Articles | Volume 22, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The impact of atmospheric motions on source-specific black carbon and the induced direct radiative effects over a river-valley region
Huikun Liu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Qiyuan Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change,
Xi'an 710061, China
Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive
Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
Suixin Liu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution
Prevention, Xi'an 710061, China
Bianhong Zhou
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism
Simulation, College of Geography & Environment, Baoji University of Arts
& Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
Yao Qu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Jie Tian
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Ting Zhang
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Yongming Han
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory
of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change,
Xi'an 710061, China
Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive
Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
Junji Cao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100029, China
Related authors
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Yong Zhang, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Lu Qi, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Yuemei Han, Weikang Ran, Yele Sun, Huikun Liu, Renjian Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Tianqu Cui, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, Jay Gates Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9455–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution still frequently occurs in northern China during winter, and it is necessary to figure out the causes of air pollution based on intensive real-time measurement. The findings elaborate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM2.5 in three pilot cities, reveal potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, and highlight the importance of controlling biomass burning and inhibiting generation of secondary aerosol for air quality improvement.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Yongyong Ma, Suixin Liu, Yong Zhang, Weikang Ran, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8369–8384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol optical properties and the direct radiative effect (DRE) at an urban site in China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total light extinction coefficient (bext) decreased under emission control measures; however, bext from biomass burning increased due to the undiminished need for residential cooking and heating. Biomass burning, rather than traffic-related emissions, became the largest positive effect contributor to aerosol DRE in the lockdown.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Li Xing, Yong Zhang, Ting Zhang, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 973–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted black carbon (BC) source apportionment on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) by an improved aethalometer model with the site-dependent Ångström exponent and BC mass absorption cross section (MAC). The result shows that the biomass-burning BC on the TP is slightly higher than fossil fuel BC, mainly from cross-border transportation instead of the local region, and the BC radiative effect is lower than that in the southwestern Himalaya but higher than that on the northeastern TP.
Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Ping Wang, Wenting Dai, Ting Zhang, Youzhi Zhao, Jie Tian, Wenyan Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15537–15549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) aerosol is an important influencing factor for global climate forcing. In this study, we used a receptor model coupling multi-wavelength absorption with chemical species to explore the source-specific LAC optical properties at a tropical marine monsoon climate zone. The results can improve our understanding of the LAC radiative effects caused by ship emissions.
Qiyuan Wang, Li Li, Jiamao Zhou, Jianhuai Ye, Wenting Dai, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Renjian Zhang, Jie Tian, Yang Chen, Yunfei Wu, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15427–15442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, China has promulgated a series of regulations to reduce air pollutants. The decreased black carbon (BC) and co-emitted pollutants could affect the interactions between BC and other aerosols, which in turn results in changes in BC. Herein, we re-assessed the characteristics of BC of a representative pollution site in northern China in the final year of the Chinese
Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution.
Minxia Shen, Weining Qi, Yali Liu, Yifan Zhang, Wenting Dai, Lu Li, Xiao Guo, Yue Cao, Yingkun Jiang, Qian Wang, Shicong Li, Qiyuan Wang, and Jianjun Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3094, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3094, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how dust transport modulates oxalic acid formation pathways in aerosols across different elevations of Mount Hua. During dust events, oxalic acid and precursors shift from fine to coarse particles, with concurrent heterogeneous reactions on coarse particle surfaces. The characteristic isotopic fractionation signatures accompanying these transformations yield novel theoretical frameworks for elucidating aerosol aging mechanisms in mountainous environments.
Jiamao Zhou, Jiarui Wu, Xiaoli Su, Ruonan Wang, Imad EI Haddad, Xia Li, Qian Jiang, Ting Zhang, Wenting Dai, Junji Cao, Andre S. H. Prevot, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7563–7580, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is a type of airborne particle produced from various combustion sources which is light absorption. Historically, climate models have categorizing organic particles as either non-absorbing or purely reflective. Our study shows that BrC can reduce the usual cooling effect of organic particles. While BrC is often linked to biomass burning, however, BrC from fossil fuels contributes significantly to atmospheric heating.
Jingnan Shi, Zhisheng Zhang, Li Li, Li Liu, Yaqing Zhou, Shuang Han, Shaobin Zhang, Minghua Liang, Linhong Xie, Weikang Ran, Shaowen Zhu, Hanbing Xu, Jiangchuan Tao, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, and Juan Hong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2643, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines aerosol hygroscopicity and mixing states at Mt. Hua (2060 m), a key free-tropospheric site in central China. We found size-dependent hygroscopicity, source-related variations, and humidity-driven processing, distinguishing this region from other high-altitude sites, which may provide key constraints for aerosol-cloud and regional climate models.
Zheng Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, Jie Tian, Yaqing Zhou, Ge Xu, Miao Gao, Xiaoxian Zhou, Yang Zhang, Weikang Ran, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yunfei Wu, Junji Cao, Hang Su, and Yafang Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1020, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results demonstrate that the reduction in mass absorption efficiency from biomass burning is mainly driven by the decline in the imaginary part, with particle size playing a minor role. And light absorption of oxygenated BrC increases significantly with aging, but hydrocarbon-like BrC decrease over time. These results emphasize the necessity to classify BrC into different groups based on their mass absorption efficiency and atmospheric behavior in climate models.
Xin Zhang, Lijuan Li, Jianjun Li, Yue Lin, Yan Cheng, Rui Wang, Shuyan Xing, Chongshu Zhu, Junji Cao, and Yuemei Han
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-519, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of anthropogenic pollution on atmospheric organic composition was studied to explore the chemical processes of anthropogenic–biogenic interactions in the Qinling Mountains region of central China using advanced Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Organic molecular species exhibited distinct seasonal variabilities and were more abundant and chemically diverse in winter. Anthropogenic pollution played key roles in altering their composition and related properties under various conditions.
Sihong Zhu, Mengchu Tao, Zhaonan Cai, Yi Liu, Liang Feng, Pubu Sangmu, Zhongshui Yu, and Junji Cao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4188, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4188, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions can be transported into the upper troposphere (UT) via the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA), driving CH4 enhancements. Whether emissions or upward transport remain debated. We analyzed UT CH4 variability with AMA dynamics, finding strong ties between CH4 distribution and the AMA’s east-west oscillation. When centered near 80° E, vertical transport largely enhances CH4 anomalies, with circulation effects 1–2 times greater than emissions.
Naifang Bei, Bo Xiao, Ruonan Wang, Yuning Yang, Lang Liu, Yongming Han, and Guohui Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3558, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3558, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a cloud-resolving model to examine how aerosols influence a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in central China via aerosol-radiation (ARIs) and aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs). Without ARIs, added aerosols don’t significantly affect precipitation due to cloud competition for moisture. ARIs can stabilize or enhance convection. High aerosol levels lead to a combined ARI and ACI effect that greatly reduces precipitation.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Xuehong Gong, Zeyu Liu, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Guohui Li, Zhisheng An, and Yongming Han
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1684, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study analyzed CO2 emissions from wildfires in China from 2001 to 2022. Cropland and forest fires contributed the most, while grassland fires were the least. Emissions from forest and shrub fires decreased significantly, while cropland fires increased. The highest emissions were in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. China's effective policy management has reduced wildfire-related CO2 emissions, aiding global climate change efforts.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Yanfen Lin, Qingyan Fu, Tao Wang, Junji Cao, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10313–10324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hourly elemental carbon (EC) and NOx were continuously measured for 5 years (2016–2020) at a sampling site near a highway in western Shanghai. We use a machine learning model to rebuild the measured EC and NOx, and a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario was assumed in 2020 and compared with the measured EC and NOx.
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Yong Zhang, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Lu Qi, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Yuemei Han, Weikang Ran, Yele Sun, Huikun Liu, Renjian Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Tianqu Cui, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, Jay Gates Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9455–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution still frequently occurs in northern China during winter, and it is necessary to figure out the causes of air pollution based on intensive real-time measurement. The findings elaborate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM2.5 in three pilot cities, reveal potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, and highlight the importance of controlling biomass burning and inhibiting generation of secondary aerosol for air quality improvement.
Hang Liu, Xiaole Pan, Shandong Lei, Yuting Zhang, Aodong Du, Weijie Yao, Guiqian Tang, Tao Wang, Jinyuan Xin, Jie Li, Yele Sun, Junji Cao, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7225–7239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the average vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) concentration, size distribution and coating thickness at different times of the day in an urban area based on 112 vertical profiles. In addition, it is found that BC in the residual layer generally has a thicker coating, higher absorption enhancement and hygroscopicity than on the surface. Such aged BC could enter into the boundary layer and influence the BC properties in the early morning.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yongyong Ma, Jin Wang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). BrC made a substantial contribution to the submicron aerosol absorption, which is related to the cross-border transport of biomass burning emission and secondary aerosol from Southeast Asia. The radiative effect of BrC was half that of black carbon, which can remarkably affect the radiative balance of the TP.
Qian Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Zhichun Wu, Bin Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Jian Sun, Hongmei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhihua Li, Junji Cao, and Zhenxing Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the brown carbon (BrC) molecules and their absorbing abilities on a molecular level from animal dung fuel combustion over the Tibetan Plateau region in China. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with the partial least squares regression were precisely applied to characterize the molecular absorptions, key molecular markers, and radiative effects of BrC from household combustion scenarios at the high-altitude area.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Yongyong Ma, Suixin Liu, Yong Zhang, Weikang Ran, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8369–8384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol optical properties and the direct radiative effect (DRE) at an urban site in China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total light extinction coefficient (bext) decreased under emission control measures; however, bext from biomass burning increased due to the undiminished need for residential cooking and heating. Biomass burning, rather than traffic-related emissions, became the largest positive effect contributor to aerosol DRE in the lockdown.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Yuting Zhang, Hang Liu, Shandong Lei, Wanyun Xu, Yu Tian, Weijie Yao, Xiaoyong Liu, Qi Liao, Jie Li, Chun Chen, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Jinyuan Xin, Junji Cao, Xiaole Pan, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17631–17648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the authors used a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) to characterize the particle size, mixing state, and optical properties of black carbon aerosols in rural areas of the North China Plain in winter. Relatively warm and high-RH environments (RH > 50 %, −4° < T < 4 °) were more favorable to rBC aging than dry and cold environments (RH < 60 %, T < −8°). The paper emphasizes the importance of meteorological parameters in the mixing state of black carbon.
Jiarui Wu, Naifang Bei, Yuan Wang, Xia Li, Suixin Liu, Lang Liu, Ruonan Wang, Jiaoyang Yu, Tianhao Le, Min Zuo, Zhenxing Shen, Junji Cao, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2229–2249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A source-oriented version of the WRF-Chem model is developed to conduct source identification of wintertime PM2.5 in the North China Plain. Trans-boundary transport of air pollutants generally dominates the haze pollution in Beijing and Tianjin. The air quality in Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi is generally controlled by local emissions. Primary aerosol species, such as EC and POA, are generally controlled by local emissions, while secondary aerosol shows evident regional characteristics.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Li Xing, Yong Zhang, Ting Zhang, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 973–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted black carbon (BC) source apportionment on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) by an improved aethalometer model with the site-dependent Ångström exponent and BC mass absorption cross section (MAC). The result shows that the biomass-burning BC on the TP is slightly higher than fossil fuel BC, mainly from cross-border transportation instead of the local region, and the BC radiative effect is lower than that in the southwestern Himalaya but higher than that on the northeastern TP.
Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Ping Wang, Wenting Dai, Ting Zhang, Youzhi Zhao, Jie Tian, Wenyan Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15537–15549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) aerosol is an important influencing factor for global climate forcing. In this study, we used a receptor model coupling multi-wavelength absorption with chemical species to explore the source-specific LAC optical properties at a tropical marine monsoon climate zone. The results can improve our understanding of the LAC radiative effects caused by ship emissions.
Qiyuan Wang, Li Li, Jiamao Zhou, Jianhuai Ye, Wenting Dai, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Renjian Zhang, Jie Tian, Yang Chen, Yunfei Wu, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15427–15442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, China has promulgated a series of regulations to reduce air pollutants. The decreased black carbon (BC) and co-emitted pollutants could affect the interactions between BC and other aerosols, which in turn results in changes in BC. Herein, we re-assessed the characteristics of BC of a representative pollution site in northern China in the final year of the Chinese
Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution.
Cited articles
Allwine, K. J. and Whiteman, C. D.: Single-station integral measures of
atmospheric stagnation, recirculation and ventilation, Atmos. Environ., 28,
713–721, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90048-5, 1994.
Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai, G., Severi, M., Becagli, S., Gianelle, V. L., Colombi, C., Alves, C., Custódio, D., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Eleftheriadis, K., Diapouli, E., Reche, C., Minguillón, M. C., Manousakas, M.-I., Maggos, T., Vratolis, S., Harrison, R. M., and Querol, X.: AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3289-2016, 2016.
Artaxo, P., Fernandas, E. T., Martins, J. V., Yamasoe, M. A., Maenhaut, W.,
Longo, K. M., Castanho, A., and Hobbs, P. V.: Large-scale aerosol source
apportionment in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31837–31847,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02346, 1998.
Bei, N., Li, G., Huang, R.-J., Cao, J., Meng, N., Feng, T., Liu, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, Q., and Molina, L. T.: Typical synoptic situations and their impacts on the wintertime air pollution in the Guanzhong basin, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7373–7387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7373-2016, 2016.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T.,
DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Karcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S.,
Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M.,
Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K.,
Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U.,
Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C.
S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific
assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for
estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: Examples with ambient air and water
quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Sci. Total Environ.,
518–519, 626–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022, 2015.
Brulfert, G., Chemel, C., Chaxel, E., Chollet, J., Jouve, B., and Villard,
H.: Assessment of 2010 air quality in two Alpine valleys from modelling:
weather type and emission scenarios, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7893–7907,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.021, 2006.
Cai, S., Ma, Q., Wang, S., Zhao, B., Brauer, M., Cohen, A., Martin, R.,
Zhang, Q., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Hao, J., Frostad, J., Forouzanfar, M., and
Burnett, R.: Impact of air pollution control policies on future PM2.5
concentrations and their source contributions in China, J. Environ. Manage.,
227, 124–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.052, 2018.
Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Zhang, X. Y., Zou, S. C., Fung, K. K., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.:Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region, China during 2001 winter period, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1451–1460, 2003.
Cao, J.-J., Zhu, C.-S., Tie, X.-X., Geng, F.-H., Xu, H.-M., Ho, S. S. H., Wang, G.-H., Han, Y.-M., and Ho, K.-F.: Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols from Shanghai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 803–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-803-2013, 2013.
Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S.,
Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hayden, K. L., Jobson, B. T.,
Kolesar, K. R., Lack, D. A., Lerner, B. M., Li, S.-M., Mellon, D., Nuaaman,
I., Olfert, J. S., Petäjä, T., Quinn, P. K., Song, C., Subramanian,
R., Williams, E. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Radiative absorption enhancements
due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon, Science, 337,
1078–1081, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223447, 2012.
Carvalho, A. C., Carvalho, A., Gelpi, I., Barreiro, M., Borrego, C., Miranda,
A., and Perez-Munuzuri, V.: Influence of topography and land use on
pollutants dispersion in the Atlantic coast of Iberian Peninsula, Atmos.
Environ., 40, 3969–3982, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.014, 2006.
Chang, F., Chang, L., Kang, C., Wang, Y., and Huang, A.: Explore spatio-temporal
PM2.5 features in northern Taiwan using machine learning techniques,
Sci. Total Environ., 736, 139656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139656, 2020.
Cheng, Y., He, K.-B., Zheng, M., Duan, F.-K., Du, Z.-Y., Ma, Y.-L., Tan, J.-H., Yang, F.-M., Liu, J.-M., Zhang, X.-L., Weber, R. J., Bergin, M. H., and Russell, A. G.: Mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon and water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11497–11510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11497-2011, 2011.
Chen, X., Wang, Z., Yu, F., Pan, X., Li, J., Ge, B., Wang, Z., Hu, M., Yang,
W., and Chen, H.: Estimation of atmospheric aging time of black carbon particles
in the polluted atmosphere over central-eastern China using microphysical
process analysis in regional chemical transport model, Atmos. Environ.,
163, 44–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.016, 2017.
Cho, C., Schwarz, J., Perriing, A., Lamb, K., Kondo, Y., Park, J., Park, D.,
Shim, K., Park, J., Park, R., Lee, M., Song, C., and Kim, S.: Light-absorption
enhancement of black carbon in the Asian outflow inferred from airborne SP2
and in-situ measurements during KORUS- AQ, Sci. Total Environ., 773, 145531,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145531, 2021.
Draxler, R. and Hess, G.: An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 47, 295–308, 1998.
Drinovec, L., Močnik, G., Zotter, P., Prévôt, A. S. H., Ruckstuhl, C., Coz, E., Rupakheti, M., Sciare, J., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., and Hansen, A. D. A.: The “dual-spot” Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1965–1979, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1965-2015, 2015
Dutton, J.: The ceaseless wind an introduction to the theory of atmospheric
motion, McGraw-Hill, Inc., USA, ISBN:0-07-018407-0, 1976.
Geivanidis, S., Pistikopoulos, P., and Samaras, Z.: Effect on exhaust
emissions by the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)
fuel additive and other lead replacement gasolines, Sci. Total Environ.,
305, 129–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00476-X, 2003.
Glojek, K., Močnik, G., Alas, H. D. C., Cuesta-Mosquera, A., Drinovec, L., Gregorič, A., Ogrin, M., Weinhold, K., Ježek, I., Müller, T., Rigler, M., Remškar, M., van Pinxteren, D., Herrmann, H., Ristorini, M., Merkel, M., Markelj, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: The impact of temperature inversions on black carbon and particle mass concentrations in a mountainous area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5577–5601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5577-2022, 2022.
Green, M., Chow, J., and Watson, G.: Effects of snow cover and atmospheric
stability on winter PM2.5 concentrations in western U.S. valleys, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 54, 1191–1201, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0191.1,
2016.
Han, H., Liu, J., Shu, L., Wang, T., and Yuan, H.: Local and synoptic meteorological influences on daily variability in summertime surface ozone in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 203–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-203-2020, 2020.
He, C., Liou, K.-N., Takano, Y., Zhang, R., Levy Zamora, M., Yang, P., Li, Q., and Leung, L. R.: Variation of the radiative properties during black carbon aging: theoretical and experimental intercomparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11967–11980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11967-2015, 2015.
Helin, A., Niemi, J. V., Virkkula, A., Pirjola, L., Teinilä, K.,
Backman, J., Aurela, M., Saarikoski, S., Rönkkö, T., Asmi, E., and
Timonen, H.: Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon in the
Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland, Atmos. Environ., 190, 87–98,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.022, 2018.
Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831–844, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:Opoaac>2.0.Co;2, 1998.
Hewitson, B. C. and Crane, R. G.: Consensus between GCM climate change
projections with empirical downscaling: precipitation downscaling over South
Africa, Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1315–1337, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1314,
2006.
Hsu, C.-Y., Chiang, H.-C., Lin, S.-L., Chen, M.-J., Lin, T.-Y., and Chen,
Y.-C.: Elemental characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in the western coastal area of central Taiwan, Sci. Total
Environ., 541, 1139–1150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.122,
2016.
Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, T., Chen, Y., and Yang, F.: Seasonal variation of
carbonaceous species of PM2.5 in a small city in Sichuan Basin, China,
Atmosphere, 11, 1286, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121286, 2020.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, contribution of
working group i to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental
panel on climate change, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/climate-change-2021-physical-science-basis (last access: 12 June 2022),
2021.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic
matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, J.
Geophys. Res., 107, 4410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001376, 2002.
Jiang, N. B., Scorgie, Y., Hart, M., Riley, M. L., Crawford, J., Beggs, P.
J., Edwards, G. C., Chang, L. S., Salter, D., and Virgilio, G. D.:
Visualising the relationships between synoptic circulation type and air
quality in Sydney, a subtropical coastal-basin environment, Int. J.
Climatol., 37, 1211–1228, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4770, 2017.
Kahnert, M. and Kanngiesser, F.: Review: modelling optical properties of
atmospheric black carbon aerosols, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 244, 106849,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.106849, 2020.
Kalthoff, N., Horlacher, V., Corsmeier, U., Volz-Thomas, A., Kolahgar, B.,
Geiß, H., Möllmann-Coers, M., and Knaps, A.: Influence of valley
winds on transport and dispersion of airborne pollutants in the
Freiburg-Schauinsland area, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1585–1597,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900999, 2000.
Kangas, J. and Kohonen, T.: Developments and applications of the
self-organizing map and related algorithms, Math. Comput. Simulat., 41,
3–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4754(96)88223-1, 1996.
Kant, Y., Shaik, D. S., Mitra, D., Chandola, H., Babu, S. S., and Chauhan, P.: Black carbon aerosol quantification over north-west himalayas: seasonal
heterogeneity, source apportionment and radiative forcing, Environ. Pollut., 257, 113446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113446, 2019.
Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Hobbs, P. V.: Evidence that the
spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic
carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D21208,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004999, 2004.
Kohonen, T.: The self-organizing map, P. IEEE, 78, 1464–1480,
https://doi.org/10.1109/5.58325, 1990.
Kohonen, T., Simula, O., Visa, A., and Kangas, J.: Engineering applications
of the aelf-organizing map, P. IEEE, 84, 1358–1384, https://doi.org/10.1109/5.537105, 1996.
Levy, I., Dayan, U., and Mahrer, Y.: Differing atmospheric scales of motion
and their impact on air pollutants, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 612–619,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1905, 2010.
Lewis, C. W., Norris, G. A., Conner, T. L., and Henry, R. C.: Source
apportionment of Phoenix PM2.5 aerosol with the unmix receptor model,
J. Air Waste Manage., 53, 325–338,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466155, 2003.
Liao, Z., Xie, J., Fang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., and Fan, S.:
Modulation of synoptic circulation to dry season PM2.5 pollution over
the Pearl River Delta region: An investigation based on self-organizing
maps. Atmos. Environ., 230, 117482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117482, 2020.
Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, C.-J., Wu, Y.-C., Zhang, R., Chi, K.-H., Huang, Y.-T., Lin, S.-H., and Hsu, S.-C.: Characteristics of trace metals in traffic-derived particles in Hsuehshan Tunnel, Taiwan: size distribution, potential source, and fingerprinting metal ratio, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4117–4130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4117-2015, 2015.
Liu, S., Gautam, A., Yang, X., Tao, J., Wang, X., and Zhao, W.: Analysis of
improvement effect of PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants in Beijing based
on self-organizing map network, Sustain. Cities Soc., 70, 102827, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102827, 2021.
Manö, S. and Andreae, M. O.: Emission of methyl bromide from biomass
burning, Science., 263, 1255–1257, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5151.1255, 1994.
Manousakas, M., Papaefthymiou, H., Diapouli E., Migliori, A., Karydas, A. G.,
Bogdanovic-Radovic, I., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Assessment of PM2.5 sources
and their corresponding level of uncertainty in a coastal urban area using
EPA PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostics, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 155–164,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.047, 2017.
Norris, G., Duvall, R., Brown, S., and Bai, S.: EPA Positive Matrix
Factorization (PMF) 5.0 fundamentals and user guide prepared for the US
Environmental Protection Agency Office of 30 research and development,
Washington, DC, by the National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma,
https://www.epa.gov/air-research/epa-positive-matrix-factorization-50-fundamentals-and-user-guide (last access: 10 January 2022),
2014.
Ochoa-Hueso, R., Munzi, S., Alonso, R., Arróniz-Crespo, M., Avila, A.,
Bermejo, V., Bobbink, R., Branquinho, C., Concostrina-Zubiri, L., Cruz, C.,
Cruz de Carvalho, R., De Marco, A., Dias, T., Elustondo, D., Elvira, S.,
Estébanez, B., Fusaro, L., Gerosa, G., Izquieta-Rojano ,S., Lo Cascio,
M., Marzuoli, R., Matos, P., Mereu, S., Merino, J., Morillas, L., Nunes, A.,
Paoletti, E., Paoli, L., Pinho, P., Rogers, I.B., Santos, A., Sicard, P.,
Stevens, C. J., and Theobald, M. R.: Ecological impacts of atmospheric
pollution and interactions with climate change in terrestrial ecosystems of
the Mediterranean Basin: current research and future directions, Environ.
Pollut., 227, 194–206, 2017.
Oke, T.: Boundary layer climates, 2nd edn., Taylor & Francis
e-Library, ISBN: 0-203-40721-0, 2002.
Panicker, A. S., Pandithurai, G., Safai, P. D., Dipu, S., and Lee, D.-I.: On
the contribution of black carbon to the composite aerosol radiative forcing
over an urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3066–3070,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.047, 2010.
Pathak, B., Kalita, G., Bhuyan, K., Bhuyan, P., and Moorthy, K.: Aerosol
temporal characteristics and its impact on shortwave radiative forcing at a
location in the northeast of India, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D19204,
https://https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013462, 2010.
Pearce, J. L., Waller, L. A., Chang, H. H., Klein, M., Mulholland, J. A.,
Sarnat, J. A., Sarnat, S. E., Strickland, M. J., and Tolbert, P. E.: Using
self-organizing maps to develop ambient air quality classifications: a time
series example, Environ. Health-Glob., 13, 56, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-56, 2014.
Peng, J., Hu, M., Guo, S., Du, Z., Zheng, J., Shang, D., Levy, M., and Zeng,
L.: Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black
carbon under polluted urban environments, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
4266–4271, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602310113, 2016.
Rajesh, T. A. and Ramachandran, S.: Black carbon aerosols over urban and
high altitude remote regions: characteristics and radiative implications,
Atmos. Environ., 194, 110–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.023, 2018.
Ramachandran, A., Rustum, R., and Adeloye, A.: Anaerobic digestion process
modeling using Kohonen self-organising maps, Heliyon, 5, e01511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01511, 2019.
Reusch, D. B., Alley, R. B., and Hewitson, B. C.: Relative performance of
self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction
from synthetic climatological data, Polar Geogr., 29, 188–212, https://doi.org/10.1080/789610199, 2005.
Ricchiazzi, P., Yang, S., Gautier, C., and Sowle, D.: SBDART: A research and teaching software tool for planeparallel radiative transfer in the earth’s atmosphere, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2101–2114, 1998.
Sandradewi, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., Schmidhauser, R.,
Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: A study of wood burning and traffic
aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 101–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.034, 2008.
Schroter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R., Prentice, C., Araujo, M., Arnell, N.,
Bondeau, A., Bugmann, H., Carter, T., Gracia, C., de la Vega-Leinert, A.,
Erhard, M., Ewert, F., Glendining, M., House, J., Kankaanpaa, S., Klein, R.,
Lavorel, S., Lindner, M., Metzger, M., Meyer, J., Mitchell, T., Reginster,
I., Rounsevell, M., Sabate, S., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, J., Smith, P.,
Sykes, M., Thonicke, K., Thuiller, W., Tuck, G., Zaehle, S.,
and Zierl, B.: Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change
in Europe, Science, 310, 1333–1337,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1115233, 2005.
Seinfeld, J. and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from
air pollution to climate change, 2nd edn., John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, United States of America, ISBN-10: 0-471-72018-6, 2006.
Shen, Z., Liu, J., Horowitz, L. W., Henze, D. K., Fan, S., H., L. I., Mauzerall, D. L., Lin, J.-T., and Tao, S.: Analysis of transpacific transport of black carbon during HIPPO-3: implications for black carbon aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6315–6327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6315-2014, 2014.
Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann,
M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S. C., Muller, N., JanssensMaenhout, G., Raes,
F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K.,
Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K.,
Oanh, N. T. K., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.:
Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human
health and food security, Science, 335, 183–189,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026, 2012.
Shiraiwa, M., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Miyazaki, Y., and Blake,
D. R.: Evolution of mixing state of black carbon in polluted air from Tokyo,
Geophys. Res. Letters., 34, L16803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029819,
2007.
Sirois, A. and Bottenheim, J. W.: Use of backward trajectories to interpret
the 5-year record of PAN and O3 ambient air concentrations at
Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2867–2881,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02951, 1995.
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., Zeng, L., Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Shao, M.,
and Slanina, S.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing by positive
matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1526–1537,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.039, 2006.
Stauffer, R. M., Thompson, A. M., and Young, G. S.: Tropospheric ozonesonde
profiles at long-term US monitoring sites: 1. A climatology based on
self-organizing maps, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 121, 1320–1339,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023641, 2016.
Sun, J., Zhi, G., Hitzenberger, R., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Cheng, M., Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Chen, F., Qiu, Y., Jiang, Z., Li, J., Zhang, G., and Mo, Y.: Emission factors and light absorption properties of brown carbon from household coal combustion in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4769–4780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4769-2017, 2017.
Tan, J., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Duan, J., Li, Y., Hu, J., and He, K.: Chemical
characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China,
Sci. Total Environ., 601, 1743–1752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.050, 2017.
Tao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Cao,
J., and Zhang, Y.: Uncertainty assessment of source attribution of PM2.5 and
its water-soluble organic carbon content using different biomass burning
tracers in positive matrix factorization analysis – a case study in
Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 543, 326–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.057, 2016.
Tao, J., Zhang, L. M., Cao, J. J., Zhong, L. J., Chen, D. S., Yang, Y. H.,
Chen, D. H., Chen, L. G., Zhang, Z. S., Wu, Y. F., Xia, Y. J., Ye, S. Q.,
and Zhang, R. J.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 at urban and suburban
areas of the Pearl River Delta region, south China – with emphasis on ship
emissions, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 1559–1570,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.175, 2017.
Thorpe, A. and Harrison, R. M.: Sources and properties of non-exhaust
particulate matter from road traffic: a review, Sci. Total Environ., 400,
270–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.007, 2008.
Urban, R. C., Lima-Souza, M., Caetano-Silva, L., Queiroz, M. E. C.,
Nogueira, R. F. P., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Held, G., and Campos, M.
L. A. M.: Use of levoglucosan, potassium, and water-soluble organic carbon
to characterize the origins of biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Environ.,
61, 562–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.082, 2012.
Wang, Q., Huang, R., Zhao, Z., Cao, J., Ni, H., Tie, X., Zhao, S., Su, X.,
Han, Y., Shen, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., Zhou, Y., and Corbin, J.:
Physicochemical characteristics of black carbon aerosol and its radiative
impact in a polluted urban area of China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 12505–12519, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024748, 2016.
Wang, Q., Han, Y., Ye, J., Liu, S., Pongpiachan, S., Zhang, N., Han, Y.,
Tian, J., Wu, C., Long, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., and Cao, J.:
High contribution of secondary brown carbon to aerosol light absorption in
the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
4962–4970, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082731, 2019.
Wang, Q., Liu, H., Wang, P., Dai, W., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y., Tian, J., Zhang, W., Han, Y., and Cao, J.: Optical source apportionment and radiative effect of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in a tropical marine monsoon climate zone: the importance of ship emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15537–15549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, 2020.
Wang, W., Chen, N., and Ma, X.: Characteristic analysis on mountain-valley
wind in deep valley, Adv. Mater., 610–613, 817–824,
https://https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.610-613.817, 2013.
Washenfelder, R., Attwood, A., Brock, C., Guo, H., Xu, L., Weber, R., Ng,
N., Allen, H., Ayres, B., Baumann, K., Cohen, R., Draper, D., Duffey, K.,
Edgerton, E., Fry, J., Hu, W., Jimenez, J., Palm, B., Romer, P., Stone, E.,
Wooldridge, P., and Brown, S.: Biomass burning dominates brown carbon
absorption in the rural southeastern United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
653–664, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062444, 2015.
Wehrens, R. and Kruisselbrink, J.: Supervised and unsupervised
self-organising maps, Package “kohonen”, https://cran.r-project.org/ (last access: 2 January 2022), 2019.
Wei, N., Wang, N., Huang, X., Liu, P., and Chen, L.: The effects of terrain
and atmospheric dynamics on cold season heavy haze in the Guanzhong Basin of
China, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 11, 1805–1819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.007, 2020.
Wu, C. and Yu, J. Z.: Determination of primary combustion source organic carbon-to-elemental carbon ( ) ratio using ambient OC and EC measurements: secondary OC-EC correlation minimization method, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5453–5465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5453-2016, 2016.
Wu, J., Kong, S., Wu, F., Cheng, Y., Zheng, S., Qin, S., Liu, X., Yan, Q.,
Zheng, H., Zheng, M., Yan, Y., Liu, D., Ding, S., Zhao, D., Shen, G., Zhao,
T., and Qi, S.: The moving of high emission for biomass burning in China:
view from multiyear emission estimation and human-driven forces, Environ.
Int., 142, 105812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105812, 2020.
Xiao, S., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Huang, R., Chen, W., Han, Y., Xu, H., Xu, H.,
Liu, S., Zhou, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, J., and Zhan, C.: Long-term trends in
visibility and impacts of aerosol composition on visibility impairment in
Baoji, China, Atmos. Res., 149, 88–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.006, 2014.
Xu, H., Cao, J., Chow, J., Huang, R., Shen, Z., Chen, L. W., Ho, K., and Watson,
J.: Inter-annual variability of wintertime PM2.5 chemical composition
in Xi'an, China: evidences of changing source emissions, Sci. Total
Environ., 545, 546–555, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.070, 2016.
Xu, H. M., Cao, J. J., Ho, K. F., Ding, H., Han, Y. M., Wang, G. H., Chow,
J. C., Watson, J. G., Khol, S. D., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Lead
concentrations in fine particulate matter after the phasing out of leaded
gasoline in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 46, 217–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.078, 2012.
Xu, H., Ren, Y., Zhang, W., Meng, W., Yun, X., Yu, X., Li, J., Zhang, Y.,
Shen, G., Ma, J., Li, B., Cheng, H., Wang, X., Wan, Y., and Tao, S.: Updated
global black carbon emissions from 1960 to 2017: improvements, trends, and
drivers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 7869–7879,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03117, 2021.
Yan, C., Zheng, M., Sullivan, A., Bosch, C., Desyaterik, Andersson, A., Li,
X., Guo, X., Zhou, T., Gustafsson, O., and Collett Jr., J.: Chemical
characteristics and light-absorbing property of water soluble organic carbon
in Beijing: biomass burning contributions, Atmos. Environ., 121, 4–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.005, 2015.
Yang, M., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, J., and Huebert, B. J.: Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China – interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2035–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009, 2009.
Yao, X., Chan, C. K., Fang, M., Cadle, S., Chan, T., Mulawa, P., He, K., and
Ye, B.: The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai and
Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4223–4234,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00342-4, 2002.
Zhang, J. P., Zhu, T., Zhang, Q. H., Li, C. C., Shu, H. L., Ying, Y., Dai, Z. P., Wang, X., Liu, X. Y., Liang, A. M., Shen, H. X., and Yi, B. Q.: The impact of circulation patterns on regional transport pathways and air quality over Beijing and its surroundings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5031–5053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5031-2012, 2012.
Zhang, X., Li, Z., Ming, J., and Wang, F.: One-Year Measurements of Equivalent Black Carbon,Optical Properties, and Sources in the Urumqi River Valley, Tien Shan, China, Atmosphere, 11, 478, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050478, 2020.
Zhang, Y., Li, M., Cheng, Y., Geng, G., Hong, C., Li, H., Li, X., Tong, D., Wu, N., Zhang, X., Zheng, B., Zheng, Y., Bo, Y., Su, H., and Zhang, Q.: Modeling the aging process of black carbon during atmospheric transport using a new approach: a case study in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9663–9680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9663-2019, 2019.
Zhang, Z., Gao, J., Engling, G., Tao, J., Chai, F., Zhang, L., Zhang, R.,
Sang, X., Chan, C., Lin, Z., and Cao, J.: Characteristics and applications
of size-segregated biomass burning tracers in China's Pearl River Delta
region, Atmos. Environ., 102, 290–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.009, 2015.
Zhao, S. P., Yu, Y., Yin, D., Yu, Z., Dong, L. X., Mao, Z., He, J. J., Yang,
J., Li, P., and Qin, D. H.: Concentrations, optical and radiative properties
of carbonaceous aerosols over urban Lanzhou, a typical valley city: results
from in-situ observations and numerical model, Atmos. Environ., 213,
470–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.046, 2019.
Zhao, S., Tie, X., Cao, J., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of mountains on black
carbon aerosol under different synoptic meteorology conditions in the
Guanzhong region, China, Atmos. Res., 164–165, 286–296,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.016, 2015.
Zhao, S., Tian, H., Luo, L., Liu, H., Wu, B., Liu, S., Bai, X., Liu, W.,
Liu, X., Wu, Y., Lin, S., Guo, Z., Lv, Y., and Xue, Y.: Temporal variation
characteristics and source apportionment of metal elements in PM2.5 in
urban Beijing during 2018–2019, Environ. Pollut., 268, 115856,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115856, 2021.
Zhou, B., Wang, Q., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Fang, N., Li, M., and Cao,
J.: Seasonal characteristics of black carbon aerosol and its potential
source regions in Baoji, China, Aerosol Air. Qual. Res., 18, 397–406,
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.02.0070, 2018.
Zotter, P., Herich, H., Gysel, M., El-Haddad, I., Zhang, Y., Močnik, G., Hüglin, C., Baltensperger, U., Szidat, S., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Evaluation of the absorption Ångström exponents for traffic and wood burning in the Aethalometer-based source apportionment using radiocarbon measurements of ambient aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4229–4249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4229-2017, 2017.
Short summary
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative effect (DRE) of black carbon (BC). The finding from this study elaborated the impacts of different scales of atmospheric motion on source-specific BC and its DREs, which revealed the nonlinear change between BC mass concentration and its DREs and emphasizes the importance of regionally transported BC for potential climatic effects.
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint