Articles | Volume 20, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8267-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8267-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 16 Jul 2020
| 16 Jul 2020
Cloud phase characteristics over Southeast Asia from A-Train satellite observations
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Larry Di Girolamo
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Related authors
Yulan Hong, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Robert J. Trapp, and Larry Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1391–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convective updrafts form overshooting tops (OTs) when they extend into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. An OT often indicates hazardous weather conditions. The global distribution of OTs is useful for understanding global severe weather conditions. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua and Terra satellites provides 2 decades of records on the Earth–atmosphere system with stable orbits, which are used in this study to derive 20-year OT climatology.
Dongwei Fu, Larry Di Girolamo, Robert M. Rauber, Greg M. McFarquhar, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Jesse Loveridge, Yulan Hong, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, Brian Cairns, Mikhail D. Alexandrov, Paul Lawson, Sarah Woods, Simone Tanelli, Sebastian Schmidt, Chris Hostetler, and Amy Jo Scarino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8259–8285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-retrieved cloud microphysics are widely used in climate research because of their central role in water and energy cycles. Here, we provide the first detailed investigation of retrieved cloud drop sizes from in situ and various satellite and airborne remote sensing techniques applied to real cumulus cloud fields. We conclude that the most widely used passive remote sensing method employed in climate research produces high biases of 6–8 µm (60 %–80 %) caused by 3-D radiative effects.
Jui-Lin Frank Li, Mark Richardson, Wei-Liang Lee, Eric Fetzer, Graeme Stephens, Jonathan Jiang, Yulan Hong, Yi-Hui Wang, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Yinghui Liu
The Cryosphere, 13, 969–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Observed summer Arctic sea ice retreat has been faster than simulated by the average CMIP5 models, most of which exclude falling ice particles from their radiative calculations.
We use controlled CESM1-CAM5 simulations to show for the first time that snowflakes' radiative effects can accelerate sea ice retreat. September retreat rates are doubled above current CO2 levels, highlighting falling ice radiative effects as a high priority for inclusion in future modelling of the Arctic.
Jesse Loveridge and Larry Di Girolamo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-20, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Stereoscopic techniques are useful for measuring cloud geometry from space. However, clouds are transparent and often have tenuous boundaries. We evaluate the effect of this using numerical simulations. We find that stereoscopy tends to retrieve a cloud boundary that is interior to the true shape by around 100 m and is smoother, depending on the cloud shape and resolution of the instrument. This error is similar across views, highlighting the strength of stereoscopy for change detection.
Puja Roy, Robert M. Rauber, and Larry Di Girolamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11653–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud droplet temperature and lifetime impact cloud microphysical processes such as the activation of ice-nucleating particles. We investigate the thermal and radial evolution of supercooled cloud droplets and their surrounding environments with an aim to better understand observed enhanced ice formation at supercooled cloud edges. This analysis shows that the magnitude of droplet cooling during evaporation is greater than estimated from past studies, especially for drier environments.
Michie Vianca De Vera, Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Robert M. Rauber, Stephen W. Nesbitt, and Greg M. McFarquhar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5603–5623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical oceanic low clouds remain a dominant source of uncertainty in cloud feedback in climate models due to their macrophysical properties (fraction, size, height, shape, distribution) being misrepresented. High-resolution satellite imagery over the Philippine oceans is used here to characterize cumulus macrophysical properties and their relationship to meteorological variables. Such information can act as a benchmark for cloud models and can improve low-cloud generation in climate models.
Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Avelino F. Arellano, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Christopher Castro, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Larry Di Girolamo, Glenn Franco Gacal, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Nofel Lagrosas, Hans Jarett Ong, James Bernard Simpas, Sherdon Niño Uy, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10579–10608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol and weather interactions in Southeast Asia are complex and understudied. An emerging aerosol climatology was established in Metro Manila, the Philippines, from aerosol particle physicochemical properties and meteorology, revealing five sources. Even with local traffic, transported smoke from biomass burning, aged dust, and cloud processing, background marine particles dominate and correspond to lower aerosol optical depth in Metro Manila compared to other Southeast Asian megacities.
Jesse Loveridge, Aviad Levis, Larry Di Girolamo, Vadim Holodovsky, Linda Forster, Anthony B. Davis, and Yoav Y. Schechner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3931–3957, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We test a new method for measuring the 3D spatial variations of water within clouds, using measurements of reflections of the Sun's light observed at multiple angles by satellites. This is a great improvement on older methods, which typically assume that clouds occur in a slab shape. Our study used computer modeling to show that our 3D method will work well in cumulus clouds, where older slab methods do not. Our method will inform us about these clouds and their role in our climate.
Rose Marie Miller, Robert M. Rauber, Larry Di Girolamo, Matthew Rilloraza, Dongwei Fu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Luke D. Ziemba, Sarah Woods, and Kenneth Lee Thornhill
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8959–8977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of human-produced aerosols on clouds remains one of the uncertainties in radiative forcing of Earth’s climate. Measurements of aerosol chemistry from sources around the Philippines illustrate the linkage between aerosol chemical composition and cloud droplet characteristics. Differences in aerosol chemical composition in the marine layer from biomass burning, industrial, ship-produced, and marine aerosols are shown to impact cloud microphysical structure just above cloud base.
Jesse Loveridge, Aviad Levis, Larry Di Girolamo, Vadim Holodovsky, Linda Forster, Anthony B. Davis, and Yoav Y. Schechner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1803–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new method for measuring the 3D spatial variations in water within clouds using the reflected light of the Sun viewed at multiple different angles by satellites. This is a great improvement over older methods, which typically assume that clouds occur in a slab shape. Our study used computer modeling to show that our 3D method will work well in cumulus clouds, where older slab methods do not. Our method will inform us about these clouds and their role in our climate.
Yulan Hong, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Robert J. Trapp, and Larry Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1391–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convective updrafts form overshooting tops (OTs) when they extend into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. An OT often indicates hazardous weather conditions. The global distribution of OTs is useful for understanding global severe weather conditions. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua and Terra satellites provides 2 decades of records on the Earth–atmosphere system with stable orbits, which are used in this study to derive 20-year OT climatology.
Dongwei Fu, Larry Di Girolamo, Robert M. Rauber, Greg M. McFarquhar, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Jesse Loveridge, Yulan Hong, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, Brian Cairns, Mikhail D. Alexandrov, Paul Lawson, Sarah Woods, Simone Tanelli, Sebastian Schmidt, Chris Hostetler, and Amy Jo Scarino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8259–8285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-retrieved cloud microphysics are widely used in climate research because of their central role in water and energy cycles. Here, we provide the first detailed investigation of retrieved cloud drop sizes from in situ and various satellite and airborne remote sensing techniques applied to real cumulus cloud fields. We conclude that the most widely used passive remote sensing method employed in climate research produces high biases of 6–8 µm (60 %–80 %) caused by 3-D radiative effects.
Michel M. Verstraete, Linda A. Hunt, Hugo De Lemos, and Larry Di Girolamo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 611–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The radiometric camera-by-camera cloud mask product, available for each of the nine cameras of the MISR instrument, contains a variable number of missing values, especially wherever and whenever the instrument is switched from the Global to Local Mode of operation. This paper proposes a simple method for effectively replacing those missing values and demonstrates the performance of the process. MISR data and software tools are obtainable from public domain websites to explore this issue further.
Jui-Lin Frank Li, Mark Richardson, Wei-Liang Lee, Eric Fetzer, Graeme Stephens, Jonathan Jiang, Yulan Hong, Yi-Hui Wang, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Yinghui Liu
The Cryosphere, 13, 969–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Observed summer Arctic sea ice retreat has been faster than simulated by the average CMIP5 models, most of which exclude falling ice particles from their radiative calculations.
We use controlled CESM1-CAM5 simulations to show for the first time that snowflakes' radiative effects can accelerate sea ice retreat. September retreat rates are doubled above current CO2 levels, highlighting falling ice radiative effects as a high priority for inclusion in future modelling of the Arctic.
Frank Werner, Galina Wind, Zhibo Zhang, Steven Platnick, Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Nandana Amarasinghe, and Kerry Meyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5869–5894, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5869-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5869-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A research–level retrieval algorithm for cloud optical and microphysical properties is developed for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard the Terra satellite. This yields reliable estimates of important cloud variables at a horizontal resolution of 30 m. Comparisons of the ASTER retrieval results with the operational cloud products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) show a high agreement for 48 example cloud fields.
I. Astin and L. Di Girolamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9917–9922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9917-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9917-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Remote Sensing | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Post-return stroke VHF electromagnetic activity in north-western Mediterranean cloud-to-ground lightning flashes
Technical note: Applicability of physics-based and machine-learning-based algorithms of a geostationary satellite in retrieving the diurnal cycle of cloud base height
Observing convective activities in complex convective organizations and their contributions to precipitation and anvil cloud amounts
Weak liquid water path response in ship tracks
A new aggregation and riming discrimination algorithm based on polarimetric weather radars
Lightning declines over shipping lanes following regulation of fuel sulfur emissions
Air mass history linked to the development of Arctic mixed-phase clouds
Study of radiative properties and effects of high-altitude cirrus clouds in Barcelona, Spain with 4 years of lidar measurements
Distinct structure, radiative effects, and precipitation characteristics of deep convection systems in the Tibetan Plateau compared to the tropical Indian Ocean
Co-variability drives the inverted-V sensitivity between liquid water path and droplet concentrations
The correlation between Arctic sea ice, cloud phase and radiation using A-Train satellites
Impact of wildfire smoke on Arctic cirrus formation, part 1: analysis of MOSAiC 2019–2020 observations
Technical note: Retrieval of the supercooled liquid fraction in mixed-phase clouds from Himawari-8 observations
Characterisation of low-base and mid-base clouds and their thermodynamic phase over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions
A survey of radiative and physical properties of North Atlantic mesoscale cloud morphologies from multiple identification methodologies
Extensive coverage of ultrathin tropical tropopause layer cirrus clouds revealed by balloon-borne lidar observations
The effects of warm-air intrusions in the high Arctic on cirrus clouds
The characteristics of cloud macro-parameters caused by the seeder–feeder process inside clouds measured by millimeter-wave cloud radar in Xi'an, China
Shallow- and deep-convection characteristics in the greater Houston, Texas, area using cell tracking methodology
Observations of the macrophysical properties of cumulus cloud fields over the tropical western Pacific and their connection to meteorological variables
A Lagrangian perspective on the lifecycle and cloud radiative effect of deep convective clouds over Africa
How does the lifetime of detrained cirrus impact the high cloud radiative effect in the tropics?
Daytime variation in the aerosol indirect effect for warm marine boundary layer clouds in the eastern North Atlantic
Technical note: Bimodal parameterizations of in situ ice cloud particle size distributions
Inter-relations of precipitation, aerosols, and clouds over Andalusia, southern Spain, revealed by the Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA)
On the relationship between mesoscale cellular convection and meteorological forcing: comparing the Southern Ocean against the North Pacific
Aerosol-related effects on the occurrence of heterogeneous ice formation over Lauder, New Zealand ∕ Aotearoa
Low-level Arctic clouds: a blind zone in our knowledge of the radiation budget
Climatologically invariant scale invariance seen in distributions of cloud horizontal sizes
Variability and properties of liquid-dominated clouds over the ice-free and sea-ice-covered Arctic Ocean
Asymmetries in cloud microphysical properties ascribed to sea ice leads via water vapour transport in the central Arctic
Quantifying the dependence of drop spectrum width on cloud drop number concentration for cloud remote sensing
The evolution of deep convective systems and their associated cirrus outflows
Wildfire smoke triggers cirrus formation: lidar observations over the eastern Mediterranean
Rapid saturation of cloud water adjustments to shipping emissions
Sensitivities of cloud radiative effects to large-scale meteorology and aerosols from global observations
Distinct secondary ice production processes observed in radar Doppler spectra: insights from a case study
Investigating the development of clouds within marine cold-air outbreaks
Detection of large-scale cloud microphysical changes within a major shipping corridor after implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2020 fuel sulfur regulations
Examining cloud vertical structure and radiative effects from satellite retrievals and evaluation of CMIP6 scenarios
Influence of cloud microphysics schemes on weather model predictions of heavy precipitation
Convective organization and 3D structure of tropical cloud systems deduced from synergistic A-Train observations and machine learning
Seasonal controls on isolated convective storm drafts, precipitation intensity, and life cycle as observed during GoAmazon2014/5
Uncertainty in aerosol–cloud radiative forcing is driven by clean conditions
Surface-based observations of cold-air outbreak clouds during the COMBLE field campaign
Boundary layer moisture variability at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic observatory during marine conditions
Profile-based estimated inversion strength
Characteristics of supersaturation in midlatitude cirrus clouds and their adjacent cloud-free air
Establishment of an analytical model for remote sensing of typical stratocumulus cloud profiles under various precipitation and entrainment conditions
Satellite remote sensing of regional and seasonal Arctic cooling showing a multi-decadal trend towards brighter and more liquid clouds
Andrea Kolínská, Ivana Kolmašová, Eric Defer, Ondřej Santolík, and Stéphane Pédeboy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1791–1803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1791-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1791-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We contribute to understanding differences in lightning flashes of opposite polarity by explaining distinct in-cloud processes after return strokes. Using data from multiple sensors, including individual Lightning Mapping Array stations, we reveal that positive flashes sustain strong high-frequency radiation due to the recharging of their in-cloud leader; this is in contrast to negative flashes, for which this activity declines rapidly.
Mengyuan Wang, Min Min, Jun Li, Han Lin, Yongen Liang, Binlong Chen, Zhigang Yao, Na Xu, and Miao Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14239–14256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Although machine learning technology is advanced in the field of satellite remote sensing, the physical inversion algorithm based on cloud base height can better capture the daily variation in the characteristics of the cloud base.
Zhenquan Wang and Jian Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13811–13831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical convection organizations are normally connected complexes of many convective activities. In this work, a novel variable-brightness-temperature segment tracking algorithm is established to partition the complex convective organizations into structural components of single cold cores for tracking separately. The duration, precipitation and anvil amount of the tracked organization segments have strong loglinear relationships with brightness temperature structures.
Anna Tippett, Edward Gryspeerdt, Peter Manshausen, Philip Stier, and Tristan W. P. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13269–13283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13269-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13269-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ship emissions can form artificially brightened clouds, known as ship tracks, and provide us with an opportunity to investigate how aerosols interact with clouds. Previous studies that used ship tracks suggest that clouds can experience large increases in the amount of water (LWP) from aerosols. Here, we show that there is a bias in previous research and that, when we account for this bias, the LWP response to aerosols is much weaker than previously reported.
Armin Blanke, Mathias Gergely, and Silke Trömel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3336, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The area-wide radar-based distinction between riming and aggregation is crucial for model microphysics and data assimilation. This study introduces a discrimination algorithm based on polarimetric radar networks only. Exploiting the unique opportunity to link fall velocities from Doppler spectra to polarimetric variables in an operational setting enables us to set up and evaluate a well-performing machine learning algorithm.
Chris J. Wright, Joel A. Thornton, Lyatt Jaeglé, Yang Cao, Yannian Zhu, Jihu Liu, Randall Jones II, Robert H. Holzworth, Daniel Rosenfeld, Robert Wood, Peter Blossey, and Daehyun Kim
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.07207, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.07207, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles influence clouds, which exert a large forcing on solar radiation and fresh water. To better understand the mechanisms by which aerosol influences thunderstorms, we look at the two busiest shipping lanes in the world, where recent regulations have reduced sulfur emissions by nearly an order of magnitude. We find that the reduction in emissions has been accompanied by a dramatic decrease in both lightning and the number of droplets in clouds over the shipping lanes.
Rebecca J. Murray-Watson and Edward Gryspeerdt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11115–11132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of mixed-phase clouds during marine cold-air outbreaks is not well understood. Our study, using satellite data and Lagrangian trajectories, reveals that the occurrence of these clouds depends on both time and temperature, influenced partly by the presence of biological ice-nucleating particles. This highlights the importance of comprehending local aerosol dynamics for precise modelling of cloud-phase transitions in the Arctic.
Cristina Gil-Díaz, Michäel Sicard, Odran Sourdeval, Athulya Saiprakash, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Adolfo Comerón, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, and Daniel Camilo Fortunato dos Santos Oliveira
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2131, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2131, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of radiative properties and effects of cirrus clouds based on 4 years of continuous ground-based lidar measurements with the Barcelona (Spain) Micro Pulse Lidar. A novel approach of a self-consistent scattering model for cirrus clouds is presented to determine their radiative properties at different wavelengths and the radiative effects of the cirrus clouds are calculated with the Discrete Ordinates Method (DISORT) embedded in the ARTDECO package.
Yuxin Zhao, Jiming Li, Deyu Wen, Yarong Li, Yuan Wang, and Jianping Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9435–9457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies deep convection systems (DCSs), including deep convection cores and anvils, over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and tropical Indian Ocean (TO). The DCSs over the TP are less frequent, showing narrower and thinner cores and anvils compared to those over the TO. TP DCSs show a stronger longwave cloud radiative effect at the surface and in the low-level atmosphere. Distinct aerosol–cloud–precipitation interaction is found in TP DCSs, probably due to the cold cloud bases.
Tom Goren, Goutam Chourdhury, Jan Kretzschmar, and Isabel McCoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2245, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2245, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many studies have identified an inverted-V relationship between liquid water path (LWP) and droplet concentration (Nd), where LWP increases and then decreases with Nd. Using satellite observations and meteorological data, we demonstrate that the inverted-V primarily reflects co-variability between LWP and Nd. We suggest taking a holistic approach that considers this co-variability when assessing the climatological sensitivity of LWP to anthropogenic aerosols.
Grégory V. Cesana, Olivia Pierpaoli, Matteo Ottaviani, Linh Vu, Zhonghai Jin, and Israel Silber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7899–7909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7899-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Better characterizing the relationship between sea ice and clouds is key to understanding Arctic climate because clouds and sea ice affect surface radiation and modulate Arctic surface warming. Our results indicate that Arctic liquid clouds robustly increase in response to sea ice decrease. This increase has a cooling effect on the surface because more solar radiation is reflected back to space, and it should contribute to dampening future Arctic surface warming.
Albert Ansmann, Cristofer Jimenez, Johanna Roschke, Johannes Bühl, Kevin Ohneiser, Ronny Engelmann, Martin Radenz, Hannes Griesche, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Daniel A. Knopf, Sandro Dahlke, Tom Gaudek, Patric Seifert, and Ulla Wandinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2008, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focus on the potential impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus formation. For the first time, state-of-the-art aerosol and cirrus observations with lidar and radar, presented in part 1 of a series of two articles, are closely linked to comprehensive modeling of gravity-wave-induced ice nucleation in cirrus evolution processes, presented in part 2. We found a clear impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus evolution.
Ziming Wang, Husi Letu, Huazhe Shang, and Luca Bugliaro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7559–7574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The supercooled liquid fraction (SLF) in mixed-phase clouds is retrieved for the first time using passive geostationary satellite observations based on differences in liquid droplet and ice particle radiative properties. The retrieved results are comparable to global distributions observed by active instruments, and the feasibility of the retrieval method to analyze the observed trends of the SLF has been validated.
Barbara Dietel, Odran Sourdeval, and Corinna Hoose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7359–7383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uncertainty with respect to cloud phases over the Southern Ocean and Arctic marine regions leads to large uncertainties in the radiation budget of weather and climate models. This study investigates the phases of low-base and mid-base clouds using satellite-based remote sensing data. A comprehensive analysis of the correlation of cloud phase with various parameters, such as temperature, aerosols, sea ice, vertical and horizontal cloud extent, and cloud radiative effect, is presented.
Ryan Eastman, Isabel L. McCoy, Hauke Schulz, and Robert Wood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6613–6634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud types are determined using machine learning image classifiers applied to satellite imagery for 1 year in the North Atlantic. This survey of these cloud types shows that the climate impact of a cloud scene is, in part, a function of cloud type. Each type displays a different mix of thick and thin cloud cover, with the fraction of thin cloud cover having the strongest impact on the clouds' radiative effect. Future studies must account for differing properties and processes among cloud types.
Thomas Lesigne, François Ravetta, Aurélien Podglajen, Vincent Mariage, and Jacques Pelon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5935–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Upper tropical clouds have a strong impact on Earth's climate but are challenging to observe. We report the first long-duration observations of tropical clouds from lidars flying on board stratospheric balloons. Comparisons with spaceborne observations reveal the enhanced sensitivity of balloon-borne lidar to optically thin cirrus. These clouds, which have a significant coverage and lie in the uppermost troposphere, are linked with the dehydration of air masses on their way to the stratosphere.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Martin Wirth, and Silke Groß
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5971–5987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For decades the earth's temperature has been rising. The Arctic regions are warming faster. Cirrus clouds can contribute to this phenomenon. During warm-air intrusions, air masses are transported into the Arctic from the mid-latitudes. The HALO-(AC)3 campaign took place to measure cirrus during intrusion events and under normal conditions. We study the two cloud types based on these measurements and find differences in their geometry, relative humidity distribution and vertical structure.
Huige Di and Yun Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5783–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We observed the seeder–feeder process among double-layer clouds using a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. By defining the parameters of the seeding depth and seeding time of the upper cloud affecting the lower cloud, we find that the cloud particle terminal velocity is significantly enhanced during the seeder–feeder period, and the lower the height and thinner the thickness of the height difference between double-layer clouds, the lower the height and thicker the thickness of seeding depth.
Kristofer S. Tuftedal, Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras, Mariko Oue, and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5637–5657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed coastal convective cells from June through September 2018–2021. The cells were classified and their lifecycles were analyzed to better understand their characteristics. Features such as convective-core growth, for example, are shown. The study found differences in the initiation location of shallow convection and in the aerosol loading in deep convective environments. This work provides a foundation for future analyses of convection or other tracked events elsewhere.
Michie Vianca De Vera, Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Robert M. Rauber, Stephen W. Nesbitt, and Greg M. McFarquhar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5603–5623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical oceanic low clouds remain a dominant source of uncertainty in cloud feedback in climate models due to their macrophysical properties (fraction, size, height, shape, distribution) being misrepresented. High-resolution satellite imagery over the Philippine oceans is used here to characterize cumulus macrophysical properties and their relationship to meteorological variables. Such information can act as a benchmark for cloud models and can improve low-cloud generation in climate models.
William K. Jones, Martin Stengel, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5165–5180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm clouds cover large areas of the tropics. These clouds both reflect incoming sunlight and trap heat from the atmosphere below, regulating the temperature of the tropics. Over land, storm clouds occur in the late afternoon and evening and so exist both during the daytime and at night. Changes in this timing could upset the balance of the respective cooling and heating effects of these clouds. We find that isolated storms have a larger effect on this balance than their small size suggests.
George Horner and Edward Gryspeerdt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1090, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work tracks the lifecycle of thin cirrus clouds that flow out of tropical convective storms. These cirrus clouds are found to have a warming effect on the atmosphere over their whole lifetime. Thin cirrus that originate from land origin convection warm more than those of ocean origin. Moreover, if the lifetime of these cirrus clouds increase, the warming they exert over their whole lifetime also increases. These results help us understand how these clouds might change in a future climate.
Shaoyue Qiu, Xue Zheng, David Painemal, Christopher R. Terai, and Xiaoli Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2913–2935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol indirect effect (AIE) depends on cloud states, which exhibit significant diurnal variations in the northeastern Atlantic. Yet the AIE diurnal cycle remains poorly understood. Using satellite retrievals, we find a pronounced “U-shaped” diurnal variation in the AIE, which is contributed to by the transition of cloud states combined with the lagged cloud responses. This suggests that polar-orbiting satellites with overpass times at noon underestimate daytime mean values of the AIE.
Irene Bartolomé García, Odran Sourdeval, Reinhold Spang, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1699–1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How many ice crystals of each size are in a cloud is a key parameter for the retrieval of cloud properties. The distribution of ice crystals is obtained from in situ measurements and used to create parameterizations that can be used when analyzing the remote-sensing data. Current parameterizations are based on data sets that do not include reliable measurements of small crystals, but in our study we use a data set that includes very small ice crystals to improve these parameterizations.
Wenyue Wang, Klemens Hocke, Leonardo Nania, Alberto Cazorla, Gloria Titos, Renaud Matthey, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Agustín Millares, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1571–1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The south-central interior of Andalusia experiences complex precipitation patterns as a result of the semi-arid Mediterranean climate and the influence of Saharan dust. This study monitored the inter-relations between aerosols, clouds, meteorological variables, and precipitation systems using ground-based remote sensing and in situ instruments.
Francisco Lang, Steven T. Siems, Yi Huang, Tahereh Alinejadtabrizi, and Luis Ackermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1451–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine low-level clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's energy balance, trapping heat from the surface and reflecting sunlight back into space. These clouds are distinguishable by their large-scale spatial structures, primarily characterized as hexagonal patterns with either filled (closed) or empty (open) cells. Utilizing satellite observations, these two cloud type patterns have been categorized over the Southern Ocean and North Pacific Ocean through a pattern recognition program.
Julian Hofer, Patric Seifert, J. Ben Liley, Martin Radenz, Osamu Uchino, Isamu Morino, Tetsu Sakai, Tomohiro Nagai, and Albert Ansmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An 11-year dataset of polarization lidar observations from Lauder, New Zealand / Aotearoa, was used to distinguish the thermodynamic phase of natural clouds. The cloud dataset was separated to assess the impact of air mass origin on the frequency of heterogeneous ice formation. Ice formation efficiency in clouds above Lauder was found to be lower than in the polluted Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes but higher than in very clean and pristine environments, such as Punta Arenas in southern Chile.
Hannes Jascha Griesche, Carola Barrientos-Velasco, Hartwig Deneke, Anja Hünerbein, Patric Seifert, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 597–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is strongly affected by climate change and the role of clouds therein is not yet completely understood. Measurements from the Arctic expedition PS106 were used to simulate radiative fluxes with and without clouds at very low altitudes (below 165 m), and their radiative effect was calculated to be 54 Wm-2. The low heights of these clouds make them hard to observe. This study shows the importance of accurate measurements and simulations of clouds and gives suggestions for improvements.
Thomas D. DeWitt, Timothy J. Garrett, Karlie N. Rees, Corey Bois, Steven K. Krueger, and Nicolas Ferlay
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Viewed from space, a defining feature of Earth's atmosphere is the wide spectrum of cloud sizes. A recent study predicted the distribution of cloud sizes, and this paper compares the prediction to observations. Although there is nuance in viewing perspective, we find robust agreement with theory across different climatological conditions, including land–ocean contrasts, time of year, or latitude, suggesting a minor role for Coriolis forces, aerosol loading, or surface temperature.
Marcus Klingebiel, André Ehrlich, Elena Ruiz-Donoso, Nils Risse, Imke Schirmacher, Evelyn Jäkel, Michael Schäfer, Kevin Wolf, Mario Mech, Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15289–15304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we explain how we use aircraft measurements from two Arctic research campaigns to identify cloud properties (like droplet size) over sea-ice and ice-free ocean. To make sure that our measurements make sense, we compare them with other observations. Our results show, e.g., larger cloud droplets in early summer than in spring. Moreover, the cloud droplets are also larger over ice-free ocean than compared to sea ice. In the future, our data can be used to improve climate models.
Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Heike Kalesse-Los, Luisa von Albedyll, Hannes Griesche, and Gunnar Spreen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14521–14546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An important Arctic climate process is the release of heat fluxes from sea ice openings to the atmosphere that influence the clouds. The characterization of this process is the objective of this study. Using synergistic observations from the MOSAiC expedition, we found that single-layer cloud properties show significant differences when clouds are coupled or decoupled to the water vapour transport which is used as physical link between the upwind sea ice openings and the cloud under observation.
Matthew D. Lebsock and Mikael Witte
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14293–14305, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates measurements of cloud drop size distributions made from airplanes. We find that as the number of cloud drops increases the distribution of the cloud drop sizes narrows. The data are used to develop a simple equation that relates the drop number to the width of the drop sizes. We then use this equation to demonstrate that existing approaches to observe the drop number from satellites contain errors that can be corrected by including the new relationship.
George Horner and Edward Gryspeerdt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14239–14253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14239-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14239-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical deep convective clouds, and the thin cirrus (ice) clouds that flow out from them, are important for modulating the energy budget of the tropical atmosphere. This work uses a new method to track the evolution of the properties of these clouds across their entire lifetimes. We find these clouds cool the atmosphere in the first 6 h before switching to a warming regime after the deep convective core has dissipated, which is sustained beyond 120 h from the initial convective event.
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Daniel A. Knopf, Argyro Nisantzi, Johannes Bühl, Ronny Engelmann, Annett Skupin, Patric Seifert, Holger Baars, Dragos Ene, Ulla Wandinger, and Diofantos Hadjimitsis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14097–14114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, rather clear evidence is found that wildfire smoke particles can trigger strong cirrus formation. This finding is of importance because intensive and large wildfires may occur increasingly often in the future as climate change proceeds. Based on lidar observations in Cyprus in autumn 2020, we provide detailed insight into the cirrus formation at the tropopause in the presence of aged wildfire smoke (here, 8–9 day old Californian wildfire smoke).
Peter Manshausen, Duncan Watson-Parris, Matthew W. Christensen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12545–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol from burning fuel changes cloud properties, e.g., the number of droplets and the content of water. Here, we study how clouds respond to different amounts of shipping aerosol. Droplet numbers increase linearly with increasing aerosol over a broad range until they stop increasing, while the amount of liquid water always increases, independently of emission amount. These changes in cloud properties can make them reflect more or less sunlight, which is important for the earth's climate.
Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Alyson Douglas, Timothy A. Myers, Peer Nowack, Philip Stier, Casey J. Wall, and Sarah Wilson Kemsley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10775–10794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses an observation-based cloud-controlling factor framework to study near-global sensitivities of cloud radiative effects to a large number of meteorological and aerosol controls. We present near-global sensitivity patterns to selected thermodynamic, dynamic, and aerosol factors and discuss the physical mechanisms underlying the derived sensitivities. Our study hopes to guide future analyses aimed at constraining cloud feedbacks and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Josué Gehring, Louis Jaffeux, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Pierre Coutris, Athanasios Nenes, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10207–10234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10207-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production plays a key role in clouds and precipitation. In this study, we analyze radar measurements from a snowfall event in the Jura Mountains. Complex signatures are observed, which reveal that ice crystals were formed through various processes. An analysis of multi-sensor data suggests that distinct ice multiplication processes were taking place. Both the methods used and the insights gained through this case study contribute to a better understanding of snowfall microphysics.
Rebecca J. Murray-Watson, Edward Gryspeerdt, and Tom Goren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9365–9383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds formed in Arctic marine cold air outbreaks undergo a distinct evolution, but the factors controlling their transition from high-coverage to broken cloud fields are poorly understood. We use satellite and reanalysis data to study how these clouds develop in time and the different influences on their evolution. The aerosol concentration is correlated with cloud break-up; more aerosol is linked to prolonged coverage and a stronger cooling effect, with implications for a more polluted Arctic.
Michael S. Diamond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8259–8269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8259-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fuel sulfur regulations were implemented for ships in 2020 to improve air quality but may also accelerate global warming. We use spatial statistics and satellite retrievals to detect changes in the size of cloud droplets and find evidence for a resulting decrease in cloud brightness within a major shipping corridor after the sulfur limits went into effect. Our results confirm both that the regulations are being followed and that they are having a warming influence via their effect on clouds.
Hao Luo, Johannes Quaas, and Yong Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8169–8186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds exhibit a wide range of vertical structures with varying microphysical and radiative properties. We show a global survey of spatial distribution, vertical extent and radiative effect of various classified cloud vertical structures using joint satellite observations from the new CCCM datasets during 2007–2010. Moreover, the long-term trends in CVSs are investigated based on different CMIP6 future scenarios to capture the cloud variations with different, increasing anthropogenic forcings.
Gregor Köcher, Tobias Zinner, and Christoph Knote
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6255–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polarimetric radar observations of 30 d of convective precipitation events are used to statistically analyze 5 state-of-the-art microphysics schemes of varying complexity. The frequency and area of simulated heavy-precipitation events are in some cases significantly different from those observed, depending on the microphysics scheme. Analysis of simulated particle size distributions and reflectivities shows that some schemes have problems reproducing the correct particle size distributions.
Claudia J. Stubenrauch, Giulio Mandorli, and Elisabeth Lemaitre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5867–5884, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5867-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5867-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organized convection leads to large convective cloud systems and intense rain and may change with a warming climate. Their complete 3D description, attained by machine learning techniques in combination with various satellite observations, together with a cloud system concept, link convection to anvil properties, while convective organization can be identified by the horizontal structure of intense rain.
Scott E. Giangrande, Thiago S. Biscaro, and John M. Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5297–5316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study tracks thunderstorms observed during the wet and dry seasons of the Amazon Basin using weather radar. We couple this precipitation tracking with opportunistic overpasses of a wind profiler and other ground observations to add unique insights into the upwards and downwards air motions within these clouds at various stages in the storm life cycle. The results of a simple updraft model are provided to give physical explanations for observed seasonal differences.
Edward Gryspeerdt, Adam C. Povey, Roy G. Grainger, Otto Hasekamp, N. Christina Hsu, Jane P. Mulcahy, Andrew M. Sayer, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4115–4122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of aerosols on clouds is one of the largest uncertainties in the human forcing of the climate. Aerosol can increase the concentrations of droplets in clouds, but observational and model studies produce widely varying estimates of this effect. We show that these estimates can be reconciled if only polluted clouds are studied, but this is insufficient to constrain the climate impact of aerosol. The uncertainty in aerosol impact on clouds is currently driven by cases with little aerosol.
Zackary Mages, Pavlos Kollias, Zeen Zhu, and Edward P. Luke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3561–3574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-air outbreaks (when cold air is advected over warm water and creates low-level convection) are a dominant cloud regime in the Arctic, and we capitalized on ground-based observations, which did not previously exist, from the COMBLE field campaign to study them. We characterized the extent and strength of the convection and turbulence and found evidence of secondary ice production. This information is useful for model intercomparison studies that will represent cold-air outbreak processes.
Maria P. Cadeddu, Virendra P. Ghate, David D. Turner, and Thomas E. Surleta
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3453–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3453-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the variability in marine boundary layer moisture at the Eastern North Atlantic site on a monthly and daily temporal scale and examine its fundamental role in the control of boundary layer cloudiness and precipitation. The study also highlights the complex interaction between large-scale and local processes controlling the boundary layer moisture and the importance of the mesoscale spatial distribution of vapor to support convection and precipitation.
Zhenquan Wang, Jian Yuan, Robert Wood, Yifan Chen, and Tiancheng Tong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3247–3266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a novel profile-based algorithm based on the ERA5 to estimate the inversion strength in the planetary boundary layer better than the previous inversion index, which is a key low-cloud-controlling factor. This improved measure is more effective at representing the meteorological influence on low-cloud variations. It can better constrain the meteorological influence on low clouds to better isolate cloud responses to aerosols or to estimate low cloud feedbacks in climate models.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Martin Wirth, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3103–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds affect Earth's atmosphere, deeming our study important. Here we use water vapor measurements by lidar and study the relative humidity (RHi) within and around midlatitude cirrus clouds. We find high supersaturations in the cloud-free air and within the clouds, especially near the cloud top. We study two cloud types with different formation processes. Finally, we conclude that the shape of the distribution of RHi can be used as an indicator of different cloud evolutionary stages.
Huazhe Shang, Souichiro Hioki, Guillaume Penide, Céline Cornet, Husi Letu, and Jérôme Riedi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2729–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We find that cloud profiles can be divided into four prominent patterns, and the frequency of these four patterns is related to intensities of cloud-top entrainment and precipitation. Based on these analyses, we further propose a cloud profile parameterization scheme allowing us to represent these patterns. Our results shed light on how to facilitate the representation of cloud profiles and how to link them to cloud entrainment or precipitating status in future remote-sensing applications.
Luca Lelli, Marco Vountas, Narges Khosravi, and John Philipp Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2579–2611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic amplification describes the recent period in which temperatures have been rising twice as fast as or more than the global average and sea ice and the Greenland ice shelf are approaching a tipping point. Hence, the Arctic ability to reflect solar energy decreases and absorption by the surface increases. Using 2 decades of complementary satellite data, we discover that clouds unexpectedly increase the pan-Arctic reflectance by increasing their liquid water content, thus cooling the Arctic.
Cited articles
Adames, Á. F., Wallace, J. M., and Monteiro, J. M.: Seasonality of the
structure and propagation characteristics of the MJO, J. Atmos. Sci., 73,
3511–3526, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0232.1, 2016.
As-Syakur, A. R., Osawa, T., Miura, F., Nuarsa, I. W., Ekayanti, N. W.,
Dharma, I. G. B. S., Adnyana, I. W. S., Arthana, I. W., and Tanaka, T.:
Maritime Continent rainfall variability during the TRMM era: The role of
monsoon, topography and El Niño Modoki, Dyn. Atmos. Ocean., 75, 58–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2016.05.004, 2016.
Barnes, W. L., Pagano, T. S., and Salomonson, V. V.: Prelaunch
characteristics of the moderate resolution, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote
Sens., 36, 1088–1100, 1998.
Baum, B. A., Menzel, W. P., Frey, R. A., Tobin, D. C., Holz, R. E.,
Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., and Yang, P.: MODIS cloud-top property
refinements for collection 6, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 1145–1163,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0203.1, 2012.
Berry, E., Mace, G. G., and Gettelman, A.: Using A-Train observations to
evaluate cloud occurrence and radiative effects in the Community Atmosphere
Model during the Southeast Asia summer monsoon, J. Climate, 32, 4145–4165,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0693.1, 2019.
Bouet, C., Szczap, F., Leriche, M., and Benassi, A.: What is the effect of
cloud inhomogeneities on actinic fluxes and chemical species
concentrations?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024727,
2006.
Cesana, G.: Using in situ airborne measurements to evaluate three cloud
phase products derived from CALIPSO, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
5788–5808, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022963, 2016.
Cesana, G. and Storelvmo, T.: Improving climate projections by understanding
how cloud phase affects radiation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 4594–4599,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026927, 2017.
Cesana, G. and Waliser, D. E.: Characterizing and understanding systematic
biases in the vertical structure of clouds in CMIP5/CFMIP2 models, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 10538–10546, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070515, 2016.
Cesana, G., Waliser, D. E., Jiang, X., and Li, J. L. F.: Multimodel
evaluation of cloud phase transition using satellite and reanalysis data, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 7871–7892, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022932, 2015.
Cesana, G., Waliser, D. E., Henderson, D., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Jiang, X., and
Li, J.-L. F.: The vertical structure of radiative heating rates: A
multimodel evaluation using A-train satellite observations, J. Climate, 32,
1573–1590, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0136.1, 2018.
Cesana, G., Del Genio, A. D., and Chepfer, H.: The Cumulus And Stratocumulus CloudSat-CALIPSO Dataset (CASCCAD), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1745–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1745-2019, 2019.
Cho, H. M., Nasiri, S. L., and Yang, P.: Application of CALIOP measurements
to the evaluation of cloud phase derived from MODIS infrared channels, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48, 2169–2180, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2238.1, 2009.
Cho, H. M., Zhang, Z., Meyer, K., Lebsock, M., Platnick, S., Ackerman, A.
S., Di Girolamo, L., Labonnote, L. C., Cornet, C., Riedi, J., and Holz, R.
E.: Frequency and causes of failed MODIS cloud property retrievals for
liquid phase clouds over global oceans, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120,
4132–4154, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023161, 2015.
Christensen, M. W., Carrió, G. G., Stephens, G. L., and Cotton, W. R.:
Radiative impacts of free-tropospheric clouds on the properties of marine
stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3102–3118, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0287.1,
2013.
CloudSat: CloudSat Data Processing Center, available at: http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/, last access: 10 July 2020.
Cronk, H. and Partain, P.: CloudSat ECMWF-AUX auxillary data product process
description and interface control document, 15 pp., available at:
http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/sites/default/files/products/files/ECMWF-AUX_PDICD.P_R05.rev0_.pdf (last access: 10 July 2020), 2017.
Deng, M., Mace, G. G., Wang, Z., and Okamoto, H.: Tropical composition, cloud
and climate coupling experiment validation for cirrus cloud profiling
retrieval using cloudsat radar and CALIPSO lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
D00J15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013104, 2010.
Deng, M., Mace, G. G., Wang, Z., and Lawson, R. P.: Evaluation of several
A-train ice cloud retrieval products with in situ measurements collected
during the SPARTICUS campaign, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 52, 1014–1030,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-054.1, 2013.
Di Girolamo, L., Liang, L., and Platnick, S.: A global view of
one-dimensional solar radiative transfer through oceanic water clouds,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044094, 2010.
Di Girolamo, L., Holz, R., Reid, J., Tanelli, S., and Van Den Heaver, S.:
Cloud and Aerosol Monsoonal Processes-Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex),
1–30, available at: https://espo.nasa.gov/CAMP2Ex_White_Paper (last access: 10 July 2020), 2018.
Dolinar, E. K., Dong, X., Xi, B., Jiang, J. H., and Su, H.: Evaluation of
CMIP5 simulated clouds and TOA radiation budgets using NASA satellite
observations, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2229–2247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2158-9,
2014.
Eliasson, S., Buehler, S. A., Milz, M., Eriksson, P., and John, V. O.: Assessing observed and modelled spatial distributions of ice water path using satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 375–391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-375-2011, 2011.
Fu, D., Di Girolamo, L., Liang, L., and Zhao, G.: Regional Biases in MODIS
Marine Liquid Water Cloud Drop Effective Radius Deduced Through Fusion With
MISR, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13182–13196,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031063, 2019.
Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Santos, S., Bogenschutz, P. and Caldwell, P.
M.: Advanced two-moment bulk microphysics for global models. Part II: Global
model solutions and aerosol-cloud interactions, J. Climate, 28, 1288–1307,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00103.1, 2015.
Grise, K. M., Thompson, D. W. J., and Birner, T.: A global survey of static
stability in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Climate, 23,
2275–2292, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3369.1, 2010.
Grose, M. R., Brown, J. N., Narsey, S., Brown, J. R., Murphy, B. F.,
Langlais, C., Gupta, A. Sen, Moise, A. F., and Irving, D. B.: Assessment of
the CMIP5 global climate model simulations of the western tropical Pacific
climate system and comparison to CMIP3, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 3382–3399,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3916, 2014.
Haladay, T. and Stephens, G.: Characteristics of tropical thin cirrus clouds
deduced from joint CloudSat and CALIPSO observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
D00A25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010675, 2009.
Ham, S.-H., Kato, S., Barker, H. W., Rose, F. G., and Sun-Mack, S.: Improving
the modelling of short-wave radiation through the use of a 3D scene
construction algorithm, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1870–1883,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2491, 2015.
Hong, Y. and Liu, G.: The characteristics of ice cloud properties derived
from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements, J. Climate, 28, 3880–3901,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00666.1, 2015.
Hong, Y., Liu, G., and Li, J.-L. F.: Assessing the radiative effects of
global ice clouds based on CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements, J. Climate, 29,
7651–7674, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0799.1, 2016.
Hu, Y., Winker, D., Vaughan, M., Lin, B., Omar, A., Trepte, C., Flittner,
D., Yang, P., Nasiri, S. L., Baum, B., Sun, W., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Young,
S., Stamnes, K., Huang, J., Kuehn, R., and Holz, R.: CALIPSO/CALIOP cloud
phase discrimination algorithm, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2293–2309,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1280.1, 2009.
Hu, Y., Rodier, S., Xu, K. M., Sun, W., Huang, J., Lin, B., Zhai, P., and
Josset, D.: Occurrence, liquid water content, and fraction of supercooled
water clouds from combined CALIOP/IIR/MODIS measurements, J. Geophys. Res.,
115, D00H34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012384, 2010.
Jiang, J. H., Su, H., Zhai, C., Perun, V. S., Del Genio, A., Nazarenko, L.
S., Donner, L. J., Horowitz, L., Seman, C., Cole, J., Gettelman, A., Ringer,
M. A., Rotstayn, L., Jeffrey, S., Wu, T., Brient, F., Dufresne, J.-L.,
Kawai, H., Koshiro, T., Watanabe, M., LÉcuyer, T. S., Volodin, E. M.,
Iversen, T., Drange, H., Mesquita, M. D. S., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W.,
Tian, B., Teixeira, J., and Stephens, G. L.: Evaluation of cloud and water
vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA “A-Train” satellite
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D14105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd017237, 2012.
Kay, J. E., Bourdages, L., Miller, N. B., Morrison, A., Yettella, V.,
Chepfer, H., and Eaton, B.: Evaluating and improving cloud phase in the
Community Atmosphere Model version 5 using spaceborne lidar observations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 4162–4176, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024699, 2016.
King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Menzel, W. P., and Tanré, D.: Remote sensing
of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 2–27,
https://doi.org/10.1109/36.124212, 1992.
King, M. D., Platnick, S., Menzel, W. P., Ackerman, S. A., and Hubanks, P.
A.: Spatial and temporal distribution of clouds observed by MODIS onboard
the Terra and Aqua satellites, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 51,
3826–3852, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2227333, 2013.
Klein, S. A. and Hartmann, D.: The seasonal cycle of low startiform clouds,
J. Climate, 6, 1587–1606, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1587:TSCOLS>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Knutson, T. R., Weickmann, K. M., and Kutzbach, J. E.: Global-scale
intraseasonal oscillations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250 mb zonal
wind during northern hemisphere summer, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 605–623,
1986.
LAADS DAAC: Level-1 Atmosphere Archive & Distribution System Distributed Active Archive Center for MODIS data, available at: https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/, last access: 10 July 2020.
Leahy, L. V., Wood, R., Charlson, R. J., Hostetler, C. A., Rogers, R. R.,
Vaughan, M. A., and Winker, D. M.: On the nature and extent of optically thin
marine low clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017929,
2012.
Li, J., Yi, Y., Minnis, P., Huang, J., Yan, H., Ma, Y., Wang, W., and Kirk
Ayers, J.: Radiative effect differences between multi-layered and
single-layer clouds derived from CERES, CALIPSO, and CloudSat data, J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 112, 361–375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.10.006, 2011.
Li, J., Huang, J., Stamnes, K., Wang, T., Lv, Q., and Jin, H.: A global survey of cloud overlap based on CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 519–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-519-2015, 2015.
Li, J.-L. F., Waliser, D. E., Stephens, G., Lee, S., L'Ecuyer, T., Kato, S.,
Loeb, N., and Ma, H.-Y.: Characterizing and understanding radiation budget
biases in CMIP3/CMIP5 GCMs, contemporary GCM, and reanalysis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 8166–8184, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50378, 2013.
Li, Y., Thompson, D. W. J., Stephens, G. L., and Bony, S.: A global survey of
the instantaneous linkages between cloud vertical structure and large-scale
climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 3770–3792, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020669,
2014.
Liang, L., Di Girolamo, L., and Platnick, S.: View-angle consistency in
reflectance, optical thickness and spherical albedo of marine water-clouds
over the northeastern Pacific through MISR-MODIS fusion, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L09811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037124, 2009.
Liang, L., Di Girolamo, L., and Sun, W.: Bias in MODIS cloud drop effective
radius for oceanic water clouds as deduced from optical thickness
variability across scattering angles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120,
7661–7681, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023256, 2015.
Lin, N. H., Tsay, S. C., Maring, H. B., Yen, M. C., Sheu, G. R., Wang, S.
H., Chi, K. H., Chuang, M. T., Ou-Yang, C. F., Fu, J. S., Reid, J. S., Lee,
C. Te, Wang, L. C., Wang, J. L., Hsu, C. N., Sayer, A. M., Holben, B. N.,
Chu, Y. C., Nguyen, X. A., Sopajaree, K., Chen, S. J., Cheng, M. T., Tsuang,
B. J., Tsai, C. J., Peng, C. M., Schnell, R. C., Conway, T., Chang, C. T.,
Lin, K. S., Tsai, Y. I., Lee, W. J., Chang, S. C., Liu, J. J., Chiang, W.
L., Huang, S. J., Lin, T. H., and Liu, G. R.: An overview of regional
experiments on biomass burning aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast
Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS, Atmos. Environ.,
78, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.066, 2013.
Liou, K.-N.: Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A
global perspective, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1167–1199,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2,
1986.
Loeb, N. G. and Davies, R.: Observational evidence of plane parallel model
biases?: Apparent dpendence of cloud optical depth on solar zenith angle, J.
Geophys. Res., 101, 1621–1634, 1996.
Loeb, N. G. and Davies, R.: Angular dependence of observed reflectances: A
comparison with plane parallel theory, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102,
6865–6881, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03586, 1997.
Loeb, N. G., Kato, S., Su, W., Wong, T., Rose, F. G., Doelling, D. R.,
Norris, J. R., and Huang, X.: Advances in understanding top-of-atmosphere
radiation variability from satellite observations, Surv. Geophys., 33,
359–385, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9175-1, 2012.
Loveridge, J. and Davies, R.: Cloud heterogeneity in the marine
midlatitudes: Dependence on large-scale meteorology and implications for
general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3448–3463,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029826, 2019.
Mace, G. G., Zhang, Q., Vaughan, M., Marchand, R., Stephens, G., Trepte, C.,
and Winker, D.: A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics
derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys.
Res., 114, D00A26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009755, 2009.
Madden, R. A. and Julian, P. R.: Detection of a 40–50 Day Oscillation in the
Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702–708,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2, 1971.
Marchant, B., Platnick, S., Meyer, K., Arnold, G. T., and Riedi, J.: MODIS Collection 6 shortwave-derived cloud phase classification algorithm and comparisons with CALIOP, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1587–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1587-2016, 2016.
Marshak, A. and Davis, A. B.: Horizontal fluxes and radiative smoothing, in:
3D Radiative Transfer in Cloudy Atmospheres, 543–586, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005.
Marshak, A., Platnick, S., Várnai, T., Wen, G., and Cahalan, R. F.:
Impact of three-dimensional radiative effects on satellite retrievals of
cloud droplet sizes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09207,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006686, 2006.
Matus, A. V. and L'Ecuyer, T. S.: The role of cloud phase in Earth's
radiation budget, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 2559–2578,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025951, 2017.
McFarquhar, G. M., Heymsfield, A. J., Spinhirne, J., and Hart, B.: Thin and
subvisual tropopause tropical cirrus: Observations and radiative impacts, J.
Atmos. Sci., 57, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1841:TASTTC>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
MEI: Multivariate ENSO Index, Version 2, available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/, last access: 10 July 2020.
Nesbitt, S. W. and Zipser, E. J.: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and
convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements, J.
Climate, 16, 1456–1475, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456, 2003.
O'Hirok, W. and Gautier, C.: The impact of model resolution on differences
between independent column approximation and monte carlo estimates of
shortwave surface irradiance and atmospheric heating rate, J. Atmos. Sci.,
62, 2939–2951, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3519.1, 2005.
Oreopoulos, L., Cho, N., and Lee, D.: New insights about cloud vertical
structure from CloudSat and CALIPSO observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 9280–9300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026629, 2017.
Park, S. and Leovy, C. B.: Marine low-cloud anomalies associated with ENSO,
J. Climate, 17, 3448–3469, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3448:MLAAWE>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Pincus, R., Platnick, S., Ackerman, S. A., Hemler, R. S., and Patrick
Hofmann, R. J.: Reconciling simulated and observed views of clouds: MODIS,
ISCCP, and the limits of instrument simulators, J. Climate, 25,
4699–4720, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00267.1, 2012.
Platnick, S., King, M. D., Ackerman, S. A., Menzel, W. P., Baum, B. A.,
Riédi, J. C., and Frey, R. A.: The MODIS cloud products?: Algorithms and
examples from Terra, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 459–473,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301, 2003.
Reid, J. S., Xian, P., Hyer, E. J., Flatau, M. K., Ramirez, E. M., Turk, F. J., Sampson, C. R., Zhang, C., Fukada, E. M., and Maloney, E. D.: Multi-scale meteorological conceptual analysis of observed active fire hotspot activity and smoke optical depth in the Maritime Continent, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2117–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2117-2012, 2012.
Reid, J. S., Hyer, E. J., Johnson, R. S., Holben, B. N., Yokelson, R. J.,
Zhang, J., Campbell, J. R., Christopher, S. A., Di Girolamo, L., Giglio, L.,
Holz, R. E., Kearney, C., Miettinen, J., Reid, E. A., Turk, F. J., Wang, J.,
Xian, P., Zhao, G., Balasubramanian, R., Chew, B. N., Janjai, S., Lagrosas,
N., Lestari, P., Lin, N. H., Mahmud, M., Nguyen, A. X., Norris, B., Oanh, N.
T. K., Oo, M., Salinas, S. V., Welton, E. J., and Liew, S. C.: Observing and
understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An
initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS)
program, Atmos. Res., 122, 403–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.005,
2013.
Riley, E. M., Mapes, B. E., and Tulich, S. N.: Clouds associated with the
Madden–Julian Oscillation: A new perspective from CloudSat, J. Atmos. Sci.,
68, 3032–3051, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-030.1, 2011.
RMM index: Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/mjo/, last access: 10 July 2020.
Ross, A. D., Holz, R. E., Quinn, G., Reid, J. S., Xian, P., Turk, F. J., and Posselt, D. J.: Exploring the first aerosol indirect effect over Southeast Asia using a 10-year collocated MODIS, CALIOP, and model dataset, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12747–12764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12747-2018, 2018.
Sassen, K. and Wang, Z.: Classifying clouds around the globe with the
CloudSat radar: 1-year of results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04805,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032591, 2008.
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Global distribution of cirrus clouds from
CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations
(CALIPSO) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009972, 2008.
Savtchenko, A., Ouzounov, D., Ahmad, S., Acker, J., Leptoukh, G., Koziana,
J., and Nickless, D.: Terra and Aqua MODIS products available from NASA GES
DAAC, Adv. Space Res., 34, 710–714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.03.012, 2004.
Song, H., Zhang, Z., Ma, P. L., Ghan, S. J., and Wang, M.: An evaluation of
marine boundary layer cloud property simulations in the Community Atmosphere
Model using satellite observations: Conventional subgrid parameterization
versus CLUBB, J. Climate, 31, 2299–2320, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0277.1,
2018.
Song, S., Schmidt, K. S., Pilewskie, P., King, M. D., Heidinger, A. K., Walther, A., Iwabuchi, H., Wind, G., and Coddington, O. M.: The spectral signature of cloud spatial structure in shortwave irradiance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13791–13806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13791-2016, 2016.
Stephens, G., Winker, D., Pelon, J., Trepte, C., Vane, D., Yuhas, C.,
L'Ecuyer, T., and Lebsock, M.: Cloudsat and CALIPSO within the A-train: Ten
years of actively observing the earth system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99,
569–581, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0324.1, 2018.
Stephens, G. L., Vane, D. G., Boain, R. J., Mace, G. G., Sassen, K., Wang,
Z., Illingworth, A. J., O'Connor, E. J., Rossow, W. B., Durden, S. L.,
Miller, S. D., Austin, R. T., Benedetti, A., and Mitrescu, C.: The cloudsat
mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of
clouds and precipitation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1771–1790,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771, 2002.
Stephens, G. L., Vane, D. G., Tanelli, S., Im, E., Durden, S., Rokey, M.,
Reinke, D., Partain, P., Mace, G. G., Austin, R., L'Ecuyer, T., Haynes, J.,
Lebsock, M., Suzuki, K., Waliser, D., Wu, D., Kay, J., Gettelman, A., Wang,
Z., and Marchand, R.: CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after
the first year of operation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A18,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009982, 2008.
Waliser, D. E., Li, J.-L. F., Woods, C. P., Austin, R. T., Bacmeister, J.,
Chern, J., Del Genio, A., Jiang, J. H., Kuang, Z., Meng, H., Minnis, P.,
Platnick, S., Rossow, W. B., Stephens, G. L., Sun-Mack, S., Tao, W.-K.,
Tompkins, A. M., Vane, D. G., Walker, C., and Wu, D.: Cloud ice: A climate
model challenge with signs and expectations of progress, J. Geophys. Res.,
114, D00A21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010015, 2009.
Wang, Z.: CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR Product Process Description and
Interface Control Document, 1–59, available at:
http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/sites/default/files/products/files/2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR_PDICD.P1_R05.rev0_.pdf (last access: 10 July 2020), 2019.
Wang, Z. and Sassen, K.: Cloud type and macrophysical property retrieval
using multiple remote sensors, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1665–1682,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1665:CTAMPR>2.0.CO;2,
2001.
Wang, Z., Vane, D., and Staphens, G.: Level 2 Combined Radar and Lidar Cloud
Scenario Classification Product Process Description and Interface Control
document, available at:
http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/sites/default/files/products/files/2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR_PDICD.P_R04.20120522.pdf (last access: 10 July 2020),
2012.
Wheeler, M. C. and Hendon, H. H.: An all-season real-time multivariate MJO
index?: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction, Mon. Weather
Rev., 132, 1917–1932, 2004.
Winker, D. M., Pelon, J. R., and McCormick, M. P.: The CALIPSO mission:
Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds, Lidar Remote Sens.
Ind. Environ. Monit. III, 4893, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466539, 2003.
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonality
adjusted principal component index, in: Proc. of the 17th Climate Diagnostics
Workshop, Norman, OK, NOAA/NMC/CAC, NSSL, Oklahoma Clim. Survey, CIMMS and
the School of Meteor., Univ. of Oklahoma, 52–57, 1993.
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How
does 1997/1998 rank?, Weather, 53, 315–324, 1998.
Wolters, E. L. A., Roebeling, R. A., and Feijt, A. J.: Evaluation of
cloud-phase retrieval methods for SEVIRI on Meteosat-8 using ground-based
lidar and cloud radar data, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 1723–1738,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1591.1, 2008.
Yang, P., Liou, K. N., Wyser, K., and Mitchell, D.: Parameterization of the
scattering and absorption properties of individual ice crystals, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 4699–4718, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900755, 2000.
Yeh, T. C.: Some aspects of the thermal influences of the Qinghai-Tibetan
plateau on the atmospheric circulation, Arch. Meteorol. Geophy. A, 31, 205–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02258032, 1982.
Yoshida, R., Okamoto, H., Hagihara, Y., and Ishimoto, H.: Global analysis of
cloud phase and ice crystal orientation from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and
Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data using attenuated
backscattering and depolarization ratio, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115,
1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012334, 2010.
Yuan, T. and Oreopoulos, L.: On the global character of overlap between low and high clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5320–5326, doi:10.1002/grl.50871, 2013.
Zhang, C.: Madden-Julian Oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG2003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000158, 2005.
Zhang, C. and Dong, M.: Seasonality in the Madden-Julian oscillation, J.
Climate, 17, 3169–3180, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3169:SITMO>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Zhang, D., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: A global view of midlevel liquid-layer
topped stratiform cloud distribution and phase partition from CALIPSO and
CloudSat measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H13,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012143, 2010.
Zhang, Z. and Platnick, S.: An assessment of differences between cloud
effective particle radius retrievals for marine water clouds from three
MODIS spectral bands, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D20215,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016216, 2011.
Zhang, Z., Werner, F., Cho, H.-M., Wind, G., Platnick, S., Ackerman, A. S.,
Di Girolamo, L., Marshak, A., and Meyer, K.: A framework based on 2-D Taylor
expansion for quantifying the impacts of subpixel reflectance variance and
covariance on cloud optical thickness and effective radius retrievals based
on the bispectral method, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 7007–7025,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024837, 2016.
Zhao, G. and Di Girolamo, L.: Cloud fraction errors for trade wind cumuli
from EOS-Terra instruments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20802,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027088, 2006.
Zhao, G., Di Girolamo, L., Diner, D. J., Bruegge, C. J., Mueller, K. J., and
Wu, D. L.: Regional changes in Earth's color and texture as observed from
space over a 15-year period, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 54,
4240–4249, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2538723, 2016.
Zhao, W., Peng, Y., Wang, B., Yi, B., Lin, Y., and Li, J.: Comparison of
three ice cloud optical schemes in climate simulations with community
atmospheric model version 5, Atmos. Res., 204, 37–53,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.01.004, 2018.
Short summary
Cloud phase plays a crucial role in Earth radiation budget but is not well understood. Using A-Train satellite observations, this study provides climatological studies of cloud phase characteristics over Southeast Asia on multiple meteorological scales. Results show that ice, liquid, and ice over liquid clouds display distinct spatial heterogeneity and spectral radiance features. The intraseasonal and interannual behaviors of cloud phases are useful to track the MJO and ENSO.
Cloud phase plays a crucial role in Earth radiation budget but is not well understood. Using...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint