Articles | Volume 24, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-259-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-259-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 10 Jan 2024
| 10 Jan 2024
Water vapour exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere over eastern China: seasonal characteristics and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation anomaly
Xipeng Jin
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmos. Environ. and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmos. Environ. Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Xuhui Cai
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Xuesong Wang
State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Qianqian Huang
Institute of Urban Meteorology, Beijing 100089, China
Yu Song
State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Ling Kang
State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Hongsheng Zhang
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Gang Zhao, Ping Tian, Chunxiang Ye, Weili Lin, Yicheng Gao, Jie Sun, Yi Chen, Fengjun Shen, and Tong Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3012, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding aerosol size distribution helps us predict how aerosols move, grow, and interact with the environment and climate. We used "maximum entropy" to demonstrate that the aerosol particle number size distribution would follow the Weibull distribution in the clean atmosphere during the new particle formation and growth process. The observations showed good consistency with the theoretical analysis.
Kun Qu, Xuesong Wang, Yu Yan, Xipeng Jin, Ling-Yan He, Xiao-Feng Huang, Xuhui Cai, Jin Shen, Zimu Peng, Teng Xiao, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Guy P. Brasseur, Nikos Daskalakis, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2404, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2404, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent cold-season PM2.5 pollution in a South China region during 2015–2017 was studied to assess the roles of drastic meteorological and emission changes. We found that meteorological variations, induced by a transition from El Niño to La Niña, were the main cause of persistent pollution, as stronger northerly winds enhanced pollutant transport into the region. In contrast, the effect of rapid emission reductions was limited. Recommendations for air quality improvement were also proposed.
Meiyan Liu, Yan Ren, Hongsheng Zhang, Min Zhang, Jiening Liang, Pengfei Tian, Xianjie Cao, Jiayun Li, and Lei Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-177, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-177, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The occurrence of unexpected thermal plumes promotes the increase in PM2.5 concentrations during 10:00–13:00. During 14:00–18:00, small-scale turbulent eddies with timescales less than 15 min or even 2 min contributes to the rapid removal of PM2.5, ejections and sweeps enhance the exchange of pollutants interior and exterior the UCL. During 22:00–07:00, sub-mesoscale motions can enhance pollutant dispersion by driving intermittent turbulence bursts, or by forming organized coherent structures.
Tian Feng, Guohui Li, Shuyu Zhao, Naifang Bei, Xin Long, Yuepeng Pan, Yu Song, Ruonan Wang, Xuexi Tie, and Luisa Molina
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-243, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-243, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Impacts of agricultural fertilization on nitrogen oxide and air quality are becoming more pronounced with continuous reductions in fossil fuel sources in China. We report that atmospheric nitrogen dioxide pulses driven by agricultural fertilizations largely complicate air pollution in North China, highlighting the necessity of agricultural emission control.
Nana Wu, Guannan Geng, Ruochong Xu, Shigan Liu, Xiaodong Liu, Qinren Shi, Ying Zhou, Yu Zhao, Huan Liu, Yu Song, Junyu Zheng, Qiang Zhang, and Kebin He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2893–2915, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The commonly used method for developing large-scale air pollutant emission datasets for China faces challenges due to limited availability of detailed parameter information. In this study, we develop an efficient integrated framework to gather such information by harmonizing seven heterogeneous inventories from five research institutions. Emission characterizations are analyzed and validated, demonstrating that the dataset provides more accurate emission magnitudes and spatiotemporal patterns.
Renmin Yuan, Hongsheng Zhang, Jiajia Hua, Hao Liu, Peizhe Wu, Xingyu Zhu, and Jianning Sun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2089–2102, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2089-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2089-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Previously, a new method for atmospheric aerosol flux was proposed, and a large-aperture scintillometer was developed for experimental measurements, but the method was consistently not validated. In this paper, eddy correlation experiments for aerosol vertical transport fluxes were conducted to verify the reliability of the previous large-aperture scintillometer method. The experimental results also show that urban green land is a sink area for aerosol particles.
Meng Li, Junichi Kurokawa, Qiang Zhang, Jung-Hun Woo, Tazuko Morikawa, Satoru Chatani, Zifeng Lu, Yu Song, Guannan Geng, Hanwen Hu, Jinseok Kim, Owen R. Cooper, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3925–3952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3925-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we developed MIXv2, a mosaic Asian emission inventory for 2010–2017. With high spatial (0.1°) and monthly temporal resolution, MIXv2 integrates anthropogenic and open biomass burning emissions across seven sectors following a mosaic methodology. It provides CO2 emissions data alongside nine key pollutants and three chemical mechanisms. Our publicly accessible gridded monthly emissions data can facilitate long-term atmospheric and climate model analyses.
Xi Cheng, Yong Jie Li, Yan Zheng, Keren Liao, Theodore K. Koenig, Yanli Ge, Tong Zhu, Chunxiang Ye, Xinghua Qiu, and Qi Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2099–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we conducted laboratory measurements to investigate the formation of gas-phase oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) from six aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We provide a thorough analysis on the effects of precursor structure (substituents and ring numbers) on product distribution and highlight from a laboratory perspective that heavy (e.g., double-ring) aromatic VOCs are important in initial particle growth during secondary organic aerosol formation.
Kun Qu, Xuesong Wang, Xuhui Cai, Yu Yan, Xipeng Jin, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Guy P. Brasseur, Jin Shen, Teng Xiao, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7653–7671, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7653-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7653-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Basic understandings of ozone processes, especially transport and chemistry, are essential to support ozone pollution control, but studies often have different views on their relative importance. We developed a method to quantify their contributions in the ozone mass and concentration budgets based on the WRF-CMAQ model. Results in a polluted region highlight the differences between two budgets. For future studies, two budgets are both needed to fully understand the effects of ozone processes.
Chuanhua Ren, Xin Huang, Tengyu Liu, Yu Song, Zhang Wen, Xuejun Liu, Aijun Ding, and Tong Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1641–1659, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1641-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1641-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia in the atmosphere has wide impacts on the ecological environment and air quality, and its emission from soil volatilization is highly sensitive to meteorology, making it challenging to be well captured in models. We developed a dynamic emission model capable of calculating ammonia emission interactively with meteorological and soil conditions. Such a coupling of soil emission with meteorology provides a better understanding of ammonia emission and its contribution to atmospheric aerosol.
Xiangde Xu, Yi Tang, Yinjun Wang, Hongshen Zhang, Ruixia Liu, and Mingyu Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3299–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical motion over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is associated with the anomalous convective activities. The diurnal variations and formation mechanisms of low clouds over the TP, Rocky Mountains and low-elevation regions are analyzed. We further discuss whether there exists a
high-efficiencytriggering mechanism for convection over the TP and whether there is an association among low air density and strong turbulence and ubiquitous popcorn-like cumulus clouds.
Xipeng Jin, Xuhui Cai, Mingyuan Yu, Yu Song, Xuesong Wang, Hongsheng Zhang, and Tong Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11409–11427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Meteorological discontinuities in the vertical direction define the lowest atmosphere as the boundary layer, while in the horizontal direction it identifies the contrast zone as the internal boundary. Both of them determine the polluted air mass dimension over the North China Plain. This study reveals the boundary layer structures under three categories of internal boundaries, modified by thermal, dynamical, and blending effects. It provides a new insight to understand regional pollution.
Suxia Yang, Bin Yuan, Yuwen Peng, Shan Huang, Wei Chen, Weiwei Hu, Chenglei Pei, Jun Zhou, David D. Parrish, Wenjie Wang, Xianjun He, Chunlei Cheng, Xiao-Bing Li, Xiaoyun Yang, Yu Song, Haichao Wang, Jipeng Qi, Baolin Wang, Chen Wang, Chaomin Wang, Zelong Wang, Tiange Li, E Zheng, Sihang Wang, Caihong Wu, Mingfu Cai, Chenshuo Ye, Wei Song, Peng Cheng, Duohong Chen, Xinming Wang, Zhanyi Zhang, Xuemei Wang, Junyu Zheng, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4539–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4539-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4539-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a model constrained using observations to study the formation of nitrate aerosol in and downwind of a representative megacity. We found different contributions of various chemical reactions to ground-level nitrate concentrations between urban and suburban regions. We also show that controlling VOC emissions are effective for decreasing nitrate formation in both urban and regional environments, although VOCs are not direct precursors of nitrate aerosol.
Kun Qu, Xuesong Wang, Yu Yan, Jin Shen, Teng Xiao, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11593–11612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Typhoons above the Northwest Pacific frequently lead to severe ambient ozone pollution in the Pearl River Delta, China, in autumn and summer. However, typhoons do not enhance ozone transport, production and accumulation at the same time, and differences also exist between these influences in two seasons. Through systematic comparisons, we revealed the complex interactions between local meteorology and ozone processes, which is essential for understanding the causes of regional ozone pollution.
Weili Lin, Feng Wang, Chunxiang Ye, and Tong Zhu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-32, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations found that released NOx on the glacier surface of the Tibetan Plateau, an important snow-covered region in the northern mid-latitudes, had a higher concentration than in Antarctic and Arctic regions. Such evidence, and such high fluxes as observed here on the Tibetan plateau is novel. That such high concentrations of nitrogen oxides can be found in remote areas is interesting and important for the oxidative budget of the boundary layer.
Yiqun Han, Wu Chen, Lia Chatzidiakou, Anika Krause, Li Yan, Hanbin Zhang, Queenie Chan, Ben Barratt, Rod Jones, Jing Liu, Yangfeng Wu, Meiping Zhao, Junfeng Zhang, Frank J. Kelly, Tong Zhu, and the AIRLESS team
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15775–15792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15775-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Panel studies might be the most suitable way to link intensive air monitoring campaigns for a wide range of pollutant species and personal exposure in different micro-environments, together with epidemiological studies of detailed biological changes in humans. Panel studies are intensive, but related papers are very limited. With the successful collection of a rich dataset, we believe AIRLESS sets a good example for the design of a multidisciplinary study.
Xiao Han, Lingyun Zhu, Mingxu Liu, Yu Song, and Meigen Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9979–9996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9979-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9979-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world. Some of the major PM2.5 particles that cause the atmospheric haze and impact the climate change were converted from agricultural NH3 emission. This paper applied the numerical modeling system, coupled with a high-resolution agricultural NH3 emissions inventory, to investigate the contribution of agricultural NH3 to PM2.5 mass burden in China and obtained some interesting results.
Cited articles
Adebiyi, A. A., Zuidema, P., and Abel, S. J.: The Convolution of Dynamics and Moisture with the Presence of Shortwave Absorbing Aerosols over the Southeast Atlantic, J. Climate, 28, 1997–2024, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00352.1, 2015.
Allan, R. P.: The Role of Water Vapour in Earth's Energy Flows, Surv. Geophys., 33, 557–564, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9157-8, 2012.
Andrey, J., Cuevas, E., Parrondo, M. C., Alonso-Perez, S., Redondas, A., and Gil-Ojeda, M.: Quantification of ozone reductions within the Saharan air layer through a 13-year climatologic analysis of ozone profiles, Atmos. Environ., 84, 28–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.030, 2014.
Bailey, A., Toohey, D., and Noone, D.: Characterizing moisture exchange between the Hawaiian convective boundary layer and free troposphere using stable isotopes in water, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 8208–8221, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50639, 2013.
Boutle, I. A., Beare, R. J., Belcher, S. E., Brown, A. R., and Plant, R. S.: The Moist Boundary Layer under a Mid-latitude Weather System, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 134, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9452-9, 2010.
Boutle, I. A., Belcher, S. E., and Plant, R. S.: Moisture transport in midlatitude cyclones, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 360–373, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.783, 2011.
Chen, F. and Dudhia J.: Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Dacre, H. F., Gray, S. L., and Belcher, S. E.: A case study of boundary layer ventilation by convection and coastal processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D17106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007984, 2007.
Dahinden, F., Aemisegger, F., Wernli, H., Schneider, M., Diekmann, C. J., Ertl, B., Knippertz, P., Werner, M., and Pfahl, S.: Disentangling different moisture transport pathways over the eastern subtropical North Atlantic using multi-platform isotope observations and high-resolution numerical modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16319–16347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16319-2021, 2021.
Diaz, H. F. and Markgraf, V.: El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 496 pp., ISBN 0-521-621380-0, 2000.
Domroes, M. and Peng, G.: The Climate of China, Springer, Berlin, 361 pp., ISBN 3540187685, 1988.
Dudhia, J.: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077–3107, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:nsocod>2.0.co;2, 1989.
Felix Correia Filho, W. L., de Oliveira-Junior, J. F., da Silva Junior, C. A., and de Barros Santiago, D.: Influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the sypnotic systems on the rainfall variability over the Brazilian Cerrado via Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data, Int. J. Climatol., 42, 3308–3322, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7417, 2022.
Fritz, C. and Wang, Z.: A Numerical Study of the Impacts of Dry Air on Tropical Cyclone Formation: A Development Case and a Nondevelopment Case, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 91–111, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-018.1, 2013.
Gao, Y., Wang, H. J., and Chen, D: Precipitation anomalies in the Pan-Asian monsoon region during El Niño decaying summer 2016, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 3618–3632, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5522, 2018.
Ghannam, K., Duman, T., Salesky, S. T., Chamecki, M., and Katul, G.: The non-local character of turbulence asymmetry in the convective atmospheric boundary layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 494–507, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2937, 2017.
Gonzalez, A., Exposito, F. J., Perez, J. C., Diaz, J. P., and Taima, D.: Verification of precipitable water vapour in high-resolution WRF simulations over a mountainous archipelago, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 2119–2133, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2092, 2013.
González, Y., Schneider, M., Dyroff, C., Rodríguez, S., Christner, E., García, O. E., Cuevas, E., Bustos, J. J., Ramos, R., Guirado-Fuentes, C., Barthlott, S., Wiegele, A., and Sepúlveda, E.: Detecting moisture transport pathways to the subtropical North Atlantic free troposphere using paired H2O-δD in situ measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4251–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4251-2016, 2016.
Grell, G. A. and Devenyi, D.: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 38-31–38-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015311, 2002.
Gvozdikova, B. and Mueller, M.: Moisture fluxes conducive to central European extreme precipitation events, Atmos. Res., 248, 105182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105182, 2021.
Hagos, S. M. and Cook, K. H.: Dynamics of the West African monsoon jump, J. Climate, 20, 5264–5284, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1533.1, 2007.
Harries, J., Carli, B., Rizzi, R., Serio, C., Mlynczak, M., Palchetti, L., Maestri, T., Brindley, H., and Masiello, G.: The far-infrared Earth, Rev. Geophys., 46, RG4004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007rg000233, 2008.
Henne, S., Furger, M., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Climatology of mountain venting-induced elevated moisture layers in the lee of the Alps, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 620–633, https://doi.org/10.1175/jam2217.1, 2005.
Henne, S., Furger, M., Nyeki, S., Steinbacher, M., Neininger, B., de Wekker, S. F. J., Dommen, J., Spichtinger, N., Stohl, A., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Quantification of topographic venting of boundary layer air to the free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 497–509, hthttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-497-2004, 2004.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J. N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.
Hirota, N., Ogura, T., Tatebe, H., Shiogama, H., Kimoto, M., and Watanabe, M.: Roles of Shallow Convective Moistening in the Eastward Propagation of the MJO in MIROC6, J. Climate, 31, 3033–3047, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0246.1, 2018.
Hong, S. Y. and Lim, J. J.: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), Journal of Korean Meteorological Society, 42, 129–151, 2006.
Hong, S. Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3199.1, 2006.
Hov, O. and Flatoy, F.: Convective redistribution of ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the troposphere over Europe in summer and fall, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 319–337, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005780730600, 1997.
Jain, S. and Kar, S. C.: Transport of water vapour over the Tibetan Plateau as inferred from the model simulations, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 161, 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.06.016, 2017.
Jin, X. P., Cai, X. H., Yu, M. Y., Song, Y., Wang, X. S., Kang, L., and Zhang, H. S.: Diagnostic analysis of wintertime PM2.5 pollution in the North China Plain: The impacts of regional transport and atmospheric boundary layer variation, Atmos. Environ., 224, 117346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117346, 2020.
Jin, X. P., Cai, X. H., Huang, Q. Q., Wang, X. S., Song, Y., and Zhu, T.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer-Free Troposphere Air Exchange in the North China Plain and its Impact on PM2.5 Pollution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034641, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034641, 2021.
Kain, J. S.: The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:tkcpau>2.0.co;2, 2004.
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: Earth's annual global mean energy budget, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197–208, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:eagmeb>2.0.co;2, 1997.
Knippertz, P. and Wernli, H.: A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics, J. Climate, 23, 987–1003, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3333.1, 2010.
Kossmann, M., Corsmeier, U., de Wekker, S. F. J., Fiedler, F., Vogtlin, R., Kalthoff, N., Gusten, H., and Neininger, B.: Observations of handover processes between the atmospheric boundary layer and the free troposphere over mountainous terrain, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 72, 329–350, 1999.
Kousky, V. E., Kagano, M. T., and Cavalcanti, I. F. A.: A review of the southern oscillation-oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies, Tellus A, 36, 490–504, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00264.x, 1984.
Li, Q. H., Wu, B. G., Liu, J. L., Zhang, H. S., Cai, X. H., and Song, Y.: Characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and its relation with PM2.5 during haze episodes in winter in the North China Plain, Atmos. Environ., 223, 117265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117265, 2020.
Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065–1092, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:bpotsf>2.0.co;2, 1983.
Liu, B., Tan, X., Gan, T. Y., Chen, X., Lin, K., Lu, M., and Liu, Z.: Global atmospheric moisture transport associated with precipitation extremes: Mechanisms and climate change impacts, WIRES Clim. Water, 7, e1412, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1412, 2020.
Liu, S. Y. and Liang, X. Z.: Observed Diurnal Cycle Climatology of Planetary Boundary Layer Height, J. Climate, 23, 5790–5809, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3552.1, 2010.
Marchukova, O. V., Voskresenskaya, E. N., and Lubkov, A. S.: Diagnostics of the La Niña events in 1900–2018, Earth Environ. Sci., 606, 012036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/606/1/012036, 2020.
McKendry, I. G. and Lundgren, J.: Tropospheric layering of ozone in regions of urbanized complex and/or coastal terrain: a review, Prog. Phys. Geog., 24, 329–354, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400302, 2000.
Minschwaner, K. and Dessler, A. E.: Water vapor feedback in the tropical upper troposphere: model results and observations, J. Climate, 17, 1272–1282, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1272:WVFITT>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Miura, H., Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Noda, A. T., Nasuno, T., and Iga, S.-I.: A short-duration global cloud-resolving simulation with a realistic land and sea distribution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027448, 2007.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00237, 1997.
Newell, R. E., Zhu, Y., and Scott, C.: Tropospheric rivers-a pilot-study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2401–2404, https://doi.org/10.1029/92gl02916, 1992.
Perez, J. C., Garcia-Lorenzo, B., Diaz, J. P., Gonzalez, A., Exposito, F., and Insausti, M.: Forecasting precipitable water vapor at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, Conference on Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes III, San Diego, CA, 27 Jun–2 Jul 2010, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.859453, 2010.
Pilinis, C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Grosjean, D.: Water-content of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1601–1606, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90419-8, 1989.
Qian, X., Yao, Y. Q., Wang, H. S., Zou, L., Li, Y., and Yin, J.: Validation of the WRF Model for Estimating Precipitable Water Vapor at the Ali Observatory on the Tibetan Plateau, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 132, 125003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/abc22d, 2020.
Sherwood, S. C.: Maintenance of the free-tropospheric tropical water vapor distribution 1. Clear regime budget, J. Climate, 9, 2903–2918, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2903:motftt>2.0.co;2, 1996.
Sherwood, S. C., Roca, R., Weckwerth, T. M., and Andronova, N. G.: Tropospheric water vaporm convection, and climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009rg000301, 2010.
Sinclair, V. A., Belcher, S. E., and Gray, S. L.: Synoptic Controls on Boundary-Layer Characteristics, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 134, 387–409, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9455-6, 2010.
Sodemann, H. and Stohl, A.: Moisture Origin and Meridional Transport in Atmospheric Rivers and Their Association with Multiple Cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2850–2868, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00256.1, 2013.
Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands, 670 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988.
Sun, L., Shen, B. Z., and Sui, B.: A Study on Water Vapor Transport and Budget of Heavy Rain in Northeast China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1399–1414, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-9087-2, 2010.
Tabazadeh, A., Santee, M. L., Danilin, M. Y., Pumphrey, H. C., Newman, P. A., Hamill, P. J., and Mergenthaler, J. L.: Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery, Science, 288, 1407–1411, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5470.1407, 2000.
van Dop, H. and Verver, G.: Countergradient transport revisited, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2240–2247, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2240:CTR>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W.: World weather V, Mem. R. Metrol. Soc., 4, 53–84, 1932.
Walker, G. T. and Bliss, E. W.: World weather VI, Mem. R. Metrol. Soc., 4, 119–139, 1937.
Wang, L. J., Cai, C., and Zhang, H. Y.: Circulation characteristics and critical systems of summer precipitation in eastern China under the background of two types of ENSO events, Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 43, 617–629, https://doi.org/10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.20180817002, 2020.
Weigel, A. P., Chow, F. K., and Rotach, M. W.: The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free atmosphere, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 125, 227–244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9120-2, 2007.
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: El Nino/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext), Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1074–1087, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2336, 2011.
Wong, S., Naud, C. M., Kahn, B. H., Wu, L., and Fetzer, E. J.: Coupling of Precipitation and Cloud Structures in Oceanic Extratropical Cyclones to Large-Scale Moisture Flux Convergence, J. Climate, 31, 9565–9584, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0115.1, 2018.
Wu, J., Bei, N., Hu, B., Liu, S., Zhou, M., Wang, Q., Li, X., Liu, L., Feng, T., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Tie, X., Wang, J., Molina, L. T., and Li, G.: Is water vapor a key player of the wintertime haze in North China Plain?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8721–8739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8721-2019, 2019.
Wypych, A., Bochenek, B., and Rozycki, M.: Atmospheric Moisture Content over Europe and the Northern Atlantic, Atmosphere, 9, 18, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010018, 2018.
Xue, F., Zeng, Q. C., Huang, R. H., Li, C. Y., Lu, R. Y., and Zhou, T. J.: Recent Advances in Monsoon Studies in China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 206–229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0015-8, 2015.
You, T., Wu, R. G., Liu, G., and Chai, Z. Y.: Contribution of precipitation events with different consecutive days to rainfall change over Asia during ENSO years, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 144, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03538-8, 2021.
Zhang, H. G., Hu, Y. T., Cai, J. D., Li, X. J., Tian, B. H., Zhang, Q. D., and An, W.: Calculation of evapotranspiration in different climatic zones combining the long-term monitoring data with bootstrap method, Environ. Res., 191, 110200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110200, 2020.
Zheng, J., Bian, J., Ge, Q., Hao, Z., Yin, Y., and Liao Y.: The climate regionalization in China for 1981–2010, Chinese Sci. Bull., 58, 3088–3099, https://doi.org/10.1360/972012-1491, 2013.
Zhou, T. J. and Yu, R. C.: Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005413, 2005.
Zhou, W., Chen, W., and Wang, D. X.: The implications of El Niño-Southern Oscillation signal for South China monsoon climate, Aquat. Ecosys. Health, 15, 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.652050, 2012.
Zhu, Y. and Newell, R. E.: A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 725–735, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0725:apafmf>2.0.co;2, 1998.
Short summary
This work presents a climatology of water vapour exchange flux between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and free troposphere (FT) over eastern China. The water vapour exchange maintains ABL humidity in cold months and moistens the FT in warm seasons, and its distribution has terrain-dependent features. The exchange flux is correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and precipitation pattern. The study provides new insight into moisture transport and extreme weather.
This work presents a climatology of water vapour exchange flux between the atmospheric boundary...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint