Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-641-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-641-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jan 2014
Research article |
| 22 Jan 2014
Observation and a numerical study of gravity waves during tropical cyclone Ivan (2008)
F. Chane Ming
Université de la Réunion, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105, CNRS-Météo France-Université, La Réunion, France
C. Ibrahim
Université de la Réunion, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105, CNRS-Météo France-Université, La Réunion, France
C. Barthe
Université de la Réunion, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR8105, CNRS-Météo France-Université, La Réunion, France
S. Jolivet
Singapore Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
P. Keckhut
Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, UMR8190, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Guyancourt, France
Y.-A. Liou
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Chung-Li 3200, Taiwan
Y. Kuleshov
National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, Australia
Related authors
Fabrice Chane Ming, Damien Vignelles, Fabrice Jegou, Gwenael Berthet, Jean-Baptiste Renard, François Gheusi, and Yuriy Kuleshov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8023–8042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coupled balloon-borne observations of Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC), M10 meteorological GPS sondes, ozonesondes, and GPS radio occultation data are examined to identify gravity-wave (GW)-induced fluctuations on tracer gases and on the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol concentrations during the 2013 ChArMEx campaign. Observed mesoscale GWs induce a strong modulation of the amplitude of tracer gases and the stratospheric aerosol background.
Duc-Vinh Hoang and Yuei-An Liou
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-215, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-215, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a pioneering study using GIS, remote sensing, and machine learning to predict flash flood susceptibility in mountainous areas of Vietnam. It optimizes machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, with Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid models, particularly PSO-XGB, GA-XGB, and GA-RF, significantly improve flood prediction and provide valuable insights for similar regions globally.
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Yann Hello, and Philippe Keckhut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus is the first spaceborne wind lidar providing global wind measurements since 2018. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Aeolus instrument performance, using ground-based wind lidars and meteorological radiosondes, at tropical and mid-latitudes sites. The analysis allows assessing the long-term evolution of the satellite's performance for more than 3 years. The results will help further elaborate the understanding of the error sources and the behavior of the Doppler wind lidar.
Stephanie Evan, Jerome Brioude, Karen Rosenlof, Sean M. Davis, Holger Vömel, Damien Héron, Françoise Posny, Jean-Marc Metzger, Valentin Duflot, Guillaume Payen, Hélène Vérèmes, Philippe Keckhut, and Jean-Pierre Cammas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10565–10586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of deep convection in the southwest Indian Ocean (the 3rd most active tropical cyclone basin) on the composition of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the climate system is less understood due to scarce observations. Balloon-borne lidar and satellite measurements in the southwest Indian Ocean were used to study tropical cyclones' influence on TTL composition. This study compares the impact of a tropical storm and cyclone on the humidification of the TTL over the SW Indian Ocean.
Saginela Ravindra Babu and Yuei-An Liou
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-513, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first paper to utilize the high-resolution temperature measurements from the recently launched COSMIC-2 radio occultation data to delineate the detailed vertical structure and day-to-day temperature variability in response to the eruption of the Taal volcano in January 2020.
Robin Wing, Alain Hauchecorne, Philippe Keckhut, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Sergey Khaykin, and Emily M. McCullough
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6703–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6703-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6703-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We have compared 2433 nights of OHP lidar temperatures (2002–2018) to temperatures derived from the satellites SABER and MLS. We have found a winter stratopause cold bias in the satellite measurements with respect to the lidar (−6 K for SABER and −17 K for MLS), a summer mesospheric warm bias for SABER (6 K near 60 km), and a vertically structured bias for MLS (−4 to 4 K). We have corrected the satellite data based on the lidar-determined stratopause height and found a significant improvement.
Robin Wing, Alain Hauchecorne, Philippe Keckhut, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Sergey Khaykin, Emily M. McCullough, Jean-François Mariscal, and Éric d'Almeida
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5531–5547, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5531-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5531-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this work is to minimize the errors at the highest altitudes of a lidar temperature profile which arise due to background estimation and a priori choice. The systematic method in this paper has the effect of cooling the temperatures at the top of a lidar profile by up to 20 K – bringing them into better agreement with satellite temperatures. Following the description of the algorithm is a 20-year cross-validation of two lidars which establishes the stability of the technique.
Hélène Vérèmes, Guillaume Payen, Philippe Keckhut, Valentin Duflot, Jean-Luc Baray, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Jimmy Leclair De Bellevue, Stéphanie Evan, Françoise Posny, Franck Gabarrot, Jean-Marc Metzger, Nicolas Marquestaut, Susanne Meier, Holger Vömel, and Ruud Dirksen
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2017-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2017-32, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Sergey M. Khaykin, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Philippe Keckhut, Alain Hauchecorne, Julien Jumelet, Jean-Paul Vernier, Adam Bourassa, Doug A. Degenstein, Landon A. Rieger, Christine Bingen, Filip Vanhellemont, Charles Robert, Matthew DeLand, and Pawan K. Bhartia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1829–1845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1829-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1829-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The article is devoted to the long-term evolution and variability of stratospheric aerosol, which plays an important role in climate change and the ozone layer. We use 22-year long continuous observations using laser radar soundings in southern France and satellite-based observations to distinguish between natural aerosol variability (caused by volcanic eruptions) and human-induced change in aerosol concentration. An influence of growing pollution above Asia on stratospheric aerosol is found.
Fabrice Chane Ming, Damien Vignelles, Fabrice Jegou, Gwenael Berthet, Jean-Baptiste Renard, François Gheusi, and Yuriy Kuleshov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8023–8042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coupled balloon-borne observations of Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC), M10 meteorological GPS sondes, ozonesondes, and GPS radio occultation data are examined to identify gravity-wave (GW)-induced fluctuations on tracer gases and on the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol concentrations during the 2013 ChArMEx campaign. Observed mesoscale GWs induce a strong modulation of the amplitude of tracer gases and the stratospheric aerosol background.
A. G. Pavelyev, Y. A. Liou, S. S. Matyugov, A. A. Pavelyev, V. N. Gubenko, K. Zhang, and Y. Kuleshov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2885–2899, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2885-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2885-2015, 2015
D. Dionisi, P. Keckhut, Y. Courcoux, A. Hauchecorne, J. Porteneuve, J. L. Baray, J. Leclair de Bellevue, H. Vérèmes, F. Gabarrot, G. Payen, R. Decoupes, and J. P. Cammas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1425–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1425-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1425-2015, 2015
E. G. Larroza, W. M. Nakaema, R. Bourayou, C. Hoareau, E. Landulfo, and P. Keckhut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3197–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3197-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3197-2013, 2013
J.-L. Baray, Y. Courcoux, P. Keckhut, T. Portafaix, P. Tulet, J.-P. Cammas, A. Hauchecorne, S. Godin Beekmann, M. De Mazière, C. Hermans, F. Desmet, K. Sellegri, A. Colomb, M. Ramonet, J. Sciare, C. Vuillemin, C. Hoareau, D. Dionisi, V. Duflot, H. Vérèmes, J. Porteneuve, F. Gabarrot, T. Gaudo, J.-M. Metzger, G. Payen, J. Leclair de Bellevue, C. Barthe, F. Posny, P. Ricaud, A. Abchiche, and R. Delmas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2865–2877, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2865-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2865-2013, 2013
D. Dionisi, P. Keckhut, C. Hoareau, N. Montoux, and F. Congeduti
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 457–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-457-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-457-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Dynamics | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Age of air from in situ trace gas measurements: insights from a new technique
Tropospheric links to uncertainty in stratospheric subseasonal predictions
On the estimation of stratospheric age of air from correlations of multiple trace gases
The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the total column ozone over the Tibetan Plateau
Hemispheric asymmetry in recent stratospheric age of air changes
Exploring ozone variability in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using dynamical coordinates
Climatology of the terms and variables of transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) equations from multiple reanalyses: MERRA-2, JRA-55, ERA-Interim, and CFSR
Quasi-biennial oscillation modulation of stratospheric water vapour in the Asian monsoon
Transport into the polar stratosphere from the Asian monsoon region
Crucial role of obliquely propagating gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation dynamics
Technical note: Multi-year changes in the Brewer–Dobson circulation from Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) methane
Exploring the ENSO modulation of the QBO periods with GISS E2.2 models
The impact of ENSO and NAO initial conditions and anomalies on the modeled response to Pinatubo-sized volcanic forcing
Stratospherically induced circulation changes under the extreme conditions of the no-Montreal-Protocol scenario
Vortex preconditioning of the 2021 sudden stratospheric warming: barotropic–baroclinic instability associated with the double westerly jets
On the pattern of interannual polar vortex–ozone co-variability during northern hemispheric winter
A mountain ridge model for quantifying oblique mountain wave propagation and distribution
Weakening of the tropical tropopause layer cold trap with global warming
On the magnitude and sensitivity of the quasi-biennial oscillation response to a tropical volcanic eruption
The response of the North Pacific jet and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of ozone over western North America to RCP8.5 climate forcing
The Holton–Tan mechanism under stratospheric aerosol intervention
Very-long-period oscillations in the atmosphere (0–110 km) – Part 2: Latitude– longitude comparisons and trends
Driving mechanisms for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation impact on stratospheric ozone
Exploring the link between austral stratospheric polar vortex anomalies and surface climate in chemistry-climate models
The impact of improved spatial and temporal resolution of reanalysis data on Lagrangian studies of the tropical tropopause layer
Dynamics of ENSO-driven stratosphere-to-troposphere transport of ozone over North America
Ozone–gravity wave interaction in the upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere
How can Brewer–Dobson circulation trends be estimated from changes in stratospheric water vapour and methane?
The semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)
Interactions between the stratospheric polar vortex and Atlantic circulation on seasonal to multi-decadal timescales
Impacts of three types of solar geoengineering on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Enhanced upward motion through the troposphere over the tropical western Pacific and its implications for the transport of trace gases from the troposphere to the stratosphere
Evolution of the intensity and duration of the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex edge for the period 1979–2020
Characterization of transport from the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone into the UTLS via shedding of low potential vorticity cutoffs
Long-range prediction and the stratosphere
Weakening of Antarctic stratospheric planetary wave activities in early austral spring since the early 2000s: a response to sea surface temperature trends
The impact of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) sinks on age of air climatologies and trends
Specified dynamics scheme impacts on wave-mean flow dynamics, convection, and tracer transport in CESM2 (WACCM6)
Propagation paths and source distributions of resolved gravity waves in ECMWF-IFS analysis fields around the southern polar night jet
Observation and modeling of high-7Be concentration events at the surface in northern Europe associated with the instability of the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003
Eastward-propagating planetary waves in the polar middle atmosphere
The Brewer–Dobson circulation in CMIP6
Climate impact of volcanic eruptions: the sensitivity to eruption season and latitude in MPI-ESM ensemble experiments
Contributions of equatorial waves and small-scale convective gravity waves to the 2019/20 quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption
Differences in the quasi-biennial oscillation response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species
The advective Brewer–Dobson circulation in the ERA5 reanalysis: climatology, variability, and trends
Is our dynamical understanding of the circulation changes associated with the Antarctic ozone hole sensitive to the choice of reanalysis dataset?
The impact of increasing stratospheric radiative damping on the quasi-biennial oscillation period
Analysis of recent lower-stratospheric ozone trends in chemistry climate models
Asymmetry and pathways of inter-hemispheric transport in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
Eric A. Ray, Fred L. Moore, Hella Garny, Eric J. Hintsa, Bradley D. Hall, Geoff S. Dutton, David Nance, James W. Elkins, Steven C. Wofsy, Jasna Pittman, Bruce Daube, Bianca C. Baier, Jianghanyang Li, and Colm Sweeney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12425–12445, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we describe new techniques to derive age of air from multiple simultaneous measurements of long-lived trace gases in order to improve the fidelity of the age-of-air estimates and to be able to compare age of air from measurements taken from different instruments, platforms and decades. This technique also allows new transport information to be obtained from the measurements such as the primary source latitude that can also be compared to models.
Rachel W.-Y. Wu, Gabriel Chiodo, Inna Polichtchouk, and Daniela I. V. Domeisen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12259–12275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Strong variations in the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex can profoundly affect surface weather extremes; therefore, accurately predicting the stratosphere can improve surface weather forecasts. The research reveals how uncertainty in the stratosphere is linked to the troposphere. The findings suggest that refining models to better represent the identified sources and impact regions in the troposphere is likely to improve the prediction of the stratosphere and its surface impacts.
Florian Voet, Felix Plöger, Johannes Laube, Peter Preusse, Paul Konopka, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Jörn Ungermann, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Michael Hoepfner, Bernd Funke, Gerald Wetzel, Sören Johansson, Gabriele Stiller, Eric Ray, and Michaela Imelda Hegglin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2624, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study refines estimates of the stratospheric “age of air,” a measure of how long air circulates in the stratosphere. By analyzing correlations between trace gases measurable by satellites, the research introduces a method that reduces uncertainties and detects small-scale atmospheric features. This improved understanding of stratospheric circulation is crucial for better climate models and predictions, enhancing our ability to assess the impacts of climate change on the atmosphere.
Yang Li, Wuhu Feng, Xin Zhou, Yajuan Li, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8277–8293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau (TP), the highest and largest plateau, experiences strong surface solar UV radiation, whose excess can cause harmful influences on local biota. Hence, it is critical to study TP ozone. We find ENSO, the strongest interannual phenomenon, tends to induce tropospheric temperature change and thus modulate tropopause variability, which in turn favours ozone change over the TP. Our results have implications for a better understanding of the interannual variability of TP ozone.
Kimberlee Dube, Susann Tegtmeier, Felix Ploeger, and Kaley A. Walker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1736, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The transport rate of air in the stratosphere has changed in response to human emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances. This transport rate can be approximated using measurements of long-lived traces gases. We use observations and model results to derive anomalies and trends in the mean rate of stratospheric air transport. We find that air in the northern hemisphere aged by up to 0.3 years/decade relative to air in the southern hemisphere over 2004–2017.
Luis F. Millán, Peter Hoor, Michaela I. Hegglin, Gloria L. Manney, Harald Boenisch, Paul Jeffery, Daniel Kunkel, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Hao Ye, Thierry Leblanc, and Kaley Walker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7927–7959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the Observed Composition Trends And Variability in the UTLS (OCTAV-UTLS) Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) activity, we have mapped multiplatform ozone datasets into coordinate systems to systematically evaluate the influence of these coordinates on binned climatological variability. This effort unifies the work of studies that focused on individual coordinate system variability. Our goal was to create the most comprehensive assessment of this topic.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Patrick Martineau, Jonathon S. Wright, Marta Abalos, Petr Šácha, Yoshio Kawatani, Sean M. Davis, Thomas Birner, and Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7873–7898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A climatology of the major variables and terms of the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) momentum and thermodynamic equations from four global atmospheric reanalyses is evaluated. The spread among reanalysis TEM momentum balance terms is around 10 % in Northern Hemisphere winter and up to 50 % in Southern Hemisphere winter. The largest uncertainties in the thermodynamic equation (about 50 %) are in the vertical advection, which does not show a structure consistent with the differences in heating.
Cristina Peña-Ortiz, Nuria Pilar Plaza, David Gallego, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5457–5478, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5457-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5457-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Although water vapour (H2O) in the lower stratosphere is only a few molecules among 1 million air molecules, atmospheric radiative forcing and surface temperature are sensitive to changes in its concentration. Monsoon regions play a key role in H2O transport and its concentration in the lower stratosphere. We show how the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) has a major impact on H2O over the Asian monsoon during August through changes in temperature caused by QBO modulation of tropical clouds.
Xiaolu Yan, Paul Konopka, Felix Ploeger, and Aurélien Podglajen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-782, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-782, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study finds that the air mass fractions (AMFs) from the Asian boundary layer (ABL) to the polar regions are about 1.5 times larger than those from the same latitude band in the Southern Hemisphere. The transport of AMFs from the ABL to the polar vortex primarily occurs above 20 km and over timescales exceeding 2 years. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the polar pollutants and the AMFs from the ABL. About 20 % of SF6 in the polar stratosphere originates from the ABL.
Young-Ha Kim, Georg Sebastian Voelker, Gergely Bölöni, Günther Zängl, and Ulrich Achatz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3297–3308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quasi-biennial oscillation, which governs the tropical stratospheric circulation, is driven primarily by small-scale wave processes. We employ a novel method to realistically represent these wave processes in a global model, thereby revealing an aspect of the oscillation that has not been identified before. We find that the oblique propagation of waves, a process neglected by existing climate models, plays a pivotal role in the stratospheric circulation and its oscillation.
Ellis Remsberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1691–1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CH4 data from the Halogen Occultation Experiment show clear changes in the deep and shallow branches of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) from 1992 to 2005. CH4 decreased in the upper stratosphere in the early 1990s following the Pinatubo eruption. There was also meridional transport of CH4 from the tropics to mid-latitudes in both hemispheres in the late 1990s. CH4 trends in the shallow branch agree with the tropospheric CH4 trends from 1996 to 2005.
Tiehan Zhou, Kevin J. DallaSanta, Clara Orbe, David H. Rind, Jeffrey A. Jonas, Larissa Nazarenko, Gavin A. Schmidt, and Gary Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 509–532, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) tends to speed up and slow down the phase speed of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) during El Niño and La Niña, respectively. The ENSO modulation of the QBO does not show up in the climate models with parameterized but temporally constant gravity wave sources. We show that the GISS E2.2 models can capture the observed ENSO modulation of the QBO period with a horizontal resolution of 2° by 2.5° and its gravity wave sources parameterized interactively.
Helen Weierbach, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Kostas Tsigaridis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15491–15505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic aerosols impact global and regional climate conditions but can vary depending on pre-existing initial climate conditions. We ran an ensemble of volcanic aerosol simulations under varying ENSO and NAO initial conditions to understand how initial climate states impact the modeled response to volcanic forcing. Overall we found that initial NAO conditions can impact the strength of the first winter post-eruptive response but are also affected by the choice of anomaly and sampling routine.
Franziska Zilker, Timofei Sukhodolov, Gabriel Chiodo, Marina Friedel, Tatiana Egorova, Eugene Rozanov, Jan Sedlacek, Svenja Seeber, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13387–13411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Montreal Protocol (MP) has successfully reduced the Antarctic ozone hole by banning chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that destroy the ozone layer. Moreover, CFCs are strong greenhouse gases (GHGs) that would have strengthened global warming. In this study, we investigate the surface weather and climate in a world without the MP at the end of the 21st century, disentangling ozone-mediated and GHG impacts of CFCs. Overall, we avoided 1.7 K global surface warming and a poleward shift in storm tracks.
Ji-Hee Yoo, Hye-Yeong Chun, and Min-Jee Kang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10869–10881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The January 2021 sudden stratospheric warming was preceded by unusual double westerly jets with polar stratospheric and subtropical mesospheric cores. This wind structure promotes anomalous dissipation of tropospheric planetary waves between the two maxima, leading to unusually strong shear instability. Shear instability generates the westward-propagating planetary waves with zonal wavenumber 2 in situ, thereby splitting the polar vortex just before the onset.
Frederik Harzer, Hella Garny, Felix Ploeger, Harald Bönisch, Peter Hoor, and Thomas Birner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10661–10675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the statistical relation between year-by-year fluctuations in winter-mean ozone and the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex. In the latitude–pressure plane, regression analysis shows that anomalously weak polar vortex years are associated with three pronounced local ozone maxima over the polar cap relative to the winter climatology. These response maxima primarily reflect the non-trivial combination of different ozone transport processes with varying relative contributions.
Sebastian Rhode, Peter Preusse, Manfred Ern, Jörn Ungermann, Lukas Krasauskas, Julio Bacmeister, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7901–7934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7901-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7901-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves (GWs) transport energy vertically and horizontally within the atmosphere and thereby affect wind speeds far from their sources. Here, we present a model that identifies orographic GW sources and predicts the pathways of the excited GWs through the atmosphere for a better understanding of horizontal GW propagation. We use this model to explain physical patterns in satellite observations (e.g., low GW activity above the Himalaya) and predict seasonal patterns of GW propagation.
Stephen Bourguet and Marianna Linz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7447–7460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we show how projected changes to tropical circulation will impact the water vapor concentration in the lower stratosphere, which has implications for surface climate and stratospheric chemistry. In our transport scenarios with slower east–west winds, air parcels ascending into the stratosphere do not experience the same cold temperatures that they would today. This effect could act in concert with previously modeled changes to stratospheric water vapor to amplify surface warming.
Flossie Brown, Lauren Marshall, Peter H. Haynes, Rolando R. Garcia, Thomas Birner, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5335–5353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large-magnitude volcanic eruptions have the potential to alter large-scale circulation patterns, such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The QBO is an oscillation of the tropical stratospheric zonal winds between easterly and westerly directions. Using a climate model, we show that large-magnitude eruptions can delay the progression of the QBO, with a much longer delay when the shear is easterly than when it is westerly. Such delays may affect weather and transport of atmospheric gases.
Dillon Elsbury, Amy H. Butler, John R. Albers, Melissa L. Breeden, and Andrew O'Neil Langford
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5101–5117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the global hotspots where stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) of ozone takes place is over Pacific North America (PNA). However, we do not know how or if STT over PNA will change in response to climate change. Using climate model experiments forced with
worst-casescenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 climate change, we find that changes in net chemical production and transport of ozone in the lower stratosphere increase STT of ozone over PNA in the future.
Khalil Karami, Rolando Garcia, Christoph Jacobi, Jadwiga H. Richter, and Simone Tilmes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3799–3818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3799-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3799-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Alongside mitigation and adaptation efforts, stratospheric aerosol intervention (SAI) is increasingly considered a third pillar to combat dangerous climate change. We investigate the teleconnection between the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere and the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex under a warmer climate and an SAI scenario. We show that the Holton–Tan relationship weakens under both scenarios and discuss the physical mechanisms responsible for such changes.
Dirk Offermann, Christoph Kalicinsky, Ralf Koppmann, and Johannes Wintel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3267–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric oscillations with periods between 5 and more than 200 years are believed to be self-excited (internal) in the atmosphere, i.e. non-anthropogenic. They are found at all altitudes up to 110 km and at four very different geographical locations (75° N, 70° E; 75° N, 280° E; 50° N, 7° E; 50° S, 7° E). Therefore, they hint at a global-oscillation mode. Their amplitudes are on the order of present-day climate trends, and it is therefore difficult to disentangle them.
Samuel Benito-Barca, Natalia Calvo, and Marta Abalos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15729–15745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of different El Niño flavors (eastern (EP) and central (CP) Pacific El Niño) and La Niña on the stratospheric ozone is studied in a state-of-the-art chemistry–climate model. Ozone reduces in the tropics and increases in the extratropics when an EP El Niño event occurs, the opposite of La Niña. However, CP El Niño has no impact on extratropical ozone. These ozone variations are driven by changes in the stratospheric transport circulation, with an important contribution of mixing.
Nora Bergner, Marina Friedel, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Darryn Waugh, and Gabriel Chiodo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13915–13934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13915-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13915-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar vortex extremes, particularly situations with an unusually weak cyclonic circulation in the stratosphere, can influence the surface climate in the spring–summer time in the Southern Hemisphere. Using chemistry-climate models and observations, we evaluate the robustness of the surface impacts. While models capture the general surface response, they do not show the observed climate patterns in midlatitude regions, which we trace back to biases in the models' circulations.
Stephen Bourguet and Marianna Linz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13325–13339, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13325-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13325-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we tested the impact of spatial and temporal resolution on Lagrangian trajectory studies in a key region of interest for climate feedbacks and stratospheric chemistry. Our analysis shows that new higher-resolution input data provide an opportunity for a better understanding of physical processes that control how air moves from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Future studies of how these processes will change in a warming climate will benefit from these results.
John R. Albers, Amy H. Butler, Andrew O. Langford, Dillon Elsbury, and Melissa L. Breeden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13035–13048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone transported from the stratosphere contributes to background ozone concentrations in the free troposphere and to surface ozone exceedance events that affect human health. The physical processes whereby the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulates North American stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone transport during spring are documented, and the usefulness of ENSO for predicting ozone events that may cause exceedances in surface air quality standards are assessed.
Axel Gabriel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10425–10441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10425-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10425-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recent measurements show some evidence that the amplitudes of atmospheric gravity waves (horizontal wavelengths of 100–2000 km), which propagate from the troposphere (0–10 km) to the stratosphere and mesosphere (10–100 km), increase more strongly with height during daytime than during nighttime. This study shows that ozone–temperature coupling in the upper stratosphere can principally produce such an amplification. The results will help to improve atmospheric circulation models.
Liubov Poshyvailo-Strube, Rolf Müller, Stephan Fueglistaler, Michaela I. Hegglin, Johannes C. Laube, C. Michael Volk, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9895–9914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) controls the composition of the stratosphere, which in turn affects radiation and climate. As the BDC cannot be measured directly, it is necessary to infer its strength and trends indirectly. In this study, we test in the
model worlddifferent methods for estimating the mean age of air trends based on a combination of stratospheric water vapour and methane data. We also provide simple practical advice of a more reliable estimation of the mean age of air trends.
Ming Shangguan and Wuke Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9499–9511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Skilful predictions of weather and climate on subseasonal to seasonal scales are valuable for decision makers. Here we show the global spatiotemporal variation of the temperature SAO in the UTLS with GNSS RO and reanalysis data. The formation of the SAO is explained by an energy budget analysis. The results show that the SAO in the UTLS is partly modified by the SSTs according to model simulations. The results may provide an important source for seasonal predictions of the surface weather.
Oscar Dimdore-Miles, Lesley Gray, Scott Osprey, Jon Robson, Rowan Sutton, and Bablu Sinha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4867–4893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4867-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines interactions between variations in the strength of polar stratospheric winds and circulation in the North Atlantic in a climate model simulation. It finds that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) responds with oscillations to sets of consecutive Northern Hemisphere winters, which show all strong or all weak polar vortex conditions. The study also shows that a set of strong vortex winters in the 1990s contributed to the recent slowdown in the observed AMOC.
Mengdie Xie, John C. Moore, Liyun Zhao, Michael Wolovick, and Helene Muri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4581–4597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4581-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use data from six Earth system models to estimate Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) changes and its drivers under four different solar geoengineering methods. Solar dimming seems relatively more effective than marine cloud brightening or stratospheric aerosol injection at reversing greenhouse-gas-driven declines in AMOC. Geoengineering-induced AMOC amelioration is due to better maintenance of air–sea temperature differences and reduced loss of Arctic summer sea ice.
Kai Qie, Wuke Wang, Wenshou Tian, Rui Huang, Mian Xu, Tao Wang, and Yifeng Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4393–4411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We identify a significantly intensified upward motion over the tropical western Pacific (TWP) and an enhanced tropical upwelling in boreal winter during 1958–2017 due to the warming of global sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Our results suggest that more tropospheric trace gases over the TWP could be elevated to the lower stratosphere, which implies that the emission from the maritime continent plays a more important role in the stratospheric processes and the global climate.
Audrey Lecouffe, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Andrea Pazmiño, and Alain Hauchecorne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4187–4200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a model developped at LATMOS (France) to analyze the behavior of the Antarctic polar vortex from 1979 to 2020 at 675 K, 550 K, and 475 K isentropic levels. We found that the vortex edge intensity is stronger during the September–October–November period, while its edge position is less extended during this period. The polar vortex is stronger and lasts longer during solar minimum years. Breakup dates of the polar vortex are linked to the ozone hole and maximum wind speed.
Jan Clemens, Felix Ploeger, Paul Konopka, Raphael Portmann, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3841–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Highly polluted air flows from the surface to higher levels of the atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. At high levels, the air is trapped within eddies. Here, we study how air masses can leave the eddy within its cutoff, how they distribute, and how their chemical composition changes. We found evidence for transport from the eddy to higher latitudes over the North Pacific and even Alaska. During transport, trace gas concentrations within cutoffs changed gradually, showing steady mixing.
Adam A. Scaife, Mark P. Baldwin, Amy H. Butler, Andrew J. Charlton-Perez, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Chaim I. Garfinkel, Steven C. Hardiman, Peter Haynes, Alexey Yu Karpechko, Eun-Pa Lim, Shunsuke Noguchi, Judith Perlwitz, Lorenzo Polvani, Jadwiga H. Richter, John Scinocca, Michael Sigmond, Theodore G. Shepherd, Seok-Woo Son, and David W. J. Thompson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2601–2623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2601-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2601-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Great progress has been made in computer modelling and simulation of the whole climate system, including the stratosphere. Since the late 20th century we also gained a much clearer understanding of how the stratosphere interacts with the lower atmosphere. The latest generation of numerical prediction systems now explicitly represents the stratosphere and its interaction with surface climate, and here we review its role in long-range predictions and projections from weeks to decades ahead.
Yihang Hu, Wenshou Tian, Jiankai Zhang, Tao Wang, and Mian Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1575–1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic stratospheric wave activities in September have been weakening significantly since the 2000s. Further analysis supports the finding that sea surface temperature (SST) trends over 20° N–70° S lead to the weakening of stratospheric wave activities, while the response of stratospheric wave activities to ozone recovery is weak. Thus, the SST trend should be taken into consideration when exploring the mechanism for the climate transition in the southern hemispheric stratosphere around 2000.
Sheena Loeffel, Roland Eichinger, Hella Garny, Thomas Reddmann, Frauke Fritsch, Stefan Versick, Gabriele Stiller, and Florian Haenel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1175–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1175-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1175-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
SF6-derived trends of stratospheric AoA from observations and model simulations disagree in sign. SF6 experiences chemical degradation, which we explicitly integrate in a global climate model. In our simulations, the AoA trend changes sign when SF6 sinks are considered; thus, the process has the potential to reconcile simulated with observed AoA trends. We show that the positive AoA trend is due to the SF6 sinks themselves and provide a first approach for a correction to account for SF6 loss.
Nicholas A. Davis, Patrick Callaghan, Isla R. Simpson, and Simone Tilmes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 197–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-197-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Specified dynamics schemes attempt to constrain the atmospheric circulation in a climate model to isolate the role of transport in chemical variability, evaluate model physics, and interpret field campaign observations. We show that the specified dynamics scheme in CESM2 erroneously suppresses convection and induces circulation errors that project onto errors in tracers, even using the most optimal settings. Development of a more sophisticated scheme is necessary for future progress.
Cornelia Strube, Peter Preusse, Manfred Ern, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18641–18668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18641-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18641-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High gravity wave (GW) momentum fluxes in the lower stratospheric southern polar vortex around 60° S are still poorly understood. Few GW sources are found at these latitudes. We present a ray tracing case study on waves resolved in high-resolution global model temperatures southeast of New Zealand. We show that lateral propagation of more than 1000 km takes place below 20 km altitude, and a variety of orographic and non-orographic sources located north of 50° S generate the wave field.
Erika Brattich, Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Ceballos, Jussi Paatero, Darko Sarvan, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Laura Tositti, and Jelena Ajtić
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17927–17951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse the output of a chemistry and transport model together with observations of different meteorological and compositional variables to demonstrate the link between sudden stratospheric warming and transport of stratospheric air to the surface in the subpolar regions of Europe during the cold season. Our findings have particular implications for atmospheric composition since climate projections indicate more frequent sudden stratospheric warming under a warmer climate.
Liang Tang, Sheng-Yang Gu, and Xian-Kang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17495–17512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17495-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17495-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores the variation in the occurrence date, peak amplitude and wave period for eastward waves and the role of instability, background wind structure and the critical layer in eastward wave propagation and amplification.
Marta Abalos, Natalia Calvo, Samuel Benito-Barca, Hella Garny, Steven C. Hardiman, Pu Lin, Martin B. Andrews, Neal Butchart, Rolando Garcia, Clara Orbe, David Saint-Martin, Shingo Watanabe, and Kohei Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13571–13591, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13571-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13571-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), responsible for transporting mass, tracers and heat globally in the stratosphere, is evaluated in a set of state-of-the-art climate models. The acceleration of the BDC in response to increasing greenhouse gases is most robust in the lower stratosphere. At higher levels, the well-known inconsistency between model and observational BDC trends can be partly reconciled by accounting for limited sampling and large uncertainties in the observations.
Zhihong Zhuo, Ingo Kirchner, Stephan Pfahl, and Ulrich Cubasch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13425–13442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of volcanic eruptions varies with eruption season and latitude. This study simulated eruptions at different latitudes and in different seasons with a fully coupled climate model. The climate impacts of northern and southern hemispheric eruptions are reversed but are insensitive to eruption season. Results suggest that the regional climate impacts are due to the dynamical response of the climate system to radiative effects of volcanic aerosols and the subsequent regional feedbacks.
Min-Jee Kang and Hye-Yeong Chun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9839–9857, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9839-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9839-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In winter 2019/20, the westerly quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) phase was disrupted again by easterly winds. It is found that strong Rossby waves from the Southern Hemisphere weaken the jet core in early stages, and strong mixed Rossby–gravity waves reverse the wind in later stages. Inertia–gravity waves and small-scale convective gravity waves also provide negative forcing. These strong waves are attributed to an anomalous wind profile, barotropic instability, and slightly strong convection.
Henning Franke, Ulrike Niemeier, and Daniele Visioni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8615–8635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric aerosol modification (SAM) can alter the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Our simulations with two different models show that the characteristics of the QBO response are primarily determined by the meridional structure of the aerosol-induced heating. Therefore, the QBO response to SAM depends primarily on the location of injection, while injection type and rate act to scale the specific response. Our results have important implications for evaluating adverse side effects of SAM.
Mohamadou Diallo, Manfred Ern, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7515–7544, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite good agreement in the spatial structure, there are substantial differences in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) and its modulations in the UTLS and upper stratosphere. The tropical upwelling is generally weaker in ERA5 than in ERAI due to weaker planetary and gravity wave breaking in the UTLS. Analysis of the BDC trend shows an acceleration of the BDC of about 1.5 % decade-1 due to the long-term intensification in wave breaking, consistent with climate predictions.
Andrew Orr, Hua Lu, Patrick Martineau, Edwin P. Gerber, Gareth J. Marshall, and Thomas J. Bracegirdle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7451–7472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis datasets combine observations and weather forecast simulations to create our best estimate of the state of the atmosphere and are important for climate monitoring. Differences in the technical details of these products mean that they may give different results. This study therefore examined how changes associated with the so-called Antarctic ozone hole are represented, which is one of the most important climate changes in recent decades, and showed that they were broadly consistent.
Tiehan Zhou, Kevin DallaSanta, Larissa Nazarenko, Gavin A. Schmidt, and Zhonghai Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7395–7407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric radiative damping increases with rising CO2. Sensitivity experiments using the one-dimensional mechanistic models of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) indicate a shortening of the simulated QBO period due to the enhancing of the radiative damping. This result suggests that increasing radiative damping may play a role in determining the QBO period in a warming climate along with wave momentum flux entering the stratosphere and tropical vertical residual velocity.
Simone Dietmüller, Hella Garny, Roland Eichinger, and William T. Ball
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6811–6837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021, 2021
Xiaolu Yan, Paul Konopka, Marius Hauck, Aurélien Podglajen, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6627–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Inter-hemispheric transport is important for understanding atmospheric tracers because of the asymmetry in emissions between the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH). This study finds that the air masses from the NH extratropics to the atmosphere are about 5 times larger than those from the SH extratropics. The interplay between the Asian summer monsoon and westerly ducts triggers the cross-Equator transport from the NH to the SH in boreal summer and fall.
Cited articles
Alexander, M. J.: Parameterization of Physical Processes: Gravity wave momentum fluxes, Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Sciences, Academic/Elsevier, London, 1699–1705, 2003.
Alexander, M. J. and Barnet, C.: Using satellite observations to constrain parameterizations of gravity wave effects for global models, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1652–1665, 2007.
Alexander, M. J., Geller, M., McLandress, C., Polavarapu, S., Preusse, P., Sassi, F., Sato, K., Eckermann, S., Ern, M., Hertzog, A., Kawatani, Y., Pulido, M., Shaw, T., Sigmond, M., Vincent, R., and Watanabe, S.: Recent developments in gravity wave effects in climate models, and the global distribution of gravity wave momentum flux from observations and models, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1103–1124, 2010.
Alexander, S. P., Tsuda, T., Kawatani, Y., and Takahashi, M.: Global distribution of atmospheric waves in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: COSMIC observations of wave mean flow interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010039, 2008.
Anthes, R. A.: Exploring Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation: contributions to weather, climate and space weather, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1077–1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1077-2011, 2011.
Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L. J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H., Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T., Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., and Takahashi, M.: The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179–229, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073, 2001.
Bechtold, P., Bazile, E., Guichard, F., Mascart, P., and Richard, E.: A mass flux convection scheme for regional and global models, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 869–886, 2001.
Chaboureau, J.-P., Cammas, J.-P., Mascart, P., Pinty, J.-P., Claud, C., Roca, R., and Morcrette, J.-J.: Evaluation of a cloud system life-cycle simulated by Meso-NH during FASTEX using METEOSAT radiances and TOVS-3I cloud retrievals, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1735–1750, 2000.
Chane Ming, F., Molinaro, F., and Leveau, J.: Wavelet techniques applied to lidar signal in the analysis of the middle atmosphere dynamics, Appl. Sig. Process., 6, 95–106, 1999.
Chane-Ming, F., Roff, G., Robert, L., and Leveau, J.: Gravity waves characteristic over Tromelin Island during the passage of cyclone Hudah, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 18-1–18-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003489, 2002.
Chane-Ming, F., Faduilhe, D., and Leveau, J.: Latitudinal and seasonal variability of gravity energy in the South-West Indian Ocean, Ann. Geophys., 25, 2479–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2479-2007, 2007.
Chane-Ming, F., Chen, Z., and Roux, F.: Analysis of gravity-waves produced by intense tropical cyclones, Ann. Geophys., 28, 531–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-531-2010, 2010.
Chen, D., Chen, Z. Y., and Lü, D. R.: Simulation of the stratospheric gravity waves generated by the Typhoon Matsa in 2005, Sci. China Earth Sci., 55, 602–610, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4303-1, 2012.
Chen, S., Knaff, J. A., and Marks, F. D.: Effects of vertical wind shear and storm motion on tropical cyclone rainfall asymmetries deduced from TRMM, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 3190–3208, 2006.
Chen, Y., and Yau, M. K.: Asymmetric structures in a simulated landfall hurricane, J. Atmos. Phys., 60, 2294–2312, 2003.
Chow, K. C. and Chan, K. L.: Angular momentum transports by moving spiral waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2004–2009, 2003.
Chow, K. C., Chan, K. L., and Lau, A. K. H.: Generation of moving spiral bands in tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2930–2950, 2002.
Clark, T. L., Hauf, T., and Kuettner, J. P.: Convectively forced internal gravity waves: Results from two-dimensional numerical experiments, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 899–925, 1986.
Cuxart, J., Bougeault, P., and Redelsperger, J.-L.: A turbulence scheme for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1–30, 2000.
Das, S. S., Uma, K. N., and Das, S. K.: MST radar observations of short-period gravity wave during overhead tropical cyclone, Radio Sci., 47, RS2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004840, 2012.
Dewan, E. M., Picard, R. H., O'Neil, R. R., Gardiner, H. A., Gibson, J., Mill, J. D., Richards, E., Kendra, M., and Gallery, W. O.: MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 939–942, 1998.
Dhaka, S. K., Takahashi, M., Shibagaki, Y., Yamanaka, M. D., and Fukao, S.: Gravity wave generation in the lower stratosphere due to passage of the Typhoon 9426 (Orchid) observed by the MU radar at Shigaraki (34.85° N, 136.10° E), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4595, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003489, 2003.
Dunkerton, T. J.: Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2681–2690, 1982.
Ern, M. and Preusse, P.: Gravity wave momentum flux spectra observed from satellite in the summertime subtropics: Implications for global modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052659, 2012.
Fovell, R., Durran, D., and Holton, J. R.: Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1427–1442, 1992.
Frank, W. M. and Ritchie, E. A.: Effects of vertical wind shear on the intensity and structure of numerically simulated hurricanes, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 2249–2269, 2001.
Fritts, D. C. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003.
Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, Academic Press, Inc., New York, USA, 662 pp., 1982.
Gregory, D., Morcrette, J.-J., Jakob, C., Beljaars, A. C. M., and Stockdale, T.: Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1685–1710, 2000.
Healy, S. B.: Operational assimilation of GPS radio occultation measurements at ECMWF, available online at: http://www.ecmwf.int/publications/newsletters/pdf/111.pdf, ECMWF Newsletter, 111, 6–11, 2007.
Healy, S. B. and Thepaut, J. N.: Assimilation experiments with CHAMP GPS radio occultation measurements, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 605–623, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.182, 2006.
Hence, D. A. and Houze, R. A.: Vertical structure of tropical cyclone rainbands as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2644–2661, 2012.
Hendricks, E. A., Schubert, W. H., Fulton, S. R., and McNoldy, B. D.: Spontaneous-adjustment emission of inertia-gravity waves by unsteady vortical motion in the hurricane core, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 537–548, 2008.
Hendricks, E. A., McNoldy, B. D., and Schubert, W. H.: Observed inner core structural variability in hurricane Dolly (2008), Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 4066–4077, 2012.
Horinouchi, T., Nakamura, T., and Kosaka, J.: Convectively generated mesoscale gravity waves simulated throughout the middle atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016069, 2002.
Houze, R. A.: Clouds in tropical cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 293–344, 2010.
Houze, R. A., Cetrone, J., Brodzik, S. R., Chen, S. S., Zhao, W., Lee, W.-C., Moore, J. A., Stossmeister, G. J., Bell, M. M., and Rogers, F. F.: The hurricane rainband and intensity change experiment: Observations and modeling of hurricanes Katrina, Ophelia, and Rita, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1503–1521, 2006.
Huang, C.-Y., Kuo, Y.-H., Chen, S.-Y., Terng, C.-T., Chien, F.-C., Lin, P.-L., Kueh, M.-T., Chen, S.-H., Yang, M.-J., Wang, C.-J., and Rao, A. S. K. A. P.: Impact of GPS radio occultation data assimilation on regional weather predictions, GPS Solutions, 14, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0144-1, 2010.
Ibrahim, C., Chane Ming, F., Barthe, C., and Kuleshov, Y: Diagnosis of tropical cyclone activity through gravity wave energy density in the South West Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042938, 2010.
Jolivet S., Chane Ming, F., Barbary, D., and Roux, F.: A numerical study of orographic forcing on TC Dina (2002) in South West Indian Ocean, Ann. Geophys., 31, 107–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-107-2013, 2013.
Kain, J. S. and Fritsch, J. M.: A One-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784–2802, 1990.
Kawatani, Y., Watanabe, S., Sato, K., Dunkerton, T. J., Miyahara, S., and Takahashi, M.: The roles of equatorial trapped waves and internal inertia-gravity waves in driving the Quasi-Biennial oscillation. Part I: Zonal mean wave forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 963–980, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3222.1, 2010.
Kim, S.-Y. and Chun, H.-Y.: Stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Saomai (2006): numerical modeling in a moving frame following the typhoon, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3617–3636, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3374.1, 2010.
Kim, S.-Y. and Chun, H.-Y.: Impact of typhoon-generated gravity waves in the typhoon development, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045719, 719, 2011.
Kim, S.-Y., Chun, H.-Y., and Baik, J.-J.: A numerical study of gravity waves induced by convection associated with Typhoon Rusa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24816, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024662, 2005.
Kim, S.-Y., Chun, H.-Y., and Wu, D. L.: A study on stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar: numerical simulations and satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011971, 2009.
Kim, Y.-J. and Chun, H.-Y.: A computationally efficient non stationary convective gravity-wave drag parameterization for global atmospheric prediction systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024572, 2005.
Kim, Y.-J., Eckermann, S. E., and Chun, H.-Y.: An overview of the past, present and future of gravity-wave drag parameterization for numerical climate and weather prediction models, Atmos. Ocean, 41, 65–98, 2003.
Klemp, J. B.: Advances in the WRF model for convection resolving forecasting, Adv. Geosci., 7, 25–29, 2006.
Kuester, M. A., Alexander, M. J., and Ray, E. A.: A model study of gravity waves over Hurricane Humberto (2001), J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3231–3246, 2008.
Kunii M., Seko, H., Ueno, M., Shoji, Y., and Tsuda, T.: Impact of Assimilation of GPS radio occultation refractivity on the forecast of Typhoon Usagi in 2007, J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn., 90, 255–273, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-207, 2012.
Lac, C., Lafore, J.-P., and Redelsperger, J.-L.: Role of gravity waves in triggering deep convection during TOGA COARE, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1293–1316, 2002.
Lafore, J. P., Stein, J., Asencio, N., Bougeault, P., Ducrocq, V., Duron, J., Fischer, C., Hereil, P., Mascart, P., Pinty, J.-P., Redelsperger, J.-L., Richard, E., and Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J.: The Meso-NH atmospheric simulation system. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Ann. Geophys., 16, 90–109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0090-6, 1998.
Lane, T. P. and Knievel, J. C.: Some effects of model resolution on simulated gravity waves generated by deep, mesoscale convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3408–3419, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS, 2005.
Lane, T. P. and Reeder, M. J.: Modelling the generation of gravity waves by a maritime continent thunderstorm, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2705–2724, 2001.
Leclaire De Bellevue, J., Baray, J. L.,Baldy, S., Ancellet, G., Diab, R., and Ravetta, F.: Simulations of stratospheric to tropospheric transport during the tropical cyclone Marlene event, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.040, 2007.
Lin, C. Y., Hsu, H. M., Sheng, Y. F., Kuo, C. H., and Liou, Y. A.: Mesoscale processes for super heavy rainfall of Typhoon Morakot (2009) over southern Taiwan, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-345-2011, 2011.
Liou, Y.-A., Pavelyev, A. G., Huang, C.-Y., Igarashi, K., Hocke, K., and Yan, S.-K.: Analytic method for observation of the gravity waves using radio occultation data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017818, 2003.
Liou, Y.-A., Pavelyev, A. G., Wicker, J., Liu, S. F., Pavelyev, A. A., Schmidt, T., and Igarashi, K.: Application of GPS radio occultation method for observation of the internal waves in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005823, 2006.
Liou, Y.-A., Pavelyev, A. G., Matyugov, S. S., Yakovlev, O. I., and Wickert, J.: Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere, INTECH, Vukovar, Croatia, 170 pp., 2010.
Liu, H., Anderson, J., and Kuo, Y.-H.: Improved analyses and forecasts of Hurricane Ernesto's genesis using radio occultation data in an ensemble filter assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 151–166, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00024.1, 2012.
Liu, Y., Zhang, D.-L., and Yau, M. K.: A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part II: Kinematics and Inner-Core Structures, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 2597–2616, 1999.
Marks, F. D., Houze, R. A., and Gamache, J. F.: Dual-Aircraft Investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 919–942, 1992.
Montgomery, M. T. and Kallenbach, R. J.: A theory for vortex Rossby-waves and its application to spiral bands and intensity changes in hurricanes, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 435–465, 1997.
Montroty, R., Rabier, F., Westrelin, S., Faure, G., and Viltard, N.: Impact of wind bogus and cloud and rain affected SSM/I data on tropical cyclones analyses and forecasts, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1673–1699, 2008.
Niranjan Kumar, K., Ramkumar, T. K., and Krishnaiah, M.: MST Radar observation of inertia-gravity waves generated from tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 73, 1890–1906, 2011.
Nuissier, O., Rogers, R. F., and Roux, F.: A numerical simulation of Hurricane Bret on 22–23 August 1999 initialized with airborne Doppler radar and dropsonde data, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 155–194, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.233, 2005.
Pfister, L., Chan, K. R.,Bui, T. P., Bowen, S., Legg, M., Gary, B., Kelly, K., Proffitt, M., and Starr, W.: Gravity waves generated by a tropical cyclone during the step tropical field programm: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8611–8638, 1993.
Piani, C., Durran, D., Alexander, M. J., and Holton, J. R.: A numerical study of three-dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection and their role in the dynamics of the QBO, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3689–3702, 2000.
Pinty, J.-P. and Jabouille, P.: A mixed-phase cloud parameterization for use in mesoscale non-hydrostatic model: simulations of a squall line and of orographic precipitations, Proc. Conf. of Cloud Physics, Everett, WA, USA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 217–220, 1998.
Pirscher, B., Foelsche, U., Borsche, M., Kirchengast, G., and Kuo, Y.-H.: Analysis of migrating diurnal tides detected in FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013008, 2010.
Plougonven, R. and Teitelbaum, P. H.: Comparison of a large-scale inertia gravity wave as seen in the ECMWF analyses and from radio-sondes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1954, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017716, 2003.
Pratt, W. K.: Digital Image Processing: PIKS Inside, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 735 pp., 2001.
Preusse, P., Eckermann, S. D., and Ern, M.: Transparency of the atmosphere to short horizontal wavelength gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009682, 2008
Reasor, P. D., Montgomery, M. T., Marks, F. D., and Gamache, J. F.: Low-wavenumber structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne dual-Doppler radar, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1653–1680, 2000.
Richter, J. H., Sassi, F., and Garcia, R. R.: Toward a physically based gravity wave source parameterization in a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 136–156, 2010.
Roux, F., Chane-Ming, F., Lasserre-Bigorry, A., and Nuissier, O.: Structure and evolution of intense tropical cyclone Dina near La Réunion on 22 January 2002: GB-EVTD analysis of single Doppler radar observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 21, 1501–1518, 2004.
Salby, M. L. and Garcia, R. R.: Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458–498, 1987.
Sato, K.: Small-scale wind disturbances observed by the MU radar during the passage of Typhoon Kelly, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 518–537, 1993.
Saunders, R., Matricardi, M., Brunel, P., English, S., Bauer, P., O'Keeffe, U., Francis, P., and Rayer, P.: RTTOV-8 science and validation report, NWP SAF report, Met Offce, Exeter, UK, 41 pp., 2005.
Schecter, D. A.: The spontaneous imbalance of an atmospheric vortex at high Rossby number, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2498–2521, 2008.
Schroeder, S., Preusse, P., Ern, M., and Riese, M.: Gravity waves resolved in ECMWF and measured by SABER, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037054, 2009.
Schubert, W. H., Rozoff, C. M., Vigh, J. L., McNoldy, B. D., and Kossin, J. P.: On the distribution of subsidence in the hurricane eye, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 595–605, 2007.
Shapiro, L. J.: The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1984–1998, 1983.
Shutts, G. J. and Vosper, S. B.: Stratospheric gravity waves revealed in NWP model forecasts, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 303–317, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.7, 2011.
Sun, B., Reale, A., Seidel, D. J., and Hunt, D. C.: Comparing radiosonde and COSMIC atmospheric profile data to quantify differences among radiosonde types and the effects of imperfect collocation on comparison statistics, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014457, 2010.
Tsuda, T., Nishida, M., Rocken, C., and Ware, R. H.: A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data (GPS/MET), J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7257–7273, 2000.
Vincent, R. A. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17971–17982, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900196, 2000.
Wang, Y.: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part I: Overall structure, potential vorticity and kinetic energy budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1213–1238, 2002a.
Wang, Y.: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1239–1262, 2002b.
Wang, Y. and Wu, C.-C.: Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes – a review, Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 87, 257 – 278, 2004.
Willoughby, H. E.: A possible mechanism for the formation of hurricane rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 838–848, 1978.
Wu, L. and Braun, S. A.: Effects of Environmentally Induced Asymmetries on Hurricane Intensity: A Numerical Study, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 3065–3081, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3343.1, 2004.
Xiao, C. Y. and Hu, X.: Analysis on the global morphology of stratospheric gravity wave activity deduced from the COSMIC GPS occultation profiles, GPS Solutions, 14, 65–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0146-z, 2010.
Yu, Xing and Lee, Tae-Young: Role of convective parameterization in simulations of a convection band at grey-zone resolutions, Tellus, 62, 617–632, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00470.x, 2010.
Zhang, D.-L., Liu, Y. B., and Yau, M. K.: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992), Part III: Dynamically induced vertical motion, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 3772–3788, 2000.
Zhang, D.-L., Liu, Y. B., and Yau, M. K.: A multiscale numerical study of hurricane Andrew (1992), Part IV: Inner-core thermodynamics, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2745–2763, 2002.
Zhang, K., Fu, E., Silcock, D., Wang, Y., and Kuleshov, Y.: An investigation of atmospheric temperature profiles in the Australian region using collocated GPS radio occultation and radiosonde data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2087–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2087-2011, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Xiong, J., Liu, L., and Wan, W.: A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the 8-yr SABER/TIMED data, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D21101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017676, 2012.
Zuiderveld, K.: Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization, in: Graphics Gems IV, edited by: Heckbert, P., Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-336155-9, Academic Press Professional, San Diego, USA, 474–485, 1994.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint