This study investigates tiny airborne particles over mountainous terrain at Liupan Mountain. We carried out continuous field measurements to record the properties of these particles. Our results show how these particles change under different weather conditions and how they interact with mountain clouds and fog. The findings help us better understand mountain atmospheric processes and support efforts to improve regional weather modification.

This study investigated how hailstones grow by analyzing a single layered hailstone using three laboratory methods. Isotopic analysis showed an up-down growth trajectory and an embryo formed at a very low temperature (-22 ℃). Droplet-freezing experiments showed the embryo froze 5–6 ℃ lower than the outer shells. Insoluble particle analysis showed large bioprotein particles were absent from the embryo but common outside, which explained the embryo’s low formation temperature.

Our results show that continental pollution and ocean emissions continuously mix, with chemical reactions producing new compounds. During polluted periods, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing molecules increased sharply. Notably, marine-derived signatures remained present even in winter, highlighting the ocean's persistent influence. This complexity affects how particles impact regional air quality, underscoring the need to consider both land and sea sources in environmental models.

This study reveals that anthropogenic organosulfates (OSs), especially Aliphatic OSs in urban areas have been significantly underestimated. We also discovered that humidity, acidity, inorganic sulfate and O_x mass concentrations play key roles in the formation of Aliphatic OSs. These findings improve our understanding of how air pollution forms in urban environments and are crucial for developing effective environmental policies.

Understanding how ice forms in clouds is crucial for predicting weather and climate; however, accurately measuring the ice-nucleating particles that trigger ice formation remains challenging. We developed an advanced instrument called the Freezing Ice Nucleation Detection Analyzer. By refining temperature control, automating freezing detection, and rigorously testing, we demonstrated that this instrument can reliably measure immersion mode ice-nucleating particles across diverse conditions.