang, R., Huang, D. D., Li, Y., and Chan, C. K.: Heterogeneous
Oxidation of SO(2) in Sulfate Production during Nitrate Photolysis at 300
nm: Effect of pH, Relative Humidity, Irradiation Intensity, and the Presence
of Organic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 8757–8766,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01623, 2019a.
Gen, M., Zhang, R., Huang, D. D., Li, Y., and Chan, C. K.: Heterogeneous SO2
Oxidation in Sulfate Formation by Photolysis of Particulate Nitrate,
Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 6, 86–91,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00681, 2019b.
Georgiou, G. K., Christoudias, T., Proestos, Y., Kushta, J., Hadjinicolaou, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Air quality modelling in the summer over the eastern Mediterranean using WRF-Chem: chemistry and aerosol mechanism intercomparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1555–1571, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1555-2018, 2018.
Gong, S. L. and Zhang, X. Y.: CUACE/Dust – an integrated system of observation and modeling systems for operational dust forecasting in Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2333–2340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2333-2008, 2008.
Gong, S. L., Barrie, L. A., Blanchet, J. P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U.,
Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L. M., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R.,
Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A
size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and
air quality models 1. Module development, J. Geophys. Res.,
108, 4007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd002002, 2003.
Grell, G. A.: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 764–787, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:peoaub>2.0.co;2, 1993.
Guo, J., Wang, Y., Shen, X., Wang, Z., Lee, T., Wang, X., Li, P., Sun, M.,
Jeffrey, L., Collett, J., Wang, W., and Wang, T.: Characterization of cloud
water chemistry at Mount Tai, China: Seasonal variation, anthropogenic
impact, and cloud processing, Atmos. Environ., 60, 467–476,
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.016, 2012.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu,
Z., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Elucidating severe
urban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 17373–17378,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419604111, 2014.
Harris, E., Sinha, B., van Pinxteren, D., Tilgner, A., Fomba, K. W.,
Schneider, J., Roth, A., Gnauk, T., Fahlbusch, B., Mertes, S., Lee, T.,
Collett, J., Foley, S., Borrmann, S., Hoppe, P., and Herrmann, H.: Enhanced
role of transition metal ion catalysis during in-cloud oxidation of SO2,
Science, 340, 727–730, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230911, 2013.
He, J. and Zhang, Y.: Improvement and further development in CESM/CAM5: gas-phase chemistry and inorganic aerosol treatments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9171–9200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9171-2014, 2014.
He, J., Zhang, Y., Glotfelty, T., He, R., Bennartz, R., Rausch, J., and
Sartelet, K.: Decadal simulation and comprehensive evaluation of CESM/CAM5.1
with advanced chemistry, aerosol microphysics, and aerosol-cloud
interactions, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 110–141,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ms000360, 2015.
Hong, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y., Tong, D., and He, K.: Multi-year downscaling application of two-way coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over east Asia for regional climate and air quality modeling: model evaluation and aerosol direct effects, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2447–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2447-2017, 2017a.
Hong, C., Zhang, Q., He, K., Guan, D., Li, M., Liu, F., and Zheng, B.: Variations of China's emission estimates: response to uncertainties in energy statistics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1227–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1227-2017, 2017b.
Huang, L., An, J., Koo, B., Yarwood, G., Yan, R., Wang, Y., Huang, C., and Li, L.: Sulfate formation during heavy winter haze events and the potential contribution from heterogeneous SO2 + NO2 reactions in the Yangtze River Delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14311–14328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14311-2019, 2019.
Hung, H. M., Hsu, M. N., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Quantification of SO2
Oxidation on Interfacial Surfaces of Acidic Micro-Droplets: Implication for
Ambient Sulfate Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9079–9086,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01391, 2018.
IIbusuki, T. and Takeuchi, K.: Sulfur dioxide oxidation by oxygen catalyzed
by mixtures of manganese(II) and iron(III) in aqueous solutions at
environmental reaction conditions, Atmos. Environ., 21, 1555–1560,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90317-9, 1987.
Ivanova, I. T. and Leighton, H. G.: Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in a
Mesoscale Model. Part II: Sensitivity to Aqueous-Phase Chemistry, J.
Atmos. Sci., 65, 309–330,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2276.1, 2008.
Janjić, Z. I.: The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure, Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 927–945, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:tsmecm>2.0.co;2, 1994.
Ke, H., Gong, S., He, J., Zhou, C., Zhang, L., and Zhou, Y.: Assessment of
Open Biomass Burning Impacts on Surface PM2.5 Concentration, Chi. Acad.
Meteorol. Sci., 31, 105–116,
https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20200110, 2020.
Kong, L., Feng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Li, C., Qu, Y., An, J., Liu, X., Tan, Q., Cheng, N., Deng, Y., Zhai, R., and Wang, Z.: Elucidating the pollution characteristics of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium in PM2.5 in Chengdu, southwest China, based on 3-year measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11181–11199, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11181-2020, 2020.
Kotarba, A. Z.: Calibration of global MODIS cloud amount using CALIOP cloud profiles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4995–5012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4995-2020, 2020.
Leighton, H. G. and Ivanova, I. T.: Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in a
Mesoscale Model. Part I: Sensitivity to Activation and
Collision–Coalescence, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 289–308,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2207.1, 2008.
Lelieveld, J. and Heintzenberg, J.: Sulfate cooling effect on climate
through in-cloud oxidation of anthropogenic SO2, Science, 258, 117–120,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5079.117, 1992.
Li, J.: Microphysical Characteristics and S(IV) Multiphase Chemical Reaction
Mechanism of Orographic Clouds, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Environmental
Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 113 pp., 2020.
Li, J., Wang, X., Chen, J., Zhu, C., Li, W., Li, C., Liu, L., Xu, C., Wen, L., Xue, L., Wang, W., Ding, A., and Herrmann, H.: Chemical composition and droplet size distribution of cloud at the summit of Mount Tai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9885–9896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9885-2017, 2017.
Li, J., Zhu, C., Chen, H., Fu, H., Xiao, H., Wang, X., Herrmann, H., and
Chen, J.: A More Important Role for the Ozone-S(IV) Oxidation Pathway Due to
Decreasing Acidity in Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
125, e2020JD033220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd033220, 2020a.
Li, J., Zhu, C., Chen, H., Zhao, D., Xue, L., Wang, X., Li, H., Liu, P., Liu, J., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Herrmann, H., Li, K., Liu, M., and Chen, J.: The evolution of cloud and aerosol microphysics at the summit of Mt. Tai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020b.
Li, M., Liu, H., Geng, G., Hong, C., Liu, F., Song, Y., Tong, D., Zheng, B.,
Cui, H., Man, H., Zhang, Q., and He, K.: Anthropogenic emission inventories
in China: a review, Nat. Sci. Rev., 4, 834–866,
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx150, 2017.
Li, P.: Fog Water Chemistry and Fog-Haze Transformation in Shanghai, Ph.D.
thesis, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan
University, 133 pp., 2011.
Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model, J. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065–1092, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:bpotsf>2.0.co;2, 1983.
Liu, S. C., McKeen, S. A., Hsie, E. Y., Lin, X., Kelly, K. K., Bradshaw, J.
D., Sandholm, S. T., Browell, E. V., Gregory, G. L., Sachse, G. W., Bandy,
A. R., Thornton, D. C., Blake, D. R., Rowland, F. S., Newell, R., Heikes, B.
G., Singh, H., and Talbot, R. W.: Model study of tropospheric trace species
distributions during PEM-WEST A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2073–2085,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02277, 1996.
Liu, T., Chan, A. W. H., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Multiphase Oxidation of
Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in
Polluted Environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4227–4242,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06496, 2021.
Lu, X., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Ding, D., Wu, Y., Wang, S.,
Duan, L., and Hao, J.: Progress of Air Pollution Control in China and Its
Challenges and Opportunities in the Ecological Civilization Era,
Engineering, 6, 1423–1431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.014, 2020.
Maahs, H. G.: Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of S(IV) by Ozone in
Aqueous Solution With Particular Reference to SO2 Conversion in Nonurban
Tropospheric Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 88,
10721–10732, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC15p10721, 1983.
Martin, G. M., Johnson D. W., and Spice A., The measurement and
parameterization of effective radius in warm stratocumulus cloud, J. Atmos.
Sci., 51, 1823–1842, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Martin, L. R. and Good, T. W.: Catalyzed oxidation of sulfur dioxide in
solution: The iron-manganese synergism, Atmos. Environ., 25,
2395–2399, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90113-L, 1991.
Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Khvorostyanov, D., Beekmann, M., Blond, N., Colette, A., Coll, I., Curci, G., Foret, G., Hodzic, A., Mailler, S., Meleux, F., Monge, J.-L., Pison, I., Siour, G., Turquety, S., Valari, M., Vautard, R., and Vivanco, M. G.: CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 981–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-981-2013, 2013.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00237, 1997.
Moch, J. M., Dovrou, E., Mickley, L. J., Keutsch, F. N., Cheng, Y., Jacob,
D. J., Jiang, J., Li, M., Munger, J. W., Qiao, X., and Zhang, Q.:
Contribution of Hydroxymethane Sulfonate to Ambient Particulate Matter: A
Potential Explanation for High Particulate Sulfur During Severe Winter Haze
in Beijing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11969–11979,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079309, 2018.
Molina: Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment,
All. Glo. Sus., 2, 141–145,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0454-1, 2002.
Park, R. J. and Jacob, D. J.: Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the
United States and implications for natural visibility, J.
Geophys. Res., 108, 4355, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003190, 2003.
Peng, J., Hu, M., Shang, D., Wu, Z., Du, Z., Tan, T., Wang, Y., Zhang, F.,
and Zhang, R.: Explosive Secondary Aerosol Formation during Severe Haze in
the North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 2189–2207,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07204, 2021.
Pye, H. O. T., Nenes, A., Alexander, B., Ault, A. P., Barth, M. C., Clegg, S. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Fahey, K. M., Hennigan, C. J., Herrmann, H., Kanakidou, M., Kelly, J. T., Ku, I.-T., McNeill, V. F., Riemer, N., Schaefer, T., Shi, G., Tilgner, A., Walker, J. T., Wang, T., Weber, R., Xing, J., Zaveri, R. A., and Zuend, A.: The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4809–4888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020, 2020.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols,
climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119–2124,
10.1126/science.1064034, 2001.
Ravishankara, A. R.: Heterogeneous and Multiphase Chemistry in the
Troposphere, Science, 276, 1058–1065,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1058, 1997.
Ren, Y., Ding, A., Wang, T., Shen, X., Guo, J., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Xu, P.,
Wang, X., and Gao, J.: Measurement of gas-phase total peroxides at the
summit of Mount Tai in China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1702–1711,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.020, 2009.
Sha, T., Ma, X., Jia, H., Tian, R., Chang, Y., Cao, F., and Zhang, Y.:
Aerosol chemical component: Simulations with WRF-Chem and comparison with
observations in Nanjing, Atmos. Environ., 218, 116982,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116982, 2019a.
Sha, T., Ma, X., Jia, H., van der A, R. J., Ding, J., Zhang, Y., and Chang,
Y.: Exploring the influence of two inventories on simulated air pollutants
during winter over the Yangtze River Delta, Atmos. Environ., 206,
170–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.006, 2019b.
Shen, X., Lee, T., Guo, J., Wang, X., Li, P., Xu, P., Wang, Y., Ren, Y.,
Wang, W., Wang, T., Li, Y., Carn, S. A., and Collett, J. L.: Aqueous phase
sulfate production in clouds in eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 62,
502–511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.079, 2012.
Sielski, J., Kazirod-Wolski, K., Jozwiak, M. A., and Jozwiak, M.: The
influence of air pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and associated heavy metals on the
parameters of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Sci. Total Environ., 788,
147541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147541, 2021.
Song, S., Gao, M., Xu, W., Sun, Y., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Zhang, Y., Zhu, L., Li, M., Zhou, Z., Cheng, C., Lv, Y., Wang, Y., Peng, W., Xu, X., Lin, N., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., and McElroy, M. B.: Possible heterogeneous chemistry of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in northern China winter haze, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1357-2019, 2019.
Sun, K., Liu, H., Ding, A., and Wang, X.: WRF-Chem Simulation of a Severe
Haze Episode in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Aerosol Air Qual.
Res., 16, 1268–1283, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.04.0248, 2016.
Terrenoire, E., Bessagnet, B., Rouïl, L., Tognet, F., Pirovano, G., Létinois, L., Beauchamp, M., Colette, A., Thunis, P., Amann, M., and Menut, L.: High-resolution air quality simulation over Europe with the chemistry transport model CHIMERE, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 21–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-21-2015, 2015.
Tie, X.: Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric
oxidants, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005359, 2005.
Tuccella, P., Curci, G., Visconti, G., Bessagnet, B., Menut, L., and Park,
R. J.: Modeling of gas and aerosol with WRF/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and
sensitivity study, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D03303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016302, 2012.
Turnock, S. T., Mann, G. W., Woodhouse, M. T., Dalvi, M., O'Connor, F. M.,
Carslaw, K. S., and Sprackle, D. V.: The Impact of Changes in Cloud Water pH
on Aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4039–4048,
10.1029/2019GL082067, 2019.
Twomey, S.: Aerosols, clouds and radiation, Atmospheric Environment.part
A.general Topics, 25, 2435–2442,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90159-5, 1991.
Twomey, S. A., Piepgrass, M., and Wolfe, T. L.: An assessment of the impact
of pollution on the global cloud albedo, Tellus B, 36B, 356–366,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00254.x, 1984.
von Salzen, K., Leighton, H. G., Ariya, P. A., Barrie, L. A., Gong, S. L.,
Blanchet, J. P., Spacek, L., Lohmann, U., and Kleinman, L. I.: Sensitivity
of sulphate aerosol size distributions and CCN concentrations over North
America to SOx emissions and H2O2 concentrations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 105, 9741–9765, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900027,
2000.
Wang, G., Zhang, R., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L., Levy Zamora, M., Hu, M., Lin,
Y., Peng, J., Guo, S., Meng, J., Li, J., Cheng, C., Hu, T., Ren, Y., Wang,
Y., Gao, J., Cao, J., An, Z., Zhou, W., Li, G., Wang, J., Tian, P.,
Marrero-Ortiz, W., Secrest, J., Du, Z., Zheng, J., Shang, D., Zeng, L.,
Shao, M., Wang, W., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Hu, J., Pan, B.,
Cai, L., Cheng, Y., Ji, Y., Zhang, F., Rosenfeld, D., Liss, P. S., Duce, R.
A., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J.: Persistent sulfate formation from London
Fog to Chinese haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 13630–13635,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616540113, 2016.
Wang, H., Shi, G. Y., Zhang, X. Y., Gong, S. L., Tan, S. C., Chen, B., Che, H. Z., and Li, T.: Mesoscale modelling study of the interactions between aerosols and PBL meteorology during a haze episode in China Jing–Jin–Ji and its near surrounding region – Part 2: Aerosols' radiative feedback effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3277–3287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3277-2015, 2015.
Wang, J., Li, J., Ye, J., Zhao, J., Wu, Y., Hu, J., Liu, D., Nie, D., Shen,
F., Huang, X., Huang, D. D., Ji, D., Sun, X., Xu, W., Guo, J., Song, S.,
Qin, Y., Liu, P., Turner, J. R., Lee, H. C., Hwang, S., Liao, H., Martin, S.
T., Zhang, Q., Chen, M., Sun, Y., Ge, X., and Jacob, D. J.: Fast sulfate
formation from oxidation of SO2 by NO2 and HONO observed in Beijing haze,
Nat. Commun., 11, 2844, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16683-x,
2020.
Wang, S., Zhou, S., Tao, Y., Tsui, W. G., Ye, J., Yu, J. Z., Murphy, J. G.,
McNeill, V. F., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Chan, A. W. H.: Organic Peroxides and
Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol: Source of Particulate Sulfate, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 53, 10695–10704, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02591, 2019.
Wang, T., Liu, M., Liu, M., Song, Y., Xu, Z., Shang, F., Huang, X., Liao,
W., Wang, W., Ge, M., Cao, J., Hu, J., Tang, G., Pan, Y., Hu, M., and Zhu,
T.: Sulfate Formation Apportionment during Winter Haze Events in North
China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7771–7778,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02533, 2022.
Wang, W., Liu, M., Wang, T., Song, Y., Zhou, L., Cao, J., Hu, J., Tang, G.,
Chen, Z., Li, Z., Xu, Z., Peng, C., Lian, C., Chen, Y., Pan, Y., Zhang, Y.,
Sun, Y., Li, W., Zhu, T., Tian, H., and Ge, M.: Sulfate formation is
dominated by manganese-catalyzed oxidation of SO(2) on aerosol surfaces
during haze events, Nat. Commun., 12, 1993,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22091-6, 2021.
Wang, Y., Zhang, Q. Q., Jiang, J., Zhou, W., Wang, B., He, K., Duan, F.,
Zhang, Q., Philip, S., and Xie, Y.: Enhanced sulfate formation during
China's severe winter haze episode in January 2013 missing from current
models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10425-10440,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021426, 2014.
Wei, Y., Chen, X., Chen, H., Li, J., Wang, Z., Yang, W., Ge, B., Du, H., Hao, J., Wang, W., Li, J., Sun, Y., and Huang, H.: IAP-AACM v1.0: a global to regional evaluation of the atmospheric chemistry model in CAS-ESM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8269–8296, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8269-2019, 2019.
Xie, Y., Dai, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Hanaoka, T., and Masui, T.: Comparison
of health and economic impacts of PM2.5 and ozone pollution in China,
Environ. Int., 130, 104881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.075,
2019.
Yao, M., Zhao, Y., Hu, M., Huang, D., Wang, Y., Yu, J. Z., and Yan, N.:
Multiphase Reactions between Secondary Organic Aerosol and Sulfur Dioxide:
Kinetics and Contributions to Sulfate Formation and Aerosol Aging,
Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 6, 768-774,
htttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00657, 2019.
Yao, S., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., and Zhang, R.: Characteristics of Aerosol and
Effect of Aerosol-Radiation-Feedback in Handan, an Industrialized and
Polluted City in China in Haze Episodes, Atmosphere, 12, 670,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060670, 2021.
Ye, C., Xue, C., Zhang, C., Ma, Z., Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Zhao, X.,
Zhang, W., He, X., Song, Y., Liu, J., Wang, W., Sui, B., Cui, R., Yang, X.,
Mei, R., Chen, J., and Mu, Y.: Atmospheric Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 at the
Foot and Summit of Mt Tai Variations Sources, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033975,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033975, 2021.
Ye, J., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Chan, A. W. H.: Novel pathway of SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere: reactions with monoterpene ozonolysis intermediates and secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5549–5565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5549-2018, 2018.
Zhang, L., Gong, S., Zhao, T., Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Li, J., Ji, D., He, J., Liu, H., Gui, K., Guo, X., Gao, J., Shan, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Che, H., and Zhang, X.: Development of WRF/CUACE v1.0 model and its preliminary application in simulating air quality in China, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 703–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-703-2021, 2021.
Zhang, X. Y., Wang, Y. Q., Niu, T., Zhang, X. C., Gong, S. L., Zhang, Y. M., and Sun, J. Y.: Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 779–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-779-2012, 2012.
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng, L., Qi, J., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., He, K., and Zhang, Q.: Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14095–14111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018, 2018.
Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., and Zhang, X.: Representations of dynamics
size distributions of mineral dust over East Asia by a regional sand and
dust storm model, Atmos. Res., 250, 18965,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105403, 2021.
Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Gong, S., Wang, Y., and Xue, M.: Improving aerosol interaction with clouds and precipitation in a regional chemical weather modeling system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 145–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-145-2016, 2016.
Zhou, C. H., Gong, S., Zhang, X. Y., Liu, H. L., Xue, M., Cao, G. L., An, X.
Q., and Che, H. Z.: Towards the improvements of simulating the chemical and
optical properties of Chinese aerosols using an online coupled model –
CUACE/Aero, Tellus B, 64, 18965,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18965, 2012.
Zhou, Y., Gong, S., Zhou, C., Zhang, L., He, J., Wang, Y., Ji, D., Feng, J.,
Mo, J., and Ke, H.: A new parameterization of uptake coefficients for
heterogeneous reactions on multi-component atmospheric aerosols, Sci. Total
Environ., 781, 146372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146372,
2021.
Zhu, Y., Yang, L., Chen, J., Kawamura, K., Sato, M., Tilgner, A., van Pinxteren, D., Chen, Y., Xue, L., Wang, X., Simpson, I. J., Herrmann, H., Blake, D. R., and Wang, W.: Molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls in PM2.5 collected at the top of Mt. Tai, North China, during the wheat burning season of 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10741–10758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10741-2018, 2018.
Short summary
WRF/CUACE was used to assess the cloud chemistry contribution in China. Firstly, the CUACE cloud chemistry scheme was found to reproduce well the cloud processing and consumption of H2O2, O3, and SO2, as well as the increase of sulfate. Secondly, during cloud availability in December under a heavy pollution episode, sulfate production increased 60–95 % and SO2 was reduced by over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the phenomenon of overestimation of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
WRF/CUACE was used to assess the cloud chemistry contribution in China. Firstly, the CUACE cloud...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint