Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3035-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3035-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 01 Mar 2021
| 01 Mar 2021
Elemental and water-insoluble organic carbon in Svalbard snow: a synthesis of observations during 2007–2018
Christian Zdanowicz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala,
Sweden
Jean-Charles Gallet
Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
Mats P. Björkman
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30
Gothenburg, Sweden
Catherine Larose
Environmental Microbial Genomics, École Centrale de Lyon,
Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully, France
Thomas Schuler
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Bartłomiej Luks
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
Krystyna Koziol
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of
Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Andrea Spolaor
Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre, Italy
Elena Barbaro
Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre, Italy
Tõnu Martma
Department of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086
Tallinn, Estonia
Ward van Pelt
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala,
Sweden
Ulla Wideqvist
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91
Stockholm, Sweden
Johan Ström
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91
Stockholm, Sweden
Related authors
Anja Løkkegaard, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Christian Zdanowicz, Gary D. Clow, Martin P. Lüthi, Samuel H. Doyle, Henrik H. Thomsen, David Fisher, Joel Harper, Andy Aschwanden, Bo M. Vinther, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Harry Zekollari, Toby Meierbachtol, Ian McDowell, Neil Humphrey, Anne Solgaard, Nanna B. Karlsson, Shfaqat A. Khan, Benjamin Hills, Robert Law, Bryn Hubbard, Poul Christoffersen, Mylène Jacquemart, Julien Seguinot, Robert S. Fausto, and William T. Colgan
The Cryosphere, 17, 3829–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a database compiling 95 ice temperature profiles from the Greenland ice sheet and peripheral ice caps. Ice viscosity and hence ice flow are highly sensitive to ice temperature. To highlight the value of the database in evaluating ice flow simulations, profiles from the Greenland ice sheet are compared to a modeled temperature field. Reoccurring discrepancies between modeled and observed temperatures provide insight on the difficulties faced when simulating ice temperatures.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, Judith Vogt, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Simran Madaan, Tiffany Windholz, Kyle A. Arndt, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Mathias Göckede, David Olefeldt, Edward A. G. Schuur, David Bastviken, Richard O'Keefe, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kelcy Kent, Kristoffer Aalstad, Kelly Aho, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Haley Alcock, Inge Althuizen, Christopher D. Arp, Jun Asanuma, Mika Aurela, Sivakiruthika Balathandayuthabani, Katrin Attermeyer, Alan Barr, Maialen Barret, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Christina Biasi, Mats P. Björkman, Andrew Black, Elena Blanc-Betes, Pascal Bodmer, Julia Boike, Abdullah Bolek, Frédéric Bouchard, Ingeborg Bussmann, Lea Cabrol, Eleonora Canfora, Sean Carey, Karel Castro-Morales, Namyi Chae, Andreas Christen, Torben R. Christensen, Casper T. Christiansen, Housen Chu, Graham Clark, Francois Clayer, Patrick Crill, Christopher Cunada, Scott J. Davidson, Joshua F. Dean, Sigrid Dengel, Matteo Detto, Catherine Dieleman, Florent Domine, Egor Dyukarev, Colin Edgar, Bo Elberling, Craig A. Emmerton, Eugenie Euskirchen, Grant Falvo, Thomas Friborg, Michelle Garneau, Mariasilvia Giamberini, Mikhail V. Glagolev, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Gustaf Granath, Jón Guðmundsson, Konsta Happonen, Yoshinobu Harazono, Lorna Harris, Josh Hashemi, Nicholas Hasson, Janna Heerah, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Warren Helgason, Michal Heliasz, Greg Henry, Geert Hensgens, Tetsuya Hiyama, Beth Holmes, Macall Hock, David Holl, Jutta Holst, Thomas Holst, Gabriel Hould-Gosselin, Elyn Humphreys, Jacqueline Hung, Jussi Huotari, Hiroki Ikawa, Danil V. Ilyasov, Mamoru Ishikawa, Go Iwahana, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Joachim Jansen, Järvi Järveoja, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Rasmus Jensen, Katharina Jentzsch, Robert G. Jespersen, Carl-Fredrik Johannesson, Cheristy P. Jones, Anders Jonsson, Ji Young Jung, Sari Juutinen, Evan Kane, Jan Karlsson, Sergey Karsanaev, Kuno Kasak, Julia Kelly, Kasha Kempton, Marcus Klaus, George W. Kling, Natascha Kljun, Jacqueline Knutson, Hideki Kobayashi, John Kochendorfer, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Pasi Kolari, Mika Korkiakoski, Aino Korrensalo, Pirkko Kortelainen, Egle Koster, Kajar Koster, Ayumi Kotani, Praveena Krishnan, Juliya Kurbatova, Lars Kutzbach, Min Jung Kwon, Ethan D. Kyzivat, Jessica Lagroix, Theodore Langhorst, Elena Lapshina, Tuula Larmola, Klaus S. Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Justin Ledman, Hanna Lee, A. Joshua Leffler, Lance Lesack, Anders Lindroth, David Lipson, Annalea Lohila, Efrén López-Blanco, Vincent L. St. Louis, Erik Lundin, Miska Luoto, Takashi Machimura, Marta Magnani, Avni Malhotra, Marja Maljanen, Ivan Mammarella, Elisa Männistö, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Phil Marsh, Pertti J. Martikainen, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Alex Mavrovic, Trofim Maximov, Christina Minions, Daniel F. Nadeau, Marco Montemayor, Tomoaki Morishita, Patrick Murphy, Erin Nicholls, Mats B. Nilsson, Anastasia Niyazova, Jenni Nordén, Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Hannu Nykänen, Walter Oechel, Anne Ojala, Tomohiro Okadera, Sujan Pal, Alexey V. Panov, Tim Papakyriakou, Dario Papale, Sang-Jong Park, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Gilberto Pastorello, Mike Peacock, Matthias Peichl, Roman Petrov, Kyra St. Pierre, Norbert Pirk, Jessica Plein, Vilmantas Preskienis, Anatoly Prokushkin, Jukka Pumpanen, Hilary A. Rains, Niklas Rakos, Aleksi Räsänen, Helena Rautakoski, Riikka Rinnan, Janne Rinne, Adrian Rocha, Nigel Roulet, Alexandre Roy, Anna Rutgersson, Aleksandr F. Sabrekov, Torsten Sachs, Erik Sahlée, Alejandro Salazar, Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Christopher Schulze, Roger Seco, Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui, Svetlana Serikova, Abbey Serrone, Hanna M. Silvennoinen, Sofie Sjogersten, June Skeeter, Jo Snöälv, Sebastian Sobek, Oliver Sonnentag, Emily H. Stanley, Maria Strack, Lena Strom, Patrick Sullivan, Ryan Sullivan, Anna Sytiuk, Torbern Tagesson, Pierre Taillardat, Julie Talbot, Suzanne E. Tank, Mario Tenuta, Irina Terenteva, Frederic Thalasso, Antoine Thiboult, Halldor Thorgeirsson, Fenix Garcia Tigreros, Margaret Torn, Amy Townsend-Small, Claire Treat, Alain Tremblay, Carlo Trotta, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Merritt Turetsky, Masahito Ueyama, Muhammad Umair, Aki Vähä, Lona van Delden, Maarten van Hardenbroek, Andrej Varlagin, Ruth K. Varner, Tarmo Virtanen, Elena Veretennikova, Timo Vesala, Carolina Voigt, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert Wagner, Katey Walter Anthony, Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Hailey Webb, Jeffrey M. Welker, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Jeffrey R. White, Christian Wille, Scott N. Williamson, Scott Zolkos, Donatella Zona, and Susan M. Natali
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 6357–6409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset includes monthly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane exchange between land, water, and the atmosphere from over 1000 sites in Arctic and boreal regions. It combines measurements from a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, forests, tundra, lakes, and rivers, gathered by over 260 researchers from 1984–2024. This dataset can be used to improve and reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets in order to strengthen our understanding of climate feedbacks in a warming world.
Noah Liguori-Bills, Catherine E. Scott, Ken S. Carslaw, Natalie Kehrwald, Stijn Hantson, Susan Kaspari, Carlo Barbante, Elena Barbaro, Paolo Gabrielli, Roberta Zangrando, Lonnie G. Thompson, and Douglas S. Hamilton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2728, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cores preserve changes in landscape fires and human-caused combustion. In this study, we compared ice core data from every continent, except Oceania, to computer model simulations of fire. We found a large disagreement in the 1850 CE to 1980 CE black carbon ratio. After exploring changes in emissions, transport, and aerosol microphysical processes as potential reasons for this disagreement, our results suggested that fire emission input datasets for climate models are the primary cause.
Jonas Svensson, Ramazon Rakhmonov, Kamoliddin Nazirzoda, Abdusamad Hojiev, Tamlikho Jurabekov, Amirsho Hiyoev, Davlatjon Rahimzoda, Hizbullo Kholzoda, Muzaffar Shodmonov, David Brus, Viet Le, Krista Luoma, Adriano Lemos, Germán Perez Fogwill, Meri M. Ruppel, Outi Meinander, Johan Ström, Eija Asmi, and Antti Hyvärinen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 5697–5712, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5697-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5697-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents data collected at the Zarafshon River Basin and the Hydrographic Party Glacier (GGP), Tajikistan. In annual field expeditions from 2018–2025, data has been collected on the glacier, as well as including meteorological measurements and aerosols. Presented results highlight the environmental conditions that are driving environmental change in Central Asia.
Sarah Schwieger, Jan Dietrich, Mats P. Björkman, Judith M. Sarneel, Bowen Li, Joel White, Inge H. J. Althuizen, Christina Biasi, Robert G. Björk, Hanna Böhner, Brage Bremset Hansen, Michele Carbognani, Giorgio Chiari, Casper T. Christiansen, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Hans Cornelissen, Ludovica D'Imperio, Ellen Dorrepaal, Bo Elberling, Patrick Faubert, Ned Fetcher, T'ai G. W. Forte, Joseph Gaudard, Konstantin Gavazov, Zhen-Huan Guan, Jón Guðmundsson, Siri V. Haugum, Jin-Sheng He, Caitlin Hicks Pries, Mark Hovenden, Simone I. Lang, Gus Jespersen, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Ji Young Jung, Olga Khitun, Birgitte Kortegaard Danielsen, Richard Lamprecht, Mathilde Le Moullec, Hanna Lee, Maija E. Marushchak, Anders Michelsen, Tariq Munir, Eero Myrsky, Kevin K. Newsham, Marion Nyberg, Steven F. Oberbauer, Paulo Olivas, Johan Olofsson, Hlynur Óskarsson, Thomas C. Parker, Matteo Petit Bon, Alessandro Petraglia, Emily Pickering Pedersen, Katrine Raundrup, Nynne R. Ravn, Riikka Rinnan, Heidi Rodenhizer, Ingvild Ryde, Alejandro Salazar, Niels M. Schmidt, Ted Schuur, Sofie Sjögersten, Cecilie Skov Nielsen, Sari Stark, Maria Strack, Jianwu Tang, Sylvia Toet, Anne Tolvanen, Maria Väisänen, Richard Van Logtestijn, Vigdis Vandvik, Carolina Voigt, Josefine Walz, Jeffrey M. Welker, Yuanhe Yang, Henni Ylänne, and Sybryn L. Maes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 4965–4982, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4965-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4965-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems are warming rapidly, yet measurements of ecosystem CO₂ respiration remain limited. We compile in situ respiration measurements from warming experiments across 64 Arctic and alpine tundra sites. By integrating fluxes with climate, vegetation, and soil data, this database improves understanding and prediction of how tundra carbon cycling responds to climate warming and feeds back to the climate system.
Agnese Petteni, Mathieu Casado, Christophe Leroy-Dos Santos, Amaelle Landais, Niels Dutrievoz, Cécile Agosta, Pete D. Akers, Joel Savarino, Andrea Spolaor, Massimo Frezzotti, and Barbara Stenni
The Cryosphere, 20, 3581–3598, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3581-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3581-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the isotopic composition of surface snow in a previously unexplored region of East Antarctica to understand how differences in air mass origin influence its variability. By comparing observations with model data, we validated the model and quantified the impact of post-depositional processes at the snow–atmosphere interface. Our results offer valuable insights for reconstructing past temperatures from ice cores.
Adrien Ooms, Mathieu Casado, Ghislain Picard, Laurent Arnaud, Maria Hörhold, Andrea Spolaor, Rita Traversi, Joel Savarino, Patrick Ginot, Pete Akers, Birthe Twarloh, and Valérie Masson-Delmotte
The Cryosphere, 20, 3235–3255, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3235-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3235-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a new approach to the estimation of accumulation rates at Concordia Station, East-Antarctica, for the last 20 years, from a new data set of chemical tracers and snow micro-scale properties measured in a snow trench. Multi-annual and meter to decameter scale variability of accumulation rates are compared again in-situ measurements of surface laser scanner and stake farm, with very good agreement. This further constrains SMB estimation for Antarctica at high temporal resolution.
Sławomir Sułowicz, Krzysztof Zawierucha, Anna Markowicz, Krystyna Kozioł, Wiktoria Zientak, Adam Nawrot, Krzesimir Tomaszewski, Christoph Keuschnig, Bartłomiej Luks, and Catherine Larose
Biogeosciences, 23, 3023–3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3023-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3023-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our research shows that animals such as birds and mammals shaping the bacteria community structure found in Arctic snow. By analyzing snow samples from coastal Spitsbergen, we found that microbes linked to animal waste were common and influenced the types of bacteria present. This suggests that wildlife, not just wind or air, helps bring microbes into snow. Understanding this helps us better predict how Arctic ecosystems respond to environmental change and how life adapts in extreme conditions.
Elena Barbaro, Francisco Ardini, Silvia Becagli, Stefano Bertinetti, Federica Bruschi, Giulia Calzolai, Alice Cavaliere, David Cappelletti, Stefano Crocchianti, Matteo Feltracco, Andrea Gambaro, Fabio Giardi, Stefania Gilardoni, Marco Grotti, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Radovan Krejci, Mery Malandrino, Matilde Mataloni, Simonetta Montaguti, Silvia Nava, Marco Paglione, Matteo Rinaldi, Chiara Ripa, Mirko Severi, Andrea Spolaor, Rita Traversi, Hilde Uggerud, Giulio Verazzo, Tessa Viglezio, Karl Espen Yttri, Wenche Aas, and Mauro Mazzola
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1467, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes how Arctic atmospheric layering affects aerosol distribution by comparing data from the Gruvebadet (61 m) and Zeppelin (472 m) observatories in Svalbard. Results show consistent levels of human-made pollutants like sulfate at both heights, confirming long-range transport from Eurasia. Conversely, natural biogenic tracers were more concentrated at lower altitudes. By integrating chemical and meteorological data, the research highlights the need for multi-level monitoring.
Dorothea Elisabeth Moser, Andrea Spolaor, Federico Scoto, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-399, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-399, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming rapidly, and winter rain-on-snow events are becoming more common. These events can alter snow layers and disturb climate information stored in glaciers. We studied how small rain-on-snow events affect snow structure and water isotopes near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Field experiments show that meltwater flow creates complex features, but isotope changes remain confined to them, meaning seasonal climate signals can still be preserved where enough snow accumulates.
François Burgay, Haley Derrod, Tobias Erhardt, Federico Scoto, Delia Segato, Niccolò Maffezzoli, Federico Dallo, Daniele Zannoni, Azzurra Spagnesi, Helle-Astrid Kjær, Hubertus Fischer, Cristiano Varin, Carlo Barbante, and Andrea Spolaor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6339, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6339, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
With this work, we provide important evidence that the Iron Hypothesis is less effective than originally thought in the Northern Hemisphere due to alkaline aerosol conditions. Therefore in the High-Nutrient Low-Chlorophyll North Pacific Ocean, other factors such as sea-ice extent or iron remobilization from sediments may have played a more relevant role than atmospheric iron fertilization in modulating marine primary productivity.
Azzurra Spagnesi, Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Federico Scoto, Marco Vecchiato, Massimiliano Vardè, Mauro Mazzola, François Burgay, Federica Bruschi, Clara Jule Marie Hoppe, Allison Bailey, Andrea Gambaro, Carlo Barbante, and Andrea Spolaor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16215–16232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Svalbard is ideal for studying how warming affects snow’s seasonal chemistry. By comparing the snow chemical composition of the 2019–2020 season with 2018–2019 and 2020–2021, we provide an overview of the seasonal and interannual variability of several chemical species on the Svalbard snowpack, furnishing insights into the interplay between short-term meteorological variability and the long-term climatic impacts of climate changes.
Henning Åkesson, Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Thorben Dunse, Liss Marie Andreassen, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Thomas Schellenberger, and Jacob Clement Yde
The Cryosphere, 19, 5871–5902, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We model the historical and future evolution of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in Norway, projecting substantial and largely irreversible mass loss for the 21st century, and that the ice cap will split into three parts. Further mass loss is in the pipeline, with a disappearance during the 22nd century under high emissions. Our study demonstrates an approach to model complex ice masses, highlights uncertainties due to precipitation, and calls for further research on long-term future glacier change.
Aurora Patchett, Louise Rütting, Tobias Rütting, Samuel Bodé, Sara Hallin, Jaanis Juhanson, C. Florian Stange, Mats P. Björkman, Pascal Boeckx, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 22, 6841–6860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6841-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how different types of fungi and plant species affect nitrogen cycling in Arctic soils. By removing certain plants, we found that fungi associated with shrubs speed up nitrogen processes more than those with grasses. Dominant plant species enhance nitrogen recycling, while rare species increase nitrogen loss. These findings help predict how Arctic ecosystems respond to climate change, highlighting the importance of fungi and plant diversity in regulating ecosystem processes.
Marco Paglione, Yufang Hao, Stefano Decesari, Mara Russo, Karam Mansour, Mauro Mazzola, Diego Fellin, Andrea Mazzanti, Emilio Tagliavini, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Evangelia Diapouli, Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, and Matteo Rinaldi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12853–12874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12853-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12853-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A year-long set of submicron aerosol samples (PM1) from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR) and high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-TOF-AMS) to characterize the organic fraction. Positive matrix factorization identified five organic aerosol sources. Winter–spring was dominated by Eurasian pollution and summer by marine biogenic aerosols, with occasional wildfire events.
Anisbel Leon-Marcos, Moritz Zeising, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Astrid Bracher, Elena Barbaro, Anja Engel, Matteo Feltracco, Ina Tegen, and Bernd Heinold
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4183–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the primary marine organic aerosol (PMOA) emissions, focusing on their sea–atmosphere transfer. Using the FESOM2.1–REcoM3 model, concentrations of key organic biomolecules were estimated and integrated into the ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 aerosol–climate model. Results highlight the influence of marine biological activity and surface winds on PMOA emissions, with reasonably good agreement with observations improving aerosol representation in the southern oceans.
Tim van den Akker, Ward van Pelt, Rickard Petterson, and Veijo A. Pohjola
The Cryosphere, 19, 1513–1525, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1513-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1513-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Liquid water can persist within old snow on glaciers and ice caps if it can percolate into the snow before it refreezes. Snow is a good insulator, and it is porous where the percolated water can be stored. If this happens, the water piles up and forms a groundwater-like system. Here, we show observations of such a groundwater-like system found in Svalbard. We demonstrate that it behaves like a groundwater system and use that to model the development of the water table from 1957 until the present day.
Thomas James Barnes, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, and Louise Steffensen Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Ribbed moraines are a common, but poorly understood landform within formerly glaciated regions. There are many competing theories for their formation. As such, this paper addresses some of these theories by taking modelled ice conditions and physical characteristics of the landscapes in which they form and, then comparing them to the location of ribbed moraines. Using this we can identify conditions where ribbed moraines are more often present, and therefore we identify the most likely theories.
Ward van Pelt and Thomas Frank
The Cryosphere, 19, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate information on the ice thickness of Svalbard's glaciers is important for assessing the contribution to sea level rise in a present and a future climate. However, direct observations of the glacier bed are scarce. Here, we use an inverse approach and high-resolution surface observations to infer basal conditions. We present and analyse the new bed and thickness maps, quantify the ice volume (6800 km3), and compare these against radar data and previous studies.
Luca Teruzzi, Andrea Spolaor, David Cappelletti, Claudio Artoni, and Marco A. C. Potenza
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2057, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2057, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel probe to measure visible light penetration into the uppermost snow layers with high spatial resolution. The probe is designed to be lightweight and robust to be exploited in extreme environments, extrapolating to the UV region. Such experimental approach will allow to fill the gap in the current understanding of sunlight propagation through the snowpack, often based on numerical approaches, improving the understanding of those processes occurring in snow even in the UV region.
Coline Bouchayer, Ugo Nanni, Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre, John Hult, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Jack Kohler, François Renard, and Thomas V. Schuler
The Cryosphere, 18, 2939–2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the interplay between surface runoff and subglacial conditions. We focus on Kongsvegen glacier in Svalbard. We drilled 350 m down to the glacier base to measure water pressure, till strength, seismic noise, and glacier surface velocity. In the low-melt season, the drainage system adapted gradually, while the high-melt season led to a transient response, exceeding drainage capacity and enhancing sliding. Our findings contribute to discussions on subglacial hydro-mechanical processes.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Tessa R. Vance, Nerilie J. Abram, Alison S. Criscitiello, Camilla K. Crockart, Aylin DeCampo, Vincent Favier, Vasileios Gkinis, Margaret Harlan, Sarah L. Jackson, Helle A. Kjær, Chelsea A. Long, Meredith K. Nation, Christopher T. Plummer, Delia Segato, Andrea Spolaor, and Paul T. Vallelonga
Clim. Past, 20, 969–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-969-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-969-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the chronologies from the new Mount Brown South ice cores from East Antarctica, which were developed by counting annual layers in the ice core data and aligning these to volcanic sulfate signatures. The uncertainty in the dating is quantified, and we discuss initial results from seasonal cycle analysis and mean annual concentrations. The chronologies will underpin the development of new proxy records for East Antarctica spanning the past millennium.
Małgorzata Błaszczyk, Bartłomiej Luks, Michał Pętlicki, Dariusz Puczko, Dariusz Ignatiuk, Michał Laska, Jacek Jania, and Piotr Głowacki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1847–1860, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the glacier response to accelerated climate warming in the Arctic requires data obtained in the field. Here, we present a dataset of velocity measurements of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard. The glacier's velocity was measured with GPS at 16 stakes mounted on the glacier's surface. The measurements were conducted from about 1 week to about 1 month. The dataset offers unique material for validating numerical models of glacier dynamics and satellite-derived products.
Fredrik Lagergren, Robert G. Björk, Camilla Andersson, Danijel Belušić, Mats P. Björkman, Erik Kjellström, Petter Lind, David Lindstedt, Tinja Olenius, Håkan Pleijel, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Paul A. Miller
Biogeosciences, 21, 1093–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fennoscandian boreal and mountain regions harbour a wide range of ecosystems sensitive to climate change. A new, highly resolved high-emission climate scenario enabled modelling of the vegetation development in this region at high resolution for the 21st century. The results show dramatic south to north and low- to high-altitude shifts of vegetation zones, especially for the open tundra environments, which will have large implications for nature conservation, reindeer husbandry and forestry.
Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Fabrizio De Blasi, Clara Turetta, Marta Radaelli, Warren Cairns, Giulio Cozzi, Giovanna Mazzi, Marco Casula, Jacopo Gabrieli, Carlo Barbante, and Andrea Gambaro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2821–2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study analyzed a year of atmospheric aerosol composition at Col Margherita in the Italian Alps. Over 100 chemical markers were identified, including major ions, organic compounds, and trace elements. It revealed sources of aerosol, highlighted impacts of Saharan dust events, and showed anthropogenic pollution's influence despite the site's remoteness. Enrichment factors emphasized non-natural sources of trace elements. Source apportionment identified four key factors affecting the area.
Dominic Heslin-Rees, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Roxana Cremer, Paul Zieger, Ilona Riipinen, Annica M. L. Ekman, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2059–2075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing atmospheric particles (e.g. black carbon – BC) exert a warming effect on the Arctic climate. We show that the amount of particle light absorption decreased from 2002 to 2023. We conclude that in addition to reductions in emissions of BC, wet removal plays a role in the long-term reduction of BC in the Arctic, given the increase in surface precipitation experienced by air masses arriving at the site. The potential impact of biomass burning events is shown to have increased.
Andrea Spolaor, Federico Scoto, Catherine Larose, Elena Barbaro, Francois Burgay, Mats P. Bjorkman, David Cappelletti, Federico Dallo, Fabrizio de Blasi, Dmitry Divine, Giuliano Dreossi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Elisabeth Isaksson, Jack Kohler, Tonu Martma, Louise S. Schmidt, Thomas V. Schuler, Barbara Stenni, Clara Turetta, Bartłomiej Luks, Mathieu Casado, and Jean-Charles Gallet
The Cryosphere, 18, 307–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impact of the increased snowmelt on the preservation of the oxygen isotope (δ18O) signal in firn records recovered from the top of the Holtedahlfonna ice field located in the Svalbard archipelago. Thanks to a multidisciplinary approach we demonstrate a progressive deterioration of the isotope signal in the firn core. We link the degradation of the δ18O signal to the increased occurrence and intensity of melt events associated with the rapid warming occurring in the archipelago.
Emma Nilsson, Carmen Paulina Vega, Dmitry Divine, Anja Eichler, Tonu Martma, Robert Mulvaney, Elisabeth Schlosser, Margit Schwikowski, and Elisabeth Isaksson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
To project future climate change it is necessary to understand paleoclimate including past sea ice conditions. We have investigated methane sulphonic acid (MSA) in Antarctic firn and ice cores to reconstruct sea ice extent (SIE) and found that the MSA – SIE as well as the MSA – phytoplankton biomass relationship varies across the different firn and ice cores. These inconsistencies in correlations across records suggest that MSA in Fimbul Ice Shelf cores does not reliably indicate regional SIE.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Thomas Frank, Ward J. J. van Pelt, and Jack Kohler
The Cryosphere, 17, 4021–4045, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since the ice thickness of most glaciers worldwide is unknown, and since it is not feasible to visit every glacier and observe their thickness directly, inverse modelling techniques are needed that can calculate ice thickness from abundant surface observations. Here, we present a new method for doing that. Our methodology relies on modelling the rate of surface elevation change for a given glacier, compare this with observations of the same quantity and change the bed until the two are in line.
Anja Løkkegaard, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Christian Zdanowicz, Gary D. Clow, Martin P. Lüthi, Samuel H. Doyle, Henrik H. Thomsen, David Fisher, Joel Harper, Andy Aschwanden, Bo M. Vinther, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Harry Zekollari, Toby Meierbachtol, Ian McDowell, Neil Humphrey, Anne Solgaard, Nanna B. Karlsson, Shfaqat A. Khan, Benjamin Hills, Robert Law, Bryn Hubbard, Poul Christoffersen, Mylène Jacquemart, Julien Seguinot, Robert S. Fausto, and William T. Colgan
The Cryosphere, 17, 3829–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a database compiling 95 ice temperature profiles from the Greenland ice sheet and peripheral ice caps. Ice viscosity and hence ice flow are highly sensitive to ice temperature. To highlight the value of the database in evaluating ice flow simulations, profiles from the Greenland ice sheet are compared to a modeled temperature field. Reoccurring discrepancies between modeled and observed temperatures provide insight on the difficulties faced when simulating ice temperatures.
Azzurra Spagnesi, Pascal Bohleber, Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Fabrizio De Blasi, Giuliano Dreossi, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Daniela Festi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Andrea Gambaro, Andrea Fischer, and Carlo Barbante
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present new data from a 10 m ice core drilled in 2019 and a 8.4 m parallel ice core drilled in 2021 at the summit of Weißseespitze glacier. In a new combination of proxies, we discuss profiles of stable water isotopes, major ion chemistry as well as a full profile of microcharcoal and levoglucosan. We find that the chemical and isotopic signals are preserved, despite the ongoing surface mass loss. This is not be to expected considering what has been found at other glaciers at similar locations.
Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Erin Emily Thomas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2941–2963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present high-resolution simulations of glacier mass balance (the gain and loss of ice over a year) and runoff on Svalbard from 1991–2022, one of the fastest warming regions in the Arctic. The simulations are created using the CryoGrid community model. We find a small overall loss of mass over the simulation period of −0.08 m yr−1 but with no statistically significant trend. The average runoff was found to be 41 Gt yr−1, with a significant increasing trend of 6.3 Gt per decade.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Simone Ventisette, Samuele Baldini, Claudio Artoni, Silvia Becagli, Laura Caiazzo, Barbara Delmonte, Massimo Frezzotti, Raffaello Nardin, Joel Savarino, Mirko Severi, Andrea Spolaor, Barbara Stenni, and Rita Traversi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-393, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-393, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reports the spatial variability of concentration and fluxes of chemical impurities in superficial snow over unexplored area of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Pinatubo and Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic eruptions in non-sea salt sulfate and dust snow pits record were used to achieve the accumulation rates. Deposition (wet, dry and uptake from snow surface) and post deposition processes are constrained. These knowledges are fundamental in Antarctic ice cores stratigraphies interpretation.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Eija Asmi, Angelo Lupi, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2183–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasize how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources. We provide a harmonised analysis of new particle formation across the Arctic.
Niccolò Maffezzoli, Eliza Cook, Willem G. M. van der Bilt, Eivind N. Støren, Daniela Festi, Florian Muthreich, Alistair W. R. Seddon, François Burgay, Giovanni Baccolo, Amalie R. F. Mygind, Troels Petersen, Andrea Spolaor, Sebastiano Vascon, Marcello Pelillo, Patrizia Ferretti, Rafael S. dos Reis, Jefferson C. Simões, Yuval Ronen, Barbara Delmonte, Marco Viccaro, Jørgen Peder Steffensen, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, and Carlo Barbante
The Cryosphere, 17, 539–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple lines of research in ice core science are limited by manually intensive and time-consuming optical microscopy investigations for the detection of insoluble particles, from pollen grains to volcanic shards. To help overcome these limitations and support researchers, we present a novel methodology for the identification and autonomous classification of ice core insoluble particles based on flow image microscopy and neural networks.
François Burgay, Rafael Pedro Fernández, Delia Segato, Clara Turetta, Christopher S. Blaszczak-Boxe, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claudio Scarchilli, Virginia Ciardini, Carlo Barbante, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Andrea Spolaor
The Cryosphere, 17, 391–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the first ice-core record of bromine (Br) in the Antarctic plateau. By the observation of the ice core and the application of atmospheric chemical models, we investigate the behaviour of bromine after its deposition into the snowpack, with interest in the effect of UV radiation change connected to the formation of the ozone hole, the role of volcanic deposition, and the possible use of Br to reconstruct past sea ice changes from ice core collect in the inner Antarctic plateau.
Anirudha Mahagaonkar, Geir Moholdt, and Thomas V. Schuler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-4, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Surface meltwater lakes along the margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet can be important for ice shelf dynamics and stability. We used optical satellite imagery to study seasonal evolution of meltwater lakes in Dronning Maud Land. We found large interannual variability in lake extents, but with consistent seasonal patterns. Although correlation with summer air temperature was strong locally, other climatic and environmental factors need to be considered to explain the large regional variability.
Marlene Kronenberg, Ward van Pelt, Horst Machguth, Joel Fiddes, Martin Hoelzle, and Felix Pertziger
The Cryosphere, 16, 5001–5022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pamir Alay is located at the edge of regions with anomalous glacier mass changes. Unique long-term in situ data are available for Abramov Glacier, located in the Pamir Alay. In this study, we use this extraordinary data set in combination with reanalysis data and a coupled surface energy balance–multilayer subsurface model to compute and analyse the distributed climatic mass balance and firn evolution from 1968 to 2020.
Outi Meinander, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavel Amosov, Elena Aseyeva, Cliff Atkins, Alexander Baklanov, Clarissa Baldo, Sarah L. Barr, Barbara Barzycka, Liane G. Benning, Bojan Cvetkovic, Polina Enchilik, Denis Frolov, Santiago Gassó, Konrad Kandler, Nikolay Kasimov, Jan Kavan, James King, Tatyana Koroleva, Viktoria Krupskaya, Markku Kulmala, Monika Kusiak, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Michał Laska, Jerome Lasne, Marek Lewandowski, Bartłomiej Luks, James B. McQuaid, Beatrice Moroni, Benjamin Murray, Ottmar Möhler, Adam Nawrot, Slobodan Nickovic, Norman T. O’Neill, Goran Pejanovic, Olga Popovicheva, Keyvan Ranjbar, Manolis Romanias, Olga Samonova, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Kerstin Schepanski, Ivan Semenkov, Anna Sharapova, Elena Shevnina, Zongbo Shi, Mikhail Sofiev, Frédéric Thevenet, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Mikhail Timofeev, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Andreas Uppstu, Darya Urupina, György Varga, Tomasz Werner, Olafur Arnalds, and Ana Vukovic Vimic
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11889–11930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-latitude dust (HLD) is a short-lived climate forcer, air pollutant, and nutrient source. Our results suggest a northern HLD belt at 50–58° N in Eurasia and 50–55° N in Canada and at >60° N in Eurasia and >58° N in Canada. Our addition to the previously identified global dust belt (GDB) provides crucially needed information on the extent of active HLD sources with both direct and indirect impacts on climate and environment in remote regions, which are often poorly understood and predicted.
Silvia Becagli, Elena Barbaro, Simone Bonamano, Laura Caiazzo, Alcide di Sarra, Matteo Feltracco, Paolo Grigioni, Jost Heintzenberg, Luigi Lazzara, Michel Legrand, Alice Madonia, Marco Marcelli, Chiara Melillo, Daniela Meloni, Caterina Nuccio, Giandomenico Pace, Ki-Tae Park, Suzanne Preunkert, Mirko Severi, Marco Vecchiato, Roberta Zangrando, and Rita Traversi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9245–9263, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of phytoplanktonic dimethylsulfide and its oxidation products in the Antarctic atmosphere allow us to understand the role of the oceanic (sea ice melting, Chl α and dimethylsulfoniopropionate) and atmospheric (wind direction and speed, humidity, solar radiation and transport processes) factors in the biogenic aerosol formation, concentration and characteristic ratio between components in an Antarctic coastal site facing the polynya of the Ross Sea.
Stephen M. Platt, Øystein Hov, Torunn Berg, Knut Breivik, Sabine Eckhardt, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Rebecca Fisher, Georg Hansen, Hans-Christen Hansson, Jost Heintzenberg, Ove Hermansen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Kim Holmén, Stephen Hudson, Roland Kallenborn, Radovan Krejci, Terje Krognes, Steinar Larssen, David Lowry, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Chris Lunder, Euan Nisbet, Pernilla B. Nizzetto, Ki-Tae Park, Christina A. Pedersen, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Thomas Röckmann, Norbert Schmidbauer, Sverre Solberg, Andreas Stohl, Johan Ström, Tove Svendby, Peter Tunved, Kjersti Tørnkvist, Carina van der Veen, Stergios Vratolis, Young Jun Yoon, Karl Espen Yttri, Paul Zieger, Wenche Aas, and Kjetil Tørseth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3321–3369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we detail the history of the Zeppelin Observatory, a unique global background site and one of only a few in the high Arctic. We present long-term time series of up to 30 years of atmospheric components and atmospheric transport phenomena. Many of these time series are important to our understanding of Arctic and global atmospheric composition change. Finally, we discuss the future of the Zeppelin Observatory and emerging areas of future research on the Arctic atmosphere.
Raffaello Nardin, Mirko Severi, Alessandra Amore, Silvia Becagli, Francois Burgay, Laura Caiazzo, Virginia Ciardini, Giuliano Dreossi, Massimo Frezzotti, Sang-Bum Hong, Ishaq Khan, Bianca Maria Narcisi, Marco Proposito, Claudio Scarchilli, Enricomaria Selmo, Andrea Spolaor, Barbara Stenni, and Rita Traversi
Clim. Past, 17, 2073–2089, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The first step to exploit all the potential information buried in ice cores is to produce a reliable age scale. Based on chemical and isotopic records from the 197 m Antarctic GV7(B) ice core, accurate dating was achieved and showed that the archive spans roughly the last 830 years. The relatively high accumulation rate allowed us to use the non-sea-salt sulfate seasonal pattern to count annual layers. The accumulation rate reconstruction exhibited a slight increase since the 18th century.
Cited articles
Aamaas, B., Bøggild, C. E., Stordal, F., Berntsen, T., Holmén, K., and
Ström, J.: Elemental carbon deposition to Svalbard snow from Norwegian
settlements and long-range transport, Tellus B, 63, 340–351,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00531.x, 2011.
AMAP: AMAP Assessment 2015: Black carbon and ozone as Arctic climate forcers, AMAP – Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway,
vii + 116 pp., 2015.
Bautista VII, A. T., Pabroa, P. C. B., Santos, F. L., Quirit, L. L., Asis, J. L. B., Dy, M. A. K., and Martinez, J. P. G.: Intercomparison between NIOSH,
IMPROVE_A, and EUSAAR_2 protocols: Finding an optimal thermal–optical protocol for Philippines OC/EC samples, Atmos. Poll. Res., 6, 334–342, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2015.037, 2015.
Binder, H., Boettcher, M., Grams, C. M., Joos, H., Pfahl, S., and Wernli, H.: Exceptional air mass transport and dynamical drivers of an extreme wintertime Arctic warm event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12028–12036,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075841, 2017.
Birch, M. E.: Diesel particulate matter (as elemental carbon): Method 5040, NIOSH Man. Occup. Saf. Health, 3, 1–5, 2003.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T.,
DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne,
S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M.,
Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U.,
Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C.
S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific
assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Bourgeois, Q. and Bey, I.: Pollution transport efficiency toward the Arctic:
Sensitivity to aerosol scavenging and source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
D08213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015096, 2011.
Bowman, D. S. and Deming, J. W.: Elevated bacterial abundance and exopolymers
in saline frost flowers and implications for atmospheric chemistry and
microbial dispersal, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043020, 2010.
Braathen, G. O., Hov Ø., and Stordal, F: Arctic atmospheric research station on the Zeppelin mountain (474 m a.s.l.) near Ny-Ålesund on Svalbard (78∘54′29′′ N, 11∘52′53′′ E), Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Lillestrøm, 1990.
Browse, J., Carslaw, K. S., Arnold, S. R., Pringle, K., and Boucher, O.: The
scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and
black carbon aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6775–6798,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6775-2012, 2012.
Campbell, K., Muncy, C. J., Belzile, C., Delaforge, A., and Rysgaard, S.:
Seasonal dynamics of algal and bacterial communities in Arctic sea ice under
variable snow cover, Polar Biol., 41, 41–58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2168-2, 2018.
Casey, K. A.: Geochemical composition of surface snow, ice and debris from
glaciers in Norway, Nepal and New Zealand, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.773951, 2012.
Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010, 2010.
Cheng, Y., Hea, K.-B., Duana, F.-K., Du, Z.-L., Zheng, M., and Ma, Y.-L.:
Ambient organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios: Influence of the thermal–optical temperature protocol and implications, Sci. Total Environ.,
468–469, 1103–1111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.084, 2014.
Conger, S. M. and McClung, D. M.: Comparison of density cutters for snow
profile observations, J. Glaciol., 55, 163–169, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788609038, 2009.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and
Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the
data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dekhtyareva, A., Edvardsen, K., Holmén, K., Hermansen, O., and Hansson, H.-C.: Influence of local and regional air pollution on atmospheric measurements In Ny-Ålesund, Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan., 11, 578–587,
https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V11-N4-578-587, 2016.
Dekhtyareva, A., Holmén, K., Maturilli, M., Hermansend, O., and Graversen, R.: Effect of seasonal mesoscale and microscale meteorological
conditions in Ny-Ålesund on results of monitoring of long-range
transported pollution, Polar Res., 37, 1508196, https://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2018.1508196, 2018.
Doherty, S. J., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Clarke, A. D., and Brandt,
R. E.: Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10,
11647–11680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010, 2010.
Dou, T.-F. and Xiao, C.-D.: An overview of black carbon deposition and its
radiative forcing over the Arctic, Adv. Clim. Change Res., 7, 115–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2016.10.003, 2016.
Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S., and Nyeki, S.: Aerosol black carbon in the
European Arctic: Measurements at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
from 1998–2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035741,
2009.
Esau, I. and Repina, I.: Wind climate in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and attribution of leading wind driving mechanisms through turbulence-resolving
simulations, Adv. Meteorol., 2012, 568454, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/568454, 2012.
Esau, I. and Sorokina, S.: Climatology of the Arctic planetary boundary layer, in: Atmospheric Turbulence, Meteorological Modeling and Aerodynamics, edited by: Lang, P. R. and Lombargo, F. S., Nova Science Publishers, New York, 3–58, 2009.
Evangeliou, N., Shevchenko, V. P., Yttri, K. E., Eckhardt, S., Sollum, E.,
Pokrovsky, O. S., Kobelev, V. O., Korobov, V. B., Lobanov, A. A., Starodymova, D. P., Vorobiev, S. N., Thompson, R. L., and Stohl, A.: Origin
of elemental carbon in snow from western Siberia and northwestern European
Russia during winter–spring 2014, 2015 and 2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18,
963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-963-2018, 2018.
Forsström, S., Ström, J., Pedersen, J. C. A., Isaksson, E., and Gerland, S.: Elemental carbon distribution in Svalbard snow, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos. 114, D19112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011480, 2009.
Forsström, S., Isaksson, E., Skeie, R. B., Ström, J., Pedersen, C. A., Hudson, S. R., Berntsen, T. K., Lihavainen, H., Godtliebsen, F., and Gerland, S.: Elemental carbon measurements in European Arctic snow packs,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 13614–13627, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019886, 2013.
Gallet, J. C., Björkman, M. P., Larose, C., Luks, B., Martma, T., and
Zdanowicz, C.: Protocols and recommendations for the measurement of snow physical properties, and sampling of snow for black carbon, water isotopes, major ions and microorganisms, Short Report 46, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, p. 29, 2018.
Gallet, J.-C., Zdanowicz, C., Björkman, M. P, Larose, C., Schuler, T. V.. Luks, B., Koziol, K., Spolaor, A., Barbaro, E., Martma, T., Wideqvist, U., and Ström, J.: Particulate organic and elemental carbon in Svalbard snow, 2007–18, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.918134, 2020.
Ganser, G. H. and Hewett, P.: An accurate substitution method for analyzing
censored data, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 7, 233–244, https://doi.org/10.1080/15459621003609713, 2010.
Grenfell, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Clarke, A. D., and Warren, S. G.: Light
absorption from particulate impurities in snow and ice determined by
spectrophotometric analysis of filters, Appl. Optics, 50, 2037–2048,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.002037, 2011.
Hagler, G. S. W., Bergin, M. H., Smith, E. A., Dibb, J. E., Anderson, C., and
Steig, E. J.: Particulate and water-soluble carbon measured in recent snow at
Summit, Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16505, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030110, 2007.
Hanaka, A., Plak, A., Zagórski, P., Ozimek, E., Rysiak, A., Majewska, M., and Jaroszuk-Ściseł, J.: Relationships between the properties of
Spitsbergen soil, number and biodiversity of rhizosphere microorganisms, and
heavy metal concentration in selected plant species, Plant Soil, 436, 49–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3871-7, 2019.
Hodson, A., Cameron, K., Bøggild, C., Irvine-Fynn, T., Langford, H., Pearce, D., and Banwart, S.: The structure, biological activity and biogeochemistry of cryoconite aggregates upon an Arctic valley glacier:
Longyearbreen, Svalbard, J. Glaciol., 56, 349–362, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791968403, 2010.
Hornung, R. W. and Reed, L. D.: Estimation of average concentration in the
presence of nondetectable values, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 5, 46–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389587, 1990.
Ingvander, S., Rosqvist, G., Svensson, J., and Dahlke, H. E.: Seasonal and
interannual variability of elemental carbon in the snowpack of Storglaciären, northern Sweden, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 50–58, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG62A229, 2013.
Jacobi, H.-W., Obleitner, F., Da Costa, S., Ginot, P., Eleftheriadis, K., Aas, W., and Zanatta, M.: Deposition of ionic species and black carbon to the
Arctic snowpack: combining snow pit observations with modeling, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 19, 10361–10377, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019, 2019.
James, T. D., Murray, T., Barrand, N. E., Sykes, H. J., Fox, A. J., and King,
M. A.: Observations of enhanced thinning in the upper reaches of Svalbard glaciers, The Cryosphere, 6, 1369–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1369-2012, 2012.
Karl, M., Leck, C., Rad, F. M., Bäcklund, A., Lopez-Aparicio, S., and
Heintzenberg, J.: New insights in sources of the sub-micrometre aerosol at
Mt. Zeppelin observatory (Spitsbergen) in the year 2015, Tellus B, 71, 1613143, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1613143, 2019.
Khan, A. L., Dierssen, H., Schwarz, J. P., Schmitt, C., Chlus, A., Hermanson, M., Painter, T. H., and McKnight, D. M.: Impacts of coal dust from an active mine on the spectral reflectance of Arctic surface snow in Svalbard, Norway, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 1767–1778, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025757, 2017.
Kim, B., Hong, J., Jun, S. Zhang, X., Kwon, H., Kim, S., Kim, J., and Kim, H.: Major cause of unprecedented Arctic warming in January 2016: Critical role of an Atlantic windstorm, Sci. Rep., 7, 40051, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40051,
2017.
Kirpes, R. M., Bonanno, D., May, N. W., Fraund, M., Barget, A. J., Moffet, R. C., Ault, A. P., and Pratt, K. A.: Wintertime Arctic sea spray aerosol
composition controlled by sea ice mead microbiology, ACS Cent. Sci., 5,
1760–1767, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541, 2019.
Koenig, L. S., Ivanoff, A., Alexander, P. M., MacGregor, J. A., Fettweis, X., Panzer, B., Paden, J. D., Forster, R. R., Das, I., McConnell, J. R., Tedesco, M., Leuschen, C., and Gogineni, P.: Annual Greenland accumulation rates (2009–2012) from airborne snow radar, The Cryosphere, 10, 1739–1752,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1739-2016, 2016.
König, M., Nuth, C., Kohler, J., Moholdt, G., and Pettersson, R.: A digital glacier database for svalbard, in: Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, edited by: Kargel, J. S., Leonard, G. J., Bishop, M. P., Kääb, A., and Raup, B. H., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 229–239, 2014.
Kozioł, K. A., Moggridge, H. L., Cook, J. M., and Hodson, A. J.: Organic carbon fluxes of a glacier surface: A case study of Foxfonna, a small Arctic
glacier, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 405–416, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4501, 2019.
Kuchiki, K., Aoki, T., Niwano, M., Matoba, S., Kodama, Y., and Adachi, K.:
Elemental carbon, organic carbon, and dust concentrations in snow measured with thermal optical and gravimetric methods: Variations during the
2007–2013 winters at Sapporo, Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 868–882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022144, 2015.
Kühnel, R., Björkman, M. P., Vega, C. P., Hodson, A., Isaksson, E., and Ström, J.: Reactive nitrogen and sulphate wet deposition at Zeppelin
Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Polar Res., 32, 19136,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19136, 2013.
Langford, H., Hodson, A., and Banwart, S.: Using FTIR spectroscopy to
characterise the soil mineralogy and geochemistry of cryoconite from Aldegondabreen glacier, Svalbard, Appl. Geochem., 26, S206–S209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.105, 2011.
Lim, S., Faïn, X., Zanatta, M., Cozic, J., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Ginot, P.,
and Laj, P.: Refractory black carbon mass concentrations in snow and ice:
method evaluation and inter-comparison with elemental carbon measurement, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3307–3324, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3307-2014, 2014.
Lis, G., Wassenenaar, L. I., and Hendy, M. J.: High-precision laser spectroscopy D/H and
Marchenko, S., van Pelt, W. J. J., Claremar, B., Pohjola, V., Pettersson, R.,
Machguth, H., and Reijmer, C.: Parameterizing deep water percolation improves
subsurface temperature simulations by a multilayer firn model, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 16, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00016, 2017.
Marks, A. A. and King, M. D.: The effects of additional black carbon on the
albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover, The
Cryosphere, 7, 1193–1204, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013, 2013.
Maturilli, M. and Kayser, M.: Arctic warming, moisture increase and circulation changes observed in the Ny-Ålesund homogenized radiosonde
record, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 130, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1864-0, 2017.
Meinander, O., Kazadzis, S., Arola, A., Riihelä, A., Räisänen, P., Kivi, R., Kontu, A., Kouznetsov, R., Sofiev, M., Svensson, J., Suokanerva, H., Aaltonen, V., Manninen, T., Roujean, J.-L., and Hautecoeur,
O.: Spectral albedo of seasonal snow during intensive melt period at Sodankylä, beyond the Arctic Circle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3793–3810,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3793-2013, 2013.
Mori, T., Goto-Azuma, K., Kondo, Y., Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Y., Miura, K., Hirabayashi, M., Oshima, N., Koike, M., Kupiainen, K., Moteki, N., Ohata, S., Sinha, P. R., Sugiura, K., Aoki, T., Schneebeli, M., Steffen, K., Sato, A., Tsushima, A., Makarov, V., Omiya, S., Sugimoto, A., Takano, S., and Nagatsuka, N.: Black carbon and inorganic aerosols in Arctic snowpack, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13325–13356, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030623, 2019.
Moroni, B., Becagli, S., Bolzacchini, E., Busetto, M., Cappelletti, D.,
Crocchianti, S., Ferrero, L., Frosini, D., Lanconelli, C., Lupi, A., Maturilli, M., Mazzola, M., Perrone, M. G., Sangiorgi, G., Traversi, R.,
Udisti, R., Viola, A., and Vitale, V.: Vertical profiles and chemical properties of aerosol particles upon Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard islands), Adv.
Meteorol., 2015, 292081, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/292081, 2015.
Noone, K. J. and Clarke, A. D.: Soot scavenging measurement in Arctic snowfall, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2773–2778, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90444-1, 1988.
Osmont, D., Wendl, I. A., Schmidely, L., Sigl, M., Vega, C. P., Isaksson, E., and Schwikowski, M.: An 800-year high-resolution black carbon ice core record from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12777–12795,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12777-2018, 2018.
Panteliadis, P., Hafkenscheid, T., Cary, B., Diapouli, E., Fischer, A., Favez, O., Quincey, P., Viana, M., Hitzenberger, R., Vecchi, R., Saraga, D.,
Sciare, J., Jaffrezo, J. L., John, A., Schwarz, J., Giannoni, M., Novak, J.,
Karanasiou, A., Fermo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: ECOC comparison exercise with
identical thermal protocols after temperature offset correction – instrument diagnostics by in-depth evaluation of operational parameters, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-779-2015, 2015.
Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting “black
carbon” measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
Pramanik, A., Kohler, J., Schuler, T. V., Van Pelt, W., and Cohen, L.:
Comparison of snow accumulation events on two High-Arctic glaciers to
model-derived and observed precipitation, Polar Res., 38, 3364,
https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v38.3364, 2019.
Proksch, M., Rutter, N., Fierz, C., and Schneebeli, M.: Intercomparison of
snow density measurements: bias, precision, and vertical resolution, The
Cryosphere, 10, 371–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-371-2016, 2016.
Reistad, M., Breivik, Ø., Haakenstad, H., Aarnes, O. J., and Furevik, B.
R.: A high-resolution hindcast of wind and waves for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea, Tech. Rep. Met. Rep. No. 2009/14, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, 2009.
Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging. Science, 315, 1259–1262, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.
Ruppel, M. M., Isaksson, E., Ström, J., Beaudon, E., Svensson, J., Pedersen, C. A., and Korhola, A.: Increase in elemental carbon values
between 1970 and 2004 observed in a 300-year ice core from Holtedahlfonna
(Svalbard), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11447–11460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11447-2014, 2014.
Ruppel, M. M., Soares, J., Gallet, J.-C., Isaksson, E., Martma, T., Svensson, J., Kohler, J., Pedersen, C. A., Manninen, S., Korhola, A., and Ström, J.: Do contemporary (1980–2015) emissions determine the elemental carbon deposition trend at Holtedahlfonna glacier, Svalbard?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12779–12795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12779-2017, 2017.
Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Perring, A. E., Spackman, J. R., and Fahey, D. W.: Black carbon aerosol size in snow, Sci. Rep., 3, 1356, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01356, 2012.
Shears, J., Theisen, F., Bjørdal, A., and Norris, S.: Environmental impact
assessment, Ny-Ålesund international scientific research and monitoring station, Svalbard, Meddelelser no. 157, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, 1998.
Singh, S. M., Gawas-Sakhalkar, P., Naik, S., Ravindra, R., Sharma, J., Upadhyay, A. K., Mulik, R. U., and Bohare, P.: Elemental composition and
bacterial incidence in firn-cores at Midre Lovénbreen glacier, Svalbard,
Polar Record, 51, 39–48, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247413000533, 2015.
Sinha, P. R., Kondo, Y., Goto-Azuma, K., Tsukagawa, Y., Fukuda, K., Koike, M., Oshima, N., Førland, E. J., Irwin, M., Gallet, J.-C., and Pedersen, C.
A.: Seasonal progression of the deposition of black carbon by snowfall at
Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 997–1016,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD028027, 2018.
Stephens, M., Turner, N., and Sandberg, J.: Particle identification by laser-induced incandescence in a solid-state laser cavity, Appl. Optics, 42,
3726–3736, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.42.003726, 2003.
Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, O., Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, N., Dusinska, M.,
Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, B., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang,
S., Yttri, K. E., and Zhu, T.: Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015.
Svensson, J. Ström, J., Hansson, M., Lihavainen, H., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Observed metre scale horizontal variability of elemental carbon in surface snow, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 034012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034012, 2013.
Svensson, J., Ström, J., Kivekäs, N., Dkhar, N. B., Tayal, S., Sharma, V. P., Jutila, A., Backman, J., Virkkula, A., Ruppel, M., Hyvärinen, A., Kontu, A., Hannula, H.-R., Leppäranta, M., Hooda, R.
K., Korhola, A., Asmi, E., and Lihavainen, H.: Light-absorption of dust and
elemental carbon in snow in the Indian Himalayas and the Finnish Arctic,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1403–1416, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1403-2018, 2018.
Szymański, W., Skiba, M., Wojtuń, B., and Drewnik, M.: Soil properties, micromorphology, and mineralogy of cryosols from sorted and
unsorted patterned grounds in the Hornsund area, SW Spitsbergen, Geoderma,
253–254, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.03.029, 2015.
Thomas, F. A., Sinha, R. K., and Krishnan, K. P.: Bacterial community structure of a glacio-marine system in the Arctic (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard), Sci. Total Environ., 718, 135264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135264, 2020.
Torres, A., Bond, T. C., Lehmann, C. M. B., Subramanian, R., and Hadley, O. L.: Measuring organic carbon and black carbon in rainwater: Evaluation of
methods, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 239–250, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.868596, 2014.
Tørseth, K., Andrews, E., Asmi, E., Eleftheriadis, K., Fiebig, M., Herber, A., Huang, L., Kylling, A., Lupi, A., Massling, A., Mazzola, M., Nøjgaard, J. K., Popovicheva, O., Schichtel, B., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Skov, H., Stebel, K., Vasel, B., Vitale, V., Whaley, C., Yttri, K. E., and Zanatta, M.: Review of Observation Capacities and Data Availability for Black Carbon in the Arctic Region, EU Action on Black Carbon in the Arctic – Technical Report 1, AMAP – Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, p. 35, 2019.
Van Kampenhout, L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lipscomb, W. H., Sacks, W. J., Lawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Improving the
representation of polar snow and firn in the Community Earth System Model, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 9, 2583–2600, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000988, 2017.
Van Pelt, W., Pohjola, V., Pettersson, R., Marchenko, S., Kohler, J., Luks,
B., Ove Hagen, J. O., Schuler, T. V., Dunse, T., Noël, B., and Reijmer, C.: A long-term dataset of climatic mass balance, snow conditions, and runoff in Svalbard (1957–2018), The Cryosphere, 13, 2259–2280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2259-2019, 2019.
Van Pelt, W. J. J. and Kohler, J.: Modelling the long-term mass balance and
firn evolution of glaciers around Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, J. Glaciol., 61,
731–744, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J223, 2015.
Van Pelt, W. J. J., Oerlemans, J., Reijmer, C. H., Pohjola, V. A., Pettersson, R., and van Angelen, J. H.: Simulating melt, runoff and refreezing on Nordenskiöldbreen, Svalbard, using a coupled snow and energy balance model, The Cryosphere, 6, 641–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-641-2012, 2012.
Vionnet, V., Brun, E., Morin, S., Boone, A., Faroux, S., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., and Willemet, J.-M.: The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its
implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773–791,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012, 2012.
Wang, M., Xu, B., Zhao, H., Cao, J., Joswiak, D., Wu, G., and Lin, S.: The influence of dust on quantitative measurements of black carbon in ice and
snow when using a thermal optical method, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 60–69,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.605815, 2012.
Weinbruch, S., Wiesemann, D., Ebert, M., Schütze, K., Kallenborn, R., and
Ström, J.: Chemical composition and sources of aerosol particles at Zeppelin Mountain (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard): An electron microscopy study,
Atmos. Environ., 49, 142–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.008, 2012.
Winiger, P., Andersson, A., Yttri, K. E., Tunved, P., and Gutsfasson, Ö.:
Isotope-based source apportionment of EC aerosol particles during winter
high-pollution events at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 49, 11959–11966, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02644, 2015.
Winiger, P., Barrett, T. E., Sheesley, R. J., Huang, L., Sharma, S., Barrie,
L. A., Yttri, K. E., Evangeliou, N., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Klimont, Z.,
Heyes, C., Semiletov, I. P., Dudarev, O. V., Charkin, A., Shakhova, N.,
Holmstrand, H., Andersson, A., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Source apportionment
of circum-Arctic atmospheric black carbon from isotopes and modeling, Sci.
Adv., 5, eaau8052, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau8052, 2019.
Xu, B., Cao, J., Joswiak, D. R., Liu, X., Zhao, H., and He, J.:
Postdepositional enrichment of black soot in snow-pack and accelerated
melting of Tibetan glaciers, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014022,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014022, 2012.
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosols are soot-like particles which, when transported to the Arctic, darken snow surfaces, thus indirectly affecting climate. Information on BC in Arctic snow is needed to measure their impact and monitor the efficacy of pollution-reduction policies. This paper presents a large new set of BC measurements in snow in Svalbard collected between 2007 and 2018. It describes how BC in snow varies across the archipelago and explores some factors controlling these variations.
Black carbon (BC) aerosols are soot-like particles which, when transported to the Arctic, darken...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint