Articles | Volume 23, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
High enrichment of heavy metals in fine particulate matter through dust aerosol generation
Qianqian Gao
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Shengqiang Zhu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Kaili Zhou
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Jinghao Zhai
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Shaodong Chen
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Qihuang Wang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Shurong Wang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Jin Han
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Xiaohui Lu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Hong Chen
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Liwu Zhang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Zimeng Wang
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Xiaofei Wang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Related authors
Qianqian Gao, Guochao Chen, Xiaohui Lu, Jianmin Chen, Hongliang Zhang, and Xiaofei Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous lakes are shrinking due to climate change and human activities, releasing pollutants from dried lakebeds as dust aerosols. The health risks remain unclear. Recently, Poyang and Dongting Lakes faced record droughts, exposing 99 % and 88 % of their areas. We show lakebed dust can raise PM10 to 637.5 μg/m³ and exceed non-carcinogenic (HQ=4.13) and Cr carcinogenic (~2.10×10⁻⁶) risk thresholds, posing growing health threats.
Guangyuan Yu, Yan Zhang, Qian Wang, Zimin Han, Shenglan Jiang, Fan Yang, Xin Yang, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9497–9518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
China has carried out staged low-sulfur fuel policies since 2017. This study simulated the changing spatiotemporal patterns of the impacts of ship emissions on PM2.5 from 2017 to 2021 based on the updated emission inventories and mapping of chemical species in the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality). Fuel policies caused evident relative changes in inorganic and organic components of the shipping-related PM2.5 over China’s port cities. The driving factors of the interannual, seasonal, and diurnal patterns were discussed.
Xiufeng Lian, Yongjiang Xu, Fengxian Liu, Long Peng, Xiaodong Hu, Guigang Tang, Xu Dao, Hui Guo, Liwei Wang, Bo Huang, Chunlei Cheng, Lei Li, Guohua Zhang, Xinhui Bi, Xiaofei Wang, Zhen Zhou, and Mei Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8891–8905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8891-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8891-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed the mixing state and atmospheric chemical processes of Pb-rich single particles in Beijing. We focused on analyzing the differences in Pb-rich particles between the heating period and non-heating period, as well as the formation mechanism of lead nitrate after coal-to-gas conversion. Our results highlighted the improvement of Pb levels in the particulate as a result of coal-to-gas conversion.
Ying Zhang, Yuwei Wang, Chuang Li, Yueyang Li, Sijia Yin, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, Douglas Worsnop, and Lin Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3547–3568, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3547-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3547-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insight into how individual ions measured by proton-transfer-reaction (PTR) mass spectrometry are produced by multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A reference table is provided for attributing the PTR signal to contributing VOC species. The signals are grouped according to the complexity of their potential identities. We find that a number of signal ions such as C6H7+ for benzene and C5H9+ for isoprene merely give an upper limit of their corresponding concentrations.
Jinghao Zhai, Yin Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Yujie Zhang, Antai Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Baohua Cai, Jingyi Zhang, Chunbo Xing, Honglong Yang, Xiaofei Wang, Jianhuai Ye, Chen Wang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Shu Tao, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7959–7972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the optical properties of brown carbon depend on its source. Brown carbon from ozone pollution had the weakest light absorption but the strongest wavelength dependence, while biomass burning brown carbon showed the strongest absorption and the weakest wavelength dependence. Nitrogen-containing organic carbon compounds were identified as key light absorbers. These results improve understanding of brown carbon sources and help refine climate models.
Jiaqi Jin, Runlong Cai, Yiliang Liu, Gan Yang, Yueyang Li, Chuang Li, Lei Yao, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Lin Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2787, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2787, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observed atmospheric new particle formation events at multiple sites in eastern China, we find that the dominant nucleation mechanism in this region is sulfuric acid-dimethylamine and the differences in the nucleation intensity among campaigns can be largely attributed to temperature and precursor concentrations. Our results also show that oxygenated organic molecules can make a great contribution to the initial growth of freshly nucleated particles in the real atmosphere.
Bin Luo, Yuqiang Zhang, Tao Tang, Hongliang Zhang, Jianlin Hu, Jiangshan Mu, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4767–4783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
India is facing a severe air pollution crisis that poses significant health risks, particularly from PM2.5 and O3. Our study reveals rising levels of both pollutants from 1995 to 2014, leading to increased premature mortality. While anthropogenic emissions play a significant role, biomass burning also impacts air quality, in particular seasons and regions in India. This study underscores the urgent need for localized policies to protect public health amid escalating environmental challenges.
Mingjie Kang, Hongliang Zhang, and Qi Ying
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-255, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impacts of reducing nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds on ozone (O3), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), and OH and NO3 radicals. The results show similar predictions for 8-h O3 but significant variability for SIA and radicals, with differences up to 30 % for SIA and 200 % for radicals across chemical mechanisms and inventories. The findings highlight that evaluating control strategies for SIA and atmospheric oxidation capacity requires an ensemble approach.
Chuang Li, Lei Yao, Yuwei Wang, Mingliang Fang, Xiaojia Chen, Lihong Wang, Yueyang Li, Gan Yang, and Lin Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-607, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-607, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our laboratory experiments revealed that abundant Cl-OOMs were formed from the reactions between Cl atoms and aromatics, and Cl-addition was identified as a non-negligible pathway for the formation of Cl-OOMs. Furthermore, many ambient Cl-OOMs potentially derived from Cl atoms and aromatics were measured in suburban Shanghai and most of them have adverse health effects. These findings provide critical insights into the formation mechanisms of Cl-OOMs in polluted settings.
Qianqian Gao, Guochao Chen, Xiaohui Lu, Jianmin Chen, Hongliang Zhang, and Xiaofei Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous lakes are shrinking due to climate change and human activities, releasing pollutants from dried lakebeds as dust aerosols. The health risks remain unclear. Recently, Poyang and Dongting Lakes faced record droughts, exposing 99 % and 88 % of their areas. We show lakebed dust can raise PM10 to 637.5 μg/m³ and exceed non-carcinogenic (HQ=4.13) and Cr carcinogenic (~2.10×10⁻⁶) risk thresholds, posing growing health threats.
Jianing Dai, Guy P. Brasseur, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Kun Qu, Yijuan Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12943–12962, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12943-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12943-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper employs a regional chemical transport model to quantify the sensitivity of air pollutants and photochemical parameters to specified emission reductions in China for representative winter and summer conditions. The study provides insights into further air quality control in China with reduced primary emissions.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12775–12792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger number of microbes from anthropogenic and soil emissions, whereas saprophytic and gut microbes were predominant in marine samples. Mixed air masses indicated a fusion of marine and terrestrial aerosols, characterized by alterations in the ratio of pathogenic and saprophytic microbes when compared to either terrestrial or marine samples.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
Shuai Wang, Mengyuan Zhang, Hui Zhao, Peng Wang, Sri Harsha Kota, Qingyan Fu, Cong Liu, and Hongliang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3565–3577, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3565-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3565-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term, open-source, gap-free daily ground-level PM2.5 and PM10 datasets for India (LongPMInd) were reconstructed using a robust machine learning model to support health assessment and air quality management.
Yuwei Wang, Chuang Li, Ying Zhang, Yueyang Li, Gan Yang, Xueyan Yang, Yizhen Wu, Lei Yao, Hefeng Zhang, and Lin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7961–7981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation and evolution mechanisms of aromatics-derived highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are essential to understand the formation of secondary organic aerosol pollution. Our conclusion highlights an underappreciated formation pathway of aromatics-derived HOMs and elucidates detailed formation mechanisms of certain HOMs, which advances our understanding of HOMs and potentially explains the existing gap between model prediction and ambient measurement of the HOMs' concentrations.
Shao Shi, Jinghao Zhai, Xin Yang, Yechun Ruan, Yuanlong Huang, Xujian Chen, Antai Zhang, Jianhuai Ye, Guomao Zheng, Baohua Cai, Yaling Zeng, Yixiang Wang, Chunbo Xing, Yujie Zhang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, and Chen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7001–7012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have developed a standard-free mass calibration algorithm applicable to more than 98 % of ambient particles. With our algorithm, ions with ~ 0.05 Th mass difference could be determined. Therefore, many more atmospheric species could be determined and involved in the source apportionment of aerosols, the study of chemical reaction mechanisms, and the analysis of single-particle mixing states.
Shuai Wang, Mengyuan Zhang, Yueqi Gao, Peng Wang, Qingyan Fu, and Hongliang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3617–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models are widely used in air pollution modeling but suffer from significant biases. The machine learning model designed in this study shows high efficiency in identifying such biases. Meteorology (relative humidity and cloud cover), chemical composition (secondary organic components and dust aerosols), and emission sources (residential activities) are diagnosed as the main drivers of bias in modeling PM2.5, a typical air pollutant. The results will help to improve numerical models.
Jianing Dai, Guy P. Brasseur, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Kun Qu, Yijuan Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14127–14158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used a regional chemical transport model to characterize the different parameters of atmospheric oxidative capacity in recent chemical environments in China. These parameters include the production and destruction rates of ozone and other oxidants, the ozone production efficiency, the OH reactivity, and the length of the reaction chain responsible for the formation of ozone and ROx. They are also affected by the aerosol burden in the atmosphere.
Xiaodong Xie, Jianlin Hu, Momei Qin, Song Guo, Min Hu, Dongsheng Ji, Hongli Wang, Shengrong Lou, Cheng Huang, Chong Liu, Hongliang Zhang, Qi Ying, Hong Liao, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10563–10578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10563-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10563-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric age of particles reflects how long particles have been formed and suspended in the atmosphere, which is closely associated with the evolution processes of particles. An analysis of the atmospheric age of PM2.5 provides a unique perspective on the evolution processes of different PM2.5 components. The results also shed lights on how to design effective emission control actions under unfavorable meteorological conditions.
Jianyan Lu, Sunling Gong, Jian Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Lei Zhang, and Chunhong Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8021–8037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
WRF/CUACE was used to assess the cloud chemistry contribution in China. Firstly, the CUACE cloud chemistry scheme was found to reproduce well the cloud processing and consumption of H2O2, O3, and SO2, as well as the increase of sulfate. Secondly, during cloud availability in December under a heavy pollution episode, sulfate production increased 60–95 % and SO2 was reduced by over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the phenomenon of overestimation of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Jinlong Ma, Shengqiang Zhu, Siyu Wang, Peng Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4311–4325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An updated version of the CMAQ model with biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from MEGAN was applied to study the impacts of different land cover inputs on O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in China. The estimated BVOC emissions ranged from 25.42 to 37.39 Tg using different leaf area index (LAI) and land cover (LC) inputs. Those differences further induced differences of 4.8–6.9 ppb in O3 concentrations and differences of 5.3–8.4 µg m−3 in SOA concentrations in China.
Lei Shu, Lei Zhu, Juseon Bak, Peter Zoogman, Han Han, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Shuai Sun, Juan Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Xiaoxing Zuo, Weitao Fu, Xin Yang, and Tzung-May Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3731–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the benefit of multisource observations (GEMS, LEO satellite, and surface) on ozone simulations in Asia. Data assimilation improves the monitoring of exceedance, spatial pattern, and diurnal variation of surface ozone, with the regional mean bias reduced from −2.1 to −0.2 ppbv. Data assimilation also better represents ozone vertical distributions in the middle to upper troposphere at low latitudes. Our results offer a valuable reference for future ozone simulations.
Yiqun Lu, Yingge Ma, Dan Dan Huang, Shengrong Lou, Sheng'ao Jing, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Hui Chen, Yunhua Chang, Naiqiang Yan, Jianmin Chen, Christian George, Matthieu Riva, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3233–3245, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-containing oxygenated organic molecules have been identified as important precursors of aerosol particles. We used an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with an online sample inlet to accurately measure their molecular composition, concentration level and variation patterns. We show their formation process and influencing factors in a Chinese megacity involving various volatile organic compound precursors and atmospheric oxidants, and we highlight the influence of PM2.5 episodes.
Peng Wang, Ruhan Zhang, Shida Sun, Meng Gao, Bo Zheng, Dan Zhang, Yanli Zhang, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2983–2996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2983-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2983-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In China, the number of vehicles has jumped significantly in the last decade. This caused severe traffic congestion and aggravated air pollution. In this study, we developed a new temporal allocation approach to quantify the impacts of traffic congestion. We found that traffic congestion worsens air quality and the health burden across China, especially in the urban clusters. More effective and comprehensive vehicle emission control policies should be implemented to improve air quality in China.
Yizhen Wu, Juntao Huo, Gan Yang, Yuwei Wang, Lihong Wang, Shijian Wu, Lei Yao, Qingyan Fu, and Lin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2997–3014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field campaign in a suburban area of Shanghai during summer 2021, we calculated formaldehyde (HCHO) production rates from 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, HCHO photolysis, reactions with OH radicals, and dry deposition were considered for the estimation of HCHO loss rates. Our results reveal the key precursors of HCHO and suggest that HCHO wet deposition may be an important loss term on cloudy and rainy days, which needs to be further investigated.
Yu Han, Tao Wang, Rui Li, Hongbo Fu, Yusen Duan, Song Gao, Liwu Zhang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2877–2900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Limited knowledge is available on volatile organic compound (VOC) multi-site research of different land-use types at city level. This study performed a concurrent multi-site observation campaign on the three typical land-use types of Shanghai, East China. The results showed that concentrations, sources and ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs varied with the land-use types.
Jian-yan Lu, Sunling Gong, Chun-hong Zhou, Jian Zhang, Jian-min Chen, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A regional online chemical weather model WRF/ CUACE was used to assess the contributions of cloud chemistry to the SO2 and sulfate levels in typical regions in China. The cloud chemistry scheme in CUACE was evaluated, and well reproduces the cloud chemistry processes. During cloud availability in a heavy pollution episode, the sulfate production increases 40–80 % and SO2 reduces over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the over-estimate phenomenon of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Tao Wang, Yangyang Liu, Hanyun Cheng, Zhenzhen Wang, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, and Liwu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13467–13493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study compared the gas-phase, aqueous-phase, and heterogeneous SO2 oxidation pathways by combining laboratory work with a modelling study. The heterogeneous oxidation, particularly that induced by the dust surface drivers, presents positive implications for the removal of airborne SO2 and formation of sulfate aerosols. This work highlighted the atmospheric significance of heterogeneous oxidation and suggested a comparison model to evaluate the following heterogeneous laboratory research.
Chao Yan, Yicheng Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Ximeng Qi, Simo Hakala, Anu-Maija Sundström, Yishuo Guo, Antti Lipponen, Tom V. Kokkonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Runlong Cai, Jing Cai, Tommy Chan, Liangduo Chen, Biwu Chu, Chenjuan Deng, Wei Du, Xiaolong Fan, Xu-Cheng He, Juha Kangasluoma, Joni Kujansuu, Mona Kurppa, Chang Li, Yiran Li, Zhuohui Lin, Yiliang Liu, Yuliang Liu, Yiqun Lu, Wei Nie, Jouni Pulliainen, Xiaohui Qiao, Yonghong Wang, Yifan Wen, Ye Wu, Gan Yang, Lei Yao, Rujing Yin, Gen Zhang, Shaojun Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Antti Arola, Johanna Tamminen, Pauli Paasonen, Yele Sun, Lin Wang, Neil M. Donahue, Yongchun Liu, Federico Bianchi, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Aijun Ding, Jingkun Jiang, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12207–12220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a dominant source of atmospheric ultrafine particles. In urban environments, traffic emissions are a major source of primary pollutants, but their contribution to NPF remains under debate. During the COVID-19 lockdown, traffic emissions were significantly reduced, providing a unique chance to examine their relevance to NPF. Based on our comprehensive measurements, we demonstrate that traffic emissions alone are not able to explain the NPF in Beijing.
Siman Ren, Lei Yao, Yuwei Wang, Gan Yang, Yiliang Liu, Yueyang Li, Yiqun Lu, Lihong Wang, and Lin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9283–9297, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9283-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9283-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the empirical functions between volatility and chemical formulas of organic aerosols based on lab experiments and field observations. It was found that organic compounds in ambient aerosols can be divided into two groups according to their O / C ratios and that there should be specialized volatility parameterizations for different O / C organic compounds.
Yangyang Liu, Yue Deng, Jiarong Liu, Xiaozhong Fang, Tao Wang, Kejian Li, Kedong Gong, Aziz U. Bacha, Iqra Nabi, Qiuyue Ge, Xiuhui Zhang, Christian George, and Liwu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9175–9197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9175-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9175-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Both CO2 and carbonate salt work as the precursor of carbonate radicals, which largely promotes sulfate formation during the daytime. This study provides the first indication that the carbonate radical not only plays a role as an intermediate in tropospheric anion chemistry but also as a strong oxidant for the surface processing of trace gas in the atmosphere. CO2, carbponate radicals, and sulfate receive attention from those looking at the environment, atmosphere, aerosol, and photochemistry.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Chenglong Zhang, Valéry Catoire, Fengxia Bao, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Likun Xue, Jianmin Chen, Keding Lu, Yong Zhao, Hengde Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3149–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were conducted at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m above sea level). We proposed a rapid vertical air mass exchange between the foot and the summit level, which enhances the role of HONO in the oxidizing capacity of the upper boundary layer. Kinetics for aerosol-derived HONO sources were constrained. HONO formation from different paths was quantified and discussed.
Wei Sun, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Feng Jiang, Xiufeng Lian, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinhui Bi, Duohong Chen, Jianmin Chen, Xinming Wang, Jie Ou, Ping'an Peng, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16631–16644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled cloud water at a remote mountain site and investigated the molecular characteristics. CHON and CHO are dominant in cloud water. No statistical difference in the oxidation state is observed between cloud water and interstitial PM2.5. Most of the formulas are aliphatic and olefinic species. CHON, with aromatic structures and organosulfates, are abundant, especially in nighttime samples. The in-cloud and multi-phase dark reactions likely contribute significantly.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Letizia Abis, Carmen Kalalian, Bastien Lunardelli, Tao Wang, Liwu Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Sébastien Perrier, Benjamin Loubet, Raluca Ciuraru, and Christian George
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12613–12629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaf litter have been investigated by means of a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber. The diversity of emitted VOCs increased also in the presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaf litter was exposed to both UV light and ozone, indicating a potential contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales.
Zhenzhen Wang, Di Wu, Zhuoyu Li, Xiaona Shang, Qing Li, Xiang Li, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan, Huiling Ouyang, Xu Tang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12227–12241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study firstly investigates the composition of sugars in the fine fraction of aerosol over three sites in southwest China. The result suggested no significant reduction in biomass burning emissions in southwest Yunnan Province to some extent. The result shown sheds light on the contributions of biomass burning and the characteristics of biogenic saccharides in these regions, which could be further applied to regional source apportionment models and global climate models.
Peng Wang, Juanyong Shen, Men Xia, Shida Sun, Yanli Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10347–10356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution has received extensive attention due to worsening air quality and rising health risks. The Chinese National Day holiday (CNDH), which is associated with intensive commercial and tourist activities, serves as a valuable experiment to evaluate the O3 response during the holiday. We find sharply increasing trends of observed O3 concentrations throughout China during the CNDH, leading to 33 % additional total daily deaths.
Lian Zong, Yuanjian Yang, Meng Gao, Hong Wang, Peng Wang, Hongliang Zhang, Linlin Wang, Guicai Ning, Chao Liu, Yubin Li, and Zhiqiu Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9105–9124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, summer O3 pollution over eastern China has become more serious, and it is even the case that surface O3 and PM2.5 pollution can co-occur. However, the synoptic weather pattern (SWP) related to this compound pollution remains unclear. Regional PM2.5 and O3 compound pollution is characterized by various SWPs with different dominant factors. Our findings provide insights into the regional co-occurring high PM2.5 and O3 levels via the effects of certain meteorological factors.
Rui Li, Yilong Zhao, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, Meng Peng, and Chunying Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8677–8692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a random forest model, the strict lockdown measures significantly decreased primary components such as Cr (−67 %) and Fe (−61 %) in PM2.5 (p < 0.01), whereas the higher relative humidity (RH) and NH3 level and the lower air temperature (T) remarkably enhanced the production of secondary aerosol including SO42− (29 %), NO3− (29 %), and NH4+ (21 %) (p < 0.05). The natural experiment suggested that the NH3 emission should be strictly controlled.
Jinlong Ma, Juanyong Shen, Peng Wang, Shengqiang Zhu, Yu Wang, Pengfei Wang, Gehui Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7343–7355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown, mainly from the transportation and industrial sectors, PM2.5 decreased significantly in the whole Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and its major cities. However, the contributions and relative importance of different source sectors and regions changed differently, indicating that control strategies should be adjusted accordingly for further pollution control.
Mengyuan Zhang, Arpit Katiyar, Shengqiang Zhu, Juanyong Shen, Men Xia, Jinlong Ma, Sri Harsha Kota, Peng Wang, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4025–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied changes in air quality in India induced by the COVID-19 lockdown through both surface observations and the CMAQ model. Our results show that emission reductions improved the air quality across India during the lockdown. On average, the levels of PM2.5 and O3 decreased by 28 % and 15 %, indicating positive effects of lockdown measures. We suggest that more stringent and localized emission control strategies should be implemented in India to mitigate air pollutions.
Runlong Cai, Chao Yan, Dongsen Yang, Rujing Yin, Yiqun Lu, Chenjuan Deng, Yueyun Fu, Jiaxin Ruan, Xiaoxiao Li, Jenni Kontkanen, Qiang Zhang, Juha Kangasluoma, Yan Ma, Jiming Hao, Douglas R. Worsnop, Federico Bianchi, Pauli Paasonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, Lin Wang, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2457–2468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2457-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2457-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on long-term measurements, we discovered that the collision of H2SO4–amine clusters is the governing mechanism that initializes fast new particle formation in the polluted atmospheric environment of urban Beijing. The mechanism and the governing factors for H2SO4–amine nucleation in the polluted atmosphere are quantitatively investigated in this study.
Runlong Cai, Chenxi Li, Xu-Cheng He, Chenjuan Deng, Yiqun Lu, Rujing Yin, Chao Yan, Lin Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Markku Kulmala, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2287–2304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Growth rate determines the survival probability of atmospheric new particles and hence their impacts. We clarify the impacts of coagulation on the values retrieved by the appearance time method, which is widely used for growth rate evaluation. A new formula with coagulation correction is proposed based on derivation and tested using both models and atmospheric data. We show that the sub-3 nm particle growth rate in polluted environments may be overestimated without the coagulation correction.
Xiaona Shang, Ling Li, Xinlian Zhang, Huihui Kang, Guodong Sui, Gehui Wang, Xingnan Ye, Hang Xiao, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1037–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidative stress can be used to evaluate not only adverse health effects but also adverse ecological effects. However, little research uses eco-toxicological assay to assess the risks posed by particle matter to non-human biomes. One important reason might be that the concentration of toxic components of atmospheric particles is far below the high detection limit of eco-toxic measurement. To solve the rapid detection problem, we extended a VACES for ecotoxicity aerosol measurement.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Junjun Deng, Hao Guo, Hongliang Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Xin Wang, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14419–14435, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One-year source apportionment of BC aerosols in a coastal city in China was conducted with the light-absorption observation-based method and source-oriented model. Source contributions identified by the two source apportionment methods were compared. Temporal variability, potential sources and transport pathways of BC from fossil fuel and biomass burning were characterized. Significant influence of biomass burning in North and East–Central China on BC in the region was highlighted.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Zhihao Shi, Lin Huang, Jingyi Li, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13455–13466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13455-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13455-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Meteorological conditions play important roles in the formation of O3 and PM2.5 pollution in China. O3 is most sensitive to temperature and the sensitivity is dependent on the O3 chemistry formation or loss regime. PM2.5 is negatively sensitive to temperature, wind speed, and planetary boundary layer height and positively sensitive to humidity. The results imply that air quality in certain regions of China is sensitive to climate changes.
Tommy Chan, Runlong Cai, Lauri R. Ahonen, Yiliang Liu, Ying Zhou, Joonas Vanhanen, Lubna Dada, Yan Chao, Yongchun Liu, Lin Wang, Markku Kulmala, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4885–4898, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4885-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4885-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a particle size magnifier (PSM; Airmodus, Finland), we determined the particle size distribution using four inversion methods and compared each method to the others to establish their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we provided a step-by-step procedure on how to invert measured data using the PSM. Finally, we provided recommendations, code and data related to the data inversion. This is an important paper, as no operating procedure exists regarding how to process measured PSM data.
Cited articles
Alfaro, S. C.: Influence of soil texture on the binding energies of fine mineral dust particles potentially released by wind erosion, Geomorphology, 93, 157–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.012, 2008.
Alfaro, S. C., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., and Maille, M.: Modeling the size distribution of a soil aerosol produced by sandblasting, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 11239–11249, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00403, 1997.
Ashrafi, K., Fallah, R., Hadei, M., Yarahmadi, M., and Shahsavani, A.: Source apportionment of total suspended particles (TSP) by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling in Ahvaz, Iran, Arch. Environ. Con. Tox., 75, 278–294, 2018.
Balakrishna, G. and Pervez, S.: Source apportionment of atmospheric dust fallout in an urban-industrial environment in India, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 9, 359–367, 2009.
Becagli, S., Caiazzo, L., Di Iorio, T., di Sarra, A., Meloni, D., Muscari, G., Pace, G., Severi, M., and Traversi, R.: New insights on metals in the Arctic aerosol in a climate changing world, Sci. Total Environ., 741, 140511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140511, 2020.
Brady, N. and Weil, R.: The nature and properties of soils, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, ISBN 978-0-13-227939-0, 2008.
Bryant, R. G.: Recent advances in our understanding of dust source emission processes, Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment, 37, 397–421, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313479391, 2013.
Burezq, H.: Combating wind erosion through soil stabilization under simulated wind flow condition – Case of Kuwait, International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 8, 154–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.03.001, 2020.
Chang, A. C., Warneke, J. E., Page, A. L., and Lund, L. J.: Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge-Treated Soils, J. Environ. Qual., 13, 87–91, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300010016x, 1984.
Cheng, I., Xu, X., and Zhang, L.: Overview of receptor-based source apportionment studies for speciated atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7877–7895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7877-2015, 2015.
Ding, R. Q., Li, J. P., Wang, S. G., and Ren, F. M.: Decadal change of the spring dust storm in northwest China and the associated atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021561, 2005.
Evan, A. T., Flamant, C., Fiedler, S., and Doherty, O.: An analysis of aeolian dust in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5996–6001, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060545, 2014.
Fu, Q., Zhuang, G., Li, J., Huang, K., Wang, Q., Zhang, R., Fu, J., Lu, T., Chen, M., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Xu, C., and Hou, B.: Source, long-range transport, and characteristics of a heavy dust pollution event in Shanghai, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D00K29, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013208, 2010.
Fu, X., Wang, S. X., Cheng, Z., Xing, J., Zhao, B., Wang, J. D., and Hao, J. M.: Source, transport and impacts of a heavy dust event in the Yangtze River Delta, China, in 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1239–1254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1239-2014, 2014.
Gao, Q., Zhu, S., Zhou, K., Zhai, J., Chen, S., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Han, J., Lu, X., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Yang, X., Ying, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., and Wang, X.: High Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Fine Particulate Matter through Dust Aerosol Generation, Mendeley Data, V1 [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/wpphf8rd33.1, 2022.
Gholizadeh, A., Taghavi, M., Moslem, A., Neshat, A. A., Lari Najafi, M., Alahabadi, A., Ahmadi, E., Ebrahimi Aval, H., Asour, A. A., Rezaei, H., Gholami, S., and Miri, M.: Ecological and health risk assessment of exposure to atmospheric heavy metals, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 184, 109622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109622, 2019.
Gillette, D. and Goodwin, P. A.: Microscale transport of sand-sized soil aggregates eroded by wind, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4080–4084, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC079i027p04080, 1974.
Griggs, D. J. and Noguer, M.: Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Weather, 57, 267–269, 2002.
Grini, A. and Zender, C. S.: Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the Puerto Rican Dust Experiment (PRIDE), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D07202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004233, 2004.
Grini, A., Zender, C. S., and Colarco, P. R.: Saltation Sandblasting behavior during mineral dust aerosol production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 15-1–15-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015248, 2002.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Gunawardana, C., Goonetilleke, A., Egodawatta, P., Dawes, L., and Kokot, S.: Source characterisation of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition, Chemosphere, 87, 163–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.012, 2012.
Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 source profiles for fugitive dust in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1023–1032, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(02)01028-2, 2003.
Huang, K., Zhuang, G. S., Li, J. A., Wang, Q. Z., Sun, Y. L., Lin, Y. F., and Fu, J. S.: Mixing of Asian dust with pollution aerosol and the transformation of aerosol components during the dust storm over China in spring 2007, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D00K13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013145, 2010.
Huebert, B. J., Bates, T., Russell, P. B., Shi, G. Y., Kim, Y. J., Kawamura, K., Carmichael, G., and Nakajima, T.: An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8633, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003550, 2003.
Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781–7816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
Ikegami, M., Yoneda, M., Tsuji, T., Bannai, O., and Morisawa, S.: Effect of Particle Size on Risk Assessment of Direct Soil Ingestion and Metals Adhered to Children's Hands at Playgrounds, Risk Anal., 34, 1677–1687, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12215, 2014.
Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01091, 2002.
Kettler, T. A., Doran, J. W., and Gilbert, T. L.: Simplified Method for Soil Particle-Size Determination to Accompany Soil-Quality Analyses, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 849–852, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.653849x, 2001.
Kok, J. F., Ward, D. S., Mahowald, N. M., and Evan, A. T.: Global and regional importance of the direct dust-climate feedback, Nat. Commun., 9, 241, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02620-y, 2018.
Kok, J. F., Storelvmo, T., Karydis, V. A., Adebiyi, A. A., Mahowald, N. M., Evan, A. T., He, C., and Leung, D. M.: Mineral dust aerosol impacts on global climate and climate change, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00379-5, 2023.
Lafon, S., Sokolik, I. N., Rajot, J. L., Caquineau, S., and Gaudichet, A.: Characterization of iron oxides in mineral dust aerosols: Implications for light absorption, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd007016, 2006.
Lafon, S., Alfaro, S. C., Chevaillier, S., and Rajot, J. L.: A new generator for mineral dust aerosol production from soil samples in the laboratory: GAMEL, Aeolian Res., 15, 319–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.04.004, 2014.
Li, L., Huang, Z. X., Dong, J. G., Li, M., Gao, W., Nian, H. Q., Fu, Z., Zhang, G. H., Bi, X. H., Cheng, P., and Zhou, Z.: Real time bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 303, 118–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2011.01.017, 2011.
Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Kuang, Z., Fang, S., Chen, Y., Kang, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, D., and Fu, Y.: Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai, J. Meteorol. Res., 30, 598–613, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-5092-4, 2016.
Liu, Q., Liu, X., Liu, T., Kang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, J., and Zhang, H.: Seasonal variation in particle contribution and aerosol types in Shanghai based on satellite data from MODIS and CALIOP, Particuology, 51, 18–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2019.10.001, 2020.
Liu, X. D., Yin, Z. Y., Zhang, X. Y., and Yang, X. C.: Analyses of the spring dust storm frequency of northern China in relation to antecedent and concurrent wind, precipitation, vegetation, and soil moisture conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D16210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004615, 2004.
Lowenthal, D. H., Watson, J. G., Koracin, D., Chen, L.-W. A., Dubois, D., Vellore, R., Kumar, N., Knipping, E. M., Wheeler, N., and Craig, K.: Evaluation of regional-scale receptor modeling, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 60, 26–42, 2010.
Luo, X.-S., Ding, J., Xu, B., Wang, Y.-J., Li, H.-B., and Yu, S.: Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils, Sci. Total Environ., 424, 88–96, 2012.
Lv, M., Hu, A., Chen, J., and Wan, B.: Evolution, Transport Characteristics, and Potential Source Regions of PM2.5 and O3 Pollution in a Coastal City of China during 2015–2020, Atmosphere, 12, 1282, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101282, 2021.
Middleton, N., Tozer, P., and Tozer, B.: Sand and dust storms: underrated natural hazards, Disasters, 43, 390–409, https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12320, 2019.
Miller, M. S., Friedlander, S. K., and Hidy, G. M.: A chemical element balance for the Pasadena aerosol, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 39, 165–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(72)90152-X, 1972.
Moya, J., Phillips, L., Schuda, L., Wood, P., Diaz, A., Lee, R., Clickner, R., Birch, R., Adjei, N., and Blood, P.: Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-factors-handbook-2011-edition (last access: October 2023), 2011.
Naderizadeh, Z., Khademi, H., and Ayoubi, S.: Biomonitoring of atmospheric heavy metals pollution using dust deposited on date palm leaves in southwestern Iran, Atmósfera, 29, 141–155, https://doi.org/10.20937/ATM.2016.29.02.04, 2016.
Parajuli, S. P., Zobeck, T. M., Kocurek, G., Yang, Z. L., and Stenchikov, G. L.: New insights into the wind-dust relationship in sandblasting and direct aerodynamic entrainment from wind tunnel experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 1776–1792, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024424, 2016.
Perlwitz, J. P., Pérez García-Pando, C., and Miller, R. L.: Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols – Part 1: Representing key processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11593–11627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11593-2015, 2015.
Pongkiatkul, P. and Kim Oanh, N. T.: Assessment of potential long-range transport of particulate air pollution using trajectory modeling and monitoring data, Atmos. Res., 85, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.10.003, 2007.
Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S. E., and Gill, T. E.: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40, 2-1–2-31, 2002.
Samiksha, S., Raman, R. S., Nirmalkar, J., Kumar, S., and Sirvaiya, R.: PM10 and PM2.5 chemical source profiles with optical attenuation and health risk indicators of paved and unpaved road dust in Bhopal, India, Environ. Pollut., 222, 477–485, 2017.
Santos, J. M., Reis, N. C., Galvão, E. S., Silveira, A., Goulart, E. V., and Lima, A. T.: Source apportionment of settleable particles in an impacted urban and industrialized region in Brazil, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 24, 22026–22039, 2017.
Shangguan, Y., Zhuang, X., Querol, X., Li, B., Moreno, N., Trechera, P., Sola, P. C., Uzu, G., and Li, J.: Characterization of deposited dust and its respirable fractions in underground coal mines: Implications for oxidative potential-driving species and source apportionment, Int. J. Coal Geol., 258, 104017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2022.104017, 2022.
Shao, Y. and Dong, C. H.: A review on East Asian dust storm climate, modelling and monitoring, Global Planet. Change, 52, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.011, 2006.
Shao, Y. and Raupach, M. R.: Effect of saltation bombardment on the environment of dust by wind, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 12719–12726, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd00396, 1993.
Shao, Y. P., Raupach, M. R., and Leys, J. F.: A model for predicting aeolian sand drift and dust entrainment on scales from paddock to region, Aust. J. Soil Res., 34, 309–342, https://doi.org/10.1071/sr9960309, 1996.
Shao, Y. P., Klose, M., and Wyrwoll, K. H.: Recent global dust trend and connections to climate forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11107–11118, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50836, 2013.
Shi, J., Li, Z., Sun, Z., Han, X., Shi, Z., Xiang, F., and Ning, P.: Specific features of heavy metal pollutant residue in PM2.5 and analysis of their damage level for human health in the urban air of Kunming, J. Saf. Environ., 18, 795–800, 2018.
Simon, H., Beck, L., Bhave, P. V., Divita, F., Hsu, Y., Luecken, D., Mobley, J. D., Pouliot, G. A., Reff, A., and Sarwar, G.: The development and uses of EPA's SPECIATE database, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 1, 196–206, 2010.
Sullivan, R. C., Guazzotti, S. A., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1213–1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1213-2007, 2007.
Sun, R., Wang, H., Ma, X., Chen, Y., Zhao, B., Qin, Y., Zhang, H., and Ye, W.: Aerosol optical properties and formation mechanism of a typical air pollution episode in Shanghai during different weather condition periods, Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 37, 814–823, 2017.
Tang, M. J., Cziczo, D. J., and Grassian, V. H.: Interactions of Water with Mineral Dust Aerosol: Water Adsorption, Hygroscopicity, Cloud Condensation, and Ice Nucleation, Chem. Rev., 116, 4205–4259, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00529, 2016.
Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, I., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777–1813, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006.
Urrutia-Pereira, M., Rizzo, L. V., Staffeld, P. L., Chong-Neto, H. J., Viegi, G., and Sole, D.: Dust from the Sahara to the American Continent: Health impacts, Allergol. Immunopath., 49, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i4.436, 2021.
U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DoE): The risk assessment information system (RAIS), U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO), Argonne, IL, https://rais.ornl.gov/ (last access: October 2023), 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA): Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I: human health evaluation manual (part a), Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/1-89/002, 1989.
Wang, L., Li, H., Zhang, W., Qi, J., Tian, H., Huang, K., Chen, D., and Guo, J.: Regional Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM2.5, Research of Environmental Sciences, 34, 849–862, 2021.
Wu, F., Cheng, Y., Hu, T., Song, N., Zhang, F., Shi, Z., Hang Ho, S. S., Cao, J., and Zhang, D.: Saltation–Sandblasting Processes Driving Enrichment of Water-Soluble Salts in Mineral Dust, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 9, 921–928, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00652, 2022.
Xia, Z., Fan, X., Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Yin, X., Ye, X., and Zheng, J.: Comparison of Domestic and Foreign PM2.5 Source Profiles and Influence on Air Quality Simulation, Research of Environmental Sciences, 30, 359–367, 2017.
Yang, Y. Q., Hou, Q., Zhou, C. H., Liu, H. L., Wang, Y. Q., and Niu, T.: Sand/dust storm processes in Northeast Asia and associated large-scale circulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-25-2008, 2008.
Ying, Q., Feng, M., Song, D., Wu, L., Hu, J., Zhang, H., Kleeman, M. J., and Li, X.: Improve regional distribution and source apportionment of PM2.5 trace elements in China using inventory-observation constrained emission factors, Sci. Total Environ., 624, 355–365, 2018.
Zhang, H. R. and Tripathi, N. K.: Geospatial hot spot analysis of lung cancer patients correlated to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and industrial wind in Eastern Thailand, J. Clean. Prod., 170, 407–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.185, 2018.
Zhuang, G. S., Guo, J. H., Yuan, H., and Zhao, C. Y.: The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment, Chinese Sci. Bull., 46, 895–901, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02900460, 2001.
Short summary
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Dust aerosols are mainly generated by wind erosion, which may have some chemical selectivity. Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM2.5) aerosols. In addition, estimation of heavy metal emissions from dust generation by air quality models may have errors without using proper dust profiles.
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint