Articles | Volume 23, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Chemically speciated air pollutant emissions from open burning of household solid waste from South Africa
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
Hatef Firouzkouhi
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
Judith C. Chow
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
John G. Watson
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
Steven Sai Hang Ho
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
Warren Carter
SASOL Research and Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa
Alexandra S. M. De Vos
SASOL Research and Technology, Sasolburg, South Africa
Related authors
Xiaoliang Wang, Hatef Firouzkouhi, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Warren Carter, and Alexandra S. M. De Vos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8921–8937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Open burning of household and municipal solid waste is a common practice in developing countries and is a significant source of air pollution. However, few studies have measured emissions from open burning of waste. This study determined gas and particulate emissions from open burning of 10 types of household solid-waste materials. These results can improve emission inventories, air quality management, and assessment of the health and climate effects of open burning of household waste.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Xiaoliang Wang, Hatef Firouzkouhi, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Warren Carter, and Alexandra S. M. De Vos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8921–8937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Open burning of household and municipal solid waste is a common practice in developing countries and is a significant source of air pollution. However, few studies have measured emissions from open burning of waste. This study determined gas and particulate emissions from open burning of 10 types of household solid-waste materials. These results can improve emission inventories, air quality management, and assessment of the health and climate effects of open burning of household waste.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Cited articles
Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
Andersson, J. T. and Achten, C.: Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes, Polycyclic Aromat. Comp., 35, 330–354, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2014.991042, 2015.
Andreae, M. O.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019.
ATSDR: Guidance for Calculating Benzo(a)pyrene Equivalents for Cancer Evaluations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pha-guidance/resources/ATSDR-PAH-Guidance-508.pdf (last access: 30 May 2023), 2022.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Bulto, T. W.: Impact of Open Burning Refuse on Air Quality: In the Case of “Hidar Sitaten” at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Environmental Health Insights, 14, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220943204, 2020.
Caumo, S., Bruns, R. E., and Vasconcellos, P. C.: Variation of the Distribution of Atmospheric n-Alkanes Emitted by Different Fuels' Combustion, Atmosphere, 11, 643, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060643, 2020.
Chen, L.-W. A., Chow, J. C., Wang, X. L., Robles, J. A., Sumlin, B. J., Lowenthal, D. H., Zimmermann, R., and Watson, J. G.: Multi-wavelength optical measurement to enhance thermal/optical analysis for carbonaceous aerosol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 451–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-451-2015, 2015.
Cheng, K., Hao, W., Wang, Y., Yi, P., Zhang, J., and Ji, W.: Understanding the emission pattern and source contribution of hazardous air pollutants from open burning of municipal solid waste in China, Environ. Pollut., 263, 114417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114417, 2020.
Chien, Y.-C., Ton, S., Lee, M.-H., Chia, T., Shu, H.-Y., and Wu, Y.-S.: Assessment of occupational health hazards in scrap-tire shredding facilities, Sci. Total Environ., 309, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00009-3, 2003.
Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. G.: Chemical analyses of particle filter deposits, in: Aerosols Handbook: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects, 2 edn., edited by: Ruzer, L. and Harley, N. H., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, 179–204, https://doi.org/10.1201/b12668, 2013.
Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. G.: Enhanced ion chromatographic speciation of water-soluble PM2.5 to improve aerosol source apportionment, Aerosol Sci. Eng., 1, 7–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0002-4, 2017.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Chang, M. C. O., Robinson, N. F., Trimble, D., and Kohl, S.: The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: maintaining consistency with a long-term database, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1014–1023, 2007.
Chow, J. C., Lowenthal, D. H., Chen, L.-W. A., Wang, X. L., and Watson, J. G.: Mass reconstruction methods for PM2.5: a review, Air Qual., Atmos. Hlth., 8, 243–263, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0338-3, 2015a.
Chow, J. C., Wang, X. L., Sumlin, B. J., Gronstal, S. B., Chen, L.-W. A., Hurbain, M. J., Zimmermann, R., and Watson, J. G.: Optical Calibration and Equivalence of a Multiwavelength Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 15, 1145–1159, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.02.0106, 2015b.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Green, M. C., Wang, X. L., Chen, L.-W. A., Trimble, D. L., Cropper, P. M., Kohl, S. D., and Gronstal, S. B.: Separation of brown carbon from black carbon for IMPROVE and Chemical Speciation Network PM2.5 samples, J. Air Waste Manage., 68, 494–510, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1426653, 2018.
Chow, J. C., Chen, L.-W. A., Wang, X. L., Green, M. C., and Watson, J. G.: Improved estimation of PM2.5 brown carbon contributions to filter light attenuation, Particuology, 56, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2021.01.001, 2021.
Christian, T. J., Yokelson, R. J., Cárdenas, B., Molina, L. T., Engling, G., and Hsu, S.-C.: Trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central Mexico, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-565-2010, 2010.
Cook, E. and Velis, C.: Global review on safer end of engineered life, Royal Academy of Engineering, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.5518/100/58, 2021.
Cronjé, N., Van Der Merwe, I., and Müller, I.-M.: Household food waste: A case study in Kimberley, South Africa, Journal of Consumer Sciences, 46, 1–9, 2018.
Das, B., Bhave, P. V., Sapkota, A., and Byanju, R. M.: Estimating emissions from open burning of municipal solid waste in municipalities of Nepal, Waste Manage., 79, 481–490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.013, 2018.
Eldering, A., Solomon, P. A., Salmon, L. G., Fall, T., and Cass, G. R.: Hydrochloric acid: A regional perspective on concentrations and formation in the atmosphere of Southern California, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 25, 2091–2102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90086-M, 1991.
Gordon, J. N. D., Bilsback, K. R., Fiddler, M. N., Pokhrel, R. P., Fischer, E. V., Pierce, J. R., and Bililign, S.: The Effects of Trash, Residential Biofuel, and Open Biomass Burning Emissions on Local and Transported PM2.5 and Its Attributed Mortality in Africa, GeoHealth, 7, e2022GH000673, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000673, 2023.
Harner, T., Rauert, C., Muir, D., Schuster, J. K., Hsu, Y.-M., Zhang, L., Marson, G., Watson, J. G., Ahad, J., Cho, S., Jariyasopit, N., Kirk, J., Korosi, J., Landis, M. S., Martin, J. W., Zhang, Y., Fernie, K., Wentworth, G. R., Wnorowski, A., Dabek, E., Charland, J.-P., Pauli, B., Wania, F., Galarneau, E., Cheng, I., Makar, P., Whaley, C., Chow, J. C., and Wang, X. L.: Air synthesis review: polycyclic aromatic compounds in the oil sands region, Environ. Rev., 26, 430–468, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0039, 2018.
Ho, S. S. H. and Yu, J. Z.: In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1059, 121–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.013, 2004.
Ho, S. S. H., Yu, J. Z., Chow, J. C., Zielinska, B., Watson, J. G., Sit, E. H. L., and Schauer, J. J.: Evaluation of an in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for analysis of non-polar organic compounds in ambient aerosol samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1200, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.056, 2008.
Ho, S. S. H., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Ng, L. P. T., Kwok, Y., Ho, K. F., and Cao, J. J.: Precautions for in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) as applied to aerosol filter samples, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1491–1496, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.038, 2011.
Hodshire, A. L., Akherati, A., Alvarado, M. J., Brown-Steiner, B., Jathar, S. H., Jimenez, J. L., Kreidenweis, S. M., Lonsdale, C. R., Onasch, T. B., Ortega, A. M., and Pierce, J. R.: Aging Effects on Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review of Field and Laboratory Studies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 10007–10022, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02588, 2019.
Hoffer, A., Jancsek-Turóczi, B., Tóth, Á., Kiss, G., Naghiu, A., Levei, E. A., Marmureanu, L., Machon, A., and Gelencsér, A.: Emission factors for PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from illegal burning of different types of municipal waste in households, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16135–16144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16135-2020, 2020.
IPCC: IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme Japan, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, Switzerland, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html (last access: 30 May 2023), 2006.
IPCC: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK, and New York, ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0, 2013.
James, B. D., Reddy, C. M., Hahn, M. E., Nelson, R. K., de Vos, A., Aluwihare, L. I., Wade, T. L., Knap, A. H., and Bera, G.: Fire and Oil Led to Complex Mixtures of PAHs on Burnt and Unburnt Plastic during the M/V X-Press Pearl Disaster, ACS Environmental Au, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00011, 2023.
Jayarathne, T., Stockwell, C. E., Yokelson, R. J., Nakao, S., and Stone, E. A.: Emissions of Fine Particle Fluoride from Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12636–12644, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502933j, 2014.
Jayarathne, T., Stockwell, C. E., Bhave, P. V., Praveen, P. S., Rathnayake, C. M., Islam, Md. R., Panday, A. K., Adhikari, S., Maharjan, R., Goetz, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Saikawa, E., Yokelson, R. J., and Stone, E. A.: Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of particulate matter from wood- and dung-fueled cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2259–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018, 2018.
Kelly, F. J. and Fussell, J. C.: Size, source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 60, 504–526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.039, 2012.
Kodros, J. K., Wiedinmyer, C., Ford, B., Cucinotta, R., Gan, R., Magzamen, S., and Pierce, J. R.: Global burden of mortalities due to chronic exposure to ambient PM2.5 from open combustion of domestic waste, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 124022, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124022, 2016.
Krecl, P., de Lima, C. H., Dal Bosco, T. C., Targino, A. C., Hashimoto, E. M., and Oukawa, G. Y.: Open waste burning causes fast and sharp changes in particulate concentrations in peripheral neighborhoods, Sci. Total Environ., 765, 142736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142736, 2021.
Kwatala, N., Naidoo, M., Naidoo, S., and Garland, R. M.: Estimated emissions of domestic waste burning in South Africa, 2019 Conference of the National Association for Clean Air, Western Cape, 3–4 October, https://www.naca.org.za/uploads/2019_NACA_Conference_Proceedings.pdf (last access: 10 September 2023), 2019,
Lal, R. M., Nagpure, A. S., Luo, L., Tripathi, S. N., Ramaswami, A., Bergin, M. H., and Russell, A. G.: Municipal solid waste and dung cake burning: discoloring the Taj Mahal and human health impacts in Agra, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 104009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104009, 2016.
Lemieux, P. M.: Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household waste in barrels – Volume 1. Technical Report, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OHEPA-600/R-97-134a, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=115129 (last access: 30 January 2020), 1997.
Lemieux, P. M.: Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household waste in barrels – Project Summary, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH EPA/600/SR-97/134, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1003CKZ.TXT (last access: 30 January 2020), 1998.
Lemieux, P. M., Lutes, C. C., and Santoianni, D. A.: Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review, Prog. Energ. Combust., 30, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.08.001, 2004.
Lighty, J. S., Veranth, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F.: Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health, J. Air Waste Manage., 50, 1565–1618, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464197, 2000.
Martuzzi, M., Mitis, F., and Forastiere, F.: Inequalities, inequities, environmental justice in waste management and health, Eur. J. Public Health, 20, 21–26, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp216, 2010.
Miao, Y., Wang, R., Lu, C., Zhao, J., and Deng, Q.: Lifetime cancer risk assessment for inhalation exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 24, 312–320, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7797-4, 2017.
Moradi, M., Hung, H., Li, J., Park, R., Shin, C., Alexandrou, N., Iqbal, M. A., Takhar, M., Chan, A., and Brook, J. R.: Assessment of Alkylated and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Toronto, Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 2959–2967, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04299, 2022.
Murray, C. J., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., and Abdollahpour, I.: Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, The Lancet, 396, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2, 2020.
Nagpure, A. S., Ramaswami, A., and Russell, A.: Characterizing the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Open Burning of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Indian Cities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12904–12912, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03243, 2015.
Noblet, C., Besombes, J.-L., Lemire, M., Pin, M., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Favez, O., Aujay-Plouzeau, R., Dermigny, A., Karoski, N., Van Elsuve, D., Dubois, P., Collet, S., Lestremau, F., and Albinet, A.: Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning, Sci. Total Environ., 798, 149367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367, 2021.
Okedere, O. B., Olalekan, A. P., Fakinle, B. S., Elehinafe, F. B., Odunlami, O. A., and Sonibare, J. A.: Urban air pollution from the open burning of municipal solid waste, Environ. Qual. Manage., 28, 67–74, https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21633, 2019.
Oleniacz, R., Drzewiecki, W., Gorzelnik, T., Grzesik, K., Kozakiewicz, R., Kowalewski, Z., and Kossakowska, K.: Assessment of the impact of waste fires on air quality and atmospheric aerosol optical depth: A case study in Poland, Energy Reports, 9, 16–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.087, 2023.
Park, Y. K., Kim, W., and Jo, Y. M.: Release of Harmful Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Domestic Municipal Solid Wastes in a Metropolitan Area of Korea, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 1365–1372, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.10.0272, 2013.
Pokhrel, R. P., Gordon, J., Fiddler, M. N., and Bililign, S.: Determination of Emission Factors of Pollutants From Biomass Burning of African Fuels in Laboratory Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034731, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034731, 2021.
Pöschl, U.: Aerosol particle analysis: challenges and progress, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 30–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1611-5, 2003.
Rabaji, O. P.: Waste dumping in Sharpeville (Emfuleni Municipality): an investigation of the characteristics and the potential impacts on air quality, M.S., Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/33895/Rabaji%20OP%2023891610.pdf?sequence=1 (last access: 10 September 2023), 2019.
Ramadan, B. S., Rachman, I., Ikhlas, N., Kurniawan, S. B., Miftahadi, M. F., and Matsumoto, T.: A comprehensive review of domestic-open waste burning: recent trends, methodology comparison, and factors assessment, J. Mater. Cycles Waste, 24, 1633–1647, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01430-9, 2022.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Reff, A., Bhave, P. V., Simon, H., Pace, T. G., Pouliot, G. A., Mobley, J. D., and Houyoux, M.: Emissions Inventory of PM2.5 Trace Elements across the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5790–5796, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802930x, 2009.
Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F., and Eleuterio, D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-799-2005, 2005.
Reyna-Bensusan, N., Wilson, D. C., and Smith, S. R.: Uncontrolled burning of solid waste by households in Mexico is a significant contributor to climate change in the country, Environ. Res., 163, 280–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.042, 2018.
Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636–651, 1993.
Samburova, V., Zielinska, B., and Khlystov, A.: Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity?, Toxics, 5, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030017, 2017.
Sharma, G., Annadate, S., and Sinha, B.: Will open waste burning become India's largest air pollution source?, Environ. Pollut., 292, 118310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118310, 2022.
Simon, H., Beck, L., Bhave, P. V., Divita, F., Hsu, Y., Luecken, D., Mobley, J. D., Pouliot, G. A., Reff, A., Sarwar, G., and Strum, M.: The development and uses of EPA's SPECIATE database, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 1, 196–206, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.026, 2010.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Medeiros, P. M., and Didyk, B. M.: Combustion Products of Plastics as Indicators for Refuse Burning in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6961–6970, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050767x, 2005.
Stockwell, C. E.: Advanced measurements of undersampled globally significant biomass burning sources, Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10905/ (last access: 1 November 2022), 2016.
Stockwell, C. E., Christian, T. J., Goetz, J. D., Jayarathne, T., Bhave, P. V., Praveen, P. S., Adhikari, S., Maharjan, R., DeCarlo, P. F., Stone, E. A., Saikawa, E., Blake, D. R., Simpson, I. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Panday, A. K.: Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of trace gases and light-absorbing carbon from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11043–11081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11043-2016, 2016.
Sturges, W. T. and Harrison, R. M.: The use of nylon filters to collect HCl: efficiencies, interferences and ambient concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1987–1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90525-8, 1989.
U.S. EPA: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition Section 2.5 Open Burning, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NCEPA AP-42, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c02s05.pdf (last access: 17 April 2023), 1992.
U.S. EPA: Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications, Air Toxics Assessment Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC, https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications (last access: 20 March 2019), 2020.
U.S. EPA: 2020 National Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document: Waste Disposal – Open Burning – Residential Household Waste, Air Quality Assessment Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Research Triangle Park, NC, https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-03/NEI2020_TSD_Section35_WD_OpenBurning_RHHW.pdf (last access: 23 May 2023), 2023.
Valavanidis, A., Iliopoulos, N., Gotsis, G., and Fiotakis, K.: Persistent free radicals, heavy metals and PAHs generated in particulate soot emissions and residue ash from controlled combustion of common types of plastic, J. Hazard. Mater., 156, 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.019, 2008.
Velis, C. A. and Cook, E.: Mismanagement of Plastic Waste through Open Burning with Emphasis on the Global South: A Systematic Review of Risks to Occupational and Public Health, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 7186–7207, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08536, 2021.
Wang, X.: Data for: Air Pollutant Emissions from Open Burning of Household Solid Waste from South Africa, Harvard Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QTV9YW, 2023.
Wang, X., Firouzkouhi, H., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Carter, W., and De Vos, A. S. M.: Characterization of gas and particle emissions from open burning of household solid waste from South Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8921–8937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, 2023.
Wang, Y. and Qian, H.: Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health, Healthcare, 9, 603, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050603, 2021.
Wasson, S. J., Linak, W. P., Gullett, B. K., King, C. J., Touati, A., Huggins, F. E., Chen, Y., Shah, N., and Huffman, G. P.: Emissions of Chromium, Copper, Arsenic, and PCDDs/Fs from Open Burning of CCA-Treated Wood, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8865–8876, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050891g, 2005.
Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and regulation, J. Air Waste Manage., 52, 628–713, 2002.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Frazier, C. A.: X-ray fluorescence analysis of ambient air samples, in: Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles, Vol. 1, edited by: Landsberger, S. and Creatchman, M., Advances in Environmental, Industrial and Process Control Technologies, Gordon and Breach Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 67–96, ISBN 978-9056996277, 1999.
Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Engling, G., Chen, L.-W. A., and Wang, X. L.: Source apportionment: Principles and methods, in: Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health, edited by: Harrison, R. M., Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 72–125, ISBN 978-1782624912, 2016.
Watson, J. G., Tropp, R. J., Kohl, S. D., Wang, X. L., and Chow, J. C.: Filter processing and gravimetric analysis for suspended particulate matter samples, Aerosol Sci. Eng., 1, 193–205, 2017.
Wiedinmyer, C., Yokelson, R. J., and Gullett, B. K.: Global Emissions of Trace Gases, Particulate Matter, and Hazardous Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Domestic Waste, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9523–9530, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502250z, 2014.
Williams, M., Gower, R., Green, J., Whitebread, E., Lenkiewicz, Z., and Schröder, P.: No time to waste: Tackling the plastic pollution crisis before it's too late, Tearfund, London, UK, https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/14490 (last access: 10 April 2023), 2019.
Wu, D., Li, Q., Shang, X., Liang, Y., Ding, X., Sun, H., Li, S., Wang, S., Chen, Y., and Chen, J.: Commodity plastic burning as a source of inhaled toxic aerosols, J. Hazard. Mater., 416, 125820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125820, 2021.
Zięba-Palus, J. and Trzcińska, B. M.: Establishing of Chemical Composition of Printing Ink, J. Forensic Sci., 56, 819–821, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01734.x, 2011.
Short summary
Open burning of municipal solid waste emits chemicals that are harmful to the environment. This paper reports source profiles and emission factors for PM2.5 species and acidic/alkali gases from laboratory combustion of 10 waste categories (including plastics and biomass) that represent open burning in South Africa. Results will be useful for health and climate impact assessments, speciated emission inventories, source-oriented dispersion models, and receptor-based source apportionment.
Open burning of municipal solid waste emits chemicals that are harmful to the environment. This...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint