Articles | Volume 25, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7137-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7137-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jul 2025
Research article |
| 11 Jul 2025
| 11 Jul 2025
Impact of post-monsoon crop residue burning on PM2.5 over northern India: optimizing emissions using a high-density in situ surface observation network
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Kentaro Ishijima
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Joseph Ching
Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Kazuyo Yamaji
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 6580022, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Rio Ishikawa
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Tomoki Kajikawa
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Tanbir Singh
Shaheed Captain Vikram Batra Government College, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
Tomoki Nakayama
Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Yutaka Matsumi
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Koyo Kojima
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Taisei Machida
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Takashi Maki
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Prabir K. Patra
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
Sachiko Hayashida
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Nara 630-8263, Japan
Related authors
Mizuo Kajino, Akira Watanabe, Masahide Ishizuka, Kazuyuki Kita, Yuji Zaizen, Takeshi Kinase, Rikuya Hirai, Kakeru Konnai, Akane Saya, Kazuki Iwaoka, Yoshitaka Shiroma, Hidenao Hasegawa, Naofumi Akata, Masahiro Hosoda, Shinji Tokonami, and Yasuhito Igarashi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 783–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-783-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-783-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model and observations of surface concentration and depositions, the current study provides quantitative assessments of resuspension, transport, and deposition of radio-Cs in eastern Japan in 2013, which was once deposited to the ground surface after the Fukushima nuclear accident. The areal mean resuspension rate of radio-Cs from the ground to the air is estimated as 0.96 % per year, which is equivalent to 1–10 % of the decreasing rate of the ambient gamma dose in Fukushima.
Akira Watanabe, Mizuo Kajino, Kazuhiko Ninomiya, Yoshitaka Nagahashi, and Atsushi Shinohara
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 675–692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study summarizes continuous measurements of surface air concentrations and deposition of radiocesium in Fukushima city over 8 years after the Fukushima nuclear accident. The concentration in the city was high in winter and low in summer (inverse of the forest area). The decreasing trends were much faster in the earlier stage, probably because dissolved cesium discharged faster from the local environment. Biotite might play a key role in circulation of particulate cesium in Fukushima city.
Syuichi Itahashi, Baozhu Ge, Keiichi Sato, Zhe Wang, Junichi Kurokawa, Jiani Tan, Kan Huang, Joshua S. Fu, Xuemei Wang, Kazuyo Yamaji, Tatsuya Nagashima, Jie Li, Mizuo Kajino, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8709–8734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the detailed analysis of acid deposition over southeast Asia based on the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III. Simulated wet deposition is evaluated with observation data from the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). The difficulties of models to capture observations are related to the model performance on precipitation. The precipitation-adjusted approach was applied, and the distribution of wet deposition was successfully revised.
Mizuo Kajino, Makoto Deushi, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Naga Oshima, Keiya Yumimoto, Taichu Yasumichi Tanaka, Joseph Ching, Akihiro Hashimoto, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Masaaki Ikegami, Akane Kamada, Makoto Miyashita, Yayoi Inomata, Shin-ichiro Shima, Pradeep Khatri, Atsushi Shimizu, Hitoshi Irie, Kouji Adachi, Yuji Zaizen, Yasuhito Igarashi, Hiromasa Ueda, Takashi Maki, and Masao Mikami
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2235–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares performance of aerosol representation methods of the Japan Meteorological Agency's regional-scale nonhydrostatic meteorology–chemistry model (NHM-Chem). It indicates separate treatment of sea salt and dust in coarse mode and that of light-absorptive and non-absorptive particles in fine mode could provide accurate assessments on aerosol feedback processes.
Baozhu Ge, Syuichi Itahashi, Keiichi Sato, Danhui Xu, Junhua Wang, Fan Fan, Qixin Tan, Joshua S. Fu, Xuemei Wang, Kazuyo Yamaji, Tatsuya Nagashima, Jie Li, Mizuo Kajino, Hong Liao, Meigen Zhang, Zhe Wang, Meng Li, Jung-Hun Woo, Junichi Kurokawa, Yuepeng Pan, Qizhong Wu, Xuejun Liu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10587–10610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Performances of the simulated deposition for different reduced N (Nr) species in China were conducted with the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia. Results showed that simulated wet deposition of oxidized N was overestimated in northeastern China and underestimated in south China, but Nr was underpredicted in all regions by all models. Oxidized N has larger uncertainties than Nr, indicating that the chemical reaction process is one of the most importance factors affecting model performance.
Yosuke Niwa, Yasunori Tohjima, Yukio Terao, Tazu Saeki, Akihiko Ito, Taku Umezawa, Kyohei Yamada, Motoki Sasakawa, Toshinobu Machida, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hideki Nara, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Yukio Yoshida, Shinji Morimoto, Shinya Takatsuji, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yousuke Sawa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Kentaro Ishijima, Ryo Fujita, Daisuke Goto, Xin Lan, Kenneth Schuldt, Michal Heliasz, Tobias Biermann, Lukasz Chmura, Jarsolaw Necki, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Damiano Sferlazzo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6757–6785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated regional and sectoral emission contributions to the unprecedented surge of atmospheric methane for 2020–2022. The methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, and its emissions reduction is urgently required to mitigate global warming. Numerical modeling-based estimates with three different sets of atmospheric observations consistently suggested large contributions of biogenic emissions from South Asia and Southeast Asia to the surge of atmospheric methane.
Satoshi Sugawara, Shinji Morimoto, Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Taku Umezawa, Shuji Aoki, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Sakae Toyoda, Kentaro Ishijima, Daisuke Goto, and Hideyuki Honda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1003, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have been collected stratospheric air samples since 1985 over Japan and analyzed them for δ13CO2. δ13CO2 has decreased through time in the mid-stratosphere with an average rate of change of −0.026 ± 0.001 ‰ yr−1. It has become clear that the oxidation of methane and gravitational separation are important for stratospheric δ13CO2 variations. We newly defined ‘stratospheric potential δ13C’ as a quasi-conservative parameter and demonstrated that it can be used as an air age tracer.
Chiranjit Das, Ravi Kumar Kunchala, Prabir K. Patra, Naveen Chandra, Kentaro Ishijima, and Toshinobu Machida
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3976, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3976, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Our study compares model CO2 with aircraft and OCO-2 data to identify transport model errors to better policy-related flux estimation. The model align better with aircraft data than satellite data, especially over oceans, but struggles near the surface due to inaccurate CO2 estimates. Over the Amazon and Asian megacities, differences arise from limited measurements and coarse model resolution, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and higher-resolution data to capture emissions better.
Phuc Thi Minh Ha, Yugo Kanaya, Kazuyo Yamaji, Syuichi Itahashi, Satoru Chatani, Takashi Sekiya, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, John Philip Burrows, Hans Schlager, Michael Lichtenstern, Mira Poehlker, and Bruna Holanda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2064, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon and CO are important to climate change. EMeRGe airborne observation can identify the suitability of emission inventories used in CMAQv5.0.2 model for Asian polluted regions. GFEDv4.1s is suitable for fire emissions. Anthropogenic BC and CO emissions from Philippines (REASv2.1) are insufficient. The estimated Chinese emissions in 2018 are 0.65±0.25 TgBC, 166±65 TgCO and 12.4±4.8 PgCO2, suggesting a reduction and increment for China's BC and CO emissions in the HTAPv2.2z inventory.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hiroaki Kondo, Kentaro Ishijima, Nobuyuki Aoki, Hidekazu Matsueda, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method evaluating techniques for carbon neutrality, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is important. This study presents a method to evaluate CO2 emissions from a cement plant based on atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements. The method will also be useful for evaluating CO2 capture from flue gas at CCS plants, since the plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere without causing any O2 changes, just as cement plants do, differing only in the direction of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
Nofel Lagrosas, Kosuke Okubo, Hitoshi Irie, Yutaka Matsumi, Tomoki Nakayama, Yutaka Sugita, Takashi Okada, and Tatsuo Shiina
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5937–5951, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines the near-ground aerosol–weather relationship from 7-month continuous lidar and weather observations in Chiba, Japan. Optical parameters from lidar data are compared with weather parameters to understand and quantify the aerosol–weather relationship and how these optical parameters are affected by the weather and season. The results provide insights into analyzing optical properties of radioactive aerosols when the lidar system is continuously operated in a radioactive area.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yosuke Niwa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Shohei Murayama, Kentaro Ishijima, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6953–6970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric O2 / N2 ratio and CO2 concentration over the western North Pacific are presented. We found significant modification of the seasonal APO cycle in the middle troposphere due to the interhemispheric mixing of air. APO driven by the net marine biological activities indicated annual sea–air O2 flux during El Niño. Terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes during 2012–2019 were estimated to be 1.8 and 2.8 Pg C a−1, respectively.
Yange Deng, Hiroaki Fujinari, Hikari Yai, Kojiro Shimada, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Dhananjay K. Deshmukh, Kimitaka Kawamura, Tomoki Nakayama, Shiori Tatsuta, Mingfu Cai, Hanbing Xu, Fei Li, Haobo Tan, Sho Ohata, Yutaka Kondo, Akinori Takami, Shiro Hatakeyama, and Michihiro Mochida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5515–5533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Offline analyses of the hygroscopicity and composition of atmospheric aerosols are complementary to online analyses in view of the applicability to broader sizes, specific compound groups, and investigations at remote sites. This offline study characterized the composition of water-soluble matter in aerosols and their humidity-dependent hygroscopicity on Okinawa, a receptor site of East Asian outflow. Further, comparison with online analyses showed the appropriateness of the offline method.
Mizuo Kajino, Akira Watanabe, Masahide Ishizuka, Kazuyuki Kita, Yuji Zaizen, Takeshi Kinase, Rikuya Hirai, Kakeru Konnai, Akane Saya, Kazuki Iwaoka, Yoshitaka Shiroma, Hidenao Hasegawa, Naofumi Akata, Masahiro Hosoda, Shinji Tokonami, and Yasuhito Igarashi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 783–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-783-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-783-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model and observations of surface concentration and depositions, the current study provides quantitative assessments of resuspension, transport, and deposition of radio-Cs in eastern Japan in 2013, which was once deposited to the ground surface after the Fukushima nuclear accident. The areal mean resuspension rate of radio-Cs from the ground to the air is estimated as 0.96 % per year, which is equivalent to 1–10 % of the decreasing rate of the ambient gamma dose in Fukushima.
Akira Watanabe, Mizuo Kajino, Kazuhiko Ninomiya, Yoshitaka Nagahashi, and Atsushi Shinohara
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 675–692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study summarizes continuous measurements of surface air concentrations and deposition of radiocesium in Fukushima city over 8 years after the Fukushima nuclear accident. The concentration in the city was high in winter and low in summer (inverse of the forest area). The decreasing trends were much faster in the earlier stage, probably because dissolved cesium discharged faster from the local environment. Biotite might play a key role in circulation of particulate cesium in Fukushima city.
Jun Zhou, Kei Sato, Yu Bai, Yukiko Fukusaki, Yuka Kousa, Sathiyamurthi Ramasamy, Akinori Takami, Ayako Yoshino, Tomoki Nakayama, Yasuhiro Sadanaga, Yoshihiro Nakashima, Jiaru Li, Kentaro Murano, Nanase Kohno, Yosuke Sakamoto, and Yoshizumi Kajii
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12243–12260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
HO2 radicals play key roles in tropospheric chemistry, their levels in ambient air not yet fully explained by sophisticated models. Here we measured HO2 uptake kinetics onto ambient aerosols in real time using a self-built online system and investigated the impacting factors on such processes by coupling with other instrumentations. The role of the HO2 uptake process in O3 formation is also discussed. Results give useful information for coordinated control of aerosol and ozone pollutants.
Syuichi Itahashi, Baozhu Ge, Keiichi Sato, Zhe Wang, Junichi Kurokawa, Jiani Tan, Kan Huang, Joshua S. Fu, Xuemei Wang, Kazuyo Yamaji, Tatsuya Nagashima, Jie Li, Mizuo Kajino, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8709–8734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the detailed analysis of acid deposition over southeast Asia based on the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III. Simulated wet deposition is evaluated with observation data from the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). The difficulties of models to capture observations are related to the model performance on precipitation. The precipitation-adjusted approach was applied, and the distribution of wet deposition was successfully revised.
Mizuo Kajino, Makoto Deushi, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Naga Oshima, Keiya Yumimoto, Taichu Yasumichi Tanaka, Joseph Ching, Akihiro Hashimoto, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Masaaki Ikegami, Akane Kamada, Makoto Miyashita, Yayoi Inomata, Shin-ichiro Shima, Pradeep Khatri, Atsushi Shimizu, Hitoshi Irie, Kouji Adachi, Yuji Zaizen, Yasuhito Igarashi, Hiromasa Ueda, Takashi Maki, and Masao Mikami
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2235–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares performance of aerosol representation methods of the Japan Meteorological Agency's regional-scale nonhydrostatic meteorology–chemistry model (NHM-Chem). It indicates separate treatment of sea salt and dust in coarse mode and that of light-absorptive and non-absorptive particles in fine mode could provide accurate assessments on aerosol feedback processes.
Akash Biswal, Vikas Singh, Shweta Singh, Amit P. Kesarkar, Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip S. Dhomse, Richard J. Pope, Tanbir Singh, and Suman Mor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5235–5251, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and surface observations show a reduction in NO2 levels over India during the lockdown compared to business-as-usual years. A substantial reduction, proportional to the population, was observed over the urban areas. The changes in NO2 levels at the surface during the lockdown appear to be present in the satellite observations. However, TROPOMI showed a better correlation with surface NO2 and was more sensitive to the changes than OMI because of the finer resolution.
Trang Thi Quynh Nguyen, Wataru Takeuchi, Prakhar Misra, and Sachiko Hayashida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2795–2818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides annual emissions of transportation, manufacturing industries and construction, and residential areas at 1 km resolution from 2009 to 2016 for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Our originality is our use of satellite-derived urban land use morphological maps. These maps which are based on building height provided by a coarse-resolution satellite-derived digital surface model (DSM) and urban built-up area classified from Landsat images allow spatial disaggregation of annual emissions.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, Yasunori Tohjima, Daisuke Goto, Kentaro Ishijima, Yosuke Niwa, Nobuyuki Aoki, and Shohei Murayama
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1357–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The surface Ar / N2 ratio showed not only secular increasing trends, but also interannual variations in phase with the global ocean heat content (OHC). Sensitivity test by using a two-dimensional model indicated that the secular trend in the Ar / N2 ratio is modified by the gravitational separation in the stratosphere. The analytical results imply that the surface Ar/N2 ratio is an important tracer for detecting spatiotemporally integrated changes in OHC and stratospheric circulation.
Baozhu Ge, Syuichi Itahashi, Keiichi Sato, Danhui Xu, Junhua Wang, Fan Fan, Qixin Tan, Joshua S. Fu, Xuemei Wang, Kazuyo Yamaji, Tatsuya Nagashima, Jie Li, Mizuo Kajino, Hong Liao, Meigen Zhang, Zhe Wang, Meng Li, Jung-Hun Woo, Junichi Kurokawa, Yuepeng Pan, Qizhong Wu, Xuejun Liu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10587–10610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Performances of the simulated deposition for different reduced N (Nr) species in China were conducted with the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia. Results showed that simulated wet deposition of oxidized N was overestimated in northeastern China and underestimated in south China, but Nr was underpredicted in all regions by all models. Oxidized N has larger uncertainties than Nr, indicating that the chemical reaction process is one of the most importance factors affecting model performance.
Satoru Chatani, Hikari Shimadera, Syuichi Itahashi, and Kazuyo Yamaji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10311–10329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10311-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10311-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Source sensitivities and apportionments of PM2.5 and ozone concentrations over Japan for 2016 were evaluated using multiple numerical techniques including BFM, HDDM, and ISAM, embedded in regional chemical transport models. Influences of stringent emission controls recently implemented in Asian countries were reflected. Differences between sensitivities and apportionments greatly helped distinguish various direct and indirect effects of emission sources on PM2.5 and ozone concentrations.
Cited articles
Baek, S.: A revised radiation package of G-packed McICA and two-stream approximation: Performance evaluation in a global weather forecasting model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 9, 1628–1640, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000994, 2017.
Baker, D. F., Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Rayner, P., Peylin, P., Denning, A. S., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y. H., Ciais, P., Fung, I. Y., Heimann, M., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Prather, M., Pak, B., Taguchi, S., and Zhu, Z.: TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO2 fluxes, 1988–2003, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002439, 2006.
Balwinder-Singh, Macdonald, A. J., Srivastava, A. K., and Gerard, B.: Tradeoffs between groundwater conservation and air pollution from agricultural fires in northwest India, Nature Sustainability, 2, 580–583, 2019.
Beig, G., Sahu, S. K., Singh, V., Tikle, S., Sobhana, S. B., Gargeva, P., Ramakrishna, K., Rathod, A., and Murthy, B. S.: Science of the Total Environment Objective evaluation of stubble emission of North India and quantifying its impact on air quality of Delhi?, Sci. Total Environ., 709, 136126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136126, 2020.
Byrd, R. H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J., and Zhu, C.: A limited memory algorithm for bound constrained optimization, SIMA J. Sci. Comput., 16, 1190–1208, 1995.
Central Pollution Control Board: Central Control Room for Air Quality Management, https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard/caaqm-landing/ (last access: 7 July 2025), 2016.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface – Hydrology Model with the Penn State – NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, 2001.
Ching, J. and Kajino, M.: Aerosol mixing state matters for particles deposition in human respiratory system, Sci. Rep., 8, 8864, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27156-z, 2018.
Choi, K., Lee, J., Han, C., Kim, C., Kim, S., Chang, L., Ban, S., Lee, S., Kim, J., and Woo, J.: Assessment of transboundary ozone contribution toward South Korea using multiple source–receptor modeling techniques, Atmos. Environ., 92, 118–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.055, 2014.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, S., Tripathi, S. N., Kumar, A., and Sharma, S.: “Traffic intervention” policy fails to mitigate air pollution in megacity Delhi, Environ. Sci. Policy, 74, 8–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.018, 2017.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, S., Guttikunda, S., Pillarisetti, A., and Smith, K. R.: Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 10711–10716, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900888116, 2019.
Clarke, A. D., Owens, S. R., and Zhou, J.: An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006565, 2006.
Copernicus: Copernicus Sentinel-5P data products, European Space Agency, https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/data-products/-/asset_publisher/fp37fc19FN8F/content/sentinel-5-precursor-level-2-ultraviolet-aerosol-index (last access: 7 July 2025), 2018.
Cusworth, D. H., Mickley, L. J., Sulprizio, M. P., Liu, T., Marlier, M. E., and Ruth, S.: Quantifying the influence of agricultural fires in northwest India on urban air pollution in Delhi, India, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 044018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab303, 2018.
Darmenov, A. S. and da Silva, A.: The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED): – Documentation of versions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4, NASA/TM-2015-104606, https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Darmenov796.pdf (last access: 10 July 2023), 2015.
Das, A., Habib, G., Perumal, V., and Kumar, A.: Chemosphere Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter-bound metals of Delhi, Chemosphere, 260, 127451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127451, 2020.
Das, A., Kumar, A., Habib, G., and Vivekanandan, P.: Insights on the biological role of ultra fi ne particles of size PM<0.25: A prospective study from New Delhi, Environ. Pollut., 268, 115638, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115638, 2021.
Das, A., Baig, N. A., Yawar, M., Kumar, A., Habib, G., and Perumal, V.: Size fraction of hazardous particulate matter governing the respiratory deposition and inhalation risk in the highly polluted city Delhi, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 30, 11600–11616, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22733-2, 2023.
Deushi, M. and Shibata, K.: Development of a Meteorological Research Institute chemistry-climate model version 2 for the study of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, Pap. Meteorol. Geophys., 62, 1–46, https://doi.org/10.2467/mripapers.62.1, 2011.
De Vito, L., Chatterton, T., Namdeo, A., Nagendra, S., Gulia, S., Goyal, S., Bell, M., Goodman, P., Longhurst, J., Hayes, E., Kumra, R., Sethi, V., Gitakrishnan Ramadurai, S. B, Majumder, S., Menon, J. S., Turamari, M. N., and Barnes, J.: Air pollution in Delhi: A review of past and current policy approaches, Air Pollution XXVI, WIT Trans. Ecol. Envir., 230, 441–451, https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR180411, 2018.
Elguindi, N., Granier, C., Stavrakou, T., Darras, S., Bauwens, M., Cao, H., and Chen, C.: Intercomparison of magnitudes and trends in anthropogenic surface emissions from bottom-up inventories, top-down estimates, and emission scenarios, Earth's Future, 8, e2020EF001520, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001520, 2020.
Fushimi, A., Nakajima, D., Furuyama, A., Suzuki, G., Ito, T., Sato, K., Fujitani, Y., Takahashi, Y., Saitoh, K., Saito, S., and Takami, A.: Science of the Total Environment Source contributions to multiple toxic potentials of atmospheric organic aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 773, 145614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145614, 2021.
Ghude, S. D., Chate, D. M., Jena, C., Beig, G., Kumar, R., Barth, M. C., Pfister, G. G., Fadnavis, S., and Pithani, P.: Premature mortality in India due to PM2.5 and ozone exposure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4650–4658, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068949, 2016.
Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., and Van Der Werf, G. R.: Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042, 2013.
Grell, G. A. and Freitas, S. R.: A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5233–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014, 2014.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guttikunda, S. K. and Goel, R.: Health impacts of particulate pollution in a megacity – Delhi, India, Environ. Dev., 6, 8–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.12.002, 2013.
Guttikunda, S. K. and Gurjar, B. R.: Role of meteorology in seasonality of air pollution in megacity, Delhi, India, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 3199–3211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2182-8, 2012.
Guttikunda, S. K., Dammalapati, S. K., Pradhan, G., Krishna, B., Jethva, H. T., and Jawahar, P.: What is polluting Delhi's air? A review from 1990 to 2022, Sustainability, 15, 4209, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054209, 2023.
Hakami, A., Odman, M. T., and Russell, A. G.: Nonlinearity in atmospheric response: A direct sensitivity analysis approach, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004502, 2004
Han, Z., Ueda, H., Matsuda, K., Zhang, R., Arao, K., Kanai, Y., and Hasome, H.: Model study on particle size segregation and deposition during Asian dust events in March 2002, J. Gephys. Res., 109, D19205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004920, 2004.
Hayashida, S.: Tackling air pollution from agricultural residue burning: The Aakash project: Challenge for reduction of rice-stubble burning in the Indian Punjab region, Glob. Environ. Res., 27, 3–11, 2023.
Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., and Shindell, D. T.: Inverse modeling and mapping US air quality influences of inorganic PM2.5 precursor emissions using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5877–5903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5877-2009, 2009.
Ichoku, C. and Ellison, L.: Global top-down smoke-aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6643–6667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6643-2014, 2014.
Janjic, I. J.: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 927–945, 1994.
Japan Meteorological Agency: Application for use of Japan Meteorological Agency's regional-scale meteorology-chemistry model, Japan Meteorological Agency [code], https://www.mri-jma.go.jp/Dep/glb/nhmchem_model/application_en.html (last access: 7 May 2024), 2019.
Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones, L., Morcrette, J.-J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and van der Werf, G. R.: Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences, 9, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-527-2012, 2012.
Kajino, M.: MADMS: Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for multiple Modes and fractal Shapes in the free-molecular and near-continuum regimes, J. Aerosol Sci., 42, 224–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.01.005, 2011.
Kajino, M.: NHM-Chem simulation data used for an air quality study in North India, V1, Mendeley Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/9hs9mtxhh4.1, 2024.
Kajino, M., Sato, K., Inomata, Y., and Ueda, H.: Source-receptor relationships of nitrate in Northeast Asia and influence of sea salt on the long-range transport of nitrate, Atmos. Environ., 79, 67–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.024, 2013.
Kajino, M., Deushi, M., Sekiyama, T. T., Oshima, N., Yumimoto, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Ching, J., Hashimoto, A., Yamamoto, T., Ikegami, M., Kamada, A., Miyashita, M., Inomata, Y., Shima, S.-I., Takami, A., Shimizu, A., and Hatakeyama, S.: NHM-Chem, the Japan meteorological agency's regional meteorology – chemistry model: Model evaluations toward the consistent predictions of the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, Ser. II, 97, 337–374, https://doi.org/10.2151/JMSJ.2019-020, 2019.
Kajino, M., Deushi, M., Sekiyama, T. T., Oshima, N., Yumimoto, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Ching, J., Hashimoto, A., Yamamoto, T., Ikegami, M., Kamada, A., Miyashita, M., Inomata, Y., Shima, S., Khatri, P., Shimizu, A., Irie, H., Adachi, K., Zaizen, Y., Igarashi, Y., Ueda, H., Maki, T., and Mikami, M.: Comparison of three aerosol representations of NHM-Chem (v1.0) for the simulations of air quality and climate-relevant variables, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2235–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021, 2021.
Kajino, M., Kamada, A., Tanji, N., and Kuramochi, M.: Quantitative influences of interannual variations in meteorological factors on surface ozone concentration in the hot summer of 2018 in Japan, Atmos. Environ.: X, 16, 100191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100191, 2022.
Kajino, M., Kayaba, S., Ishihara, Y., Iwamoto, Y., Okuda, T., and Okochi, H.: Numerical simulation of IL-8-based relative inflammation potentials of aerosol particles from vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust emission sources in Japan, Atmos. Environ.: X, 21, 100237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100237, 2024.
Kelly, J. T., Baker, K. R., Napelenok, S. L., and Roselle, S. J.: Examining single-source secondary impacts estimated from brute-force, decoupled direct method, and advanced plume treatment approaches, Atmos. Environ., 111, 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.004, 2015.
Krishna, B., Mandal, S., Madhipatla, K., Reddy, K. S., Prabhakaran, D., and Schwartz, J. D.: Daily nonaccidental mortality associated with short-term PM2.5 exposures in Delhi, India, Environmental Epidemiology, 5, e167, https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000167, 2021.
Kurokawa, J. and Ohara, T.: Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12761–12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020, 2020.
Lan, R., Eastham, S. D., Barrett, S. R. H., and Norford, L. K.: Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives, Nat. Commun., 13, 6537, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34093-z, 2022.
Li, M., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J.-I., Woo, J.-H., He, K., Lu, Z., Ohara, T., Song, Y., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y., Hong, C., Huo, H., Jiang, X., Kang, S., Liu, F., Su, H., and Zheng, B.: MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 935–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017, 2017.
Liu, D. C. and Nocedal, J.: On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization, Math. Program., 45, 503–528, 1989.
Liu, T., Mickley, L. J., Singh, S., Jain, M., Defries, R. S., and Marlier, M. E.: Crop residue burning practices across north India inferred from household survey data: Bridging gaps in satellite observations, Atmospheric Environment: X, 8, 100091, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100091, 2020.
Maki, T., Ikegami, M., Fujita, T., Hirahara, T., Yamada, K., Mori, K., Takeuchi, A., Tsutsumi, Y., Suda, K., and Conway, T. J.: New technique to analyse global distributions of CO2 concentrations and fluxes from non-processed observation data, Tellus B, 62, 797–809, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00488.x, 2010.
Maki, T., Tanaka, T. Y., Sekiyama, T. T., and Mikami, M.: The impact of ground-based observations on the inverse technique of aeolian dust aerosol, SOLA, 7A, 21–24, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.7A-006, 2011.
Mangaraj, P., Matsumi, Y., Nakayama, T., Biswal, A., Yamaji, K., Araki, H., Yasutomi, N., Takigawa, M., Patra, P. K., Hayashida, S., Sharma, A., Dimri, A. P., Dhaka, S. K., Bhatti, M. S., Kajino, M., Mor, S., Khaiwal, R., Bhardwaj, S., Vazhathata, V. J., Kunchala, R. K, Mandal, T. K., Misra, P., Singh, T., Vatta, K., and Mor, S.: Weak coupling of observed surface PM2.5 in Delhi-NCR with rice crop residue burning in Punjab and Haryana, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 8, 18, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00901-8, 2025.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Mukherjee, A., Tripathi, S. N., Ram, K., and Saha, D.: New Delhi Air Potentially chokes from groundwater conservation policies in adjoining regions, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 10, 3–5, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00848, 2023.
Nakata, M., Kajino, M., and Sato, Y.: Effects of mountains on aerosols determined by AERONET/DRAGON/J-ALPS measurements and regional model simulations, Earth and Space Science, 8, e2021EA001972, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001972, 2021.
Nakayama, T., Matsumi, Y., Kawahito, K., and Watabe, Y.: Development and evaluation of a palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensor, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 52, 2–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1375078, 2018.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration: MODIS Web, https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov (last access: 7 July 2025), 2000.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Homepage, https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (last access: 7 July 2025), 2002.
Nocedal, J.: Updating quasi-Newton matrices with limited storage, Math. Comput., 35, 773–782, 1980.
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature: Dataset | Aakash Project (RIHN), Aakash Project (RIHN) [data set], https://aakash-rihn.org/en/data-set/ (last access: 7 July 2025), 2023.
Rizwan, S. A., Nongkynrih, B., and Gupta, S. K.: Air pollution in Delhi: Its magnitude and effects on health, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 38, 4–8, https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.106617, 2013.
Saito, K., Fujita, T., Yamada, Y., Ishida, J., Kumagai, Y., Aranami, K., Ohmori, S., Nagasawa, R., Kumagai, S., Muroi, C., Kato, T., Eito, H., and Yamazaki, Y.: The operational JMA nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 1266–1298, 2006.
Saito, K., Ishida, J., Aranami, K., Hara, T., Segawa, T., Narita, M., and Honda, Y.: Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models operational development at JMA, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85B, 271–304, 2007.
Sato, Y., Kajino, M., Hayashi, S., and Wada, R.: A numerical study of lightning-induced NOx and formation of NOy observed at the summit of Mt. Fuji using an explicit bulk lightning and photochemistry model, Atmospheric Environment: X, 18, 100218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100218, 2023a.
Sato, Y., Kajino, M., Hayashi, S., and Wada, R.: Corrigendum to “A numerical study of lightning-induced NOx and formation of NOy observed at the summit of Mt. Fuji using an explicit bulk lightning and photochemistry model” [Atmos. Environ. X 18 (2023) 100218], Atmospheric Environment: X, 22, 100231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100231, 2023b.
Singh, A., Pant, P., and Pope, F. D.: Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects, Atmos. Res., 227, 220–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.012, 2019.
Singh, T., Biswal, A., Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Singh, V., and Mor, S.: A high-resolution emission inventory of air pollutants from primary crop residue burning over Northern India based on VIIRS thermal, Environ. Pollut., 266, 115132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115132, 2020.
Singh, T., Matsumi, Y., Nakayama, T., Hayashida, S., Patra, P. K., Yasutomi, N., Kajino, M., Yamaji, K., Khatri, P., Takigawa, M., Araki, H., Kurogi, Y., Kuji, M., Muramatsu, K., Imasu, R., Ananda, A., Arbain, A. A., and Ravindra, K.: Very high particulate pollution over northwest India captured by a high-density in situ sensor network, Sci. Rep., 13, 13201, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39471-1, 2023.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Gill, D. O., Powers, J. G., Duda, M. G., and Barker, D. M.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4, NCAR Technical Notes NCAR/TN-556+STR, https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97, 2019.
Takigawa, M., Patra, P. K., Matsumi, Y., Dhaka, S. K., Nakayama, T., Yamaji, K., Kajino, M. and Hayashida, S.: Can Delhi's pollution be affected by crop fires in the Punjab region?, SOLA, 16, 86–91, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2020-015, 2020.
Tanaka, T. Y., Orito, K., Sekiyama, T. T., Shibata, K., Chiba, M., and Tanaka, H.: MASINGAR, a global tropospheric aerosol chemical transport model coupled with MRI/JMA98 GCM: Model description, Pap. Meteorol. Geophys., 53, 119–138, 2003.
Tanaka, T. Y. and Ogi, A.: Update of Japan Meteorological Agency's global mineral dust operational forecast model, Sokkou-Jihou, 84, 109–128, 2017 (in Japanese).
Tang, W., Emmons, L. K., Buchholz, R. R., Wiedinmyer, C., Schwantes, R. H., He, C., Kumar, R., Pfister, G. G., Worden, H. M., Hornbrook, R. S., Apel, E. C., Tilmes, S., Gaubert, B., Bourgeois, I., Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., Hair, J. W., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Tyndall, G. S., and Campos, T. L.: Effects of fire diurnal variation and plume rise on U.S. air quality during FIREX-AQ and WE-CAN based on the multi-scale infrastructure for chemistry and aerosols (MUSICAv0), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036650, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036650, 2022.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Wiedinmyer, C., Kimura, Y., McDonald-Buller, E. C., Emmons, L. K., Buchholz, R. R., Tang, W., Seto, K., Joseph, M. B., Barsanti, K. C., Carlton, A. G., and Yokelson, R.: The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3873–3891, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3873-2023, 2023.
Yadav, S., Tripathi, S. N., and Rupakheti, M.: Current status of source apportionment of ambient aerosols in India, Atmos. Environ., 274, 118987, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.118987, 2022.
Yumimoto, K. and Takemura, T.: Long-term inverse modeling of Asian dust: Interannual variations of its emission, transport, deposition, and radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 1582–1607, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022390, 2015.
Yumimoto, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Oshima, N., and Maki, T.: JRAero: the Japanese Reanalysis for Aerosol v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3225–3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3225-2017, 2017.
Zheng, T., French, N. H. F., and Baxter, M.: Development of the WRF-CO2 4D-Var assimilation system v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1725–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1725-2018, 2018.
Zhu, C., Byrd, R. H., Lu, P., and Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: Fortran subroutines for large-scale bound-constrained optimization, ACM Transactions on mathematical software (TOMS), 23, 550–560, 1997.
Short summary
Air pollution in Delhi during the post-monsoon period is severe, and association with intensive crop residue burning (CRB) over Punjab state has attracted attention. However, the relationship has been unclear as the CRB emissions conventionally derived from satellites were underestimated due to clouds or thick smoke/haze over the region. We evaluated the impact of CRB on PM2.5 to be about 50 %, based on a combination of numerical modeling and an observation network using low-cost sensors we installed.
Air pollution in Delhi during the post-monsoon period is severe, and association with intensive...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint