Articles | Volume 21, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18147-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18147-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Dec 2021
Research article |
| 15 Dec 2021
| 15 Dec 2021
First insights into northern Africa high-altitude background aerosol chemical composition and source influences
Nabil Deabji
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
LS3MN3E-CERNE2D, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1040, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Souad El Hajjaji
LS3MN3E-CERNE2D, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1040, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
Abdelwahid Mellouki
Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité et
Environnement/OSUC-CNRS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071
Orléans Cedex 2, France
Laurent Poulain
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Sebastian Zeppenfeld
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Hanna Wiedenhaus, Roland Schrödner, Ralf Wolke, Marie L. Luttkus, Shubhi Arora, Laurent Poulain, Radek Lhotka, Petr Vodička, Jaroslav Schwarz, Petra Pokorna, Jakub Ondráček, Vladimir Ždímal, Hartmut Herrmann, and Ina Tegen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12893–12922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines winter air quality in central Europe, focusing on the impact of domestic heating. Using a chemical transport model and measurements, it was found that the model underestimated organic particle concentrations. This was due to an underestimation of gases from domestic heating that form secondary organic particles. Improving the model by increasing these emissions and the particle formation led to better results, demonstrating the important role of heating emissions in winter.
Donger Lai, Yanxin Bai, Zijing Zhang, Pui-Kin So, Yong Jie Li, Ying-Lung Steve Tse, Ying-Yeung Yeung, Thomas Schaefer, Hartmut Herrmann, Jian Zhen Yu, Yuchen Wang, and Man Nin Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12569–12584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12569-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12569-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aqueous-phase •OH oxidation can potentially act as an important atmospheric sink for α-pinene-derived organosulfates (OSs). Such oxidation can also generate a variety of new OS products, and can be as a potential source for some atmospheric OSs with previously unknown origins.
Johannes Schneider, Christiane Schulz, Florian Rubach, Anna Ludwig, Jonas Wilsch, Philipp Joppe, Christian Gurk, Sergej Molleker, Laurent Poulain, Florian Obersteiner, Torsten Gehrlein, Harald Bönisch, Andreas Zahn, Peter Hoor, Nicolas Emig, Heiko Bozem, Stephan Borrmann, and Markus Hermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5103–5128, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
An instrumented container laboratory is operated on regular commercial passenger flights to obtain a long-term representative dataset on the composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Here we report on the development of a fully automated aerosol mass spectrometer for this project. We present technical specifications, necessary modifications for the automation, instrument calibration and comparisons, detection limits, and the first in-flight data.
Peng Cheng, Gilles Mailhot, Mohamed Sarakha, Guillaume Voyard, Daniele Scheres Firak, Thomas Schaefer, Hartmut Herrmann, and Marcello Brigante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12087–12100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12087-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12087-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the complexation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) with glutamic acid under cloud water conditions and the effect on Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions and hydroxyl radical formation and their impact on amino acid oxidation.
Moritz Zeising, Laurent Oziel, Silke Thoms, Özgür Gürses, Judith Hauck, Bernd Heinold, Svetlana N. Losa, Manuela van Pinxteren, Christoph Völker, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, and Astrid Bracher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4190, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the implementation of additional organic carbon pathways into a global setup of a numerical model, which simulates the ocean circulation, sea ice, and biogeochemical processes. With a focus on the Arctic Ocean, this model tracks the temporal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton, exudation of organic carbon, and its aggregation to so-called transparent exopolymer particles. We evaluate the simulation using measurements from ship-based and remote-sensing campaigns in the Arctic Ocean.
Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Jonas Schaefer, Christian Pilz, Kerstin Ebell, Moritz Zeising, Frank Stratmann, Holger Siebert, Birgit Wehner, Matthias Wietz, Astrid Bracher, and Manuela van Pinxteren
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4336, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4336, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles from sea spray transport inorganic salts and carbohydrates from the ocean into the atmosphere. In this field study conducted in Svalbard, we found that carbohydrates reach elevated altitudes that are relevant for cloud formation and properties.
Olenka Jibaja Valderrama, Daniele Scheres Firak, Thomas Schaefer, Manuela van Pinxteren, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, and Hartmut Herrmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4066, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4066, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
The present study explores the influence of biological activity in the photochemistry of the sea-surface microlayer (SML) and its implications for the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the marine atmosphere. Experimental evidence of enhanced photochemical activity of carbonyl compounds in the SML is provided, particularly in periods of higher biological productivity, thereby offering new insights to integrate biological processes and photochemistry in the air-sea boundary.
Amavi N. Silva, Surandokht Nikzad, Theresa Barthelmeß, Anja Engel, Hartmut Hermann, Manuela van Pinxteren, Kai Wirtz, Oliver Wurl, and Markus Schartau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4050, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted the first meta-analysis combining marine and freshwater studies to understand organic matter enrichment in the surface microlayer. Nitrogen-rich, particulate compounds are often enriched, with patterns varying by multiple factors. We recommend tracking both absolute concentrations and normalized enrichment patterns to better assess ecological conditions. Our study also introduces improved statistical methods for analyzing and comparing surface microlayer data.
Yaru Wang, Dominik van Pinxteren, Andreas Tilgner, Erik Hans Hoffmann, Max Hell, Susanne Bastian, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8907–8927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8907-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8907-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ground-level ozone (O3) is a global air quality pollutant and greenhouse gas. Long-term O3 trends from 16 stations in Saxony, Germany, were compared over three periods, revealing worsened O3 pollution over the last decade. O3 formation has been volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited at traffic and urban sites for the past 20 years. To mitigate O3 pollution, moderate nitrogen oxides and additional VOC controls, particularly in solvent use, should be prioritized in the coming years.
Vikram Pratap, Christopher J. Hennigan, Bastian Stieger, Andreas Tilgner, Laurent Poulain, Dominik van Pinxteren, Gerald Spindler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8871–8889, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we characterize trends in aerosol pH and its controlling factors during the period 2010–2019 at the Melpitz research station in eastern Germany. We find strong trends in aerosol pH and major inorganic species in response to changing emissions. We conduct a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the aerosol system and discuss implications for controlling particulate matter in the region.
Yifan Yang, Thomas Müller, Laurent Poulain, Samira Atabakhsh, Bruna A. Holanda, Jens Voigtländer, Shubhi Arora, and Mira L. Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8637–8655, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8637-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8637-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is the major atmospheric aerosol that can absorb light and influence climate. We measured the physical properties of BC at a background site in Germany. In summer, BC particles were smaller and the mixture with other atmospheric components occurred during the daytime. In winter, emissions from residential heating significantly influenced BC's properties. Understanding these characteristics of BC can help to improve the accuracy of aerosol optic simulation.
Anisbel Leon-Marcos, Moritz Zeising, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Astrid Bracher, Elena Barbaro, Anja Engel, Matteo Feltracco, Ina Tegen, and Bernd Heinold
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4183–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the primary marine organic aerosol (PMOA) emissions, focusing on their sea–atmosphere transfer. Using the FESOM2.1–REcoM3 model, concentrations of key organic biomolecules were estimated and integrated into the ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 aerosol–climate model. Results highlight the influence of marine biological activity and surface winds on PMOA emissions, with reasonably good agreement with observations improving aerosol representation in the southern oceans.
Anisbel Leon-Marcos, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Moritz Zeising, Astrid Bracher, Laurent Oziel, Ina Tegen, and Bernd Heinold
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2829, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study links modelled ocean surface concentrations of key marine organic groups with the aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM to quantify species-resolved primary marine organic aerosol emissions from 1990 to 2019. Results show strong seasonality, driven by productivity and summer sea ice loss. Emissions and burdens increased over time with more frequent positive anomalies in the last decade, revealing an overall upward trend with regional differences across the Arctic and aerosol species.
Ludovico Di Antonio, Claudia Di Biagio, Paola Formenti, Aline Gratien, Vincent Michoud, Christopher Cantrell, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bergé, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Manuela Cirtog, Patrice Coll, Barbara D'Anna, Joel F. de Brito, David O. De Haan, Juliette R. Dignum, Shravan Deshmukh, Olivier Favez, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Cecile Gaimoz, Lelia N. Hawkins, Julien Kammer, Brigitte Language, Franck Maisonneuve, Griša Močnik, Emilie Perraudin, Jean-Eudes Petit, Prodip Acharja, Laurent Poulain, Pauline Pouyes, Eva Drew Pronovost, Véronique Riffault, Kanuri I. Roundtree, Marwa Shahin, Guillaume Siour, Eric Villenave, Pascal Zapf, Gilles Foret, Jean-François Doussin, and Matthias Beekmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3161–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3161-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3161-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The spectral complex refractive index (CRI) and single scattering albedo were retrieved from submicron aerosol measurements at three sites within the greater Paris area during the ACROSS field campaign (June–July 2022). Measurements revealed urban emission impact on surrounding areas. CRI full period averages at 520 nm were 1.41 – 0.037i (urban), 1.52 – 0.038i (peri-urban), and 1.50 – 0.025i (rural). Organic aerosols dominated the aerosol mass and contributed up to 22 % of absorption at 370 nm.
Matthew James Rowlinson, Lucy J. Carpenter, Mat J. Evans, James D. Lee, Simone Andersen, Tomas Sherwen, Anna B. Callaghan, Roberto Sommariva, William Bloss, Siqi Hou, Leigh R. Crilley, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Benjamin Weyland, Thomas B. Ryerson, Patrick R. Veres, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Hongyu Guo, Benjamin A. Nault, Jose L. Jimenez, and Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-830, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-830, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
HONO is key to tropospheric chemistry. Observations show high HONO concentrations in remote air, possibly explained by nitrate aerosol photolysis. We use observational data to parameterize nitrate photolysis, evaluating simulated HONO against observations from multiple sources. We show improved agreement with observed HONO, but large overestimates in NOx and O3, beyond observational constraints. This implies a large uncertainty in the NOx budget and our understanding of atmospheric chemistry.
Shravan Deshmukh, Laurent Poulain, Birgit Wehner, Silvia Henning, Jean-Eudes Petit, Pauline Fombelle, Olivier Favez, Hartmut Herrmann, and Mira Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 741–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-741-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-741-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol hygroscopicity has been investigated at a sub-urban site in Paris; analysis shows the sub-saturated regime's measured hygroscopicity and the chemically derived hygroscopic growth, shedding light on the large effect of external particle mixing and its influence on predicting hygroscopicity.
Pamela A. Dominutti, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Anouk Marsal, Takoua Mhadhbi, Rhabira Elazzouzi, Camille Rak, Fabrizia Cavalli, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Ian Mudway, Athanasios Nenes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Catherine Banach, Steven J. Campbell, Hana Cigánková, Daniele Contini, Greg Evans, Maria Georgopoulou, Manuella Ghanem, Drew A. Glencross, Maria Rachele Guascito, Hartmut Herrmann, Saima Iram, Maja Jovanović, Milena Jovašević-Stojanović, Markus Kalberer, Ingeborg M. Kooter, Suzanne E. Paulson, Anil Patel, Esperanza Perdrix, Maria Chiara Pietrogrande, Pavel Mikuška, Jean-Jacques Sauvain, Katerina Seitanidi, Pourya Shahpoury, Eduardo J. d. S. Souza, Sarah Steimer, Svetlana Stevanovic, Guillaume Suarez, P. S. Ganesh Subramanian, Battist Utinger, Marloes F. van Os, Vishal Verma, Xing Wang, Rodney J. Weber, Yuhan Yang, Xavier Querol, Gerard Hoek, Roy M. Harrison, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 177–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-177-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-177-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, 20 labs worldwide collaborated to evaluate the measurement of air pollution's oxidative potential (OP), a key indicator of its harmful effects. The study aimed to identify disparities in the widely used OP dithiothreitol assay and assess the consistency of OP among labs using the same protocol. The results showed that half of the labs achieved acceptable results. However, variability was also found, highlighting the need for standardisation in OP procedures.
Shengqian Zhou, Ying Chen, Shan Huang, Xianda Gong, Guipeng Yang, Honghai Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Alfred Wiedensohler, Laurent Poulain, Yan Zhang, Fanghui Wang, Zongjun Xu, and Ke Yan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4267–4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a crucial natural reactive gas in the global climate system due to its great contribution to aerosols and subsequent impact on clouds over remote oceans. Leveraging machine learning techniques, we constructed a long-term global sea surface DMS gridded dataset with daily resolution. Compared to previous datasets, our new dataset holds promise for improving atmospheric chemistry modeling and advancing our comprehension of the climate effects associated with oceanic DMS.
Karam Mansour, Stefano Decesari, Darius Ceburnis, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Lynn M. Russell, Marco Paglione, Laurent Poulain, Shan Huang, Colin O'Dowd, and Matteo Rinaldi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2717–2740, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose and evaluate machine learning predictive algorithms to model freshly formed biogenic methanesulfonic acid and sulfate concentrations. The long-term constructed dataset covers the North Atlantic at an unprecedented resolution. The improved parameterization of biogenic sulfur aerosols at regional scales is essential for determining their radiative forcing, which could help further understand marine-aerosol–cloud interactions and reduce uncertainties in climate models
Anil Kumar Mandariya, Junteng Wu, Anne Monod, Paola Formenti, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Mathieu Cazaunau, Stephan Mertes, Laurent Poulain, Antonin Berge, Edouard Pangui, Andreas Tilgner, Thomas Schaefer, Liang Wen, Hartmut Herrmann, and Jean-François Doussin
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-206, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-206, 2024
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
An optimized and controlled protocol for generating quasi-adiabatic expansion clouds under simulated dark and light conditions was presented. The irradiated clouds clearly showed a gradual activation of seed particles into droplets. In contrast, non-irradiated clouds faced a flash activation. This paper will lay the foundation for multiphase photochemical studies implying water-soluble volatile organic compounds and particulate matter formation during cloud formation-evaporation cycles.
Andrea Cuesta-Mosquera, Kristina Glojek, Griša Močnik, Luka Drinovec, Asta Gregorič, Martin Rigler, Matej Ogrin, Baseerat Romshoo, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Alfred Wiedensohler, Mira Pöhlker, and Thomas Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2583–2605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the air pollution and climate impacts of residential-wood-burning particle emissions from a rural European site. The authors investigate the optical and physical properties that connect the aerosol emissions with climate by evaluating atmospheric radiative impacts via simple-forcing calculations. The study contributes to reducing the lack of information on the understanding of the optical properties of air pollution from anthropogenic sources.
Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Manuela van Pinxteren, Markus Hartmann, Moritz Zeising, Astrid Bracher, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15561–15587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine carbohydrates are produced in the surface of the ocean, enter the atmophere as part of sea spray aerosol particles, and potentially contribute to the formation of fog and clouds. Here, we present the results of a sea–air transfer study of marine carbohydrates conducted in the high Arctic. Besides a chemo-selective transfer, we observed a quick atmospheric aging of carbohydrates, possibly as a result of both biotic and abiotic processes.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Enrico Pisoni, Alexander Mangold, Christoph Hueglin, Jean Sciare, Michael Pikridas, Chrysanthos Savvides, Jakub Ondracek, Saliou Mbengue, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Laurent Poulain, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Andreas Massling, Claus Nordstroem, Andrés Alastuey, Cristina Reche, Noemí Pérez, Sonia Castillo, Mar Sorribas, Jose Antonio Adame, Tuukka Petaja, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jarkko Niemi, Véronique Riffault, Joel F. de Brito, Augustin Colette, Olivier Favez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Valérie Gros, Maria I. Gini, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Karl Espen Yttri, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10145–10161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many European people are still exposed to levels of air pollution that can affect their health. COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 were used to assess the impact of the reduction in human mobility on air pollution across Europe by comparing measurement data with values that would be expected if no lockdown had occurred. We show that lockdown measures did not lead to consistent decreases in the concentrations of fine particulate matter suspended in the air, and we investigate why.
Samira Atabakhsh, Laurent Poulain, Gang Chen, Francesco Canonaco, André S. H. Prévôt, Mira Pöhlker, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6963–6988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study focuses on the aerosol chemical variations found in the rural-background station of Melpitz based on ACSM and MAAP measurements. Source apportionment on both organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (eBC) was performed, and source seasonality was also linked to air mass trajectories. Overall, three anthropogenic sources were identified in OA and eBC plus two additional aged OA. Our results demonstrate the influence of transported coal-combustion-related OA even during summer time.
Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, Sanja Frka, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6571–6590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Important marine organic carbon compounds were identified in the Atlantic Ocean and marine aerosol particles. These compounds were strongly enriched in the atmosphere. Their enrichment was, however, not solely explained via sea-to-air transfer but also via atmospheric in situ formation. The identified compounds constituted about 50 % of the organic carbon on the aerosol particles, and a pronounced coupling between ocean and atmosphere for this oligotrophic region could be concluded.
Yuan Wang, Silvia Henning, Laurent Poulain, Chunsong Lu, Frank Stratmann, Yuying Wang, Shengjie Niu, Mira L. Pöhlker, Hartmut Herrmann, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15943–15962, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particle activation affects cloud, precipitation, radiation, and thus the global climate. Its long-term measurements are important but still scarce. In this study, more than 4 years of measurements at a central European station were analyzed. The overall characteristics and seasonal changes of aerosol particle activation are summarized. The power-law fit between particle hygroscopicity factor and diameter was recommended for predicting cloud
condensation nuclei number concentration.
Roland Vernooij, Patrik Winiger, Martin Wooster, Tercia Strydom, Laurent Poulain, Ulrike Dusek, Mark Grosvenor, Gareth J. Roberts, Nick Schutgens, and Guido R. van der Werf
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4271–4294, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape fires are a substantial emitter of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Previous studies have indicated savanna emission factors to be highly variable. Improving fire emission estimates, and understanding future climate- and human-induced changes in fire regimes, requires in situ measurements. We present a drone-based method that enables the collection of a large amount of high-quality emission factor measurements that do not have the biases of aircraft or surface measurements.
Lady Mateus-Fontecha, Angela Vargas-Burbano, Rodrigo Jimenez, Nestor Y. Rojas, German Rueda-Saa, Dominik van Pinxteren, Manuela van Pinxteren, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8473–8495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports the chemical composition of regionally representative PM2.5 in an area densely populated and substantially industrialized, located in the inter-Andean valley, with the highest sugarcane yield in the world and where sugarcane is burned and harvested year round. We found that sugarcane burning is not portrayed as a distinguishable sample composition component. Instead, the composition analysis revealed multiple associations among sugarcane burning components and other sources.
Manuela van Pinxteren, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Xianda Gong, Enno Bahlmann, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, Frank Stratmann, Oliver Wurl, Anja Engel, Heike Wex, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5725–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A class of marine particles (transparent exopolymer particles, TEPs) that is ubiquitously found in the world oceans was measured for the first time in ambient marine aerosol particles and marine cloud waters in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. TEPs are likely to have good properties for influencing clouds. We show that TEPs are transferred from the ocean to the marine atmosphere via sea-spray formation and our results suggest that they can also form directly in aerosol particles and in cloud water.
Kristina Glojek, Griša Močnik, Honey Dawn C. Alas, Andrea Cuesta-Mosquera, Luka Drinovec, Asta Gregorič, Matej Ogrin, Kay Weinhold, Irena Ježek, Thomas Müller, Martin Rigler, Maja Remškar, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Martina Ristorini, Maik Merkel, Miha Markelj, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5577–5601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5577-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5577-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A pilot study to determine the emissions of wood burning under
real-world laboratoryconditions was conducted. We found that measured black carbon (eBC) and particulate matter (PM) in rural shallow terrain depressions with residential wood burning could be much greater than predicted by models. The exceeding levels are a cause for concern since similar conditions can be expected in numerous hilly and mountainous regions across Europe, where approximately 20 % of the total population lives.
Sebastian Düsing, Albert Ansmann, Holger Baars, Joel C. Corbin, Cyrielle Denjean, Martin Gysel-Beer, Thomas Müller, Laurent Poulain, Holger Siebert, Gerald Spindler, Thomas Tuch, Birgit Wehner, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16745–16773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The work deals with optical properties of aerosol particles in dried and atmospheric states. Based on two measurement campaigns in the rural background of central Europe, different measurement approaches were compared with each other, such as modeling based on Mie theory and direct in situ or remote sensing measurements. Among others, it was shown that the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio is relative humidity dependent, and refinement with respect to the model input parameters is needed.
Andreas Tilgner, Thomas Schaefer, Becky Alexander, Mary Barth, Jeffrey L. Collett Jr., Kathleen M. Fahey, Athanasios Nenes, Havala O. T. Pye, Hartmut Herrmann, and V. Faye McNeill
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13483–13536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Feedbacks of acidity and atmospheric multiphase chemistry in deliquesced particles and clouds are crucial for the tropospheric composition, depositions, climate, and human health. This review synthesizes the current scientific knowledge on these feedbacks using both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Finally, this review outlines atmospheric implications and highlights the need for future investigations with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world.
R. Anthony Cox, Markus Ammann, John N. Crowley, Paul T. Griffiths, Hartmut Herrmann, Erik H. Hoffmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Christopher J. Penkett, Andreas Tilgner, and Timothy J. Wallington
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13011–13018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The term open-air factor was coined in the 1960s, establishing that rural air had powerful germicidal properties possibly resulting from immediate products of the reaction of ozone with alkenes, unsaturated compounds ubiquitously present in natural and polluted environments. We have re-evaluated those early experiments, applying the recently substantially improved knowledge, and put them into the context of the lifetime of aerosol-borne pathogens that are so important in the Covid-19 pandemic.
Markus Hartmann, Xianda Gong, Simonas Kecorius, Manuela van Pinxteren, Teresa Vogl, André Welti, Heike Wex, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Hartmut Herrmann, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11613–11636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are not well characterized in the Arctic despite their importance for the Arctic energy budget. Little is known about their nature (mineral or biological) and sources (terrestrial or marine, long-range transport or local). We find indications that, at the beginning of the melt season, a local, biogenic, probably marine source is likely, but significant enrichment of INPs has to take place from the ocean to the aerosol phase.
Anke Mutzel, Yanli Zhang, Olaf Böge, Maria Rodigast, Agata Kolodziejczyk, Xinming Wang, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8479–8498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and particle growth from α-pinene, limonene, and m-cresol oxidation through NO3 and OH radicals and the effect of relative humidity. The formed SOA is comprehensively characterized with respect to the content of OC / EC, WSOC, SOA-bound peroxides, and SOA marker compounds. The findings present new insights and implications of nighttime chemistry, which can form SOA more efficiently than OH radical reaction during daytime.
Abdelwahid Mellouki, Markus Ammann, R. Anthony Cox, John N. Crowley, Hartmut Herrmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Jürgen Troe, and Timothy J. Wallington
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4797–4808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4797-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4797-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. This article, the eighth in the series, presents kinetic and photochemical data sheets evaluated by the IUPAC Task Group on Atmospheric Chemical Kinetic Data Evaluation. It covers the gas-phase reactions of organic species with four, or more, carbon atoms (≥ C4) including thermal reactions of closed-shell organic species with HO and NO3 radicals and their photolysis. These data are important for atmospheric models.
Nadja Triesch, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sanja Frka, Christian Stolle, Tobias Spranger, Erik Hans Hoffmann, Xianda Gong, Heike Wex, Detlef Schulz-Bull, Blaženka Gašparović, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4267–4283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the source of lipids and their representatives in the marine atmosphere, concerted measurements of seawater and submicrometer aerosol particle sampling were carried out on the Cabo Verde islands. This field study describes the biogenic sources of lipids, their selective transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere and their enrichment as part of organic matter. A strong enrichment of the studied representatives of the lipid classes on submicrometer aerosol particles was observed.
Laurent Poulain, Benjamin Fahlbusch, Gerald Spindler, Konrad Müller, Dominik van Pinxteren, Zhijun Wu, Yoshiteru Iinuma, Wolfram Birmili, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3667–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3667-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3667-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from source apportionment analysis on the carbonaceous aerosol particles, including organic aerosol (OA) and equivalent black carbon (eBC), allowing us to distinguish local emissions from long-range transport for OA and eBC sources. By merging online chemical measurements and considering particle number size distribution, the different air masses reaching the sampling place were described and discussed, based on their respective chemical composition and size distribution.
Jinfeng Yuan, Robin Lewis Modini, Marco Zanatta, Andreas B. Herber, Thomas Müller, Birgit Wehner, Laurent Poulain, Thomas Tuch, Urs Baltensperger, and Martin Gysel-Beer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 635–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosols contribute substantially to climate warming due to their unique light absorption capabilities. We performed field measurements at a central European background site in winter and found that variability in the absorption efficiency of BC particles is driven mainly by their internal mixing state. Our results suggest that, at this site, knowing the BC mixing state is sufficient to describe BC light absorption enhancements due to the lensing effect in good approximation.
Jing Dou, Peter A. Alpert, Pablo Corral Arroyo, Beiping Luo, Frederic Schneider, Jacinta Xto, Thomas Huthwelker, Camelia N. Borca, Katja D. Henzler, Jörg Raabe, Benjamin Watts, Hartmut Herrmann, Thomas Peter, Markus Ammann, and Ulrich K. Krieger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 315–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Photochemistry of iron(III) complexes plays an important role in aerosol aging, especially in the lower troposphere. Ensuing radical chemistry leads to decarboxylation, and the production of peroxides, and oxygenated volatile compounds, resulting in particle mass loss due to release of the volatile products to the gas phase. We investigated kinetic transport limitations due to high particle viscosity under low relative humidity conditions. For quantification a numerical model was developed.
Nadja Triesch, Manuela van Pinxteren, Anja Engel, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the sources of free amino acids (FAAs) in the marine atmosphere, concerted measurements (the simultaneous investigation of seawater, size-segregated aerosol particles and cloud water) were performed at the Cabo Verde islands. This study describes the transfer of FAAs as part of organic matter from the ocean into the atmosphere on a molecular level. In the investigated marine environment, a high enrichment of FAAs in submicron aerosol particles and in cloud droplets was observed.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
R. Anthony Cox, Markus Ammann, John N. Crowley, Hartmut Herrmann, Michael E. Jenkin, V. Faye McNeill, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jürgen Troe, and Timothy J. Wallington
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13497–13519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13497-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13497-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Criegee intermediates, formed from alkene–ozone reactions, play a potentially important role as tropospheric oxidants. Evaluated kinetic data are provided for reactions governing their formation and removal for use in atmospheric models. These include their formation from reactions of simple and complex alkenes and removal by decomposition and reaction with a number of atmospheric species (e.g. H2O, SO2). An overview of the tropospheric chemistry of Criegee intermediates is also provided.
Yangang Ren, Bastian Stieger, Gerald Spindler, Benoit Grosselin, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13069–13089, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13069-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13069-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present HONO measurements from the TROPOS research site in Melpitz, Germany. Investigations of HONO sources and sinks revealed the nighttime formation by heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO followed by a significant surface deposition at night. The evaporation of dew was identified as the main HONO source in the morning. In the following, dew measurements with a self-made dew collector were performed to estimate the amount of evaporated HONO from dew in the atmospheric HONO distribution.
Cited articles
Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Castillo, S., Escudero, M., Avila, A., Cuevas, E., Torres, C., Romero, P., Exposito, F., and Garcia, O.: Characterisation of TSP and PM2.5 at Izaña and Sta. Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) during a Saharan Dust Episode (July 2002), Atmospheric Environment, 39, 4715–4728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.018, 2005.
Alves, C., Vicente, A., Pio, C., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Decesari, S.,
Prevôt, A. S. H., Minguillón, M. C., Querol, X., Hillamo, R.,
Spindler, G., and Swietlicki, E.: Organic compounds in aerosols from
selected European sites – Biogenic versus anthropogenic sources,
Atmos. Environ., 59, 243–255,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.013, 2012.
Ambrose, J. L., Reidmiller, D. R., and Jaffe, D. A.: Causes of high O3 in
the lower free troposphere over the Pacific Northwest as observed at the Mt.
Bachelor Observatory, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5302–5315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.056, 2011.
Amodio, M., Catino, S., Dambruoso, P. R., de Gennaro, G., Di Gilio, A.,
Giungato, P., Laiola, E., Marzocca, A., Mazzone, A., Sardaro, A., and
Tutino, M.: Atmospheric Deposition: Sampling Procedures, Analytical Methods,
and Main Recent Findings from the Scientific Literature, Adv. Meteorol., 2014, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/161730, 2014.
Arimoto, R., Kim, Y. J., Kim, Y. P., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Anderson,
T. L., Gong, S., Uno, I., Chin, M., Huebert, B. J., Clarke, A. D.,
Shinozuka, Y., Weber, R. J., Anderson, J. R., Guazzotti, S. A., Sullivan, R.
C., Sodeman, D. A., Prather, K. A., and Sokolik, I. N.: Characterization of
Asian Dust during ACE-Asia, Global Planet. Change, 52, 23–56,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.013, 2006.
Astitha, M., Kallos, G., Spyrou, C., O'Hirok, W., Lelieveld, J., and Denier van der Gon, H. A. C.: Modelling the chemically aged and mixed aerosols over the eastern central Atlantic Ocean – potential impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5797–5822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5797-2010, 2010.
Baker, K. and Scheff, P.: Photochemical model performance for PM2.5 sulfate,
nitrate, ammonium, and precursor species SO2, HNO3, and NH3 at background
monitor locations in the central and eastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6185–6195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.006,
2007.
Bauer, H., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., Hitzenberger, R., Marr, I.
L., and Puxbaum, H.: Significant contributions of fungal spores to the
organic carbon and to the aerosol mass balance of the urban atmospheric
aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5542–5549,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.019, 2008.
Bei, N., Zhao, L., Wu, J., Li, X., Feng, T., and Li, G.: Impacts of sea-land
and mountain-valley circulations on the air pollution in
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH): A case study, Environ. Pollut., 234,
429–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.066, 2018.
Benchrif, A., Guinot, B., Bounakhla, M., Cachier, H., Damnati, B., and
Baghdad, B.: Aerosols in Northern Morocco: Input pathways and their chemical
fingerprint, Atmos. Environ., 174, 140–147,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.047, 2018.
Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore,
A. M., Li, Q., Liu, H. Y., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global
modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model
description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23073–23095,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000807, 2001.
Birmili, W., Allen, A. G., Bary, F., and Harrison, R. M.: Trace Metal Concentrations and Water Solubility in Size-Fractionated Atmospheric Particles and Influence of Road Traffic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1144–1153, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0486925, 2006.
Bourcier, L., Sellegri, K., Chausse, P., Pichon, J. M., and Laj, P.:
Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic components in aerosol
size-segregated at the puy de Dôme station (1,465 m a.s.l.), France, J.
Atmos. Chem., 69, 47–66, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-012-9229-2, 2012.
Bove, M. C., Brotto, P., Cassola, F., Cuccia, E., Massabò, D., Mazzino,
A., Piazzalunga, A., and Prati, P.: An integrated PM2.5 source apportionment study: Positive Matrix Factorisation vs. the chemical transport model CAMx, Atmos. Environ., 94, 274–286,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.039, 2014.
Buchunde, P., Safai, P. D., Mukherjee, S., Leena, P. P., Siingh, D., Meena, G. S., and Pandithurai, G.: Characterisation of particulate matter at a high-altitude site in southwest India: Impact of dust episodes, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 128, 237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1265-8, 2019.
Campbell, J. F. E., Fletcher, W. J., Joannin, S., Hughes, P. D., Rhanem, M.,
and Zielhofer, C.: Environmental Drivers of Holocene Forest Development in
the Middle Atlas, Morocco, Front. Ecol. Evol., 5, 113,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00113, 2017.
Carter, W., Cockeriii, D., Fitz, D., Malkina, I., Bumiller, K., Sauer, C., Pisano, J., Bufalino, C., and Song, C.: A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7768–7788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.040, 2005.
Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010, 2010.
Cesari, D., Contini, D., Genga, A., Siciliano, M., Elefante, C., Baglivi,
F., and Daniele, L.: Analysis of raw soils and their re-suspended PM10
fractions: Characterisation of source profiles and enrichment factors,
Appl. Geochem., 27, 1238–1246,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.02.029, 2012.
Chatterjee, A., Adak, A., Singh, A. K., Srivastava, M. K., Ghosh, S. K.,
Tiwari, S., Devara, P. C. S., and Raha, S.: Aerosol Chemistry over a High
Altitude Station at Northeastern Himalayas, India, PLoS ONE, 5, e11122,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011122, 2010.
Chiapello, I., Bergametti, G., Chatenet, B., Bousquet, P., Dulac, F., and
Soares, E. S.: Origins of African dust transported over the northeastern
tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13701–13709,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00259, 1997.
Chu, A. K. M., Kwok, R. C. W., and Yu, K. N.: Study of pollution dispersion
in urban areas using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Geographic
Information System (GIS), Environ. Modell. Softw., 20,
273–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.05.007, 2005.
Cincinelli, A., Bubba, M. D., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., and Lepri, L.:
Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy), Chemosphere, 68,
472–478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.089, 2007.
Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S.: Thermodynamic Model of
the System H
Contini, D., Genga, A., Cesari, D., Siciliano, M., Donateo, A., Bove, M. C.,
and Guascito, M. R.: Characterisation and source apportionment of PM10 in an urban background site in Lecce, Atmos. Res., 95, 40–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.010, 2010.
Contini, D., Belosi, F., Gambaro, A., Cesari, D., Stortini, A. M., and Bove, M. C.: Comparison of PM10 concentrations and metal content in three different sites of the Venice Lagoon: An analysis of possible aerosol sources, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24, 1954–1965, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61027-9, 2012.
Contini, D., Cesari, D., Donateo, A., Chirizzi, D., and Belosi, F.:
Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy, Atmosphere, 5, 435–453, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos5020435, 2014.
Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Crosier, J., Bower, K. N., Flynn, M., Coe, H., Henning, S., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Collaud Coen, M., Petzold, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 407–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-407-2008, 2008.
Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Carbone, C., Giulianelli, L., Rinaldi, M., Finessi, E., Fuzzi, S., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Duchi, R., Bonasoni, P., Vuillermoz, E., Cozic, J., Jaffrezo, J. L., and Laj, P.: Chemical composition of PM10 and PM1 at the high-altitude Himalayan station Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) (5079 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4583–4596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4583-2010, 2010.
Desboeufs, K. V. and Cautenet, G.: Transport and mixing zone of desert dust and sulphate over Tropical Africa and the Atlantic Ocean region, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 5615–5644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-5615-2005, 2005.
Ding, K., Liu, J., Ding, A., Liu, Q., Zhao, T. L., Shi, J., Han, Y., Wang, H., and Jiang, F.: Uplifting of carbon monoxide from biomass burning and anthropogenic sources to the free troposphere in East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2843–2866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2843-2015, 2015.
Draxler, R. and Hess, G.: Description of the HYSPLIT4 modeling system, NOAA
Technical Memorandum, ERL, ARL-224, 24, 2004.
Du, Y., Xu, X., Chu, M., Guo, Y., and Wang, J.: Air particulate matter and
cardiovascular disease: the epidemiological, biomedical and clinical
evidence, J. Thorac. Dis., 8, 12, https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.37 2016.
Falkovich, A. H., Ganor, E., Levin, Z., Formenti, P., and Rudich, Y.:
Chemical and mineralogical analysis of individual mineral dust particles, J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 18029–18036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900430,
2001.
Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L. W., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Stevenson, D. S., Szopa, S., Van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglustaine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009.
Fomba, K. W., Müller, K., van Pinxteren, D., and Herrmann, H.: Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4801–4814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4801-2013, 2013.
Fomba, K. W., Müller, K., van Pinxteren, D., Poulain, L., van Pinxteren, M., and Herrmann, H.: Long-term chemical characterization of tropical and marine aerosols at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) from 2007 to 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8883–8904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8883-2014, 2014.
Fomba, K. W., Deabji, N., Barcha, S. E. I., Ouchen, I., Elbaramoussi, E. M., El Moursli, R. C., Harnafi, M., El Hajjaji, S., Mellouki, A., and Herrmann, H.: Application of TXRF in monitoring trace metals in particulate matter and cloud water, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4773–4790, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4773-2020, 2020.
Formenti, P., Caquineau, S., Desboeufs, K., Klaver, A., Chevaillier, S., Journet, E., and Rajot, J. L.: Mapping the physico-chemical properties of mineral dust in western Africa: mineralogical composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10663–10686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10663-2014, 2014.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Kobayashi, M., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Seasonal
variations of sugars in atmospheric particulate matter from Gosan, Jeju
Island: Significant contributions of airborne pollen and Asian dust in
spring, Atmos. Environ., 55, 234–239,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.061, 2012.
Gangoiti, G., Alonso, L., Navazo, M., García, J. A., and Millán, M.
M.: North African soil dust and European pollution transport to America
during the warm season: Hidden links shown by a passive tracer simulation:
European pollution transport to America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005941, 2006.
García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., and Alastuey, A.: Impact of North America on the aerosol composition in the North Atlantic free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7387–7404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7387-2017, 2017.
Gherboudj, I., Naseema Beegum, S., and Ghedira, H.: Identifying natural dust source regions over the Middle-East and North-Africa: Estimation of dust emission potential, Earth-Science Reviews, 165, 342–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.010, 2017.
Gilge, S., Plass-Duelmer, C., Fricke, W., Kaiser, A., Ries, L., Buchmann, B., and Steinbacher, M.: Ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides time series at four alpine GAW mountain stations in central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12295–12316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12295-2010, 2010.
Glaccum, R. A. and Prospero, J. M.: Saharan aerosols over the tropical North
Atlantic – Mineralogy, Mar. Geol., 37, 295–321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90107-3, 1980.
Glasius, M., Hansen, A. M. K., Claeys, M., Henzing, J. S., Jedynska, A. D.,
Kasper-Giebl, A., Kistler, M., Kristensen, K., Martinsson, J., Maenhaut, W.,
Nøjgaard, J. K., Spindler, G., Stenström, K. E., Swietlicki, E.,
Szidat, S., Simpson, D., and Yttri, K. E.: Composition and sources of
carbonaceous aerosols in Northern Europe during winter, Atmos. Environ., 173, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.005, 2018.
Guinot, B., Cachier, H., Sciare, J., Tong, Y., Xin, W., and Jianhua, Y.: Beijing aerosol: Atmospheric interactions and new trends, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008195, 2007.
Hien, P. D., Bac, V. T., Tham, H. C., Nhan, D. D., and Vinh, L. D.: Influence
of meteorological conditions on PM2.5 and PM2.5−10 concentrations during the monsoon season in Hanoi, Vietnam, 12, 3473–3484,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00295-9, 2002.
Holst, J., Mayer, H., and Holst, T.: Effect of meteorological exchange
conditions on PM10 concentration, Meteorol. Z., 17, 273–282,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0283, 2008.
Iinuma, Y., Brüggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Müller, K., Andreae, M. O.,
Helas, G., Parmar, R., and Herrmann, H.: Source characterization of biomass
burning particles: The combustion of selected European conifers, African
hardwood, savanna grass, and German and Indonesian peat, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D08209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007120, 2007.
Iinuma, Y., Engling, G., Puxbaum, H., and Herrmann, H.: A highly resolved
anion-exchange chromatographic method for determination of saccharidic
tracers for biomass combustion and primary bio-particles in atmospheric
aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1367–1371,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.020, 2009.
Inchaouh, M.: state of ambient air quality in marrakech city (morocco) over
the period 2009–2012, Int. J. Geomate, 12, 99–106, 2017.
Jaenicke, R.: Abundance of Cellular Material and Proteins in the Atmosphere, Science, 308, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106335, 2005.
Jonson, J. E., Stohl, A., Fiore, A. M., Hess, P., Szopa, S., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Dentener, F. J., Lupu, A., Schultz, M. G., Duncan, B. N., Sudo, K., Wind, P., Schulz, M., Marmer, E., Cuvelier, C., Keating, T., Zuber, A., Valdebenito, A., Dorokhov, V., De Backer, H., Davies, J., Chen, G. H., Johnson, B., Tarasick, D. W., Stübi, R., Newchurch, M. J., von der Gathen, P., Steinbrecht, W., and Claude, H.: A multi-model analysis of vertical ozone profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5759–5783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5759-2010, 2010.
Kalderon-Asael, B., Erel, Y., Sandler, A., and Dayan, U.: Mineralogical and
chemical characterization of suspended atmospheric particles over the east
Mediterranean based on synoptic-scale circulation patterns, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3963–3970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.057, 2009.
Kandler, K., Schütz, L., Deutscher, C., Ebert, M., Hofmann, H.,
Jäckel, S., Jaenicke, R., Knippertz, P., Lieke, K., Massling, A.,
Petzold, A., Schladitz, A., Weinzierl, B., Wiedensohler, A., Zorn, S., and
Weinbruch1, S.: Size distribution, mass concentration, chemical and
mineralogical composition and derived optical parameters of the boundary
layer aerosol at Tinfou, Morocco, during SAMUM 2006, Tellus B, 61, 32–50,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00385.x, 2009.
Kavouras, I. G.: Particle size distribution of organic primary and secondary
aerosol constituents in urban, background marine, and forest atmosphere, J.
Geophys. Res., 107, 4069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000278, 2002.
Khan, B., Stenchikov, G., Weinzierl, B., Kalenderski, S., and Osipov, S.:
Dust plume formation in the free troposphere and aerosol size distribution
during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment in North Africa, Tellus B, 67, 27170, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.27170, 2015.
Khedidji, S., Müller, K., Rabhi, L., Spindler, G., Fomba, K. W.,
van Pinxteren, D., Yassaa, N., and Herrmann, H.: Chemical Characterization
of Marine Aerosols in a South Mediterranean Coastal Area Located in Bou
Ismaïl, Algeria, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 20, 2448–2473,
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.09.0458, 2020.
Khrissi, S., Bejjit, L., Haddad, M., Falguères, C., Ait Lyazidi, S., and
El Amraoui, M.: Study of marbles from Middle Atlas (Morocco): elemental,
mineralogical and structural analysis, IOP Conf. Ser.-Mat. Sci.,
353, 012013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/353/1/012013, 2018.
King, M. D., Menzel, W. P., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Gao, B.-C., Platnick,
S., Ackerman, S. A., Remer, L. A., Pincus, R., and Hubanks, P. A.: Cloud and
aerosol properties, precipitable water, and profiles of temperature and
water vapor from MODIS, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 442–458,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808226, 2003.
Koçak, M., Theodosi, C., Zarmpas, P., Séguret, M. J. M., Herut, B.,
Kallos, G., Mihalopoulos, N., Kubilay, N., and Nimmo, M.: Influence of
mineral dust transport on the chemical composition and physical properties
of the Eastern Mediterranean aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 57, 266–277,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.006, 2012.
Krueger, B. J., Grassian, V. H., Cowin, J. P., and Laskin, A.: Heterogeneous
chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from different dust source
regions: the importance of particle mineralogy, Atmos. Environ., 38,
6253–6261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.010, 2004.
Kumar, A., Wu, S., Weise, M. F., Honrath, R., Owen, R. C., Helmig, D., Kramer, L., Val Martin, M., and Li, Q.: Free-troposphere ozone and carbon monoxide over the North Atlantic for 2001–2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12537–12547, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12537-2013, 2013.
Lang, M. N., Gohm, A., and Wagner, J. S.: The impact of embedded valleys on daytime pollution transport over a mountain range, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11981–11998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11981-2015, 2015.
Leena, P. P., Vijayakumar, K., Anilkumar, V., and Pandithurai, G.: Analysing
temporal variability of particulate matter and possible contributing factors
over Mahabaleshwar, a high-altitude station in Western Ghats, India, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 164, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.08.013, 2017.
Leng, C., Zhang, Q., Tao, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Xu, C., Li, X., Kong, L., Cheng, T., Zhang, R., Yang, X., Chen, J., Qiao, L., Lou, S., Wang, H., and Chen, C.: Impacts of new particle formation on aerosol cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity in Shanghai: case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11353–11365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11353-2014, 2014.
Liang, Q., Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and
Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast
Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide:
transport pathways to the northeast pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004402, 2004.
Liu, J., Russell, L. M., Lee, A. K. Y., McKinney, K. A., Surratt, J. D., and
Ziemann, P. J.: Observational evidence for pollution-influenced selective
uptake contributing to biogenic secondary organic aerosols in the
southeastern U.S.: Evidence for Selective Uptake of bSOA, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 8056–8064, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074665, 2017.
Logan, J. A., Staehelin, J., Megretskaia, I. A., Cammas, J.-P., Thouret, V., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Steinbacher, M., Scheel, H.-E., Stübi, R., Fröhlich, M., and Derwent, R.: Changes in ozone over Europe: Analysis of ozone measurements from sondes, regular aircraft (MOZAIC) and alpine surface sites: CHANGES IN OZONE OVER EUROPE, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 0148–0227, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016952, 2012.
Lugauer, M., Baltensperger, U., Furger, M., Gaggeler, H. W., Jost, D. T., Schwikowski, M., and Wanner, H.: Aerosol transport to the high Alpine sites Jungfraujoch (3454 m asl) and Colle Gnifetti (4452 m asl), Tellus B, 50, 76–92, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00006.x, 1998.
Maenhaut, W., Raes, N., Chi, X., Cafmeyer, J., Wang, W., and Salma, I.:
Chemical composition and mass closure for fine and coarse aerosols at a
kerbside in Budapest, Hungary, in spring 2002, X-Ray Spectrom., 34, 290–296,
https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.820, 2005.
Marenco, F., Bonasoni, P., Calzolari, F., Ceriani, M., Chiari, M.,
Cristofanelli, P., D'Alessandro, A., Fermo, P., Lucarelli, F., Mazzei, F.,
Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Prati, P., Valli, G., and Vecchi, R.:
Characterization of atmospheric aerosols at Monte Cimone, Italy, during
summer 2004: Source apportionment and transport mechanisms, J. Geophys.
Res., 111, D24202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007145, 2006.
Mazzei, F., D'Alessandro, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Prati, P., Valli, G.,
and Vecchi, R.: Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban
environment, Sci. Total Environ., 401, 81–89,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.008, 2008.
McInnes, L. M., Covert, D. S., Quinn, P. K., and Germani, M. S.:
Measurements of chloride depletion and sulfur enrichment in individual
seasalt particles collected from the remote marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8257–8268, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03453, 1994.
Minguillón, M. C., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Monfort, E., and Miró,
J. V.: PM sources in a highly industrialised area in the process of
implementing PM abatement technology, Quantification and evolution, J. Environ. Monitor., 9, 1071–1081, https://doi.org/10.1039/B705474B, 2007.
Mukherjee, S., Singla, V., Meena, G. S., Aslam, M. Y., Safai, P. D., Buchunde, P., Vasudevan, A. K., Jena, C. K., Ghude, S. D., Dani, K., and Pandithurai, G.: Sub micron aerosol variability and its ageing process at a high altitude site in India: Impact of meteorological conditions, Environ. Pollut., 265, 115019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115019, 2020.
Mounir, S., Saoud, N., Charroud, M., Mounir, K., and Choukrad, J.: The
Middle Atlas Geological karsts forms: Towards Geosites characterization, Oil
Gas Sci. Technol., 74, 17, https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018089, 2019.
Müller, K.: Determination of aldehydes and ketones in the atmosphere –
A comparative long time study at an urban and a rural site in Eastern
Germany, Chemosphere, 35, 2093–2106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00267-1, 1997.
Müller, L., Reinnig, M.-C., Naumann, K. H., Saathoff, H., Mentel, T. F., Donahue, N. M., and Hoffmann, T.: Formation of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid via gas phase oxidation of pinonic acid – a mass spectrometric study of SOA aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1483–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1483-2012, 2012.
Nair, V. S., Moorthy, K. K., Alappattu, D. P., Kunhikrishnan, P. K., George,
S., Nair, P. R., Babu, S. S., Abish, B., Satheesh, S. K., Tripathi, S. N.,
Niranjan, K., Madhavan, B. L., Srikant, V., Dutt, C. B. S., Badarinath, K.
V. S., and Reddy, R. R.: Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the
Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP): Impacts of local boundary layer processes and
long-range transport: winter aerosols over indo-gangetic plain, J. Geophys.
Res., 112, D13205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008099, 2007.
Nerriere, É., Guegan, H., Bordigoni, B., Hautemaniere, A., Momas, I.,
Ladner, J., Target, A., Lameloise, P., Delmas, V., Personnaz, M.-B.,
Koutrakis, P., and Zmirou-Navier, D.: Spatial heterogeneity of personal
exposure to airborne metals in French urban areas, Sci. Total
Environ., 373, 49–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.042,
2007.
Neusüss, C., Pelzing, M., Plewka, A., and Herrmann, H.: A new analytical
approach for size-resolved speciation of organic compounds in atmospheric
aerosol particles: Methods and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
4513–4527, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901038, 2000.
Okada, K. and Kai, K.: Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in
the Taklamakan Desert, China, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6927–6935,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.078, 2004.
Okamoto, S. and Tanimoto, H.: A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites, Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 3, 34, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-016-0109-2, 2016.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E.,
Hlawiczka, S., Panasiuk, D., Nitter, S., Pregger, T., Pfeiffer, H., and
Friedrich, R.: Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the
atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe, Atmos. Environ.,
41, 8557–8566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.040, 2007.
Pandolfi, M., Gonzalez-Castanedo, Y., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Querol, X., and de La Rosa, J. D.: Source apportionment to PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Bay of Gibraltar (S Spain) by PMF: estimate of shipping emission, 7662, 2009.
Pandolfi, M., Gonzalez-Castanedo, Y., Alastuey, A., de la Rosa, J. D.,
Mantilla, E., de la Campa, A. S., Querol, X., Pey, J., Amato, F., and
Moreno, T.: Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the strait of Gibraltar by PMF: impact of shipping emissions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 18, 260–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0373-4, 2011.
Perrino, C., Catrambone, M., Dalla Torre, S., Rantica, E., Sargolini, T.,
and Canepari, S.: Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of
particulate matter: a case study in the Po Valley, Part I: macro-components
and mass closure, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 3999–4009,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2067-1, 2014.
Pietrogrande, M. C., Mercuriali, M., Perrone, M. G., Ferrero, L., Sangiorgi,
G., and Bolzacchini, E.: Distribution of n-Alkanes in the Northern Italy
Aerosols: Data Handling of GC-MS Signals for Homologous Series
Characterization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4232–4240,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es1001242, 2010.
Pietrogrande, M. C., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Bacco, D.,
Mercuriali, M., and Zimmermann, R.: Seasonal variation and source estimation
of organic compounds in urban aerosol of Augsburg, Germany, Environ.
Pollut., 159, 1861–1868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.023,
2011.
Pio, C. A., Alves, C. A., and Duarte, A. C.: Identification, abundance and
origin of atmospheric organic particulate matter in a Portuguese rural area,
Atmos. Environ., 35, 1365–1375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00391-5, 2001.
Pope, C. A., Cohen, A. J., and Burnett, R. T.: Cardiovascular Disease and
Fine Particulate Matter: Lessons and Limitations of an Integrated
Exposure – Response Approach, Circ. Res., 122, 1645–1647,
https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.118.312956, 2018.
Prodi, F., Belosi, F., Contini, D., Santachiara, G., Matteo, L. D., Gambaro,
A., Donateo, A., and Cesari, D.: Aerosol fine fraction in the Venice Lagoon:
Particle composition and sources, Atmos. Res., 10, 141–150,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.020, 2009.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Ruiz, C. R., Artiñano, B., Hansson, H. C.,
Harrison, R. M., Buringh, E., ten Brink, H. M., Lutz, M., Bruckmann, P.,
Straehl, P., and Schneider, J.: Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6547–6555,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.037, 2004.
Ricciardelli, I., Bacco, D., Rinaldi, M., Bonafè, G., Scotto, F.,
Trentini, A., Bertacci, G., Ugolini, P., Zigola, C., Rovere, F., Maccone,
C., Pironi, C., and Poluzzi, V.: A three-year investigation of daily PM2.5 main chemical components in four sites: the routine measurement program of the Supersito Project (Po Valley, Italy), Atmos. Environ., 152,
418–430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.052, 2017.
Rodríguez, S., Alastuey, A., Alonso-Pérez, S., Querol, X., Cuevas, E., Abreu-Afonso, J., Viana, M., Pérez, N., Pandolfi, M., and de la Rosa, J.: Transport of desert dust mixed with North African industrial pollutants in the subtropical Saharan Air Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6663–6685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6663-2011, 2011.
Royaume du Maroc: Plan national de lutte contre le réchauffement
climatique, Ministère de l'Énergie, des Mines, de l'Eau et de
l'Environnement, (Département de l’Environnement), Rabat, 35 p., 2009.
Ryder, C. L., Marenco, F., Brooke, J. K., Estelles, V., Cotton, R., Formenti, P., McQuaid, J. B., Price, H. C., Liu, D., Ausset, P., Rosenberg, P. D., Taylor, J. W., Choularton, T., Bower, K., Coe, H., Gallagher, M., Crosier, J., Lloyd, G., Highwood, E. J., and Murray, B. J.: Coarse-mode mineral dust size distributions, composition and optical properties from AER-D aircraft measurements over the tropical eastern Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17225–17257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17225-2018, 2018.
Sarkar, S., Chauhan, A., Kumar, R., and Singh, R. P.: Impact of Deadly Dust
Storms (May 2018) on Air Quality, Meteorological, and Atmospheric Parameters
Over the Northern Parts of India, GeoHealth, 3, 67–80,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GH000170, 2019.
Satheesh, S. K. and Krishna Moorthy, K.: Radiative effects of natural
aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2089–2110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.029, 2005.
Schepanski, K., Mallet, M., Heinold, B., and Ulrich, M.: North African dust transport toward the western Mediterranean basin: atmospheric controls on dust source activation and transport pathways during June–July 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14147–14168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14147-2016, 2016.
Schladitz, A., Müller, T., Kaaden, N., Massling, A., Kandler, K., Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Deutscher, C., and Wiedensohler, A.: In situ measurements of optical properties at Tinfou (Morocco) during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment SAMUM 2006, Tellus B, 61, 64–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00397.x, 2009.
Sharma, S. K., Choudhary, N., Kotnala, G., Das, D., Mukherjee, S., Ghosh,
A., Vijayan, N., Rai, A., Chatterjee, A., and Mandal, T. K.: Wintertime
carbonaceous species and trace metals in PM10 in Darjeeling: A high altitude town in the eastern Himalayas, Urban Climate, 34, 100668,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100668, 2020.
Song, Q., Christiani, D., Wang, X., and Ren, J.: The Global Contribution
of Outdoor Air Pollution to the Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality and
Hospital Admission for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis, Ind. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 11, 11822–11832,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111822, 2014.
Spindler, G., Gnauk, T., Grüner, A., Iinuma, Y., Müller, K.,
Scheinhardt, S., and Herrmann, H.: Size-segregated characterization of PM10 at the EMEP site Melpitz (Germany) using a five-stage impactor: a six year study, J. Atmos. Chem., 69, 127–157,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-012-9233-6, 2012.
Squizzato, S., Masiol, M., Brunelli, A., Pistollato, S., Tarabotti, E., Rampazzo, G., and Pavoni, B.: Factors determining the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol: a case study in the Po Valley (Italy), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1927–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1927-2013, 2013.
Tahri, M., Bounakhla, M., Zghaïd, M., Benchrif, A., Zahry, F., Noack,
Y., and Benyaïch, F.: TXRF characterization and source identification
by positive matrix factorization of airborne particulate matter sampled in
Kenitra City (Morocco): TXRF characterization and source identification in
Kenitra City, Morocco, X-Ray Spectrom., 42, 284–289, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2484, 2013.
Tahri, M., Benchrif, A., Bounakhla, M., Benyaich, F., and Noack, Y.:
Seasonal variation and risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in the ambient air of Kenitra, Morocco, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 19, 1427–1436, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EM00286F, 2017.
Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H.-J.: Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass
Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass,
Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602–610,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820119445, 2001.
Van Pinxteren, D., Brüggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Müller, K., Thiel, C.,
and Herrmann, H.: A GIS based approach to back trajectory analysis for the
source apportionment of aerosol constituents and its first application, J.
Atmos. Chem., 67, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-011-9199-9, 2010.
Van Pinxteren, M., Fiedler, B., van Pinxteren, D., Iinuma, Y., Körtzinger, A., and Herrmann, H.: Chemical characterization of sub-micrometer aerosol particles in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: marine and biomass burning influences, J. Atmos. Chem., 72, 105–125, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-015-9307-3, 2015.
Veselovskii, I., Goloub, P., Podvin, T., Bovchaliuk, V., Derimian, Y., Augustin, P., Fourmentin, M., Tanre, D., Korenskiy, M., Whiteman, D. N., Diallo, A., Ndiaye, T., Kolgotin, A., and Dubovik, O.: Retrieval of optical and physical properties of African dust from multiwavelength Raman lidar measurements during the SHADOW campaign in Senegal, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7013–7028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7013-2016, 2016.
Viana, M., Pandolfi, M., Minguillón, M. C., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Monfort, E., and Celades, I.: Inter-comparison of receptor models for PM source apportionment: Case study in an industrial area, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3820–3832, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.056, 2008.
Wang, Y. Q., Zhang, X. Y., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, X. C., Che, H. Z., and Li, Y.: Spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13585–13598, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13585-2015, 2015.
Wedepohl, K. H.: The composition of the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 59, 1217–1232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2, 1995.
Weiss-Penzias, P., Jaffe, D. A., Swartzendruber, P., Dennison, J. B., Chand,
D., Hafner, W., and Prestbo, E.: Observations of Asian air pollution in the
free troposphere at Mount Bachelor Observatory during the spring of 2004:
observations at Mount Bachelor Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10304,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006522, 2006.
Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Bergström, R., Kiss, G., Szidat, S., Ceburnis, D., Eckhardt, S., Hueglin, C., Nøjgaard, J. K., Perrino, C., Pisso, I., Prevot, A. S. H., Putaud, J.-P., Spindler, G., Vana, M., Zhang, Y.-L., and Aas, W.: The EMEP Intensive Measurement Period campaign, 2008–2009: characterizing carbonaceous aerosol at nine rural sites in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4211–4233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4211-2019, 2019.
Zhang, J. M., Wang, T., Ding, A. J., Zhou, X. H., Xue, L. K., Poon, C. N.,
Wu, W. S., Gao, J., Zuo, H. C., Chen, J. M., Zhang, X. C., and Fan, S. J.:
Continuous measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in suburban and remote
areas of western China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 228–237,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.070, 2009.
Zhao, Z., Cao, J., Shen, Z., Xu, B., Zhu, C., Chen, L.-W. A., Su, X., Liu,
S., Han, Y., Wang, G., and Ho, K.: Aerosol particles at a high-altitude site
on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for pollution
transport from South Asia: AEROSOL PARTICLES IN SOUTHEAST TP, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 11360–11375, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50599, 2013.
Short summary
Mountain and high-altitude sites provide representative data for the lower free troposphere, various pathways for aerosol interactions, and changing boundary layer heights useful in understanding atmospheric composition. However, only few studies exist in African regions despite diversity in both natural and anthropogenic emissions. This study provides detailed atmospheric studies in the northern African high-altitude region.
Mountain and high-altitude sites provide representative data for the lower free troposphere,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint