Articles | Volume 23, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-743-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-743-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jan 2023
Research article |
| 17 Jan 2023
| 17 Jan 2023
Diurnal cycles of cloud cover and its vertical distribution over the Tibetan Plateau revealed by satellite observations, reanalysis datasets, and CMIP6 outputs
Yuxin Zhao
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Jiming Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Lijie Zhang
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Cong Deng
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Yarong Li
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Bida Jian
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Jianping Huang
Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of
Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,
China
Related authors
Yuxin Zhao, Jiming Li, Deyu Wen, Yarong Li, Yuan Wang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9435–9457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies deep convection systems (DCSs), including deep convection cores and anvils, over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TO). The DCSs over the TP are less frequent, showing narrower and thinner cores and anvils compared to those over the TO. TP DCSs show a stronger longwave cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the low-level atmosphere. Distinct aerosol–cloud–precipitation interaction is found in TP DCSs, probably due to the cold cloud bases.
Jiayi Li, Yang Wang, Jiming Li, Weiyuan Zhang, Lijie Zhang, and Yuan Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3601, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3601, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
A key challenge in climate projections is the uncertainty in cloud water response to anthropogenic aerosols, especially its time-dependence on diurnal microphysical-dynamic boundary layer feedback. Geostationary satellite shows neglecting the variations induces a compensation up to 45% of the initial cooling effect from increased cloud droplet concentration. The results provide new insights in aerosol-cloud interactions, verifying this is a significant yet often overlooked source of uncertainty.
Hongxiang Yu, Michael Lehning, Guang Li, Benjamin Walter, Jianping Huang, and Ning Huang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2458, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cornices are overhanging snow accumulations that form on mountain crests. Previous studies focused on how cornices collapse, little is known about why they form in the first place, specifically how snow particles adhere together to form the front end of the cornice. This study looked at the movement of snow particles around a developing cornice to understand how they gather, the speed and angle at which the snow particles hit the cornice surface, and how this affects the shape of the cornice.
Ruixue Li, Bida Jian, Jiming Li, Deyu Wen, Lijie Zhang, Yang Wang, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9777–9803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hemispheric or interannual averages of reflected solar radiation (RSR) can mask signals from seasonally active or region-specific mechanisms. We examine RSR characteristics from latitude and month perspectives, revealing decreased trends observed by CERES in both hemispheres driven by clear-sky atmospheric and cloud components at 30–50° N and cloud components at 0–50° S. AVHRR achieves symmetry criteria within uncertainty and is suitable for the long-term analysis of hemispheric RSR symmetry.
Yuxin Zhao, Jiming Li, Deyu Wen, Yarong Li, Yuan Wang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9435–9457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies deep convection systems (DCSs), including deep convection cores and anvils, over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TO). The DCSs over the TP are less frequent, showing narrower and thinner cores and anvils compared to those over the TO. TP DCSs show a stronger longwave cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the low-level atmosphere. Distinct aerosol–cloud–precipitation interaction is found in TP DCSs, probably due to the cold cloud bases.
Honglin Pan, Jianping Huang, Jiming Li, Zhongwei Huang, Minzhong Wang, Ali Mamtimin, Wen Huo, Fan Yang, Tian Zhou, and Kanike Raghavendra Kumar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1185–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1185-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1185-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We applied several correction procedures and rigorously checked for data quality constraints during the long observation period spanning almost 14 years (2007–2020). Nevertheless, some uncertainties remain, mainly due to technical constraints and limited documentation of the measurements. Even though not completely accurate, this strategy is expected to at least reduce the inaccuracy of the computed characteristic value of aerosol optical parameters.
Shikuan Jin, Yingying Ma, Zhongwei Huang, Jianping Huang, Wei Gong, Boming Liu, Weiyan Wang, Ruonan Fan, and Hui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8187–8210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8187-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8187-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the Asian aerosol environment, we studied distributions and trends of aerosol with different sizes and types. Over the past 2 decades, dust, sulfate, and sea salt aerosol decreased by 5.51 %, 3.07 %, and 9.80 %, whereas organic carbon and black carbon aerosol increased by 17.09 % and 6.23 %, respectively. The increase in carbonaceous aerosols was a feature of Asia. An exception is found in East Asia, where the carbonaceous aerosols reduced, owing largely to China's efforts.
Jingyu Yao, Zhongming Gao, Jianping Huang, Heping Liu, and Guoyin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15589–15603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gap-filling usually accounts for a large source of uncertainties in the annual CO2 fluxes, though gap-filling CO2 fluxes is challenging at dryland sites due to small fluxes. Using data collected from a semiarid site, four machine learning methods are evaluated with different lengths of artificial gaps. The artificial neural network and random forest methods outperform the other methods. With these methods, uncertainties in the annual CO2 flux at this site are estimated to be within 16 g C m−2.
Bida Jian, Jiming Li, Guoyin Wang, Yuxin Zhao, Yarong Li, Jing Wang, Min Zhang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9809–9828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the performance of the AMIP6 model in simulating cloud albedo over marine subtropical regions and the impacts of different aerosol types and meteorological factors on the cloud albedo based on multiple satellite datasets and reanalysis data. The results show that AMIP6 demonstrates moderate improvement over AMIP5 in simulating the monthly variation in cloud albedo, and changes in different aerosol types and meteorological factors can explain ~65 % of the changes in the cloud albedo.
Xiaoyu Hu, Jinming Ge, Jiajing Du, Qinghao Li, Jianping Huang, and Qiang Fu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1743–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1743-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1743-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud radars are powerful instruments that can probe detailed cloud structures. However, radar echoes in the lower atmosphere are always contaminated by clutter. We proposed a multi-dimensional probability distribution function that can effectively discriminate low-level clouds from clutter by considering their different features in several variables. We applied this method to the radar observations at the SACOL site and found the results have good agreement with lidar detection.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Jiming Li, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15307–15322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15307-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15307-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present the analysis of the aerosol vertical features observed by CATS collected from 2015 to 2017 over three selected regions (North China, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Tarim Basin) over different timescales. This comprehensive information provides insights into the seasonal variations and diurnal cycles of the aerosol vertical features across East Asia.
Zhiyuan Hu, Jianping Huang, Chun Zhao, Qinjian Jin, Yuanyuan Ma, and Ben Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1507–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates intercontinental transport of dust plums and distribution characteristics of dust at different altitudes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results show that dust particles are emitted into atmosphere and then transport to the TP. The East Asian dust trasnports southward and is lifted up to the TP in northern slop, while the North Afican dust and Middle East dust transport eastward and concentrate in both northern and southern slops, then is lifted up to the TP.
Zhiyuan Hu, Jianping Huang, Chun Zhao, Yuanyuan Ma, Qinjian Jin, Yun Qian, L. Ruby Leung, Jianrong Bi, and Jianmin Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12709–12730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12709-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12709-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates aerosol chemical compositions and relative contributions to total aerosols in the western US. The results show that trans-Pacific aerosols have a maximum concentration in the boreal spring, with the greatest contribution from dust. Over western North America, the trans-Pacific aerosols dominate the column-integrated aerosol mass and number concentration. However, near the surface, aerosols mainly originated from local emissions.
Xiaoyue Liu, Jianping Huang, Jiping Huang, Changyu Li, and Lei Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-36, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric oxygen is crucial to life on earth. In this paper, we quantify oxygen consumption and production processes under the impact of human activities to build a dynamic global oxygen budget on a grid scale. Our result shows that the oxygen consumption related to human activities has risen significantly in recent decades while the oxygen production only displays a faint increase. Regionally, boreal forest and Tibetan plateau become the most important sources of atmospheric oxygen.
Akira Yamauchi, Kazuaki Kawamoto, Atsuyoshi Manda, and Jiming Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7657–7667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7657-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7657-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As a key component of the climate system, clouds have a significant influence on hydrological cycles and energy budgets. This study clarified the effects of sea surface temperature changes in the Kuroshio Current on the vertical structure of clouds (rainfall intensity, cloud geometrical thickness, and maximum radar reflectivity position) using CloudSat products. The Kuroshio influences not only the dynamical processes of the lower layer of the atmosphere but also the properties inside clouds.
Jiming Li, Qiaoyi Lv, Bida Jian, Min Zhang, Chuanfeng Zhao, Qiang Fu, Kazuaki Kawamoto, and Hua Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7329–7343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The accurate representation of cloud vertical overlap in atmospheric models is very important for predicting the total cloud cover and calculating the radiative budget. We propose a valid scheme for quantifying the degree of overlap over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The new scheme parameterizes decorrelation length scale L as a function of wind shear and atmospheric stability and improves the simulation of total cloud cover over TP when the separations between cloud layers are greater than 1 km.
Kai Tang, Zhongwei Huang, Jianping Huang, Teruya Maki, Shuang Zhang, Atsushi Shimizu, Xiaojun Ma, Jinsen Shi, Jianrong Bi, Tian Zhou, Guoyin Wang, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7131–7148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7131-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7131-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To our knowledge, this is the first simultaneous field measurement of bioaerosols in dust events at four sites along the transport pathway of Asian dust. The samples were analyzed by means of fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and MiSeq sequencing analysis. The results indicate that dust clouds can carry many bacteria of various types into downwind regions, the alpha and beta diversity of which were investigated.
Zhijuan Zhang, Bin Chen, Jianping Huang, Jingjing Liu, Jianrong Bi, Tian Zhou, and Zhongwei Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-1000, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental problems caused by aerosols such as dust aerosols are influencing people's lives and work. Due to different radiative effects of different types of aerosols, detection of the aerosol type is vital for improving our air quality. In this study, the optical properties of pure dust and transported anthropogenic dust are compared by using ground-based Lidar data. Based on our conclusion, detection of different dust aerosols will be more accurate using satellite-based Lidar.
Siyu Chen, Jianping Huang, Nanxuan Jiang, Zhou Zang, Xiaodan Guan, Xiaojun Ma, Zhuo Jia, Xiaorui Zhang, Yanting Zhang, Kangning Huang, Xiaocong Xu, Guolong Zhang, Jiming Li, Ran Yang, and Shujie Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-890, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Jinming Ge, Zeen Zhu, Chuang Zheng, Hailing Xie, Tian Zhou, Jianping Huang, and Qiang Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9035–9047, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9035-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9035-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A modified method with a new noise reduction scheme that can reduce the noise distribution to a narrow range is proposed to distinguish clouds and other hydrometeors from noise and recognize more features with weak signal in cloud radar observations. It was found that our method has significant advantages in reducing the rates of both failed negative and false positive hydrometeor identifications in simulated clouds and recognizing clouds with weak signal from our cloud radar observations.
Jianrong Bi, Jianping Huang, Jinsen Shi, Zhiyuan Hu, Tian Zhou, Guolong Zhang, Zhongwei Huang, Xin Wang, and Hongchun Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7775–7792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7775-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7775-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a field campaign on exploring dust aerosol in Dunhuang farmland nearby Gobi deserts. The anthropogenic dust produced by agricultural cultivations exerted a significant superimposed effect on elevated dust loadings. Strong south wind in daytime scavenged the pollution and weak northeast wind at night favorably accumulated air pollutants near the surface. The local emissions remarkably modified the absorptive and optical characteristics of mineral dust in desert source region.
Ling Qi, Qinbin Li, Cenlin He, Xin Wang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7459–7479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is the second only to CO2 in heating the planet, but the simulation of BC is associated with large uncertainties. BC burden is largely underestimated over land and overestimated over ocean. Our study finds that a missing process in current Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen models largely explains the discrepancy in BC simulation over land. We call for more observations of BC in mixed-phase clouds to understand this process and improve the simulation of global BC.
Siyu Chen, Jianping Huang, Litai Kang, Hao Wang, Xiaojun Ma, Yongli He, Tiangang Yuan, Ben Yang, Zhongwei Huang, and Guolong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2401–2421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2401-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2401-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Compared with the TD dust, the importance of the GD dust in eastern China, Japan, and Korea is always neglected. We focused primarily on the dynamic and thermodynamics mechanisms of dust emission and transport over TD and GD and further elucidate the influence of TD and GD dust on the entire East Asia based on a case study using WRF-Chem model in the study.
Jiming Li, Qiaoyi Lv, Min Zhang, Tianhe Wang, Kazuaki Kawamoto, Siyu Chen, and Beidou Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1847–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1847-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1847-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The present study investigates the effects of atmospheric dynamics on the supercooled liquid cloud fraction (SCF) during nighttime under different aerosol loadings at global scale to better understand the conditions of supercooled liquid water gradually transforming to ice phase. Statistical results indicate that aerosols’ effect on nucleation cannot fully explain all SCF changes, and so meteorological parameter also should be considered in futher parameterization of the cloud phase.
Jianrong Bi, Jianping Huang, Brent Holben, and Guolong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15501–15516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15501-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15501-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Dating absorptive capacity of Asian dust is still an outstanding issue. In this study, we identify two types of Asian dust: Pure Dust (PDU) and Transported Anthropogenic Dust (TDU). Overall average SSA, ASY, Re, and Ri at 550 nm for PDU are 0.935, 0.742, 1.526, and 0.00226, respectively, with 0.921, 0.723, 1.521, and 0.00364 for TDU. Our results promise to update and improve accuracy of Asian dust characteristics in present-day remote sensing applications and regional climate models.
Jin Ming Ge, Huayue Liu, Jianping Huang, and Qiang Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7773–7783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7773-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7773-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ), which refers to a narrow zone of strong winds, occurs frequently over the Taklimakan Desert. It is found that the NLLJ contains more momentum than without NLLJ, and the downward momentum transfer process is more intense and rapid in the warm season. The coincidence of the larger surface winds during NLLJ days with an enhancement of aerosol optical depth indicates that the NLLJ is an important mechanism for dust emission and transport over this region.
Zhiyuan Hu, Chun Zhao, Jianping Huang, L. Ruby Leung, Yun Qian, Hongbin Yu, Lei Huang, and Olga V. Kalashnikova
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1725–1746, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1725-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1725-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducts the simulation of WRF-Chem with the quasi-global configuration for 2010–2014, and evaluates the simulation with multiple observation datasets for the first time. This study demonstrates that the WRF-Chem quasi-global simulation can be used for investigating trans-Pacific transport of aerosols and providing reasonable inflow chemical boundaries for the western USA to further understand the impact of transported pollutants on the regional air quality and climate.
Xiaodan Guan, Jianping Huang, Yanting Zhang, Yongkun Xie, and Jingjing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5159–5169, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5159-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An obvious peak in the total anthropogenic dust column, with much higher magnitude than those of wet regions, was observed in semi-arid regions. The anthropogenic dust column burden of semi-arid takes a positively correlated with the population and population change, indicating the production of anthropogenic dust in semi-arid regions is partly induced by human activities.
X. Guan, J. Huang, R. Guo, H. Yu, P. Lin, and Y. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13777–13786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13777-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13777-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Dynamical adjustment methodology has been applied to the raw surface air temperature and has successfully identified and separated the contribution of dynamically induced temperature (DIT) and radiatively forced temperature (RFT). It found that regional anthropogenic radiative forcing caused the enhanced warming in the semi-arid region, which may be closely associated with local human activities.
Y. Liu, Y. Sato, R. Jia, Y. Xie, J. Huang, and T. Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12581–12594, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12581-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12581-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We firstly evaluated the Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species combined with a non-hydrostatic regional model through comparing the simulation results and satellite observations, both in horizontal and vertical. The dust and anthropogenic aerosols in summer over the Tibetan Plateau are evaluated, and their distributions over the TP are presented. The transport of these aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau is also explored via combining the simulation results and reanalysis data.
J. P. Huang, J. J. Liu, B. Chen, and S. L. Nasiri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11653–11665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11653-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11653-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the contribution of anthropogenic dust to the total global dust load, a new technique for distinguishing anthropogenic dust from natural dust is proposed by using CALIPSO dust measurements and PBL height retrievals along with a land use data set. Results reveal that local anthropogenic dust aerosol accounts for about 25% of the global continental dust load.
Q. Jin, J. Wei, Z.-L. Yang, B. Pu, and J. Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9897–9915, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9897-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9897-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data show that Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall is closely associated with Middle East dust aerosols. Numerical modeling shows that the increased ISM rainfall is related to the enhanced southwesterly flow and moisture transport from the Arabian Sea to the Indian subcontinent, associated with the development of an anomalous low-pressure system over the Iranian Plateau and the Arabian Sea due to dust-induced atmospheric heating.
R. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Qian, P. J. Rasch, R. C. Easter, P.-L. Ma, B. Singh, J. Huang, and Q. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6205–6223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6205-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6205-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We use the CAM5 model with a novel source-tagging technique to characterize the fate of BC particles emitted from various geographical regions and sectors and their transport pathways to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP). We show a comprehensive picture of the seasonal and regional dependence of BC source attributions, and find strong seasonal and spatial variations in BC-in-snow radiative forcing in the HTP that can be quantitatively attributed to the various regional/sectoral sources.
J. Li, J. Huang, K. Stamnes, T. Wang, Q. Lv, and H. Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 519–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-519-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-519-2015, 2015
C. Zhao, Z. Hu, Y. Qian, L. Ruby Leung, J. Huang, M. Huang, J. Jin, M. G. Flanner, R. Zhang, H. Wang, H. Yan, Z. Lu, and D. G. Streets
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11475–11491, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11475-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11475-2014, 2014
Hongru Yan, Zhanqing Li, Jianping Huang, Maureen Cribb, and Jianjun Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7113–7124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7113-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7113-2014, 2014
C. Zhao, S. Chen, L. R. Leung, Y. Qian, J. F. Kok, R. A. Zaveri, and J. Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10733–10753, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10733-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10733-2013, 2013
R. Zhang, D. A. Hegg, J. Huang, and Q. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6091–6099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6091-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6091-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Remote Sensing | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Observing convective activities in complex convective organizations and their contributions to precipitation and anvil cloud amounts
Weak liquid water path response in ship tracks
Air mass history linked to the development of Arctic mixed-phase clouds
Post-Return Stroke VHF Electromagnetic Activity in North-Western Mediterranean Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes
Distinct structure, radiative effects, and precipitation characteristics of deep convection systems in the Tibetan Plateau compared to the tropical Indian Ocean
The correlation between Arctic sea ice, cloud phase and radiation using A-Train satellites
Technical note: Retrieval of the supercooled liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds from Himawari-8 observations
Characterisation of low-base and mid-base clouds and their thermodynamic phase over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions
Technical note: Applicability of physics-based and machine-learning-based algorithms of geostationary satellite in retrieving the diurnal cycle of cloud base height
A survey of radiative and physical properties of North Atlantic mesoscale cloud morphologies from multiple identification methodologies
Extensive coverage of ultrathin tropical tropopause layer cirrus clouds revealed by balloon-borne lidar observations
The effects of warm-air intrusions in the high Arctic on cirrus clouds
The characteristics of cloud macro-parameters caused by the seeder–feeder process inside clouds measured by millimeter-wave cloud radar in Xi'an, China
Shallow- and deep-convection characteristics in the greater Houston, Texas, area using cell tracking methodology
Observations of the macrophysical properties of cumulus cloud fields over the tropical western Pacific and their connection to meteorological variables
A Lagrangian perspective on the lifecycle and cloud radiative effect of deep convective clouds over Africa
How does the lifetime of detrained cirrus impact the high cloud radiative effect in the tropics?
Daytime variation in the aerosol indirect effect for warm marine boundary layer clouds in the eastern North Atlantic
Technical note: Bimodal parameterizations of in situ ice cloud particle size distributions
Inter-relations of precipitation, aerosols, and clouds over Andalusia, southern Spain, revealed by the Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA)
On the relationship between mesoscale cellular convection and meteorological forcing: comparing the Southern Ocean against the North Pacific
Aerosol-related effects on the occurrence of heterogeneous ice formation over Lauder, New Zealand ∕ Aotearoa
Low-level Arctic clouds: a blind zone in our knowledge of the radiation budget
Climatologically invariant scale invariance seen in distributions of cloud horizontal sizes
Variability and properties of liquid-dominated clouds over the ice-free and sea-ice-covered Arctic Ocean
Asymmetries in cloud microphysical properties ascribed to sea ice leads via water vapour transport in the central Arctic
Quantifying the dependence of drop spectrum width on cloud drop number concentration for cloud remote sensing
The evolution of deep convective systems and their associated cirrus outflows
Wildfire smoke triggers cirrus formation: lidar observations over the eastern Mediterranean
Rapid saturation of cloud water adjustments to shipping emissions
Sensitivities of cloud radiative effects to large-scale meteorology and aerosols from global observations
Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study
Investigating the development of clouds within marine cold-air outbreaks
Detection of large-scale cloud microphysical changes within a major shipping corridor after implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2020 fuel sulfur regulations
Examining cloud vertical structure and radiative effects from satellite retrievals and evaluation of CMIP6 scenarios
Influence of cloud microphysics schemes on weather model predictions of heavy precipitation
Convective organization and 3D structure of tropical cloud systems deduced from synergistic A-Train observations and machine learning
Seasonal controls on isolated convective storm drafts, precipitation intensity, and life cycle as observed during GoAmazon2014/5
Uncertainty in aerosol–cloud radiative forcing is driven by clean conditions
Surface-based observations of cold-air outbreak clouds during the COMBLE field campaign
Boundary layer moisture variability at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic observatory during marine conditions
Profile-based estimated inversion strength
Characteristics of supersaturation in midlatitude cirrus clouds and their adjacent cloud-free air
Establishment of an analytical model for remote sensing of typical stratocumulus cloud profiles under various precipitation and entrainment conditions
Satellite remote sensing of regional and seasonal Arctic cooling showing a multi-decadal trend towards brighter and more liquid clouds
Microphysical processes of super typhoon Lekima (2019) and their impacts on polarimetric radar remote sensing of precipitation
The impacts of dust aerosol and convective available potential energy on precipitation vertical structure in southeastern China as seen from multisource observations
Heavy snowfall event over the Swiss Alps: did wind shear impact secondary ice production?
On the global relationship between polarimetric radio occultation differential phase shift and ice water content
Observations of microphysical properties and radiative effects of a contrail cirrus outbreak over the North Atlantic
Zhenquan Wang and Jian Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13811–13831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical convection organizations are normally connected complexes of many convective activities. In this work, a novel variable-brightness-temperature segment tracking algorithm is established to partition the complex convective organizations into structural components of single cold cores for tracking separately. The duration, precipitation and anvil amount of the tracked organization segments have strong loglinear relationships with brightness temperature structures.
Anna Tippett, Edward Gryspeerdt, Peter Manshausen, Philip Stier, and Tristan W. P. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13269–13283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13269-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13269-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ship emissions can form artificially brightened clouds, known as ship tracks, and provide us with an opportunity to investigate how aerosols interact with clouds. Previous studies that used ship tracks suggest that clouds can experience large increases in the amount of water (LWP) from aerosols. Here, we show that there is a bias in previous research and that, when we account for this bias, the LWP response to aerosols is much weaker than previously reported.
Rebecca J. Murray-Watson and Edward Gryspeerdt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11115–11132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of mixed-phase clouds during marine cold-air outbreaks is not well understood. Our study, using satellite data and Lagrangian trajectories, reveals that the occurrence of these clouds depends on both time and temperature, influenced partly by the presence of biological ice-nucleating particles. This highlights the importance of comprehending local aerosol dynamics for precise modelling of cloud-phase transitions in the Arctic.
Andrea Kolínská, Ivana Kolmašová, Eric Defer, Ondřej Santolík, and Stéphane Pédeboy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2489, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We contribute to the knowledge about the differences in lightning flashes of opposite polarity. We found and explained a distinct behaviour of in-cloud processes happening immediately after return strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes, considering a recharging of in-cloud part of bidirectional leader.
Yuxin Zhao, Jiming Li, Deyu Wen, Yarong Li, Yuan Wang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9435–9457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies deep convection systems (DCSs), including deep convection cores and anvils, over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TO). The DCSs over the TP are less frequent, showing narrower and thinner cores and anvils compared to those over the TO. TP DCSs show a stronger longwave cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the low-level atmosphere. Distinct aerosol–cloud–precipitation interaction is found in TP DCSs, probably due to the cold cloud bases.
Grégory V. Cesana, Olivia Pierpaoli, Matteo Ottaviani, Linh Vu, Zhonghai Jin, and Israel Silber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7899–7909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7899-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Better characterizing the relationship between sea ice and clouds is key to understanding Arctic climate because clouds and sea ice affect surface radiation and modulate Arctic surface warming. Our results indicate that Arctic liquid clouds robustly increase in response to sea ice decrease. This increase has a cooling effect on the surface because more solar radiation is reflected back to space, and it should contribute to dampening future Arctic surface warming.
Ziming Wang, Husi Letu, Huazhe Shang, and Luca Bugliaro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7559–7574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The supercooled liquid fraction (SLF) in mixed-phase clouds is retrieved for the first time using passive geostationary satellite observations based on differences in liquid droplet and ice particle radiative properties. The retrieved results are comparable to global distributions observed by active instruments, and the feasibility of the retrieval method to analyze the observed trends of the SLF has been validated.
Barbara Dietel, Odran Sourdeval, and Corinna Hoose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7359–7383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty with respect to cloud phases over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions leads to large uncertainties in the radiation budget of weather and climate models. This study investigates the phases of low-base and mid-base clouds using satellite-based remote sensing data. A comprehensive analysis of the correlation of cloud phase with various parameters, such as temperature, aerosols, sea ice, vertical and horizontal cloud extent, and cloud radiative effect, is presented.
Mengyuan Wang, Min Min, Jun Li, Han Lin, Yongen Liang, Binlong Chen, Zhigang Yao, Na Xu, and Miao Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1516, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Although machine learning technology is advanced in the field of satellite remote sensing, the physical inversion algorithm based on cloud base height can better capture the daily variation characteristics of cloud base.
Ryan Eastman, Isabel L. McCoy, Hauke Schulz, and Robert Wood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6613–6634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud types are determined using machine learning image classifiers applied to satellite imagery for 1 year in the North Atlantic. This survey of these cloud types shows that the climate impact of a cloud scene is, in part, a function of cloud type. Each type displays a different mix of thick and thin cloud cover, with the fraction of thin cloud cover having the strongest impact on the clouds' radiative effect. Future studies must account for differing properties and processes among cloud types.
Thomas Lesigne, François Ravetta, Aurélien Podglajen, Vincent Mariage, and Jacques Pelon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5935–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Upper tropical clouds have a strong impact on Earth's climate but are challenging to observe. We report the first long-duration observations of tropical clouds from lidars flying on board stratospheric balloons. Comparisons with spaceborne observations reveal the enhanced sensitivity of balloon-borne lidar to optically thin cirrus. These clouds, which have a significant coverage and lie in the uppermost troposphere, are linked with the dehydration of air masses on their way to the stratosphere.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Martin Wirth, and Silke Groß
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5971–5987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For decades the earth's temperature has been rising. The Arctic regions are warming faster. Cirrus clouds can contribute to this phenomenon. During warm-air intrusions, air masses are transported into the Arctic from the mid-latitudes. The HALO-(AC)3 campaign took place to measure cirrus during intrusion events and under normal conditions. We study the two cloud types based on these measurements and find differences in their geometry, relative humidity distribution and vertical structure.
Huige Di and Yun Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5783–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We observed the seeder–feeder process among double-layer clouds using a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. By defining the parameters of the seeding depth and seeding time of the upper cloud affecting the lower cloud, we find that the cloud particle terminal velocity is significantly enhanced during the seeder–feeder period, and the lower the height and thinner the thickness of the height difference between double-layer clouds, the lower the height and thicker the thickness of seeding depth.
Kristofer S. Tuftedal, Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras, Mariko Oue, and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5637–5657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed coastal convective cells from June through September 2018–2021. The cells were classified and their lifecycles were analyzed to better understand their characteristics. Features such as convective-core growth, for example, are shown. The study found differences in the initiation location of shallow convection and in the aerosol loading in deep convective environments. This work provides a foundation for future analyses of convection or other tracked events elsewhere.
Michie Vianca De Vera, Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Robert M. Rauber, Stephen W. Nesbitt, and Greg M. McFarquhar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5603–5623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical oceanic low clouds remain a dominant source of uncertainty in cloud feedback in climate models due to their macrophysical properties (fraction, size, height, shape, distribution) being misrepresented. High-resolution satellite imagery over the Philippine oceans is used here to characterize cumulus macrophysical properties and their relationship to meteorological variables. Such information can act as a benchmark for cloud models and can improve low-cloud generation in climate models.
William K. Jones, Martin Stengel, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5165–5180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm clouds cover large areas of the tropics. These clouds both reflect incoming sunlight and trap heat from the atmosphere below, regulating the temperature of the tropics. Over land, storm clouds occur in the late afternoon and evening and so exist both during the daytime and at night. Changes in this timing could upset the balance of the respective cooling and heating effects of these clouds. We find that isolated storms have a larger effect on this balance than their small size suggests.
George Horner and Edward Gryspeerdt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1090, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work tracks the lifecycle of thin cirrus clouds that flow out of tropical convective storms. These cirrus clouds are found to have a warming effect on the atmosphere over their whole lifetime. Thin cirrus that originate from land origin convection warm more than those of ocean origin. Moreover, if the lifetime of these cirrus clouds increase, the warming they exert over their whole lifetime also increases. These results help us understand how these clouds might change in a future climate.
Shaoyue Qiu, Xue Zheng, David Painemal, Christopher R. Terai, and Xiaoli Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2913–2935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol indirect effect (AIE) depends on cloud states, which exhibit significant diurnal variations in the northeastern Atlantic. Yet the AIE diurnal cycle remains poorly understood. Using satellite retrievals, we find a pronounced “U-shaped” diurnal variation in the AIE, which is contributed to by the transition of cloud states combined with the lagged cloud responses. This suggests that polar-orbiting satellites with overpass times at noon underestimate daytime mean values of the AIE.
Irene Bartolomé García, Odran Sourdeval, Reinhold Spang, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1699–1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How many ice crystals of each size are in a cloud is a key parameter for the retrieval of cloud properties. The distribution of ice crystals is obtained from in situ measurements and used to create parameterizations that can be used when analyzing the remote-sensing data. Current parameterizations are based on data sets that do not include reliable measurements of small crystals, but in our study we use a data set that includes very small ice crystals to improve these parameterizations.
Wenyue Wang, Klemens Hocke, Leonardo Nania, Alberto Cazorla, Gloria Titos, Renaud Matthey, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Agustín Millares, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1571–1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The south-central interior of Andalusia experiences complex precipitation patterns as a result of the semi-arid Mediterranean climate and the influence of Saharan dust. This study monitored the inter-relations between aerosols, clouds, meteorological variables, and precipitation systems using ground-based remote sensing and in situ instruments.
Francisco Lang, Steven T. Siems, Yi Huang, Tahereh Alinejadtabrizi, and Luis Ackermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1451–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine low-level clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's energy balance, trapping heat from the surface and reflecting sunlight back into space. These clouds are distinguishable by their large-scale spatial structures, primarily characterized as hexagonal patterns with either filled (closed) or empty (open) cells. Utilizing satellite observations, these two cloud type patterns have been categorized over the Southern Ocean and North Pacific Ocean through a pattern recognition program.
Julian Hofer, Patric Seifert, J. Ben Liley, Martin Radenz, Osamu Uchino, Isamu Morino, Tetsu Sakai, Tomohiro Nagai, and Albert Ansmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An 11-year dataset of polarization lidar observations from Lauder, New Zealand / Aotearoa, was used to distinguish the thermodynamic phase of natural clouds. The cloud dataset was separated to assess the impact of air mass origin on the frequency of heterogeneous ice formation. Ice formation efficiency in clouds above Lauder was found to be lower than in the polluted Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes but higher than in very clean and pristine environments, such as Punta Arenas in southern Chile.
Hannes Jascha Griesche, Carola Barrientos-Velasco, Hartwig Deneke, Anja Hünerbein, Patric Seifert, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 597–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is strongly affected by climate change and the role of clouds therein is not yet completely understood. Measurements from the Arctic expedition PS106 were used to simulate radiative fluxes with and without clouds at very low altitudes (below 165 m), and their radiative effect was calculated to be 54 Wm-2. The low heights of these clouds make them hard to observe. This study shows the importance of accurate measurements and simulations of clouds and gives suggestions for improvements.
Thomas D. DeWitt, Timothy J. Garrett, Karlie N. Rees, Corey Bois, Steven K. Krueger, and Nicolas Ferlay
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Viewed from space, a defining feature of Earth's atmosphere is the wide spectrum of cloud sizes. A recent study predicted the distribution of cloud sizes, and this paper compares the prediction to observations. Although there is nuance in viewing perspective, we find robust agreement with theory across different climatological conditions, including land–ocean contrasts, time of year, or latitude, suggesting a minor role for Coriolis forces, aerosol loading, or surface temperature.
Marcus Klingebiel, André Ehrlich, Elena Ruiz-Donoso, Nils Risse, Imke Schirmacher, Evelyn Jäkel, Michael Schäfer, Kevin Wolf, Mario Mech, Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15289–15304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we explain how we use aircraft measurements from two Arctic research campaigns to identify cloud properties (like droplet size) over sea-ice and ice-free ocean. To make sure that our measurements make sense, we compare them with other observations. Our results show, e.g., larger cloud droplets in early summer than in spring. Moreover, the cloud droplets are also larger over ice-free ocean than compared to sea ice. In the future, our data can be used to improve climate models.
Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Heike Kalesse-Los, Luisa von Albedyll, Hannes Griesche, and Gunnar Spreen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14521–14546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An important Arctic climate process is the release of heat fluxes from sea ice openings to the atmosphere that influence the clouds. The characterization of this process is the objective of this study. Using synergistic observations from the MOSAiC expedition, we found that single-layer cloud properties show significant differences when clouds are coupled or decoupled to the water vapour transport which is used as physical link between the upwind sea ice openings and the cloud under observation.
Matthew D. Lebsock and Mikael Witte
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14293–14305, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates measurements of cloud drop size distributions made from airplanes. We find that as the number of cloud drops increases the distribution of the cloud drop sizes narrows. The data are used to develop a simple equation that relates the drop number to the width of the drop sizes. We then use this equation to demonstrate that existing approaches to observe the drop number from satellites contain errors that can be corrected by including the new relationship.
George Horner and Edward Gryspeerdt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14239–14253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14239-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14239-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical deep convective clouds, and the thin cirrus (ice) clouds that flow out from them, are important for modulating the energy budget of the tropical atmosphere. This work uses a new method to track the evolution of the properties of these clouds across their entire lifetimes. We find these clouds cool the atmosphere in the first 6 h before switching to a warming regime after the deep convective core has dissipated, which is sustained beyond 120 h from the initial convective event.
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Daniel A. Knopf, Argyro Nisantzi, Johannes Bühl, Ronny Engelmann, Annett Skupin, Patric Seifert, Holger Baars, Dragos Ene, Ulla Wandinger, and Diofantos Hadjimitsis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14097–14114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, rather clear evidence is found that wildfire smoke particles can trigger strong cirrus formation. This finding is of importance because intensive and large wildfires may occur increasingly often in the future as climate change proceeds. Based on lidar observations in Cyprus in autumn 2020, we provide detailed insight into the cirrus formation at the tropopause in the presence of aged wildfire smoke (here, 8–9 day old Californian wildfire smoke).
Peter Manshausen, Duncan Watson-Parris, Matthew W. Christensen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12545–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol from burning fuel changes cloud properties, e.g., the number of droplets and the content of water. Here, we study how clouds respond to different amounts of shipping aerosol. Droplet numbers increase linearly with increasing aerosol over a broad range until they stop increasing, while the amount of liquid water always increases, independently of emission amount. These changes in cloud properties can make them reflect more or less sunlight, which is important for the earth's climate.
Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Alyson Douglas, Timothy A. Myers, Peer Nowack, Philip Stier, Casey J. Wall, and Sarah Wilson Kemsley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10775–10794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses an observation-based cloud-controlling factor framework to study near-global sensitivities of cloud radiative effects to a large number of meteorological and aerosol controls. We present near-global sensitivity patterns to selected thermodynamic, dynamic, and aerosol factors and discuss the physical mechanisms underlying the derived sensitivities. Our study hopes to guide future analyses aimed at constraining cloud feedbacks and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Josué Gehring, Louis Jaffeux, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Pierre Coutris, Athanasios Nenes, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10207–10234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production plays a key role in clouds and precipitation. In this study, we analyze radar measurements from a snowfall event in the Jura Mountains. Complex signatures are observed, which reveal that ice crystals were formed through various processes. An analysis of multi-sensor data suggests that distinct ice multiplication processes were taking place. Both the methods used and the insights gained through this case study contribute to a better understanding of snowfall microphysics.
Rebecca J. Murray-Watson, Edward Gryspeerdt, and Tom Goren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9365–9383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds formed in Arctic marine cold air outbreaks undergo a distinct evolution, but the factors controlling their transition from high-coverage to broken cloud fields are poorly understood. We use satellite and reanalysis data to study how these clouds develop in time and the different influences on their evolution. The aerosol concentration is correlated with cloud break-up; more aerosol is linked to prolonged coverage and a stronger cooling effect, with implications for a more polluted Arctic.
Michael S. Diamond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8259–8269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fuel sulfur regulations were implemented for ships in 2020 to improve air quality but may also accelerate global warming. We use spatial statistics and satellite retrievals to detect changes in the size of cloud droplets and find evidence for a resulting decrease in cloud brightness within a major shipping corridor after the sulfur limits went into effect. Our results confirm both that the regulations are being followed and that they are having a warming influence via their effect on clouds.
Hao Luo, Johannes Quaas, and Yong Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8169–8186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds exhibit a wide range of vertical structures with varying microphysical and radiative properties. We show a global survey of spatial distribution, vertical extent and radiative effect of various classified cloud vertical structures using joint satellite observations from the new CCCM datasets during 2007–2010. Moreover, the long-term trends in CVSs are investigated based on different CMIP6 future scenarios to capture the cloud variations with different, increasing anthropogenic forcings.
Gregor Köcher, Tobias Zinner, and Christoph Knote
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6255–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polarimetric radar observations of 30 d of convective precipitation events are used to statistically analyze 5 state-of-the-art microphysics schemes of varying complexity. The frequency and area of simulated heavy-precipitation events are in some cases significantly different from those observed, depending on the microphysics scheme. Analysis of simulated particle size distributions and reflectivities shows that some schemes have problems reproducing the correct particle size distributions.
Claudia J. Stubenrauch, Giulio Mandorli, and Elisabeth Lemaitre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5867–5884, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5867-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5867-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organized convection leads to large convective cloud systems and intense rain and may change with a warming climate. Their complete 3D description, attained by machine learning techniques in combination with various satellite observations, together with a cloud system concept, link convection to anvil properties, while convective organization can be identified by the horizontal structure of intense rain.
Scott E. Giangrande, Thiago S. Biscaro, and John M. Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5297–5316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study tracks thunderstorms observed during the wet and dry seasons of the Amazon Basin using weather radar. We couple this precipitation tracking with opportunistic overpasses of a wind profiler and other ground observations to add unique insights into the upwards and downwards air motions within these clouds at various stages in the storm life cycle. The results of a simple updraft model are provided to give physical explanations for observed seasonal differences.
Edward Gryspeerdt, Adam C. Povey, Roy G. Grainger, Otto Hasekamp, N. Christina Hsu, Jane P. Mulcahy, Andrew M. Sayer, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4115–4122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of aerosols on clouds is one of the largest uncertainties in the human forcing of the climate. Aerosol can increase the concentrations of droplets in clouds, but observational and model studies produce widely varying estimates of this effect. We show that these estimates can be reconciled if only polluted clouds are studied, but this is insufficient to constrain the climate impact of aerosol. The uncertainty in aerosol impact on clouds is currently driven by cases with little aerosol.
Zackary Mages, Pavlos Kollias, Zeen Zhu, and Edward P. Luke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3561–3574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-air outbreaks (when cold air is advected over warm water and creates low-level convection) are a dominant cloud regime in the Arctic, and we capitalized on ground-based observations, which did not previously exist, from the COMBLE field campaign to study them. We characterized the extent and strength of the convection and turbulence and found evidence of secondary ice production. This information is useful for model intercomparison studies that will represent cold-air outbreak processes.
Maria P. Cadeddu, Virendra P. Ghate, David D. Turner, and Thomas E. Surleta
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3453–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3453-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the variability in marine boundary layer moisture at the Eastern North Atlantic site on a monthly and daily temporal scale and examine its fundamental role in the control of boundary layer cloudiness and precipitation. The study also highlights the complex interaction between large-scale and local processes controlling the boundary layer moisture and the importance of the mesoscale spatial distribution of vapor to support convection and precipitation.
Zhenquan Wang, Jian Yuan, Robert Wood, Yifan Chen, and Tiancheng Tong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3247–3266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a novel profile-based algorithm based on the ERA5 to estimate the inversion strength in the planetary boundary layer better than the previous inversion index, which is a key low-cloud-controlling factor. This improved measure is more effective at representing the meteorological influence on low-cloud variations. It can better constrain the meteorological influence on low clouds to better isolate cloud responses to aerosols or to estimate low cloud feedbacks in climate models.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Martin Wirth, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3103–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds affect Earth's atmosphere, deeming our study important. Here we use water vapor measurements by lidar and study the relative humidity (RHi) within and around midlatitude cirrus clouds. We find high supersaturations in the cloud-free air and within the clouds, especially near the cloud top. We study two cloud types with different formation processes. Finally, we conclude that the shape of the distribution of RHi can be used as an indicator of different cloud evolutionary stages.
Huazhe Shang, Souichiro Hioki, Guillaume Penide, Céline Cornet, Husi Letu, and Jérôme Riedi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2729–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We find that cloud profiles can be divided into four prominent patterns, and the frequency of these four patterns is related to intensities of cloud-top entrainment and precipitation. Based on these analyses, we further propose a cloud profile parameterization scheme allowing us to represent these patterns. Our results shed light on how to facilitate the representation of cloud profiles and how to link them to cloud entrainment or precipitating status in future remote-sensing applications.
Luca Lelli, Marco Vountas, Narges Khosravi, and John Philipp Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2579–2611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic amplification describes the recent period in which temperatures have been rising twice as fast as or more than the global average and sea ice and the Greenland ice shelf are approaching a tipping point. Hence, the Arctic ability to reflect solar energy decreases and absorption by the surface increases. Using 2 decades of complementary satellite data, we discover that clouds unexpectedly increase the pan-Arctic reflectance by increasing their liquid water content, thus cooling the Arctic.
Yabin Gou, Haonan Chen, Hong Zhu, and Lulin Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2439–2463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This article investigates the complex precipitation microphysics associated with super typhoon Lekima using a host of in situ and remote sensing observations, including rain gauge and disdrometer data, as well as polarimetric radar observations. The impacts of precipitation microphysics on multi-source data consistency and radar precipitation estimation are quantified. It is concluded that the dynamical precipitation microphysical processes must be considered in radar precipitation estimation.
Hongxia Zhu, Rui Li, Shuping Yang, Chun Zhao, Zhe Jiang, and Chen Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2421–2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of atmospheric dust aerosols and cloud dynamic conditions on precipitation vertical development in southeastern China were studied using multiple satellite observations. It was found that the precipitating drops under dusty conditions grow faster in the middle layer but slower in the upper and lower layers compared with their pristine counterparts. Quantitative estimation of the sensitivity of the precipitation top temperature to the dust aerosol optical depth is also provided.
Zane Dedekind, Jacopo Grazioli, Philip H. Austin, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2345–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2345-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2345-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations allowing ice particles to collide with one another producing more ice particles represented surface observations of ice particles accurately. An increase in ice particles formed through collisions was related to sharp changes in the wind direction and speed with height. Changes in wind speed and direction can therefore cause more enhanced collisions between ice particles and alter how fast and how much precipitation forms. Simulations were conducted with the atmospheric model COSMO.
Ramon Padullés, Estel Cardellach, and F. Joseph Turk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2199–2214, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results of comparing the polarimetric radio occultation observables and the ice water content retrieved from the CloudSat radar in a global and statistical way show a strong correlation between the geographical patterns of both quantities for a wide range of heights. This implies that horizontally oriented hydrometeors are systematically present through the whole globe and through all vertical levels, which could provide insights on the physical processes leading to precipitation.
Ziming Wang, Luca Bugliaro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Romy Heller, Ulrike Burkhardt, Helmut Ziereis, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Martin Wirth, Silke Groß, Simon Kirschler, Stefan Kaufmann, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1941–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Differences in the microphysical properties of contrail cirrus and natural cirrus in a contrail outbreak situation during the ML-CIRRUS campaign over the North Atlantic flight corridor can be observed from in situ measurements. The cirrus radiative effect in the area of the outbreak, derived from satellite observation-based radiative transfer modeling, is warming in the early morning and cooling during the day.
Cited articles
Angevine, W. M., Baltink, H. K., and Bosveld, F. C.: Observations Of The
Morning Transition Of The Convective Boundary Layer, Bound.-Layer Meteor.,
101, 209–227, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019264716195, 2001.
Betts, A. K., Desjardins, R., Worth, D., and Beckage, B.: Climate coupling
between temperature, humidity, precipitation, and cloud cover over the
Canadian Prairies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13305–31326,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022511, 2014.
Binder, H., Boettcher, M., Joos, H., Sprenger, M., and Wernli, H.: Vertical cloud structure of warm conveyor belts – a comparison and evaluation of ERA5 reanalysis, CloudSat and CALIPSO data, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 577–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-577-2020, 2020.
Bodas-Salcedo, A.: Cloud Condensate and Radiative Feedbacks at Midlatitudes
in an Aquaplanet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3635–3643,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077217, 2018.
Borrmann, S., Solomon, S., Dye, J. E., and Luo, B.: The potential of cirrus
clouds for heterogeneous chlorine activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23,
2133–2136, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01957, 1996.
Boudala, F. S. and Milbrandt, J. A.: Evaluations of the Climatologies of Three Latest Cloud Satellite Products Based on Passive Sensors (ISCCP-H, Two CERES) against the CALIPSO-GOCCP, Remote Sens., 13, 5150, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245150, 2021.
Butchart, N.: The Brewer-Dobson circulation, Rev. Geophys., 52, 157–184, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000448, 2014.
Chen, X. L., Ma, Y. M., Kelder, H., Su, Z., and Yang, K.: On the behaviour of the tropopause folding events over the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5113–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5113-2011, 2011.
Cheng, G. and Wu, T.: Responses of permafrost to climate change and their
environmental significance, Qinghai – Tibet Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000631, 2007.
Chepfer, H., Brogniez, H., and Noel, V.: Diurnal variations of cloud and
relative humidity profiles across the tropics, Sci. Rep., 9, 16045,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52437-6, 2019.
Cherian, R. and Quaas, J.: Trends in AOD, Clouds, and Cloud Radiative
Effects in Satellite Data and CMIP5 and CMIP6 Model Simulations Over Aerosol
Source Regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087132,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087132, 2020.
CLOUDSAT: 2B-Geoprof-lidar product, CloudSat Data Processing Center [data set], https://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/data-products/2b-geoprof-lidar, last access: 17 July 2022.
Dai, A. and Trenberth, K. E.: The Diurnal Cycle and Its Depiction in the
Community Climate System Model, J. Climate, 17, 930–951,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0930:Tdcaid>2.0.Co;2, 2004.
Dauhut, T., Noel, V., and Dion, I.-A.: The diurnal cycle of the clouds extending above the tropical tropopause observed by spaceborne lidar, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3921–3929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3921-2020, 2020.
Devasthale, A. and Fueglistaler, S.: A climatological perspective of deep convection penetrating the TTL during the Indian summer monsoon from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4573–4582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4573-2010, 2010.
Duan, A. and Wu, G.: Change of cloud amount and the climate warming on the
Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027946, 2006.
ECMWF: IFS Documentation CY41R2 – Part IV: Physical Processes, in: IFS Documentation CY41R2, IFS Documentation, 4, ECMWF, https://doi.org/10.21957/tr5rv27xu, 2016.
Engström, A., Bender, F. A.-M., Charlson, R. J., and Wood, R.: The
nonlinear relationship between albedo and cloud fraction on near-global,
monthly mean scale in observations and in the CMIP5 model ensemble, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 9571–9578, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066275, 2015.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Feofilov, A. G. and Stubenrauch, C. J.: Diurnal variation of high-level clouds from the synergy of AIRS and IASI space-borne infrared sounders, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13957–13972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13957-2019, 2019.
Forster, P. M. d. F. and Shine, K. P.: Assessing the climate impact of trends in stratospheric water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013909, 2002.
Fu, Q., Hu, Y., and Yang, Q.: Identifying the top of the tropical tropopause
layer from vertical mass flux analysis and CALIPSO lidar cloud observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030099, 2007.
Fusina, F., Spichtinger, P., and Lohmann, U.: Impact of ice supersaturated
regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 112, D24S14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008449, 2007.
Gasparini, B., Blossey, P. N., Hartmann, D. L., Lin, G., and Fan, J.: What
Drives the Life Cycle of Tropical Anvil Clouds?, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.,
11, 2586–2605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001736, 2019.
Gasparini, B., McGraw, Z., Storelvmo, T., and Lohmann, U.: To what extent
can cirrus cloud seeding counteract global warming, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 5, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/AB71A3, 2020.
Ge, J., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Su, J., Wang, C., and Dong, Z.: Linkages between
mid-latitude cirrus cloud properties and large-scale meteorology at the
SACOL site, Clim. Dynam., 53, 5035–5046,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04843-9, 2019.
Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO): MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_rad_Nx: 2d, 1-Hourly, Time-Averaged, Single-Level, Assimilation,Radiation Diagnostics V5.12.4, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/Q9QMY5PBNV1T, 2015a.
Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO): MERRA-2 tavg3_3d_rad_Np: 3d, 3-Hourly, Time-Averaged, Pressure-Level, Assimilation, Radiation Diagnostics V5.12.4, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/3UGE8WQXZAOK, 2015b.
Hartmann, D. L., Holton, J. R., and Fu, Q.: The heat balance of the tropical
tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
1969–1972, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012833, 2001.
He, Q., Li, C., Ma, J., Wang, H., Shi, G., Liang, Z., Luan, Q., Geng, F.,
and Zhou, X.: The Properties and Formation of Cirrus Clouds over the Tibetan
Plateau Based on Summertime Lidar Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 901–915,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0171.1, 2013.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1959 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2018a.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1959 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2018b.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay,
P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Heymsfield, A. J.: Precipitation Development in Stratiform Ice Clouds: A
Microphysical and Dynamical Study, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367–381,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0367:Pdisic>2.0.Co;2, 1977.
Heymsfield, A. J., Krämer, M., Luebke, A., Brown, P., Cziczo, D. J.,
Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Lohmann, U., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., and
Van Tricht, K.: Cirrus Clouds, Meteor. Mon., 58, 2.1–2.26,
https://doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0010.1, 2017.
Holz, R. E., Ackerman, S. A., Nagle, F. W., Frey, R., Dutcher, S., Kuehn, R.
E., Vaughan, M. A., and Baum, B.: Global Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud detection and height evaluation using
CALIOP, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D00A19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009837,
2008.
Imai, T. and Yoshida, R.: Algorithm theoretical basis for Himawari-8 cloud
mask product, Meteorological satellite center technical note, 61, 1–17,
2016.
Karlsson, K.-G. and Devasthale, A.: Inter-Comparison and Evaluation of the
Four Longest Satellite-Derived Cloud Climate Data Records: CLARA-A2, ESA
Cloud CCI V3, ISCCP-HGM, and PATMOS-x, Remote Sens., 10, 1567, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101567, 2018.
Kent, G. S., Williams, E. R., Wang, P. H., McCormick, M. P., and Skeens, K.
M.: Surface temperature related variations in tropical cirrus cloud as
measured by SAGE II., J. Climate, 8, 2577–2594,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2577:STRVIT>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Kirk-Davidoff, D. B., Hintsa, E. J., Anderson, J. G., and Keith, D. W.: The
effect of climate change on ozone depletion through changes in stratospheric
water vapour, Nature, 402, 399–401, https://doi.org/10.1038/46521, 1999.
Kleist, D. T., Parrish, D. F., Derber, J. C., Treadon, R., Wu, W.-S., and
Lord, S.: Introduction of the GSI into the NCEPs Global Data Assimilation
System, Weather Forecast., 24, 1691–1705,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222201.1, 2009.
Knapp, K. R., Young, A. H., Semunegus, H., Inamdar, A. K., and Hankins, W.: Adjusting ISCCP Cloud Detection to Increase Consistency of Cloud Amount and Reduce Artifacts, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 38, 155–165, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0045.1, 2021.
Kuang, Z. and Bretherton, C. S.: A Mass-Flux Scheme View of a
High-Resolution Simulation of a Transition from Shallow to Deep Cumulus
Convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1895–1909,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3723.1, 2006.
Kukulies, J., Chen, D., and Wang, M.: Temporal and spatial variations of
convection and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau based on recent
satellite observations. Part I: Cloud climatology derived from CloudSat and
CALIPSO, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 5396–5412, 2019.
Lei, Y., Letu, H., Shang, H., and Shi, J.: Cloud cover over the Tibetan
Plateau and eastern China: a comparison of ERA5 and ERA-Interim with
satellite observations, Clim. Dynam, 54, 2941–2957,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05149-x, 2020.
Letu, H., Nagao, T. M., Nakajima, T. Y., Riedi, J., Ishimoto, H., Baran, A.
J., Shang, H., Sekiguchi, M., and Kikuchi, M.: Ice cloud properties from
Himawari-8/AHI next-generation geostationary satellite: Capability of the
AHI to monitor the DC cloud generation process,
IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 57, 3229–3239, 2018.
Letu, H., Yang, K., Nakajima, T. Y., Ishimoto, H., Nagao, T. M., Riedi, J.,
Baran, A. J., Ma, R., Wang, T., and Shang, H.: High-resolution retrieval of
cloud microphysical properties and surface solar radiation using
Himawari-8/AHI next-generation geostationary satellite, Remote Sens.
Environ., 239, 111583, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111583, 2020.
Li, J., Yi, Y., Minnis, P., Huang, J., Yan, H., Ma, Y., Wang, W., and Kirk
Ayers, J.: Radiative effect differences between multi-layered and
single-layer clouds derived from CERES, CALIPSO, and CloudSat data, J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 112, 361–375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.10.006, 2011.
Li, J., Mao, J., and Wang, F.: Comparative study of five current reanalyses
in characterizing total cloud fraction and top-of-the-atmosphere cloud
radiative effects over the Asian monsoon region, Int. J. Climatol., 37,
5047–5067, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5143, 2017.
Li, J., Lv, Q., Jian, B., Zhang, M., Zhao, C., Fu, Q., Kawamoto, K., and Zhang, H.: The impact of atmospheric stability and wind shear on vertical cloud overlap over the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7329–7343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7329-2018, 2018.
Li, J., Jian, B., Zhao, C., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., and Huang, J.: Atmospheric
Instability Dominates the Long-Term Variation of Cloud Vertical Overlap Over
the Southern Great Plains Site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 9691–9701,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030954, 2019.
Li, Y. and Zhang, M.: Cumulus over the Tibetan Plateau in the Summer Based
on CloudSat–CALIPSO Data, J. Climate, 29, 1219–1230,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0492.1, 2016.
Liou, K.-N.: Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A
Global Perspective, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1167–1199,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:Ioccow>2.0.Co;2, 1986.
Liu, X. and Chen, B.: Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent
decades, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1729–1742,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::AID-JOC556>3.0.CO;2-Y, 2000.
Liu, L., Zheng, J., Ruan, Z., Cui, Z., Hu, Z., Wu, S., Dai, G., and Wu, Y.:
Comprehensive radar observations of clouds and precipitation over the
Tibetan Plateau and preliminary analysis of cloud properties, J. Meteorol.
Res., 29, 546–561, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4208-6, 2015.
Louf, V., Jakob, C., Protat, A., Bergemann, M., and Narsey, S.: The
Relationship of Cloud Number and Size With Their Large-Scale Environment in
Deep Tropical Convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9203–9212,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083964, 2019.
Luo, Y., Zhang, R., Qian, W., Luo, Z., and Hu, X.: Intercomparison of Deep
Convection over the Tibetan Plateau–Asian Monsoon Region and Subtropical
North America in Boreal Summer Using CloudSat/CALIPSO Data, J. Climate, 24,
2164–2177, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI4032.1, 2011.
Ma, Z., Liu, Q., Zhao, C., Shen, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, J. H., Li, Z., and
Yung, Y.: Application and Evaluation of an Explicit Prognostic Cloud-Cover
Scheme in GRAPES Global Forecast System, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10,
652–667, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001234, 2018.
Ma, Q., You, Q., Ma, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, J., Niu, M., and Zhang, Y.: Changes
in cloud amount over the Tibetan Plateau and impacts of large-scale
circulation, Atmos. Res., 249, 105332,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105332, 2021.
Mace, G. G., Benson, S., and Vernon, E.: Cirrus Clouds and the Large-Scale
Atmospheric State: Relationships Revealed by Six Years of Ground-Based Data,
J. Climate, 19, 3257–3278, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3786.1, 2006.
Marchand, R., Ackerman, T., Smyth, M., and Rossow, W. B.: A review of cloud
top height and optical depth histograms from MISR, ISCCP, and MODIS, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D16206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013422, 2010.
Matsui, T., Masunaga, H., Kreidenweis, S. M., Pielke Sr., R. A., Tao, W.-K.,
Chin, M., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Satellite-based assessment of marine low cloud
variability associated with aerosol, atmospheric stability, and the diurnal
cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D17204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006097,
2006.
McGill, M. J., Yorks, J. E., Scott, V. S., Kupchock, A. W., and Selmer, P.
A.: The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS): a technology demonstration on
the International Space Station, Proc. Spie, 9612, 34–39,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190841, 2015.
Miao, H., Wang, X., Liu, Y., and Wu, G.: An evaluation of cloud vertical
structure in three reanalyses against CloudSat/cloud-aerosol lidar and
infrared pathfinder satellite observations, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 20, e906,
https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.906, 2019.
Minnis, P., Trepte, Q. Z., Sun-Mack, S., Chen, Y., Doelling, D. R., Young,
D. F., Spangenberg, D. A., Miller, W. F., Wielicki, B. A., Brown, R. R.,
Gibson, S. C., and Geier, E. B.: Cloud Detection in Nonpolar Regions for
CERES Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 3857–3884, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.2001351,
2008.
Molod, A.: Constraints on the Profiles of Total Water PDF in AGCMs from AIRS
and a High-Resolution Model, J. Climate, 25, 8341–8352,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00412.1, 2012.
Molod, A., Takacs, L., Suarez, M., and Bacmeister, J.: Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1339–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015, 2015.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: CATS-ISS Level 2 Operational Night Mode 7.2 Version 3-01 5 km Profile, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ISS/CATS/L2O_N-M7.2-V3-01_05kmPro, 2018a.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: CATS-ISS Level 2 Operational Night Mode 7.2 Version 3-01 5 km Layer, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ISS/CATS/L2O_N-M7.2-V3-01_05kmLay, 2018b.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: CATS-ISS Level 2 Operational Day Mode 7.2 Version 3-01 5 km Profile, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ISS/CATS/L2O_D-M7.2-V3-01_05kmPro, 2018c.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: CATS-ISS Level 2 Operational Day Mode 7.2 Version 3-01 5 km Layer, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ISS/CATS/L2O_D-M7.2-V3-01_05kmLay, 2018d.
NASA/LARC/SD/ASDC: CALIPSO Lidar Level 2 5 km Cloud Layer, NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center DAAC [data set], V4-20, https://doi.org/10.5067/CALIOP/CALIPSO/LID_L2_05KMCLAY-STANDARD-V4-20, 2018e.
Naud, C. M. and Chen, Y.-H.: Assessment of ISCCP cloudiness over the Tibetan
Plateau using CloudSat-CALIPSO, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D10203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013053, 2010.
Naud, C. M., Rangwala, I., Xu, M., and Miller, J. R.: A Satellite View of
the Radiative Impact of Clouds on Surface Downward Fluxes in the Tibetan
Plateau, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 54, 479–493,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0183.1, 2015.
Nesbitt, S. W., Gochis, D. J., and Lang, T. J.: The Diurnal Cycle of Clouds
and Precipitation along the Sierra Madre Occidental Observed during
NAME-2004: Implications for Warm Season Precipitation Estimation in Complex
Terrain, J. Hydrometeorol., 9, 728–743,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm939.1, 2008.
Noel, V., Chepfer, H., Chiriaco, M., and Yorks, J.: The diurnal cycle of cloud profiles over land and ocean between 51° S and 51° N, seen by the CATS spaceborne lidar from the International Space Station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9457–9473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9457-2018, 2018.
Norris, J. R. and Evan, A. T.: Empirical Removal of Artifacts from the ISCCP
and PATMOS-x Satellite Cloud Records, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32,
691–702, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00058.1, 2015.
Ntwali, D. and Chen, H.: Diurnal spatial distributions of aerosol optical
and cloud micro-macrophysics properties in Africa based on MODIS
observations, Atmos. Environ., 182, 252–262,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.054, 2018.
O'Neill, B. C., Tebaldi, C., van Vuuren, D. P., Eyring, V., Friedlingstein, P., Hurtt, G., Knutti, R., Kriegler, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lowe, J., Meehl, G. A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., and Sanderson, B. M.: The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3461–3482, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016, 2016.
Oreopoulos, L., Cho, N., and Lee, D.: New insights about cloud vertical
structure from CloudSat and CALIPSO observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 9280–9300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026629, 2017.
Pan, L. and Munchak, L. A.: Relationship of Cloud Top to the Tropopause and Jet Structure from CALIPSO Data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015462, 2011.
Pan, Z., Mao, F., Gong, W., Min, Q., and Wang, W.: The warming of Tibetan
Plateau enhanced by 3D variation of low-level clouds during daytime, Remote
Sens. Environ., 198, 363–368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.024,
2017.
Pauly, R. M., Yorks, J. E., Hlavka, D. L., McGill, M. J., Amiridis, V., Palm, S. P., Rodier, S. D., Vaughan, M. A., Selmer, P. A., Kupchock, A. W., Baars, H., and Gialitaki, A.: Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS) 1064 nm calibration and validation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6241–6258, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6241-2019, 2019.
Posselt, D. J., Stephens, G. L., and Miller, M.: CLOUDSAT: Adding a New
Dimension to a Classical View of Extratropical Cyclones, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 89, 599–610, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-89-5-599, 2008.
P-Tree System: Himawari-8, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency/
Earth Observation Research Center (JAXA/EORC) [data set], https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/ (last access: 17 April 2021), 2016.
Rajapakshe, C., Zhang, Z., Yorks, J. E., Yu, H., Tan, Q., Meyer, K.,
Platnick, S., and Winker, D. M.: Seasonally transported aerosol layers over
southeast Atlantic are closer to underlying clouds than previously reported,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5818–5825, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073559,
2017.
Ramaswamy, V. and Detwiler, A.: Interdependence of radiation and
microphysics in cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2289–2301,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<2289:Iorami>2.0.Co;2, 1986.
Rangwala, I., Miller, J. R., and Xu, M.: Warming in the Tibetan Plateau:
Possible influences of the changes in surface water vapor, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L06703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037245, 2009.
Rangwala, I., Miller, J. R., Russell, G. L., and Xu, M.: Using a global
climate model to evaluate the influences of water vapor, snow cover and
atmospheric aerosol on warming in the Tibetan Plateau during the
twenty-first century, Clim. Dynam., 34, 859–872,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0564-1, 2010.
Ren, H. and Pan, X.: Integration dataset of Tibet Plateau boundary, National
Tibetan Plateau Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.11888/Geogra.tpdc.270099,
2019.
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Takacs, L., Liu, H. -C., Gu, W., Sienkiewicz, M., Koster, R. D., Gelaro, R., Stajner, I., and Nielsen, J. E.: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System–Documentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA Technical Reports 27, 118, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120011955/downloads/20120011955.pdf (last access: 13 January 2023), 2008.
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J.,
Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom,
S., Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J.,
Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P.,
Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz,
M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for
Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00015.1, 2011.
Rossow, W. B. and Schiffer, R. A.: Advances in Understanding Clouds from
ISCCP, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261–2288,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2261:Aiucfi>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Rossow, W. B., Walker, A., Golea, V., Knapp, K. R., Young, A., Inamdar A., Hankins, B., and NOAA's Climate Data Record Program: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Climate Data Record, H-Series [HGH] NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5QZ281S, 2016.
Rossow, W. B., Knapp, K. R., and Young, A. H.: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project: Extending the Record, J. Climate, 35, 141–158, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0157.1, 2021.
Sassen, K. and Cho, B. S.: Subvisual-Thin Cirrus Lidar Dataset for Satellite
Verification and Climatological Research, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 31,
1275–1285, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1275:Stcldf>2.0.Co;2, 1992.
Sassen, K., Starr, D. O. C., and Uttal, T.: Mesoscale and Microscale
Structure of Cirrus Clouds: Three Case Studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 371–396,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0371:Mamsoc>2.0.Co;2, 1989.
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Cirrus clouds and deep convection in the
tropics: Insights from CALIPSO and CloudSat, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00H06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011916, 2009.
Shang, H., Letu, H., Nakajima, T. Y., Wang, Z., Ma, R., Wang, T., Lei, Y.,
Ji, D., Li, S., and Shi, J.: Diurnal cycle and seasonal variation of cloud
cover over the Tibetan Plateau as determined from Himawari-8 new-generation
geostationary satellite data, Sci. Rep., 8, 1105,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19431-w, 2018.
Song, X., Zhai, X., Liu, L., and Wu, S.: Lidar and Ceilometer Observations
and Comparisons of Atmospheric Cloud Structure at Nagqu of Tibetan Plateau
in 2014 Summer, Atmosphere, 8, 9, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8010009, 2017.
Stanfield, R. E., Dong, X., Xi, B., Del Genio, A. D., Minnis, P., Doelling,
D., and Loeb, N.: Assessment of NASA GISS CMIP5 and Post-CMIP5 Simulated
Clouds and TOA Radiation Budgets Using Satellite Observations. Part II: TOA
Radiation Budget and CREs, J. Climate, 28, 1842,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00249.1, 2015.
Sun, N., Fu, Y., Zhong, L., Zhao, C., and Li, R.: The Impact of Convective
Overshooting on the Thermal Structure over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer
Based on TRMM, COSMIC, Radiosonde, and Reanalysis Data, J. Climate, 34,
8047–8063, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0849.1, 2021.
Sun, W., Lin, B., Hu, Y., Lukashin, C., Kato, S., and Liu, Z.: On the
consistency of CERES longwave flux and AIRS temperature and humidity
profiles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D17101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016153, 2011a.
Sun, W., Videen, G., Kato, S., Lin, B., Lukashin, C., and Hu, Y.: A study of
subvisual clouds and their radiation effect with a synergy of CERES, MODIS,
CALIPSO, and AIRS data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D22207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016422, 2011b.
Sun, W., Videen, G., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Detecting super-thin clouds with
polarized sunlight, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 688–693,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058840, 2014.
Sun, W., Baize, R. R., Videen, G., Hu, Y., and Fu, Q.: A method to retrieve super-thin cloud optical depth over ocean background with polarized sunlight, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11909–11918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11909-2015, 2015.
Taylor, K. E.: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single
diagram, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 7183–7192,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719, 2001.
Tian, B., Soden, B. J., and Wu, X.: Diurnal cycle of convection, clouds, and
water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere: Satellites versus a general
circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D10101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004117, 2004.
Tian, B., Held, I. M., Lau, N.-C., and Soden, B. J.: Diurnal cycle of
summertime deep convection over North America: A satellite perspective, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005275,
2005.
Tian, H., Xu, X., Chen, H., Huang, R., Zhang, S., and Luo, J.: Analysis
of the Anomalous Signals near the Tropopause before the Overshooting
Convective System Onset over the Tibetan Plateau, Adv. Meteorol., 2020,
8823446, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8823446, 2020.
Tian, W., Tian, H., Dhomse, S., and Feng, W.: A study of upper troposphere
and lower stratosphere water vapor above the Tibetan Plateau using AIRS and
MLS data, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 233–239, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.319,
2011.
Tiedtke, M.: Representation of Clouds in Large-Scale Models, Mon. Weather
Rev., 121, 3040–3061, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<3040:Rocils>2.0.Co;2, 1993.
Tselioudis, G., Rossow, W. B., Jakob, C., Remillard, J., Tropf, D., and
Zhang, Y.: Evaluation of Clouds, Radiation, and Precipitation in CMIP6
Models Using Global Weather States Derived from ISCCP-H Cloud Property Data,
J. Climate, 34, 7311–7324, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0076.1, 2021.
Tzallas, V., Hatzianastassiou, N., Benas, N., Meirink, J. F., Matsoukas, C.,
Stackhouse, P., and Vardavas, I.: Evaluation of CLARA-A2 and ISCCP-H Cloud
Cover Climate Data Records over Europe with ECA&D Ground-Based
Measurements, Remote Sens., 11, 212, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020212,
2019.
Urraca, R., Huld, T., Gracia-Amillo, A., Martinez-de-Pison, F. J., Kaspar,
F., and Sanz-Garcia, A.: Evaluation of global horizontal irradiance
estimates from ERA5 and COSMO-REA6 reanalyses using ground and
satellite-based data, Sol. Energy, 164, 339–354,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.059, 2018.
Vignesh, P. P., Jiang, J. H., Kishore, P., Su, H., Smay, T., Brighton, N.,
and Velicogna, I.: Assessment of CMIP6 Cloud Fraction and Comparison with
Satellite Observations, Earth Space Sci., 7, e2019EA000975,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000975, 2020.
Virts, K. S., Wallace, J. M., Fu, Q., and Ackerman, T. P.: Tropical
Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus as Represented by CALIPSO Lidar
Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3113–3129,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3412.1, 2010.
Wallace, J. M.: Diurnal Variations in Precipitation and Thunderstorm
Frequency over the Conterminous United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 103, 5,
406–419, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0406:DVIPAT>2.0.CO;2, 1975
Wang, B., Bao, Q., Hoskins, B., Wu, G., and Liu, Y.: Tibetan Plateau warming
and precipitation changes in East Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034330, 2008.
Wang, J. and Rossow, W. B.: Determination of Cloud Vertical Structure from
Upper-Air Observations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 34, 2243–2258,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2243:Docvsf>2.0.Co;2, 1995.
Wang, J., Rossow, W. B., and Zhang, Y.: Cloud Vertical Structure and Its
Variations from a 20-Yr Global Rawinsonde Dataset, J. Climate, 13, 3041–3056,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3041:Cvsaiv>2.0.Co;2, 2000.
Wang, J., Jian, B., Wang, G., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Letu, H., Zhang, M., and Li,
J.: Climatology of Cloud Phase, Cloud Radiative Effects and Precipitation
Properties over the Tibetan Plateau, Remote Sens., 13, 363, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030363, 2021.
Wang, Y., Zeng, X., Xu, X., Welty, J., Lenschow, D. H., Zhou, M., and Zhao,
Y.: Why Are There More Summer Afternoon Low Clouds Over the Tibetan Plateau
Compared to Eastern China?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089665,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089665, 2020.
Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., and Wu, X.: Distinct Diurnal
Cycle of Supercooled Water Cloud Fraction Dominated by Dust Extinction
Coefficient, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097006,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097006, 2022.
WCRP: CMIP6, World Climate Research Programme [data set], https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/, last access: 12 July 2022.
Wu, G., Liu, Y., He, B., Bao, Q., Duan, A., and Jin, F.: Thermal Controls on
the Asian Summer Monsoon, Sci. Rep., 2, 404,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00404, 2012.
Wu, G., He, B., Duan, A., Liu, Y., and Yu, W.: Formation and variation of
the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau and its climate
effects, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1169–1184,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7014-5, 2017.
Wu, W., Purser, R. J., and Parrish, D. F.: Three-dimensional variational
analysis with spatially inhomogeneous covariances, Mon. Weather Rev., 130,
2905–2916, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2905:Tdvaws>2.0.Co;2, 2002.
Xu, X., Lu, C., Shi, X., and Gao, S.: World water tower: An atmospheric
perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035867,
2008.
Xu, X., Shi, X., and Lu, C.: Theory and Application for Warning and
Prediction of Disastrous Weather Downstream from the Tibetan Plateau,
Novinka Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2012.
Yan, Y., Liu, Y., and Lu, J.: Cloud vertical structure, precipitation, and
cloud radiative effects over Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring regions, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 5864–5877, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024591,
2016.
Yang, G. and Slingo, J.: The Diurnal Cycle in the Tropics, Mon. Weather
Rev., 129, 4, 784–801, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:TDCITT>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Yang, J., Hu, X., Lei, H., Duan, Y., Lv, F., and Zhao, L.:
Airborne Observations of Microphysical Characteristics of Stratiform Cloud
Over Eastern Side of Taihang Mountains, Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 88,
https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2004.19202, 2021.
Yang, K., Ding, B., Qin, J., Tang, W., Lu, N., and Lin, C.: Can aerosol
loading explain the solar dimming over the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 39, L20710, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053733, 2012.
Yao, T., Pu, J., Lu, A., Wang, Y., and Yu, W.: Recent Glacial Retreat and
Its Impact on Hydrological Processes on the Tibetan Plateau, China, and
Surrounding Regions, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 39, 642–650,
https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-510)[YAO]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., Guo, X., Yang, X., Duan,
K., Zhao, H., Xu, B., Pu, J., Lu, A., Xiang, Y., Kattel, D. B., and Joswiak,
D.: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan
Plateau and surroundings, Nat. Clim. Chang., 2, 663–667,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1580, 2012.
Yao, T., Masson-Delmotte, V., Gao, J., Yu, W., Yang, X., Risi, C., Sturm,
C., Werner, M., Zhao, H., and He, Y.: A review of climatic controls on
δ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: Observations and
simulations, Rev. Geophys., 51, 525–548, 2013.
Yeo, H., Kim, M.-H., Son, S.-W., Jeong, J.-H., Yoon, J.-H., Kim, B.-M., and
Kim, S.-W.: Arctic cloud properties and associated radiative effects in the
three newer reanalysis datasets (ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55): Discrepancies and
possible causes, Atmos. Res., 270, 106080,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106080, 2022.
Yin, J. and Porporato, A.: Diurnal cloud cycle biases in climate models,
Nat. Commun., 8, 2269, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02369-4, 2017.
Yin, J. and Porporato, A.: Radiative effects of daily cycle of cloud
frequency in past and future climates, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1625–1637,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05077-5, 2020.
Yin, J., Wang, D., Xu, H., and Zhai, G.: An investigation into the
three-dimensional cloud structure over East Asia from the CALIPSO-GOCCP
Data, Sci. China-Earth Sci., 58, 2236–2248,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5205-4, 2015.
Yorks, J. E., McGill, M. J., Palm, S. P., Hlavka, D. L., Selmer, P. A.,
Nowottnick, E. P., Vaughan, M. A., Rodier, S. D., and Hart, W. D.: An
overview of the CATS level 1 processing algorithms and data products,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4632–4639, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068006,
2016.
Yorks, J. E., Selmer, P. A., Kupchock, A., Nowottnick, E. P., Christian, K.
E., Rusinek, D., Dacic, N., and McGill, M. J.: Aerosol and Cloud Detection
Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Space-Based Lidar Data, Atmosphere,
12, 606, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050606, 2021.
You, Q., Jiao, Y., Lin, H., Min, J., Kang, S., Ren, G., and Meng, X.:
Comparison of NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 total cloud cover with surface
observations over the Tibetan Plateau, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 2529–2537,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3852, 2014.
Young, A. H., Knapp, K. R., Inamdar, A., Hankins, W., and Rossow, W. B.: The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project H-Series climate data record product, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 583–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-583-2018, 2018.
Yu, Y., Kalashnikova, O. V., Garay, M. J., Lee, H., Choi, M., Okin, G. S., Yorks, J. E., Campbell, J. R., and Marquis, J.: A global analysis of diurnal variability in dust and dust mixture using CATS observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1427–1447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1427-2021, 2021.
Zhang, F., Yu, Q.-R., Mao, J.-L., Dan, C., Wang, Y., He, Q., Cheng, T., Chen, C., Liu, D., and Gao, Y.: Possible mechanisms of summer cirrus clouds over the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11799–11808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11799-2020, 2020a.
Zhang, G., Chen, W., and Xie, H.: Tibetan Plateau's Lake Level and Volume
Changes from NASA's ICESat/ICESat-2 and Landsat Missions, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 46, 13107–13118, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085032, 2019.
Zhang, L., Lau, W., Tao, W., and Li, Z.: Large Wildfires in the Western
United States Exacerbated by Tropospheric Drying Linked to a Multi-Decadal
Trend in the Expansion of the Hadley Circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL087911, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087911, 2020b.
Zhao, W., Marchand, R., and Fu, Q.: The diurnal cycle of clouds and
precipitation at the ARM SGP site: Cloud radar observations and simulations
from the multiscale modeling framework, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
7519–7536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026353, 2017.
Zhou, R., Wang, G., and Zhaxi, S.: Cloud vertical structure measurements
from a ground-based cloud radar over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau,
Atmos. Res., 258, 105629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105629,
2021.
Zhou, T. J. and Zhang, W. X.: Anthropogenic warming of Tibetan Plateau and
constrained future projection, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 4, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abede8, 2021.
Zou, L., Griessbach, S., Hoffmann, L., Gong, B., and Wang, L.: Revisiting global satellite observations of stratospheric cirrus clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9939–9959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9939-2020, 2020.
Zou, L., Hoffmann, L., Griessbach, S., Spang, R., and Wang, L.: Empirical evidence for deep convection being a major source of stratospheric ice clouds over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10457–10475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10457-2021, 2021.
Short summary
Diurnal variations of clouds play an important role in the radiative budget and precipitation. Based on satellite observations, reanalysis, and CMIP6 outputs, the diurnal variations in total cloud cover and cloud vertical distribution over the Tibetan Plateau are explored. The diurnal cycle of cirrus is a key focus and found to have different characteristics from those found in the tropics. The relationship between the diurnal cycle of cirrus and meteorological factors is also discussed.
Diurnal variations of clouds play an important role in the radiative budget and precipitation....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint