Articles | Volume 23, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4463-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4463-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note
| 
14 Apr 2023
Technical note |
| 14 Apr 2023
| 14 Apr 2023
Technical note: Sublimation of frozen CsCl solutions in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) – determining the number and size of salt particles relevant to sea salt aerosols
Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific
Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Vilém Neděla
Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific
Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Kamila Závacká
Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific
Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council,
Cambridge, UK
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno,
Czech Republic
Related authors
Ľubica Vetráková, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, Xin Yang, and Dominik Heger
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In polar regions, sea salt aerosols are important to polar atmospheric chemistry, yet their mechanism of formation is not well understood. We inspected the sublimation residues of salty ices in a unique electron microscope and sought for small salt particles, proxies of sea salt aerosols. Our experiments showed that aerosolizable salt particles are preferably generated from low-concentrated ices and at low temperatures. This condition favors salty snow as an efficient source of the aerosols.
Ľubica Vetráková, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, and Dominik Heger
The Cryosphere, 13, 2385–2405, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2385-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2385-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We froze salty solutions to examine where and how the brine is distributed within the ice by using an environmental scanning electron microscope. The structures are highly heterogeneous, consisting of almost pure ice intertwined with brine, which can form lamellae, veins, or pools on the surface. Considering various concentrations and methods for laboratory ice preparation, we determined how the freezing technique influences the microstructure of the brine on and in the ice.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley Walker, Sara Morris, and Peter Effertz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1446, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses in-situ field data collected from a Canadian high Arctic site to demonstrate that surface snow in early spring is a net sink of atmospheric bromine and nitrogen. In addition, surface snow bromide and nitrate are significantly correlated, one molecule bromide deposited is accompanied by 4–7 molecules nitrate, indicating the oxidation of reactive nitrogen is accelerated by reactive bromine. This is the first time such an effect was seen in snow chemistry on a time scale of one day.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison S. Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley A. Walker, Sara M. Morris, and Peter Effertz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-696, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-696, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Snow pack in high Arctic plays a key role in polar atmospheric chemistry, especially in spring when photochemistry becomes active. By sampling surface snow from a Canadian high Arctic location at Eureka, Nunavut (80° N, 86° W), we demonstrate that surface snow is a net sink rather than a source of atmospheric reactive bromine and nitrate. This finding is new and opposite to previous conclusions that snowpack is a large and direct source of reactive bromine in polar spring.
Ľubica Vetráková, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, Xin Yang, and Dominik Heger
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In polar regions, sea salt aerosols are important to polar atmospheric chemistry, yet their mechanism of formation is not well understood. We inspected the sublimation residues of salty ices in a unique electron microscope and sought for small salt particles, proxies of sea salt aerosols. Our experiments showed that aerosolizable salt particles are preferably generated from low-concentrated ices and at low temperatures. This condition favors salty snow as an efficient source of the aerosols.
Xin Yang, Anne-M. Blechschmidt, Kristof Bognar, Audra McClure-Begley, Sara Morris, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Andreas Richter, Henrik Skov, Kimberly Strong, David W. Tarasick, Taneil Uttal, Mika Vestenius, and Xiaoyi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15937–15967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This is a modelling-based study on Arctic surface ozone, with a particular focus on spring ozone depletion events (i.e. with concentrations < 10 ppbv). Model experiments show that model runs with blowing-snow-sourced sea salt aerosols implemented as a source of reactive bromine can reproduce well large-scale ozone depletion events observed in the Arctic. This study supplies modelling evidence of the proposed mechanism of reactive-bromine release from blowing snow on sea ice (Yang et al., 2008).
V. Holly L. Winton, Alison Ming, Nicolas Caillon, Lisa Hauge, Anna E. Jones, Joel Savarino, Xin Yang, and Markus M. Frey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5861–5885, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5861-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5861-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The transfer of the nitrogen stable isotopic composition in nitrate between the air and snow at low accumulation sites in Antarctica leaves an UV imprint in the snow. Quantifying how nitrate isotope values change allows us to interpret longer ice core records. Based on nitrate observations and modelling at Kohnen, East Antarctica, the dominant factors controlling the nitrate isotope signature in deep snow layers are the depth of light penetration into the snowpack and the snow accumulation rate.
Markus M. Frey, Sarah J. Norris, Ian M. Brooks, Philip S. Anderson, Kouichi Nishimura, Xin Yang, Anna E. Jones, Michelle G. Nerentorp Mastromonaco, David H. Jones, and Eric W. Wolff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2549–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A winter sea ice expedition to Antarctica provided the first direct observations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production during snow storms above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to account for winter time SSA maxima in Antarctica not explained otherwise. Defining SSA sources is important given the critical roles that aerosol plays for climate, for air quality and as a potential ice core proxy for sea ice conditions in the past.
Ľubica Vetráková, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, and Dominik Heger
The Cryosphere, 13, 2385–2405, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2385-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2385-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We froze salty solutions to examine where and how the brine is distributed within the ice by using an environmental scanning electron microscope. The structures are highly heterogeneous, consisting of almost pure ice intertwined with brine, which can form lamellae, veins, or pools on the surface. Considering various concentrations and methods for laboratory ice preparation, we determined how the freezing technique influences the microstructure of the brine on and in the ice.
Xin Yang, Markus M. Frey, Rachael H. Rhodes, Sarah J. Norris, Ian M. Brooks, Philip S. Anderson, Kouichi Nishimura, Anna E. Jones, and Eric W. Wolff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8407–8424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is a comprehensive model–data comparison aiming to evaluate the proposed mechanism of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing snow on sea ice. Some key parameters such as snow salinity and blowing-snow size distribution were constrained by data collected in the Weddell Sea. The good agreement between modelled SSA and the cruise data strongly indicates that sea ice surface is a large SSA source in polar regions, a process which has not been considered in current climate models.
Fraser Dennison, James Keeble, Olaf Morgenstern, Guang Zeng, N. Luke Abraham, and Xin Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1227–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1227-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1227-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Two developments are made to the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) model to improve simulation of stratospheric ozone. The first is the addition of a solar cycle. The influence on ozone from the solar cycle is found to be 1–2 %, which is consistent with other studies. The second is to the heterogeneous chemistry, the most significant change being the addition of reactions involving bromine species. This was shown to reduce ozone biases relative to observations in most regions.
Xiaoyi Zhao, Dan Weaver, Kristof Bognar, Gloria Manney, Luis Millán, Xin Yang, Edwin Eloranta, Matthias Schneider, and Kimberly Strong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14955–14974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14955-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14955-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Few scientific questions about surface ozone depletion have been addressed, using a variety of measurements and atmospheric models. The lifetime of reactive bromine is only a few hours in the absence of recycling. Evidence of this recycling over aerosol or blowing-snow/ice particles was found at Eureka. The blowing snow sublimation process is a key step in producing bromine-enriched sea-salt aerosol. Ground-based FTIR isotopologue measurements at Eureka provided evidence of this key step.
Rachael H. Rhodes, Xin Yang, Eric W. Wolff, Joseph R. McConnell, and Markus M. Frey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9417–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Sea salt aerosol comes from the open ocean or the sea ice surface. In the polar regions, this opens up the possibility of reconstructing sea ice history using sea salt recorded in ice cores. We use a chemical transport model to demonstrate that the sea ice source of aerosol is important in the Arctic. For the first time, we simulate realistic Greenland ice core sea salt in a process-based model. The importance of the sea ice source increases from south to north across the Greenland ice sheet.
Xin Yang, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, Gabriela Ondrušková, Ján Krausko, Ľubica Vetráková, and Dominik Heger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6291–6303, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6291-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6291-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A unique environmental electron microscope was used for monitoring the evaporation of salty frost flowers. We observe a cohesive villous brine surface layer facilitating the formation of NaCl microcrystals at temperatures below −10°C as the brine oversaturation is achieved. This finding confirms the increased surface area and thus also the enhanced heterogeneous reactivity; however, no support for the easiness of fragmentation to produce aerosols can be provided.
Oleg Travnikov, Hélène Angot, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Johannes Bieser, Francesco D'Amore, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Volker Matthias, Nikolay Mashyanov, Nicola Pirrone, Ramesh Ramachandran, Katie Alana Read, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Fabrizio Sena, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Dennis Wip, Ingvar Wängberg, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data and simulation results of chemical transport models. Evaluation of the model simulations and numerical experiments against observations allows explaining spatial and temporal variations of Hg concentration in the near-surface atmospheric layer and shows possibility of multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.
Christian N. Gencarelli, Johannes Bieser, Francesco Carbone, Francesco De Simone, Ian M. Hedgecock, Volker Matthias, Oleg Travnikov, Xin Yang, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important pathway by which Hg reaches marine ecosystems, where it can be methylated and enter the base of food chain. High resolution numerical experiments has been performed in order to investigate the contributions (sensitivity) of the Hg anthtropogenic emissions, speciation and atmospherical chemical reactions on Hg depositions over Europe. The comparison of wet deposition fluxes and concentrations measured on 28 monitioring sites were used to support the analysis.
Hélène Angot, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Sarka Langer, Olivier Magand, Michelle N. Mastromonaco, Claus Nordstrøm, Katrine A. Pfaffhuber, Nicola Pirrone, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Henrik Skov, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Alexandra Steffen, Kenjiro Toyota, Oleg Travnikov, Xin Yang, and Aurélien Dommergue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735–10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is a synthesis of the atmospheric mercury (Hg) monitoring data available in recent years (2011–2015) in the Arctic and in Antarctica along with a comparison of these observations with numerical simulations using four cutting-edge global models. Based on this comparison, we discuss whether the processes that affect atmospheric Hg seasonality and interannual variability are appropriately represented in the models, and identify remaining research gaps.
S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang, and K. Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647–13663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At present, man-made halogens and natural oceanic substances both contribute to the observed ozone depletion. Emissions of the anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, whereas emissions of the natural substances are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic processes. We assess the impact of these oceanic substances on ozone by weighting their emissions with their potential to destroy ozone for current conditions and future projections.
X. Yang, N. L. Abraham, A. T. Archibald, P. Braesicke, J. Keeble, P. J. Telford, N. J. Warwick, and J. A. Pyle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10431–10438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10431-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10431-2014, 2014
A. Banerjee, A. T. Archibald, A. C. Maycock, P. Telford, N. L. Abraham, X. Yang, P. Braesicke, and J. A. Pyle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9871–9881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9871-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9871-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Contribution of brown carbon to light absorption in emissions of European residential biomass combustion appliances
Measurement report: Water diffusion in single suspended phase-separated aerosols
Water activity and surface tension of aqueous ammonium sulfate and D-glucose aerosol nanoparticles
Jet aircraft lubrication oil droplets as contrail ice-forming particles
A study on the influence of inorganic ions, organic carbon and microstructure on the hygroscopic property of soot
Is transport of microplastics different from mineral particles? Idealized wind tunnel studies on polyethylene microspheres
Insights into secondary organic aerosol formation from the day- and nighttime oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and furans in an oxidation flow reactor
Technical note: Characterization of a single-beam gradient force aerosol optical tweezer for droplet trapping, phase transitions monitoring, and morphology studies
Analysis of insoluble particles in hailstones in China
Soot aerosol from commercial aviation engines are poor ice nucleating particles at cirrus cloud temperatures
Influence of acidity on liquid–liquid phase transitions of mixed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxy–inorganic aerosol droplets
Deposition freezing, pore condensation freezing and adsorption: three processes, one description?
Measurements and calculations of enhanced side- and back-scattering of visible radiation by black carbon aggregates
Modeling the influence of carbon branching structure on SOA formation via multiphase reactions of alkanes
Direct observation for relative-humidity-dependent mixing states of submicron particles containing organic surfactants and inorganic salts
Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave part of the spectrum
Volatility of aerosol particles from NO3 oxidation of various biogenic organic precursors
Saturation vapor pressure characterization of selected low-volatility organic compounds using a residence time chamber
Influence of the previous North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the spring dust aerosols over North China
HUB: a method to model and extract the distribution of ice nucleation temperatures from drop-freezing experiments
Size-dependent hygroscopicity of levoglucosan and D-glucose aerosol nanoparticles
Microphysics of liquid water in sub-10 nm ultrafine aerosol particles
Comparing the ice nucleation properties of the kaolin minerals kaolinite and halloysite
Physicochemical properties of charcoal aerosols derived from biomass pyrolysis affect their ice-nucleating abilities at cirrus and mixed-phase cloud conditions
Reconsideration of surface tension and phase state effects on cloud condensation nuclei activity based on the atomic force microscopy measurement
Hygroscopicity and CCN potential of DMS-derived aerosol particles
Hybrid water adsorption and solubility partitioning for aerosol hygroscopicity and droplet growth
Experimental development of a lake spray source function and its model implementation for Great Lakes surface emissions
The effectiveness of the coagulation sink of 3–10 nm atmospheric particles
What caused the interdecadal shift in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on dust mass concentration over northwestern South Asia?
Measurement report: An exploratory study of fluorescence and cloud condensation nuclei activity of urban aerosols in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Viscosity and physical state of sucrose mixed with ammonium sulfate droplets
Distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls in fresh and aged biomass burning aerosols
Time dependence of heterogeneous ice nucleation by ambient aerosols: laboratory observations and a formulation for models
Laboratory studies of ice nucleation onto bare and internally mixed soot–sulfuric acid particles
Enhanced soot particle ice nucleation ability induced by aggregate compaction and densification
Opinion: Insights into updating Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC
On the evolution of sub- and super-saturated water uptake of secondary organic aerosol in chamber experiments from mixed precursors
Hygroscopicity of organic compounds as a function of organic functionality, water solubility, molecular weight, and oxidation level
Particle emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine as ice nuclei in immersion freezing mode: a laboratory study on fossil and renewable fuels
Comparison of saturation vapor pressures of α-pinene + O3 oxidation products derived from COSMO-RS computations and thermal desorption experiments
Physical and chemical properties of black carbon and organic matter from different combustion and photochemical sources using aerodynamic aerosol classification
Technical note: Pyrolysis principles explain time-resolved organic aerosol release from biomass burning
The effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance
Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of aerosol particles generated from Arctic sea surface microlayer and surface seawater samples at cirrus temperatures
Aerosol formation and growth rates from chamber experiments using Kalman smoothing
Phase state of secondary organic aerosol in chamber photo-oxidation of mixed precursors
Ice nucleation on surrogates of boreal forest SOA particles: effect of water content and oxidative age
Viscosity and phase state of aerosol particles consisting of sucrose mixed with inorganic salts
Observations on hygroscopic growth and phase transitions of mixed 1, 2, 6-hexanetriol ∕ (NH4)2SO4 particles: investigation of the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) dynamic process and mechanism and secondary LLPS during the dehumidification
Satish Basnet, Anni Hartikainen, Aki Virkkula, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Miika Kortelainen, Heikki Suhonen, Laura Kilpeläinen, Mika Ihalainen, Sampsa Väätäinen, Juho Louhisalmi, Markus Somero, Jarkko Tissari, Gert Jakobi, Ralf Zimmermann, Antti Kilpeläinen, and Olli Sippula
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3197–3215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) emissions were estimated, for residential wood combustion (RWC) from various northern European appliances, utilizing an extensive seven-wavelength aethalometer dataset and thermal–optical carbon analysis. The contribution of BrC370–950 to the absorption of visible light varied between 1 % and 21 %, and was linked with fuel moisture content and combustion efficiency. This study provides important information required for assessing the climate effects of RWC emissions.
Yu-Kai Tong, Zhijun Wu, Min Hu, and Anpei Ye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2937–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2937-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2937-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The interplay between aerosols and moisture is one of the most crucial atmospheric processes. However, to date, literature results on the influence of phase separation on water diffusion in aerosols are divergent. This work directly unveiled the water diffusion process in single suspended phase-separated microdroplets and quantitatively analyzed the diffusion rate and extent. The results show that diffusion limitations and certain molecule clusters existed in the phase-separated aerosols.
Eugene F. Mikhailov, Sergey S. Vlasenko, and Alexei A. Kiselev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2971–2984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Surface tension and water activity are key thermodynamic parameters determining the impact of atmospheric aerosols on human health and climate. However, these parameters are not well constrained for nanoparticles composed of organic and inorganic compounds. In this study, we determined for the first time the water activity and surface tension of mixed organic/inorganic nanodroplets by applying a differential Köhler analysis (DKA) to hygroscopic growth measurements.
Joel Ponsonby, Leon King, Benjamin J. Murray, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2045–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol emissions from aircraft engines contribute to the formation of contrails, which have a climate impact as important as that of aviation’s CO2 emissions. For the first time, we experimentally investigate the freezing behaviour of water droplets formed on jet lubrication oil aerosol. We show that they can activate to form water droplets and discuss their potential impact on contrail formation. Our study has implications for contrails produced by future aircraft engine and fuel technologies.
Zhanyu Su, Lanxiadi Chen, Yuan Liu, Peng Zhang, Tianzeng Chen, Biwu Chu, Mingjin Tang, Qingxin Ma, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, different soot particles were analyzed to better understand their behavior. It was discovered that water-soluble substances in soot facilitate water adsorption at low humidity while increasing the number of water layers at high humidity. Soot from organic fuels exhibits hygroscopicity influenced by organic carbon and microstructure. Additionally, the presence of sulfate ions due to the oxidation of SO2 enhances soot's hygroscopicity.
Eike Maximilian Esders, Sebastian Sittl, Inka Krammel, Wolfgang Babel, Georg Papastavrou, and Christoph Karl Thomas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15835–15851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Do microplastics behave differently from mineral particles when they are exposed to wind? We observed plastic and mineral particles in a wind tunnel and measured at what wind speeds the particles start to move. The results indicate that microplastics start to move at smaller wind speeds as they weigh less and are less sticky. Hence, we think that microplastics also move more easily in the environment.
Abd El Rahman El Mais, Barbara D'Anna, Luka Drinovec, Andrew T. Lambe, Zhe Peng, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Selim Aït-Aïssa, and Alexandre Albinet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15077–15096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15077-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15077-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) and furans are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) related to biomass burning emissions. We evaluated and compared the formation yields, and the physical and light absorption properties, of laboratory-generated SOAs from the oxidation of such compounds for both, day- and nighttime reactivities. The results illustrate that PAHs are large SOA precursors and may contribute significantly to the biomass burning brown carbon in the atmosphere.
Xiangyu Pei, Yikan Meng, Yueling Chen, Huichao Liu, Yao Song, Zhengning Xu, Fei Zhang, Thomas C. Preston, and Zhibin Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2238, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2238, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An aerosol optical tweezer (AOT)-Raman spectroscopy system is developed to capture single aerosol droplet for phase transitions monitoring and morphology studies. Rapid droplet capture is achieved and accurate droplet size and refractive index are retrieved. Results indicate that inorganic/organic mixed droplets are more inclined to form core-shell morphology when RH decreases. The phase transitions of secondary organic aerosol/inorganic mixed droplets vary with their precursors.
Haifan Zhang, Xiangyu Lin, Qinghong Zhang, Kai Bi, Chan-Pang Ng, Yangze Ren, Huiwen Xue, Li Chen, and Zhuolin Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13957–13971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13957-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13957-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work is the first study to simultaneously analyze the number concentrations and species of insoluble particles in hailstones. The size distribution of insoluble particles for each species vary greatly in different hailstorms but little in shells. Two classic size distribution modes of organics and dust were fitted for the description of insoluble particles in deep convection. Combining this study with future experiments will lead to refinement of weather and climate models.
Baptiste Testa, Lukas Durdina, Peter A. Alpert, Fabian Mahrt, Christopher H. Dreimol, Jacinta Edebeli, Curdin Spirig, Zachary C. J. Decker, Julien Anet, and Zamin A. Kanji
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2441, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2441, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments on the ice nucleation of real commercial aviation soot particles are investigated for their cirrus cloud formation potential. Our results show that aircraft emitted soot in the upper troposphere will be poor ice nucleating particles. Measuring the soot particle morphology and modifying their mixing state allows us to elucidate why these particles are ineffective at forming ice, in contrast to previously used soot surrogates.
Yueling Chen, Xiangyu Pei, Huichao Liu, Yikan Meng, Zhengning Xu, Fei Zhang, Chun Xiong, Thomas C. Preston, and Zhibin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10255–10265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of acidity on the phase transition behavior of levitated aerosol particles was examined. Our results revealed that lower acidity decreases the separation relative humidity of aerosol droplets mixed with ammonium sulfate and secondary organic aerosol proxy. Our research suggests that in real atmospheric conditions, with the high acidity found in many ambient aerosol particles, droplets encounter heightened impediments to phase separation and tend to display a homogeneous structure.
Mária Lbadaoui-Darvas, Ari Laaksonen, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10057–10074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heterogeneous ice nucleation is the main ice formation mechanism in clouds. The mechanism of different freezing modes is to date unknown, which results in large model biases. Experiments do not allow for direct observation of ice nucleation at its native resolution. This work uses first principles molecular simulations to determine the mechanism of the least-understood ice nucleation mode and link it to adsorption through a novel modeling framework that unites ice and droplet formation.
Carynelisa Haspel, Cuiqi Zhang, Martin J. Wolf, Daniel J. Cziczo, and Maor Sela
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10091–10115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10091-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10091-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Small particles, commonly termed aerosols, can be found throughout the atmosphere and come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. One important type of aerosol is black carbon (BC). In this study, we conducted laboratory measurements of light scattering by particles meant to mimic atmospheric BC and compared them to calculations of scattering. We find that it is likely that calculations underpredict the scattering by BC particles of certain polarizations of light in certain directions.
Azad Madhu, Myoseon Jang, and Yujin Jo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1500, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
SOA formation from branched alkanes is simulated using the UNIPAR model which predicted SOA growth via multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons and compared with chamber data. Product distributions of branched alkanes were created by extrapolating product distributions of linear alkanes. To account for methyl branching, an autoxidation reduction factor was applied to product distributions. Branched alkanes in diesel fuel were shown to produce a higher proportion of SOA compared to linear alkanes.
Chun Xiong, Binyu Kuang, Fei Zhang, Xiangyu Pei, Zhengning Xu, and Zhibin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8979–8991, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In hydration, an apparent water diffusion hindrance by an organic surfactant shell was confirmed, raising the inorganic deliquescence relative humidity (RH) to a nearly saturated condition. In dehydration, phase separations were observed for inorganic surfactant systems, showing a strong dependence on the organic molecular
oxygen-to-carbon ratio. Our results could improve fundamental knowledge about aerosol mixing states and decrease uncertainty in model estimations of global radiative effects.
Clarissa Baldo, Paola Formenti, Claudia Di Biagio, Gongda Lu, Congbo Song, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Jean-Francois Doussin, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Olafur Arnalds, David Beddows, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7975–8000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents new shortwave spectral complex refractive index and single scattering albedo data for Icelandic dust. Our results show that the imaginary part of the complex refractive index of Icelandic dust is at the upper end of the range of low-latitude dust. Furthermore, we observed that Icelandic dust is more absorbing towards the near-infrared, which we attribute to its high magnetite content. These findings are important for modeling dust aerosol radiative effects in the Arctic.
Emelie L. Graham, Cheng Wu, David M. Bell, Amelie Bertrand, Sophie L. Haslett, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Radovan Krejci, Ilona Riipinen, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7347–7362, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7347-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The volatility of an aerosol particle is an important parameter for describing its atmospheric lifetime. We studied the volatility of secondary organic aerosols from nitrate-initiated oxidation of three biogenic precursors with experimental methods and model simulations. We saw higher volatility than for the corresponding ozone system, and our simulations produced variable results with different parameterizations which warrant a re-evaluation of the treatment of the nitrate functional group.
Zijun Li, Noora Hyttinen, Miika Vainikka, Olli-Pekka Tikkasalo, Siegfried Schobesberger, and Taina Yli-Juuti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6863–6877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The saturation vapor pressure (psat) of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) governs their partitioning between the gas and particle phases. To estimate the psat of selected LVOCs, we performed particle evaporation measurements in a residence time chamber at a temperature setting relevant to atmospheric aerosol formation and conducted state-of-the-art computational calculations. We found good agreement between the experimentally measured and model-estimated psat values for most LVOCs.
Yan Li, Falei Xu, Juan Feng, Mengying Du, Wenjun Song, Chao Li, and Wenjing Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6021–6042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There is a significantly negative relationship between boreal winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and dust aerosols (DAs) in the eastern part of China (30–40°N, 105–120°E), which is not a DA source area but is severely affected by the dust events (DEs). Under the effect of the NAO negative phase, main atmospheric circulation during the DEs is characterized by variation of the transient eddy flux. The work is of reference value to the prediction of DEs and the understanding of their causes.
Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Konrad Meister, and Valeria Molinero
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5623–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation is a key atmospheric process facilitated by a wide range of aerosols. We present a method to model and interpret ice nucleation experiments and extract the distribution of the potency of nucleation sites. We use the method to optimize the conditions of laboratory sampling and extract distributions of ice nucleation temperatures from bacteria, fungi, and pollen. These reveal unforeseen subpopulations of nuclei in these systems and how they respond to changes in their environment.
Ting Lei, Hang Su, Nan Ma, Ulrich Pöschl, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4763–4774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the hygroscopic behavior of levoglucosan and D-glucose nanoparticles using a nano-HTDMA. There is a weak size dependence of the hygroscopic growth factor of levoglucosan and D-glucose with diameters down to 20 nm, while a strong size dependence of the hygroscopic growth factor of D-glucose has been clearly observed in the size range 6 to 20 nm. The use of the DKA method leads to good agreement with the hygroscopic growth factor of glucose nanoparticles with diameters down to 6 nm.
Xiaohan Li and Ian C. Bourg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2525–2556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles with sizes smaller than 50 nm impact cloud formation and precipitation. Representation of this effect is hindered by limited understanding of the properties of liquid water in these particles. Our simulations of aerosol particles containing salt or organic compounds reveal that water enters a less cohesive phase at droplet sizes below 4 nm. This effect causes important deviations from theoretical predictions of aerosol properties, including phase state and hygroscopic growth.
Kristian Klumpp, Claudia Marcolli, Ana Alonso-Hellweg, Christopher H. Dreimol, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1579–1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The prerequisites of a particle surface for efficient ice nucleation are still poorly understood. This study compares the ice nucleation activity of two chemically identical but morphologically different minerals (kaolinite and halloysite). We observe, on average, not only higher ice nucleation activities for halloysite than kaolinite but also higher diversity between individual samples. We identify the particle edges as being the most likely site for ice nucleation.
Fabian Mahrt, Carolin Rösch, Kunfeng Gao, Christopher H. Dreimol, Maria A. Zawadowicz, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1285–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1285-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1285-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Major aerosol types emitted by biomass burning include soot, ash, and charcoal particles. Here, we investigated the ice nucleation activity of 400 nm size-selected particles of two different pyrolyis-derived charcoal types in the mixed phase and cirrus cloud regime. We find that ice nucleation is constrained to cirrus cloud conditions, takes place via pore condensation and freezing, and is largely governed by the particle porosity and mineral content.
Chun Xiong, Xueyan Chen, Xiaolei Ding, Binyu Kuang, Xiangyu Pei, Zhengning Xu, Shikuan Yang, Huan Hu, and Zhibin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16123–16135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16123-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16123-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Water surface tension is applied widely in current aerosol–cloud models but could be inappropriate in the presence of atmospheric surfactants. With cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement results of mixed inorganic salt and dicarboxylic acid particles, we concluded that surface tension reduction and phase state should be carefully considered in aerosol–cloud interactions. Our results could help to decease uncertainties in climate models.
Bernadette Rosati, Sini Isokääntä, Sigurd Christiansen, Mads Mørk Jensen, Shamjad P. Moosakutty, Robin Wollesen de Jonge, Andreas Massling, Marianne Glasius, Jonas Elm, Annele Virtanen, and Merete Bilde
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13449–13466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfate aerosols have a strong influence on climate. Due to the reduction in sulfur-based fossil fuels, natural sulfur emissions play an increasingly important role. Studies investigating the climate relevance of natural sulfur aerosols are scarce. We study the water uptake of such particles in the laboratory, demonstrating a high potential to take up water and form cloud droplets. During atmospheric transit, chemical processing affects the particles’ composition and thus their water uptake.
Kanishk Gohil, Chun-Ning Mao, Dewansh Rastogi, Chao Peng, Mingjin Tang, and Akua Asa-Awuku
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12769–12787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12769-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12769-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Hybrid Activity Model (HAM) is a promising new droplet growth model that can be potentially used for the analysis of any type of atmospheric compound. HAM may potentially improve the representation of hygroscopicity of organic aerosols in large-scale global climate models (GCMs), hence reducing the uncertainties in the climate forcing due to the aerosol indirect effect.
Charbel Harb and Hosein Foroutan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11759–11779, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11759-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11759-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A model representation of lake spray aerosol (LSA) ejection from freshwater breaking waves is crucial for understanding their climatic and public health impacts. We develop an LSA emission parameterization and implement it in an atmospheric model to investigate Great Lakes surface emissions. We find that the same breaking wave is likely to produce fewer aerosols in freshwater than in saltwater and that Great Lakes emissions influence the regional aerosol burden and can reach the cloud layer.
Runlong Cai, Ella Häkkinen, Chao Yan, Jingkun Jiang, Markku Kulmala, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11529–11541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influences of new particle formation on the climate and air quality are governed by particle survival, which has been under debate due to uncertainties in the coagulation sink. Here we measure the coagulation coefficient of sub-10 nm particles and demonstrate that collisions between the freshly nucleated and background particles can effectively lead to coagulation. We further show that the effective coagulation sink is consistent with the new particle formation measured in urban Beijing.
Lamei Shi, Jiahua Zhang, Da Zhang, Jingwen Wang, Xianglei Meng, Yuqin Liu, and Fengmei Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11255–11274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11255-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11255-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dust impacts climate and human life. Analyzing the interdecadal change in dust activity and its influence factors is crucial for disaster mitigation. Based on a linear regression method, this study revealed the interdecadal variability of relationships between ENSO and dust over northwestern South Asia from 1982 to 2014 and analyzed the effects of atmospheric factors on this interdecadal variability. The result sheds new light on numerical simulation involving the interdecadal variation of dust.
Bighnaraj Sarangi, Darrel Baumgardner, Benjamin Bolaños-Rosero, and Olga L. Mayol-Bracero
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9647–9661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here, the fluorescent characteristics and cloud-forming efficiency of aerosols at an urban site in Puerto Rico are discussed. The results from this pilot study highlight the capabilities of ultraviolet-induced fluorescence (UV-IF) measurements for characterizing the properties of fluorescing aerosol particles, as they relate to the daily evolution of primary biological aerosol particles. This work has established a database of measurements on which future, longer-term studies will be initiated.
Rani Jeong, Joseph Lilek, Andreas Zuend, Rongshuang Xu, Man Nin Chan, Dohyun Kim, Hi Gyu Moon, and Mijung Song
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8805–8817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8805-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8805-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the viscosities of particles of sucrose–H2O, AS–H2O, and sucrose–AS–H2O for OIRs of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4 for decreasing RH, were quantified by poke-and-flow and bead-mobility techniques at 293 ± 1 K. Based on the viscosity results, the particles of binary and ternary systems ranged from liquid to semisolid, and even the solid state depending on the RH. Moreover, we compared the measured viscosities of ternary systems to the predicted viscosities with excellent agreement.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Jonas K. F. Jakobsson, Deepak B. Waman, Vaughan T. J. Phillips, and Thomas Bjerring Kristensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6717–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6717-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6717-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-lived cold-layer clouds at subzero temperatures are observed to be remarkably persistent in their generation of ice particles and snow precipitation. There is uncertainty about why this is so. This motivates the present lab study to observe the long-term ice-nucleating ability of aerosol samples from the real troposphere. Time dependence of their ice nucleation is observed to be weak in lab experiments exposing the samples to isothermal conditions for up to about 10 h.
Kunfeng Gao, Chong-Wen Zhou, Eszter J. Barthazy Meier, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5331–5364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel produces carbonaceous particles called soot. These particles can affect cloud formation by acting as centres for droplet or ice formation. The atmospheric residence time of soot particles is of the order of days to weeks, which can result in them becoming coated by various trace species in the atmosphere such as acids. In this study, we quantify the cirrus cloud-forming ability of soot particles coated with the atmospherically ubiquitous sulfuric acid.
Kunfeng Gao, Franz Friebel, Chong-Wen Zhou, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4985–5016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soot particles impact cloud formation and radiative properties in the upper atmosphere where aircraft emit carbonaceous particles. We use cloud chambers to mimic the upper atmosphere temperature and humidity to test the influence of the morphology of the soot particles on ice cloud formation. For particles larger than 200 nm, the compacted (densified) samples have a higher affinity for ice crystal formation in the cirrus regime than the fluffy (un-compacted) soot particles of the same sample.
Joel Kuula, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Topi Rönkkö, Tareq Hussein, Pak Lun Fung, Sasu Tarkoma, Mikko Laakso, Erkka Saukko, Aino Ovaska, Markku Kulmala, Ari Karppinen, Lasse Johansson, and Tuukka Petäjä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4801–4808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modern and up-to-date policies and air quality management strategies are instrumental in tackling global air pollution. As the European Union is preparing to revise Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, this paper initiates discussion on selected features of the directive that we believe would benefit from a reassessment. The scientific community has the most recent and deepest understanding of air pollution; thus, its contribution is essential.
Yu Wang, Aristeidis Voliotis, Dawei Hu, Yunqi Shao, Mao Du, Ying Chen, Judith Kleinheins, Claudia Marcolli, M. Rami Alfarra, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4149–4166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol water uptake plays a key role in atmospheric physicochemical processes. We designed chamber experiments on aerosol water uptake of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from mixed biogenic and anthropogenic precursors with inorganic seed. Our results highlight this chemical composition influences the reconciliation of the sub- and super-saturated water uptake, providing laboratory evidence for understanding the chemical controls of water uptake of the multi-component aerosol.
Shuang Han, Juan Hong, Qingwei Luo, Hanbing Xu, Haobo Tan, Qiaoqiao Wang, Jiangchuan Tao, Yaqing Zhou, Long Peng, Yao He, Jingnan Shi, Nan Ma, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3985–4004, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the hygroscopicity of 23 organic species with different physicochemical properties using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) and compare the results with previous studies. Based on the hygroscopicity parameter κ, the influence of different physicochemical properties that potentially drive hygroscopicity, such as the functionality, water solubility, molar volume, and O : C ratio of organics, are examined separately.
Kimmo Korhonen, Thomas Bjerring Kristensen, John Falk, Vilhelm B. Malmborg, Axel Eriksson, Louise Gren, Maja Novakovic, Sam Shamun, Panu Karjalainen, Lassi Markkula, Joakim Pagels, Birgitta Svenningsson, Martin Tunér, Mika Komppula, Ari Laaksonen, and Annele Virtanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1615–1631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the ice-nucleating abilities of particulate emissions from a modern diesel engine using the portable ice-nuclei counter SPIN, a continuous-flow diffusion chamber instrument. Three different fuels were studied without blending, including fossil diesel and two renewable fuels, testing different emission aftertreatment systems and photochemical aging. We found that the diesel emissions were inefficient ice nuclei, and aging had no or little effect on their ice-nucleating abilities.
Noora Hyttinen, Iida Pullinen, Aki Nissinen, Siegfried Schobesberger, Annele Virtanen, and Taina Yli-Juuti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1195–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate saturation vapor pressure estimates of atmospherically relevant organic compounds are critical for modeling secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. We investigated vapor pressures of highly oxygenated SOA constituents using state-of-the-art computational and experimental methods. We found a good agreement between low and extremely low vapor pressures estimated using the two methods, and the smallest molecules detected in our experiment were likely products of thermal decomposition.
Dawei Hu, M. Rami Alfarra, Kate Szpek, Justin M. Langridge, Michael I. Cotterell, Claire Belcher, Ian Rule, Zixia Liu, Chenjie Yu, Yunqi Shao, Aristeidis Voliotis, Mao Du, Brett Smith, Greg Smallwood, Prem Lobo, Dantong Liu, Jim M. Haywood, Hugh Coe, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16161–16182, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16161-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16161-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we developed new techniques for investigating these properties in the laboratory and applied these to BC and BrC from different sources, including diesel exhaust, inverted propane flame and wood combustion. These have allowed us to quantify the changes in shape and chemical composition of different soots according to source and variables such as the moisture content of wood.
Mariam Fawaz, Anita Avery, Timothy B. Onasch, Leah R. Williams, and Tami C. Bond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15605–15618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning is responsible for 90 % of the emissions of primary organic aerosols to the atmosphere. Emissions from biomass burning sources are considered chaotic. In this work, we developed a controlled experimental approach to understand the controlling factors in emission. Our results showed that emissions are repeatable and deterministic and that emissions from wood can be constrained.
Soleil E. Worthy, Anand Kumar, Yu Xi, Jingwei Yun, Jessie Chen, Cuishan Xu, Victoria E. Irish, Pierre Amato, and Allan K. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14631–14648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the immersion freezing of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances (INSs) and mineral dusts. (NH4)2SO4 had no effect on the median freezing temperature of 9 of the 10 tested non-mineral dust INSs, slightly decreased that of the other, and increased that of all the mineral dusts. The difference in the response of mineral dust and non-mineral dust INSs to (NH4)2SO4 suggests that they nucleate ice and/or interact with (NH4)2SO4 via different mechanisms.
Robert Wagner, Luisa Ickes, Allan K. Bertram, Nora Els, Elena Gorokhova, Ottmar Möhler, Benjamin J. Murray, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, and Matthew E. Salter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13903–13930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray aerosol particles are a mixture of inorganic salts and organic matter from phytoplankton organisms. At low temperatures in the upper troposphere, both inorganic and organic constituents can induce the formation of ice crystals and thereby impact cloud properties and climate. In this study, we performed experiments in a cloud simulation chamber with particles produced from Arctic seawater samples to quantify the relative contribution of inorganic and organic species in ice formation.
Matthew Ozon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Aku Seppänen, and Kari E. J. Lehtinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12595–12611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring the rate at which aerosol particles are formed is of importance for understanding climate change. We present an analysis method based on Kalman smoothing, which retrieves new particle formation and growth rates from size-distribution measurements. We apply it to atmospheric simulation chamber experiments and show that it agrees well with traditional methods. In addition, it provides reliable uncertainty estimates, and we suggest instrument design optimisation for signal processing.
Yu Wang, Aristeidis Voliotis, Yunqi Shao, Taomou Zong, Xiangxinyue Meng, Mao Du, Dawei Hu, Ying Chen, Zhijun Wu, M. Rami Alfarra, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11303–11316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol phase behaviour plays a profound role in atmospheric physicochemical processes. We designed dedicated chamber experiments to study the phase state of secondary organic aerosol from biogenic and anthropogenic mixed precursors. Our results highlight the key role of the organic–inorganic ratio and relative humidity in phase state, but the sources and organic composition are less important. The result provides solid laboratory evidence for understanding aerosol phase in a complex atmosphere.
Ana A. Piedehierro, André Welti, Angela Buchholz, Kimmo Korhonen, Iida Pullinen, Ilkka Summanen, Annele Virtanen, and Ari Laaksonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11069–11078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11069-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystals in cirrus clouds contain particles that start ice formation. We study whether particles forming above boreal forests can help in the making of cirrus clouds and if the water content in the particles affects this property. In the laboratory, we made boreal-forest-like particles and cooled and humidified them to measure whether an ice crystal develops. We found that only when dry can these particles form an ice crystal but no better than solution droplets.
Young-Chul Song, Joseph Lilek, Jae Bong Lee, Man Nin Chan, Zhijun Wu, Andreas Zuend, and Mijung Song
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10215–10228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10215-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report viscosity of binary mixtures of organic material / H2O and inorganic salts / H2O, as well as ternary mixtures of organic material / inorganic salts/ H2O, over the atmospheric relative humidity (RH) range. The viscosity measurements indicate that the studied mixed organic–inorganic particles range in phase state from liquid to semi-solid or even solid across the atmospheric RH range at a temperature of 293 K.
Shuaishuai Ma, Zhe Chen, Shufeng Pang, and Yunhong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9705–9717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
LLPS, efflorescence and deliquescence of aerosol particles can be observed visually and determined quantitatively. Different LLPS mechanisms may dominate successively in mixed organic–inorganic particles. The formation of more concentrated inorganic inclusions may cause secondary LLPS. Furthermore, high inorganic factions may result in an inorganic salt crust enclosing the separated organic phases.
Cited articles
Abbatt, J. P. D., Thomas, J. L., Abrahamsson, K., Boxe, C., Granfors, A.,
Jones, A. E., King, M. D., Saiz-Lopez, A., Shepson, P. B., Sodeau, J.,
Toohey, D. W., Toubin, C., Von Glasow, R., Wren, S. N., and Yang, X.: Halogen
activation via interactions with environmental ice and snow in the polar
lower troposphere and other regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6237–6271,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6237-2012, 2012.
Alpert, P. A., Dou, J., Arroyo, P. C., Schneider, F., Xto, J., Luo, B.,
Peter, T., Huthwelker, T., Borca, C. N., Henzler, K. D., Schaefer, T.,
Herrmann, H., Raabe, J., Watts, B., Krieger, U. K., and Ammann, M.:
Photolytic radical persistence due to anoxia in viscous aerosol particles,
Nat. Commun., 12, 1769, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21913-x, 2021.
Barisik, M. and Beskok, A.: Wetting characterisation of silicon (1,0,0)
surface, Mol. Simul., 39, 700–709, https://doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2012.758854,
2013.
Barrie, L. A., Bottenheim, J. W., Schnell, R. C., Crutzen, P. J., and
Rasmussen, R. A.: Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar
sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138–141,
https://doi.org/10.1038/334138a0, 1988.
Bartels-Rausch, T., Jacobi, H. W., Kahan, T. F., Thomas, J. L., Thomson, E.
S., Abbatt, J. P. D., Ammann, M., Blackford, J. R., Bluhm, H., Boxe, C.,
Domine, F., Frey, M. M., Gladich, I., Guzmán, M. I., Heger, D.,
Huthwelker, T., Klán, P., Kuhs, W. F., Kuo, M. H., Maus, S., Moussa, S.
G., McNeill, V. F., Newberg, J. T., Pettersson, J. B. C., Roeselová, M.,
and Sodeau, J. R.: A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions
(AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
14, 1587–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014, 2014.
Blackford, J. R., Jeffree, C. E., Noake, D. F. J., and Marmo, B. A.:
Microstructural evolution in sintered ice particles containing NaCl observed
by low-temperature scanning electron microscope, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Pt.
L, 221, 151–156, https://doi.org/10.1243/14644207jmda134,
2007.
Bononi, F. C., Chen, Z., Rocca, D., Andreussi, O., Hullar, T., Anastasio, C.,
and Donadio, D.: Bathochromic Shift in the UV-Visible Absorption Spectra of
Phenols at Ice Surfaces: Insights from First-Principles Calculations, J. Phys.
Chem. A, 124, 9288–9298, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07038, 2020.
Bottenheim, J. W., Fuentes, J. D., Tarasick, D. W., and Anlauf, K. G.: Ozone
in the Arctic lower troposphere during winter and spring 2000 (ALERT2000),
Atmos. Environ., 36, 2535–2544, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00121-8,
2002.
Butler, B. M., Papadimitriou, S., Santoro, A., and Kennedy, H.: Mirabilite
solubility in equilibrium sea ice brines, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 182,
40–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.008, 2016a.
Butler, B. M., Papadimitriou, S., and Kennedy, H.: The effect of mirabilite
precipitation on the absolute and practical salinities of sea ice brines,
Mar. Chem., 184, 21–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.06.003, 2016b.
Chen, N. J., Morikawa, J., Kishi, A., and Hashimoto, T.: Thermal diffusivity of eutectic of alkali chloride and ice in the freezing–thawing process by temperature wave analysis, Thermochim. Ac., 429, 73–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TCA.2004.11.010, 2005.
Cohen-Adad, R. and Lorimer, J. W.: Alkali metal and ammonium chlorides in water and heavy water (binary systems), Pergamon Press,
ISBN 978-0-08-023918-7, 1991.
DeMott, P. J., Hill, T. C. J., McCluskey, C. S., Prather, K. A., Collins, D.
B., Sullivan, R. C., Ruppel, M. J., Mason, R. H., Irish, V. E., Lee, T.,
Hwang, C. Y., Rhee, T. S., Snider, J. R., McMeeking, G. R., Dhaniyala, S.,
Lewis, E. R., Wentzell, J. J. B., Abbatt, J., Lee, C., Sultana, C. M., Ault,
A. P., Axson, J. L., Diaz Martinez, M., Venero, I., Santos-Figueroa, G.,
Stokes, M. D., Deane, G. B., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Grassian, V. H., Bertram,
T. H., Bertram, A. K., Moffett, B. F., and Franc, G. D.: Sea spray aerosol as
a unique source of ice nucleating particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
113, 5797–5803, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514034112, 2016.
Domine, F., Sparapani, R., Ianniello, A., and Beine, H. J.: The origin of sea
salt in snow on Arctic sea ice and in coastal regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
4, 2259–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2259-2004, 2004.
Dominé, F., Lauzier, T., Cabanes, A., Legagneux, L., Kuhs, W. F.,
Techmer, K., and Heinrichs, T.: Snow metamorphism as revealed by scanning
electron microscopy, Microsc. Res. Tech., 62, 33–48,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10384, 2003.
Douglas, T. A., Domine, F., Barret, M., Anastasio, C., Beine, H. J.,
Bottenheim, J., Grannas, A., Houdier, S., Netcheva, S., Rowland, G.,
Staebler, R., and Steffen, A.: Frost flowers growing in the Arctic
ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 1. Chemical composition, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016460, 2012.
Dubois, M., Royer, J.-J., Weisbrod, A., and Shtuka, A.: Reconstruction of low-temperature binary phase diagrams using a constrained least squares method: Application to the H2O-CsCl system, Europ. J. Mineral., 5, 1145–1152, https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/5/6/1145, 1993.
Fox-Powell, M. G. and Cousins, C. R.: Partitioning of Crystalline and
Amorphous Phases During Freezing of Simulated Enceladus Ocean Fluids, J.
Geophys. Res.-Planet., 126, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006628, 2021.
Frey, M. M., Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M., Anderson, P. S., Nishimura, K.,
Yang, X., Jones, A. E., Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Jones, D. H., and
Wolff, E. W.: First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from
blowing snow above sea ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2549–2578,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, 2020.
De Gennes, P. G.: Wetting: statics and dynamics, Rev. Mod. Phys., 57,
827, https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.57.827, 1985.
Fujiwara, S. and Nihimoto, Y.: Nonbiological Complete Differentiation of the Enantiomeric Isomers of Amino Acids and Sugars by the Complexes of Gases with the Eutectic Compounds of Alkali Chlorides and Water, Anal. Sci., 14, 507–514, https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.14.507, 1998.
Gao, D., Li, D., and Li, W.: Solubility of RbCl and CsCl in pure water at subzero temperatures, heat capacity of RbCl(aq) and CsCl(aq) at T=298.15 K, and thermodynamic modeling of RbCl + H2O and CsCl + H2O systems, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 104, 201–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCT.2016.09.031, 2017.
Gong, X., Zhang, J., Croft, B., Yang, X., Frey, M. M., Bergner, N., Chang,
R., Creamean, J., Kuang, C., Martin, R. V., Sedlacek, A. J., Uin, J.,
Willmes, S., Zawadowicz, M. A., Pierce, J. R., Shupe, M. D., Schmale, J., and
Wang, J.: Arctic warming by abundant fine sea salt aerosols from blowing
snow, Nat. Geosci., in review, 2023.
Hara, K., Osada, K., Nishita-Hara, C., Yabuki, M., Hayashi, M., Yamanouchi,
T., Wada, M., and Shiobara, M.: Seasonal features of ultrafine particle
volatility in the coastal Antarctic troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,
9803–9812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9803-2011, 2011.
Hara, K., Matoba, S., Hirabayashi, M., and Yamasaki, T.: Frost flowers and
sea-salt aerosols over seasonal sea-ice areas in northwestern Greenland
during winter-spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8577–8598,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8577-2017, 2017.
Heger, D. and Klán, P.: Interactions of organic molecules at grain
boundaries in ice: A solvatochromic analysis, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 187, 275–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.10.012, 2007.
Heger, D., Jirkovský, J., and Klán, P.: Aggregation of Methylene Blue
in Frozen Aqueous Solutions Studied by Absorption Spectroscopy, J. Phys.
Chem. A, 109, 6702–6709, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp050439j, 2005.
Heger, D., Klanova, J., and Klan, P.: Enhanced protonation of cresol red in
acidic aqueous solutions caused by freezing, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110,
1277–1287, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0553683, 2006.
Heger, D., Nachtigallová, D., Surman, F., Krausko, J., Magyarová,
B., Brumovský, M., Rubeš, M., Gladich, I., and Klán, P.:
Self-organization of 1-methylnaphthalene on the surface of artificial snow
grains: A combined experimental-computational approach, J. Phys. Chem. A,
115, 11412–11422, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp205627a, 2011.
Huang, J. and Jaeglé, L.: Wintertime enhancements of sea salt aerosol in
polar regions consistent with a sea ice source from blowing snow, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 17, 3699–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3699-2017, 2017.
Hullar, T. and Anastasio, C.: Direct visualization of solute locations in laboratory ice samples, The Cryosphere, 10, 2057–2068, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2057-2016, 2016.
Hullar, T., Magadia, D., and Anastasio, C.: Photodegradation Rate Constants
for Anthracene and Pyrene Are Similar in/on Ice and in Aqueous Solution,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12225–12234, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02350, 2018.
Imrichová, K., Veselý, L., Gasser, T. M., Loerting, T., Neděla,
V., and Heger, D.: Vitrification and increase of basicity in between ice Ih
crystals in rapidly frozen dilute NaCl aqueous solutions, J. Chem. Phys.,
151, 014503, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100852, 2019.
Jambon-Puillet, E.: Stains from Freeze-Dried Drops, Langmuir, 35, 5541–5548, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00084, 2019.
Jourdain, B., Preunkert, S., Cerri, O., Castebrunet, H., Udisti, R., and
Legrand, M.: Year-round record of size-segregated aerosol composition in
central Antarctica (Concordia station): Implications for the degree of
fractionation of sea-salt particles, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14308,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009584, 2008.
Kahan, T. F. and Donaldson, D. J.: Photolysis of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons on Water and Ice Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111,
1277–1285, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp066660t, 2007.
Kaleschke, L., Richter, A., Burrows, J., Afe, O., Heygster, G., Notholt, J.,
Rankin, A. M., Roscoe, H. K., Hollwedel, J., Wagner, T., and Jacobi, H. W.:
Frost flowers on sea ice as a source of sea salt and their influence on
tropospheric halogen chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16114,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020655, 2004.
Kang, S., Zhang, Y., Qian, Y., and Wang, H.: A review of black carbon in snow
and ice and its impact on the cryosphere, Earth-Sci. Rev.,
210, 103346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103346, 2020.
Kania, R., Malongwe, J. K., Nachtigallová, D., Krausko, J., Gladich, I.,
Roeselová, M., Heger, D., and Klán, P.: Spectroscopic properties of
benzene at the air-ice interface: A combined experimental-computational
approach, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 7535–7547, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501094n, 2014.
Keene, W. C., Maring, H., Maben, J. R., Kieber, D. J., Pszenny, A. A. P. P.,
Dahl, E. E., Izaguirre, M. A., Davis, A. J., Long, M. S., Zhou, X.,
Smoydzin, L., and Sander, R.: Chemical and physical characteristics of
nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008464, 2007.
Kirpes, R. M., Bonanno, D., May, N. W., Fraund, M., Barget, A. J., Moffet,
R. C., Ault, A. P., and Pratt, K. A.: Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol
Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology, ACS Cent. Sci., 5,
1760–1767, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541, 2019.
Klánová, J., Klán, P., Heger, D., and Holoubek, I.: Comparison of
the effects of UV, H2O2/UV and γ-irradiation processes on frozen and
liquid water solutions of monochlorophenols, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.,
2, 1023–1031, https://doi.org/10.1039/b303483F, 2003.
Krausko, J., Runštuk, J., Neděla, V., Klán, P., and Heger, D.:
Observation of a brine layer on an ice surface with an environmental
scanning electron microscope at higher pressures and temperatures, Langmuir,
30, 5441–5447, https://doi.org/10.1021/la500334e, 2014.
Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Wolff, E., Weller, R., Jourdain, B., and
Wagenbach, D.: Year-round records of bulk and size-segregated aerosol
composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) – Part 1: Fractionation
of sea-salt particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14039–14054,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14039-2017, 2017.
Levine, J. G., Yang, X., Jones, A. E., and Wolff, E. W.: Sea salt as an ice
core proxy for past sea ice extent: A process-based model study, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 119, 5737–5756, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020925, 2014.
Light, B., Brandt, R. E., and Warren, S. G.: Hydrohalite in cold sea ice:
laboratory observations of single crystals, surface accumulations, and
migration rates under a temperature gradient, with application to “snowball
earth,” J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 114, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005211,
2009.
Marion, G. M., Farren, R. E., and Komrowski, A. J.: Alternative pathways for
seawater freezing, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 29, 259–266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(99)00033-6, 1999.
Mason, B. J.: The supercooling and nucleation of water, Adv. Phys., 7,
221–234, https://doi.org/10.1080/00018735800101237, 1958.
Massom, R. A., Eicken, H., Haas, C., Jeffries, M. O., Drinkwater, M. R.,
Sturm, M., Worby, A. P., Wu, X., Lytle, V. I., Ushio, S., Morris, K., Reid,
P. A., Warren, S. G., and Allison, I.: Snow on Antarctic sea ice, Rev.
Geophys., 39, 413–445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000085, 2001.
Maus, S.: Prediction of the cellular microstructure of sea ice by
morphological stability theory, in: Physics and Chemistry of Ice, edited by:
Kuhs, W. F., Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, ISBN-10: 0854043500, ISBN-13: 978-0854043507, 371–382, 2007.
Michaloudi, E., Papakostas, S., Stamou, G., Neděla, V.,
Tihlaříková, E., Zhang, W., and Declerck, S. A. J.: Reverse
taxonomy applied to the brachionus calyciflorus cryptic species complex:
Morphometric analysis confirms species delimitations revealed by molecular
phylogenetic analysis and allows the (re) description of four species, PLoS
One, 13, e0203168, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203168, 2018.
Moffat, J. R., Sefiane, K., and Shanahan, M. E. R.: Effect of TiO2
Nanoparticles on Contact Line Stick-Slip Behavior of Volatile Drops, J.
Phys. Chem. B, 113, 8860–8866, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp902062z, 2009.
Monnin, C. and Dubois, M.: Thermodynamics of the CsCl-H2O system at low temperatures, Europ. J. Mineral., 11, 477–482, https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/3/0477, 1999.
Neděla, V.: Methods for additive hydration allowing observation of fully
hydrated state of wet samples in environmental SEM, Microsc. Res. Tech.,
70, 95–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20390, 2007.
Neděla, V., Tihlaříková, E., Runštuk, J., and Hudec, J.:
High-efficiency detector of secondary and backscattered electrons for
low-dose imaging in the ESEM, Ultramicroscopy, 184, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.08.003, 2018.
Neděla, V., Tihlaříková, E., Maxa, J., Imrichová, K.,
Bučko, M., and Gemeiner, P.: Simulation-based optimisation of
thermodynamic conditions in the ESEM for dynamical in-situ study of
spherical polyelectrolyte complex particles in their native state,
Ultramicroscopy, 211, 112954, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112954, 2020.
Notz, D. and Worster, M. G.: Desalination processes of sea ice revisited, J.
Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 114, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004885, 2009.
O'Dowd, C. D., Lowe, J. A., Smith, M. H., and Kaye, A. D.: The relative
importance of non-sea-salt sulphate and sea-salt aerosol to the marine cloud
condensation nuclei population: An improved multi-component aerosol-cloud
droplet parametrization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1295–1313,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1999.49712555610, 1999.
Ondrušková, G., Krausko, J., Stern, J. N., Hauptmann, A., Loerting,
T., and Heger, D.: Distinct Speciation of Naphthalene Vapor Deposited on Ice
Surfaces at 253 or 77 K: Formation of Submicrometer-Sized Crystals or an
Amorphous Layer, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122, 11945–11953, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03972,
2018.
Ondrušková, G., Veselý, L., Zezula, J., Bachler, J., Loerting,
T., and Heger, D.: Using Excimeric Fluorescence to Study How the Cooling Rate
Determines the Behavior of Naphthalenes in Freeze-Concentrated Solutions:
Vitrification and Crystallization, J. Phys. Chem. B, 124, 10556–10566,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07817, 2020.
Ozcelik, H. G., Ozdemir, A. C., Kim, B., and Barisik, M.: Wetting of single
crystalline and amorphous silicon surfaces: effective range of
intermolecular forces for wetting, Mol. Simul., 46, 224–234,
https://doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2019.1690145, 2020.
Peterson, P. K., Pöhler, D., Sihler, H., Zielcke, J., General, S., Frieß, U., Platt, U., Simpson, W. R., Nghiem, S. V., Shepson, P. B., Stirm, B. H., Dhaniyala, S., Wagner, T., Caulton, D. R., Fuentes, J. D., and Pratt, K. A.: Observations of bromine monoxide transport in the Arctic sustained on aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7567–7579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7567-2017, 2017.
Pratt, K. A., Custard, K. D., Shepson, P. B., Douglas, T. A., Pöhler,
D., General, S., Zielcke, J., Simpson, W. R., Platt, U., Tanner, D. J.,
Gregory Huey, L., Carlsen, M., and Stirm, B. H.: Photochemical production of
molecular bromine in Arctic surface snowpacks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 351–356,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1779, 2013.
Qazi, M. J., Salim, H., Doorman, C. A. W., Jambon-Puillet, E., and
Shahidzadeh, N.: Salt creeping as a self-amplifying crystallization process,
Sci. Adv., 5, eaax1853, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1853, 2019.
Rankin, A. M. and Wolff, E. W.: A year-long record of size-segregated
aerosol composition at Halley, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. D,
108, AAC 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003993, 2003.
Ray, D., Kurková, R., Hovorková, I., and Klán, P.: Determination
of the Specific Surface Area of Snow Using Ozonation of
1,1-Diphenylethylene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10061–10067,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es202922k, 2011.
Rhodes, R. H., Yang, X., Wolff, E. W., McConnell, J. R., and Frey, M. M.: Sea
ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: A model-based
study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9417–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017,
2017.
Richter, A., Wittrock, F., Eisinger, M., and Burrows, J. P.: GOME
observations of tropospheric BrO in northern hemispheric spring and summer
1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2683–2686, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL52016, 1998.
Rodebush, W. H.: The freezing points of concentrated solutions and the free
energy of solution of salts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 40, 1204–1213,
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02241a008, 1918.
Rohatgi, P. K. and Adams, C. M.: Ice–Brine Dendritic Aggregate formed on
Freezing of Aqueous Solutions, J. Glaciol., 6, 663–679, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000019936, 1967.
Roscoe, H. K., Brooks, B., Jackson, A. V, Smith, M. H., Walker, S. J.,
Obbard, R. W., and Wolff, E. W.: Frost flowers in the laboratory: Growth,
characteristics, aerosol, and the underlying sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.,
116, D12301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015144, 2011.
Schenkmayerová, A., Bučko, M., Gemeiner, P., Tre¾ová, D.,
Lacík, I., Chorvát, D., Ačai, P., Polakovič, M.,
Lipták, L., Rebroš, M., Rosenberg, M., Štefuca, V., Neděla,
V., and Tihlaříková, E.: Physical and Bioengineering Properties
of Polyvinyl Alcohol Lens-Shaped Particles Versus Spherical Polyelectrolyte
Complex Microcapsules as Immobilisation Matrices for a Whole-Cell
Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 174,
1834–1849, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1174-x, 2014.
Schremb, M. and Tropea, C.: Solidification of supercooled water in the
vicinity of a solid wall, Phys. Rev. E, 94, 52804,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.94.052804, 2016.
Shibkov, A. A., Golovin, Y. I., Zheltov, M. A., Korolev, A. A., and Leonov,
A. A.: Morphology diagram of nonequilibrium patterns of ice crystals growing
in supercooled water, Phys. A, 319, 65–79,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01517-0, 2003.
Simpson, W. R., Carlson, D., Hönninger, G., Douglas, T. A., Sturm, M.,
Perovich, D., and Platt, U.: First-year sea-ice contact predicts bromine
monoxide (BrO) levels at Barrow, Alaska better than potential frost flower
contact, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-621-2007,
2007.
Spiel, D. E.: On the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on water
surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4995, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC03055, 1995.
Swanson, W. F., Holmes, C. D., Simpson, W. R., Confer, K., Marelle, L.,
Thomas, J. L., Jaeglé, L., Alexander, B., Zhai, S., Chen, Q., Wang, X.,
and Sherwen, T.: Comparison of model and ground observations finds snowpack
and blowing snow aerosols both contribute to Arctic tropospheric reactive
bromine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14467–14488,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14467-2022, 2022.
Swenne, D. A.: The eutectic crystallization of NaCl ⋅ 2H2O and ice, [Phd Thesis 1 (Research TU/e/Graduation TU/e), Chemical Engineering and Chemistry], Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven, https://doi.org/10.6100/IR50645, 1983.
Toyota, T., Massom, R., Tateyama, K., Tamura, T., and Fraser, A.: Properties
of snow overlying the sea ice off East Antarctica in late winter, 2007, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 1137–1148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSR2.2010.12.002, 2011.
Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Thomas, M., and McDougall, T. J.:
Thermodynamics of Sea Ice Phase Composition Revisited, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 615–634, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014611, 2019.
Vetráková, L, Vykoukal, V., and Heger, D.: Comparing the acidities
of aqueous, frozen, and freeze-dried phosphate buffers: Is there a “pH
memory” effect?, Int. J. Pharm., 530, 316–325,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.005, 2017.
Vetráková, Ľ., Neděla, V., Runštuk, J., and Heger, D.: The morphology of ice and liquid brine in an environmental scanning electron microscope: a study of the freezing methods, The Cryosphere, 13, 2385–2405, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2385-2019, 2019.
Vetráková, L., Neděla, V., Runštuk, J.,
Tihlaříková, E., Heger, D., and Shalaev, E.: Dynamical in-situ
observation of the lyophilization and vacuum-drying processes of a model
biopharmaceutical system by an environmental scanning electron microscope,
Int. J. Pharm., 585, 119448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119448, 2020.
Vetráková, L., Nedela, V.,; Závacká, K., Yang, X., Heger, D.: Technical note: Sublimation of frozen CsCl solutions in ESEM: Determining the number and size of salt particles relevant to sea-salt aerosols (Dataset), Mendeley Data [data set], V1, https://doi.org/10.17632/h2v6c4ypcs.1, 2023.
Wagenbach, D., Ducroz, F., Mulvaney, R., Keck, L., Minikin, A., Legrand, M.,
Hall, J. S., and Wolff, E. W.: Sea-salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 10961–10974, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01804, 1998.
Warren, S. G.: Impurities in snow: effects on albedo and snowmelt, Ann.
Glaciol., 5, 177–179, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500003700, 1984.
Wettlaufer, J. S.: Directional solidification of salt water: deep and
shallow cells, Eur. Lett., 19, 337–342, https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/19/4/015,
1992.
Wexler, A.: Vapor pressure formulation for ice, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. A,
81, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.081A.003, 1977.
Wise, M. E., Baustian, K. J., Koop, T., Freedman, M. A., Jensen, E. J., and
Tolbert, M. A.: Depositional ice nucleation onto crystalline hydrated NaCl
particles: a new mechanism for ice formation in the troposphere, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 12, 1121–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1121-2012, 2012.
Wolff, E. W., Rankin, A. M., and Röthlisberger, R.: An ice core indicator
of Antarctic sea ice production?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, CLM 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018454, 2003.
Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., and Cox, R. A.: Sea salt aerosol production and
bromine release: Role of snow on sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034536, 2008.
Yang, X., Neděla, V., Runštuk, J., Ondrušková, G., Krausko,
J., Vetráková, L., and Heger, D.: Evaporating brine from frost
flowers with electron microscopy and implications for atmospheric chemistry
and sea-salt aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6291–6303,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6291-2017, 2017.
Yang, X., Frey, M. M., Rhodes, R. H., Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M.,
Anderson, P. S., Nishimura, K., Jones, A. E., and Wolff, E. W.: Sea salt
aerosol production via sublimating wind-blown saline snow particles over sea
ice: parameterizations and relevant microphysical mechanisms, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 19, 8407–8424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, 2019.
Závacká, K., Neděla, V., Olbert, M., Tihlaříková,
E., Vetráková, ¼., Yang, X., and Heger, D.: Temperature and
Concentration Affect Particle Size Upon Sublimation of Saline Ice:
Implications for Sea Salt Aerosol Production in Polar Regions, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 49, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097098, 2022.
Short summary
Salt aerosols are important to polar atmospheric chemistry and global climate. Therefore, we utilized a unique electron microscope to identify the most suitable conditions for formation of the small salt (CsCl) particles, proxies of the aerosols, from sublimating salty snow. Very low sublimation temperature and low salt concentration are needed for formation of such particles. These observations may help us to better understand polar spring ozone depletion and bromine explosion events.
Salt aerosols are important to polar atmospheric chemistry and global climate. Therefore, we...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint