Articles | Volume 21, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8677-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Substantial changes in gaseous pollutants and chemical compositions in fine particles in the North China Plain during the COVID-19 lockdown period: anthropogenic vs. meteorological influences
Rui Li
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
Yilong Zhao
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
Hongbo Fu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
Meng Peng
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Law of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Chunying Wang
Hebei Xianhe Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
Related authors
Rui Li, Xing Liu, Yubing Shen, Yumeng Shao, Yining Gao, Ziwei Yao, Xi Liu, and Guitao Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9263–9274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9263-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9263-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reveal for the first time the global variations of PAHs and derivatives in marine air. We found that marine aerosols in East China Sea (ECS) and Western Pacific (WP) were significantly affected by coal and engine combustion, while those in Bismarck Sea (BS) and East Australian Sea (EAS) were mainly influenced by wildfire and coal combustion. The Antarctic Ocean (AO) was dominated by biomass burning and local shipping emissions. This finding helps elucidate the mechanism of the global PAH cycle.
Binyu Xiao, Fan Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Rui Li, Can Wu, Xinyi Wan, Yi Wang, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Libo Zhang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7053–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic compounds in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts are enhanced due to the switch of fuels from low sulfur to ultra-low sulfur. The findings indicate that optimization is necessary for the forthcoming global implementation of an ultra-low-sulfur oil policy. Besides, we find that organic diagnostic markers of hopanes in conjunction with the ratio of octadecanoic to tetradecanoic could be considered potential tracers for heavy fuel oil exhausts.
Rui Li, Dongmei Tang, Yumeng Shao, Yining Gao, and Hongfang Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-847, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In both of historical and future scenarios, Sub-Sahara Africa (SS) and South America (SA) showed the highest fire-sourced MDA 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations. However, the crop production losses (CPL) caused by O3 exposure reached the highest values in China. The emission control measures largely decreased the O3 damage to crop in China instead of SS and SA.
Wenwen Sun, Xing Liu, and Rui Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2080, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2080, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We predicted global variations in atmospheric nine hazardous trace metal levels and assess their responses to COVID-19 lockdown measures. The rise in Pb and Zn concentrations during lockdowns was primarily linked to sustained coal combustion and non-ferrous smelting activities. The reduced emissions of Pb and As during the lockdown period yielded the greatest health benefits. Targeting fossil fuel combustion should be prioritized in Pb and As mitigation strategies.
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
Si Zhang, Yining Gao, Xinbei Xu, Luyao Chen, Can Wu, Zheng Li, Rongjie Li, Binyu Xiao, Xiaodi Liu, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14177–14190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from acetone photooxidation in the presence of various seeds were studied to illustrate SOA formation kinetics under ammonia-rich conditions. The oxidation mechanism of acetone was investigated using an observation-based model incorporating a Master Chemical Mechanism model. A higher SOA yield of acetone was observed compared to methylglyoxal due to an enhanced uptake of the small photooxidation products of acetone.
Xinbei Xu, Yining Gao, Si Zhang, Luyao Chen, Rongjie Li, Zheng Li, Rui Li, and Gehui Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3046, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3046, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This work systematically explained the nonlinear effect of NOx level on isoprene-SOA mass yield through a series of chamber experiments. We found that the turning point under various oxidants was smaller than previous reported in the presence of OH precursors, which could be attributed to the RO2 pathway competition in nucleation and condensation of low volatile products. The highest SOA yield was at a branching ratio β of 0.5, which can be used as a reference for field campaign and modeling.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Shijie Liu, Xinbei Xu, Si Zhang, Rongjie Li, Zheng Li, Can Wu, Rui Li, Guiqin Zhang, and Gehui Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1599, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted α-pinene photooxidation experiments in an atmospheric chamber at different NOx concentrations. The increased distribution coefficient of the oxidation products between the aerosol and gas phases with NOx was responsible for the increased SOA yields with NOx under low-NOx conditions. We also found the fraction of SOA made up of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with NOx.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Lijia Zhang, Yubing Shen, Tianzhao Xu, Wenwen Sun, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7623–7636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A three-stage model was developed to obtain the global maps of reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100. The results implied that cross-validation R2 values of four species showed satisfactory performance (R2 > 0.55). Most reactive nitrogen components, except NH3, in China showed increases during 2000–2013. In the future scenarios, SSP3-7.0 (traditional-energy scenario) and SSP1-2.6 (carbon neutrality scenario) showed the highest and lowest reactive nitrogen component concentrations.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Yubao Chen, Meng Peng, Weidong Zhao, Gehui Wang, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4709–4726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A random forest model was used to isolate the effects of emission and meteorology to trace elements in PM2.5 in Tangshan. The results suggested that control measures facilitated decreases of Ga, Co, Pb, Zn, and As, due to the strict implementation of coal-to-gas strategies and optimisation of industrial structure and layout. However, the deweathered levels of Ca, Cr, and Fe only displayed minor decreases, indicating that ferrous metal smelting and vehicle emission controls should be enhanced.
Chaohao Ling, Lulu Cui, and Rui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3311–3324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An ensemble machine-learning model coupled with chemical transport models (CTMs) was applied to assess the impact of COVID-19 on ambient benzene. The change ratio of the deweathered benzene concentration from the pre-lockdown to lockdown period was in the order of India (−23.6 %) > Europe (−21.9 %) > the United States (−16.2 %) > China (−15.6 %), which might be associated with local serious benzene pollution and substantial emission reduction in the industrial and transportation sectors.
Rui Li, Lulu Cui, Yilong Zhao, Wenhui Zhou, and Hongbo Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2147–2163, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A unique monthly NO3− dataset at 0.25° resolution over China during 2005–2015 was developed by assimilating multi-source variables. The newly developed product featured an excellent cross-validation R2 value (0.78) and relatively lower RMSE (1.19 μg N m−3) and mean absolute error (MAE: 0.81 μg N m−3). The dataset also exhibited relatively robust performance at the spatial and temporal scales. The dataset over China could deepen knowledge of the status of N pollution in China.
Rui Li, Xing Liu, Yubing Shen, Yumeng Shao, Yining Gao, Ziwei Yao, Xi Liu, and Guitao Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9263–9274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9263-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9263-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reveal for the first time the global variations of PAHs and derivatives in marine air. We found that marine aerosols in East China Sea (ECS) and Western Pacific (WP) were significantly affected by coal and engine combustion, while those in Bismarck Sea (BS) and East Australian Sea (EAS) were mainly influenced by wildfire and coal combustion. The Antarctic Ocean (AO) was dominated by biomass burning and local shipping emissions. This finding helps elucidate the mechanism of the global PAH cycle.
Binyu Xiao, Fan Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Rui Li, Can Wu, Xinyi Wan, Yi Wang, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Libo Zhang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7053–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic compounds in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts are enhanced due to the switch of fuels from low sulfur to ultra-low sulfur. The findings indicate that optimization is necessary for the forthcoming global implementation of an ultra-low-sulfur oil policy. Besides, we find that organic diagnostic markers of hopanes in conjunction with the ratio of octadecanoic to tetradecanoic could be considered potential tracers for heavy fuel oil exhausts.
Rui Li, Dongmei Tang, Yumeng Shao, Yining Gao, and Hongfang Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-847, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In both of historical and future scenarios, Sub-Sahara Africa (SS) and South America (SA) showed the highest fire-sourced MDA 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations. However, the crop production losses (CPL) caused by O3 exposure reached the highest values in China. The emission control measures largely decreased the O3 damage to crop in China instead of SS and SA.
Wenwen Sun, Xing Liu, and Rui Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2080, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2080, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We predicted global variations in atmospheric nine hazardous trace metal levels and assess their responses to COVID-19 lockdown measures. The rise in Pb and Zn concentrations during lockdowns was primarily linked to sustained coal combustion and non-ferrous smelting activities. The reduced emissions of Pb and As during the lockdown period yielded the greatest health benefits. Targeting fossil fuel combustion should be prioritized in Pb and As mitigation strategies.
Qianqian Gao, Guochao Chen, Xiaohui Lu, Jianmin Chen, Hongliang Zhang, and Xiaofei Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-596, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous lakes are shrinking due to climate change and human activities, releasing pollutants from dried lakebeds as dust aerosols. The health risks remain unclear. Recently, Poyang and Dongting Lakes faced record droughts, exposing 99 % and 88 % of their areas. We show lakebed dust can raise PM10 to 637.5 μg/m³ and exceed non-carcinogenic (HQ=4.13) and Cr carcinogenic (~2.10×10⁻⁶) risk thresholds, posing growing health threats.
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
Si Zhang, Yining Gao, Xinbei Xu, Luyao Chen, Can Wu, Zheng Li, Rongjie Li, Binyu Xiao, Xiaodi Liu, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14177–14190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from acetone photooxidation in the presence of various seeds were studied to illustrate SOA formation kinetics under ammonia-rich conditions. The oxidation mechanism of acetone was investigated using an observation-based model incorporating a Master Chemical Mechanism model. A higher SOA yield of acetone was observed compared to methylglyoxal due to an enhanced uptake of the small photooxidation products of acetone.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12775–12792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger number of microbes from anthropogenic and soil emissions, whereas saprophytic and gut microbes were predominant in marine samples. Mixed air masses indicated a fusion of marine and terrestrial aerosols, characterized by alterations in the ratio of pathogenic and saprophytic microbes when compared to either terrestrial or marine samples.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
Xinbei Xu, Yining Gao, Si Zhang, Luyao Chen, Rongjie Li, Zheng Li, Rui Li, and Gehui Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3046, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3046, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This work systematically explained the nonlinear effect of NOx level on isoprene-SOA mass yield through a series of chamber experiments. We found that the turning point under various oxidants was smaller than previous reported in the presence of OH precursors, which could be attributed to the RO2 pathway competition in nucleation and condensation of low volatile products. The highest SOA yield was at a branching ratio β of 0.5, which can be used as a reference for field campaign and modeling.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Shijie Liu, Xinbei Xu, Si Zhang, Rongjie Li, Zheng Li, Can Wu, Rui Li, Guiqin Zhang, and Gehui Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1599, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted α-pinene photooxidation experiments in an atmospheric chamber at different NOx concentrations. The increased distribution coefficient of the oxidation products between the aerosol and gas phases with NOx was responsible for the increased SOA yields with NOx under low-NOx conditions. We also found the fraction of SOA made up of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with NOx.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Lijia Zhang, Yubing Shen, Tianzhao Xu, Wenwen Sun, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7623–7636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A three-stage model was developed to obtain the global maps of reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100. The results implied that cross-validation R2 values of four species showed satisfactory performance (R2 > 0.55). Most reactive nitrogen components, except NH3, in China showed increases during 2000–2013. In the future scenarios, SSP3-7.0 (traditional-energy scenario) and SSP1-2.6 (carbon neutrality scenario) showed the highest and lowest reactive nitrogen component concentrations.
Qianqian Gao, Shengqiang Zhu, Kaili Zhou, Jinghao Zhai, Shaodong Chen, Qihuang Wang, Shurong Wang, Jin Han, Xiaohui Lu, Hong Chen, Liwu Zhang, Lin Wang, Zimeng Wang, Xin Yang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaofei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13049–13060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Dust aerosols are mainly generated by wind erosion, which may have some chemical selectivity. Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM2.5) aerosols. In addition, estimation of heavy metal emissions from dust generation by air quality models may have errors without using proper dust profiles.
Jianyan Lu, Sunling Gong, Jian Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Lei Zhang, and Chunhong Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8021–8037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
WRF/CUACE was used to assess the cloud chemistry contribution in China. Firstly, the CUACE cloud chemistry scheme was found to reproduce well the cloud processing and consumption of H2O2, O3, and SO2, as well as the increase of sulfate. Secondly, during cloud availability in December under a heavy pollution episode, sulfate production increased 60–95 % and SO2 was reduced by over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the phenomenon of overestimation of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Hannah J. Rubin, Joshua S. Fu, Frank Dentener, Rui Li, Kan Huang, and Hongbo Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7091–7102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7091-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7091-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We update the 2010 global deposition budget for nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) with new regional wet deposition measurements, improving the ensemble results of 11 global chemistry transport models from HTAP II. Our study demonstrates that a global measurement–model fusion approach can substantially improve N and S deposition model estimates at a regional scale and represents a step forward toward the WMO goal of global fusion products for accurately mapping harmful air pollution.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Yubao Chen, Meng Peng, Weidong Zhao, Gehui Wang, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4709–4726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A random forest model was used to isolate the effects of emission and meteorology to trace elements in PM2.5 in Tangshan. The results suggested that control measures facilitated decreases of Ga, Co, Pb, Zn, and As, due to the strict implementation of coal-to-gas strategies and optimisation of industrial structure and layout. However, the deweathered levels of Ca, Cr, and Fe only displayed minor decreases, indicating that ferrous metal smelting and vehicle emission controls should be enhanced.
Jinlong Ma, Shengqiang Zhu, Siyu Wang, Peng Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4311–4325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An updated version of the CMAQ model with biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from MEGAN was applied to study the impacts of different land cover inputs on O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in China. The estimated BVOC emissions ranged from 25.42 to 37.39 Tg using different leaf area index (LAI) and land cover (LC) inputs. Those differences further induced differences of 4.8–6.9 ppb in O3 concentrations and differences of 5.3–8.4 µg m−3 in SOA concentrations in China.
Chaohao Ling, Lulu Cui, and Rui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3311–3324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An ensemble machine-learning model coupled with chemical transport models (CTMs) was applied to assess the impact of COVID-19 on ambient benzene. The change ratio of the deweathered benzene concentration from the pre-lockdown to lockdown period was in the order of India (−23.6 %) > Europe (−21.9 %) > the United States (−16.2 %) > China (−15.6 %), which might be associated with local serious benzene pollution and substantial emission reduction in the industrial and transportation sectors.
Yiqun Lu, Yingge Ma, Dan Dan Huang, Shengrong Lou, Sheng'ao Jing, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Hui Chen, Yunhua Chang, Naiqiang Yan, Jianmin Chen, Christian George, Matthieu Riva, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3233–3245, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3233-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-containing oxygenated organic molecules have been identified as important precursors of aerosol particles. We used an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with an online sample inlet to accurately measure their molecular composition, concentration level and variation patterns. We show their formation process and influencing factors in a Chinese megacity involving various volatile organic compound precursors and atmospheric oxidants, and we highlight the influence of PM2.5 episodes.
Yu Han, Tao Wang, Rui Li, Hongbo Fu, Yusen Duan, Song Gao, Liwu Zhang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2877–2900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2877-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Limited knowledge is available on volatile organic compound (VOC) multi-site research of different land-use types at city level. This study performed a concurrent multi-site observation campaign on the three typical land-use types of Shanghai, East China. The results showed that concentrations, sources and ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials of VOCs varied with the land-use types.
Jian-yan Lu, Sunling Gong, Chun-hong Zhou, Jian Zhang, Jian-min Chen, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-716, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A regional online chemical weather model WRF/ CUACE was used to assess the contributions of cloud chemistry to the SO2 and sulfate levels in typical regions in China. The cloud chemistry scheme in CUACE was evaluated, and well reproduces the cloud chemistry processes. During cloud availability in a heavy pollution episode, the sulfate production increases 40–80 % and SO2 reduces over 80 %. This study provides a way to analyze the over-estimate phenomenon of SO2 in many chemical transport models.
Tao Wang, Yangyang Liu, Hanyun Cheng, Zhenzhen Wang, Hongbo Fu, Jianmin Chen, and Liwu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13467–13493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study compared the gas-phase, aqueous-phase, and heterogeneous SO2 oxidation pathways by combining laboratory work with a modelling study. The heterogeneous oxidation, particularly that induced by the dust surface drivers, presents positive implications for the removal of airborne SO2 and formation of sulfate aerosols. This work highlighted the atmospheric significance of heterogeneous oxidation and suggested a comparison model to evaluate the following heterogeneous laboratory research.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Chenglong Zhang, Valéry Catoire, Fengxia Bao, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Likun Xue, Jianmin Chen, Keding Lu, Yong Zhao, Hengde Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3149–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were conducted at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m above sea level). We proposed a rapid vertical air mass exchange between the foot and the summit level, which enhances the role of HONO in the oxidizing capacity of the upper boundary layer. Kinetics for aerosol-derived HONO sources were constrained. HONO formation from different paths was quantified and discussed.
Wei Sun, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Feng Jiang, Xiufeng Lian, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinhui Bi, Duohong Chen, Jianmin Chen, Xinming Wang, Jie Ou, Ping'an Peng, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16631–16644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled cloud water at a remote mountain site and investigated the molecular characteristics. CHON and CHO are dominant in cloud water. No statistical difference in the oxidation state is observed between cloud water and interstitial PM2.5. Most of the formulas are aliphatic and olefinic species. CHON, with aromatic structures and organosulfates, are abundant, especially in nighttime samples. The in-cloud and multi-phase dark reactions likely contribute significantly.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Letizia Abis, Carmen Kalalian, Bastien Lunardelli, Tao Wang, Liwu Zhang, Jianmin Chen, Sébastien Perrier, Benjamin Loubet, Raluca Ciuraru, and Christian George
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12613–12629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaf litter have been investigated by means of a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber. The diversity of emitted VOCs increased also in the presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaf litter was exposed to both UV light and ozone, indicating a potential contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales.
Zhenzhen Wang, Di Wu, Zhuoyu Li, Xiaona Shang, Qing Li, Xiang Li, Renjie Chen, Haidong Kan, Huiling Ouyang, Xu Tang, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12227–12241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study firstly investigates the composition of sugars in the fine fraction of aerosol over three sites in southwest China. The result suggested no significant reduction in biomass burning emissions in southwest Yunnan Province to some extent. The result shown sheds light on the contributions of biomass burning and the characteristics of biogenic saccharides in these regions, which could be further applied to regional source apportionment models and global climate models.
Rui Li, Lulu Cui, Yilong Zhao, Wenhui Zhou, and Hongbo Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2147–2163, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A unique monthly NO3− dataset at 0.25° resolution over China during 2005–2015 was developed by assimilating multi-source variables. The newly developed product featured an excellent cross-validation R2 value (0.78) and relatively lower RMSE (1.19 μg N m−3) and mean absolute error (MAE: 0.81 μg N m−3). The dataset also exhibited relatively robust performance at the spatial and temporal scales. The dataset over China could deepen knowledge of the status of N pollution in China.
Jinlong Ma, Juanyong Shen, Peng Wang, Shengqiang Zhu, Yu Wang, Pengfei Wang, Gehui Wang, Jianmin Chen, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7343–7355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown, mainly from the transportation and industrial sectors, PM2.5 decreased significantly in the whole Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and its major cities. However, the contributions and relative importance of different source sectors and regions changed differently, indicating that control strategies should be adjusted accordingly for further pollution control.
Xiaona Shang, Ling Li, Xinlian Zhang, Huihui Kang, Guodong Sui, Gehui Wang, Xingnan Ye, Hang Xiao, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1037–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1037-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidative stress can be used to evaluate not only adverse health effects but also adverse ecological effects. However, little research uses eco-toxicological assay to assess the risks posed by particle matter to non-human biomes. One important reason might be that the concentration of toxic components of atmospheric particles is far below the high detection limit of eco-toxic measurement. To solve the rapid detection problem, we extended a VACES for ecotoxicity aerosol measurement.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Cited articles
Alam, Q., Hendrix, Y., Thijs, L., Lazaro, A., Schollbach, K., and
Brouwers, H.: Novel low temperature synthesis of sodium silicate and ordered
mesoporous silica from incineration bottom ash, J. Clean. Prod., 211, 874–883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.173, 2019.
Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: Examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Sci. Total Environ., 518, 626–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124667, 2015.
Chang, Y., Huang, K., Xie, M., Deng, C., Zou, Z., Liu, S., and Zhang, Y.: First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11793–11812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11793-2018, 2018.
Chang, Y., Huang, R. J., Ge, X., Huang, X., Hu, J., Duan, Y., Zou, Z.,
Liu, X., and Lehmann, M. F.: Puzzling haze events in China during the coronavirus (COVID-19) shutdown, Geophy. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088533, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088533, 2020.
Chen, G. B., Li, S. S., Knibbs, L. D., Hamm, N. A. S., Cao, W., Li, T. T.,
Guo, J. P., Ren, H. Y., Abramson, M. J., and Guo, Y. M.: A machine learning method to estimate PM2.5 concentrations across China with remote sensing, meteorological and land use information, Sci. Total Environ., 636, 52–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.251, 2018.
Chen, H., Huo, J., Fu, Q., Duan, Y., Xiao, H., and Chen, J.: Impact of quarantine measures on chemical compositions of PM2.5 during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai, China, Sci. Total Environ., 743, 140758, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140758, 2020.
Chen, J., Li, C., Ristovski, Z., Milic, A., Gu, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, S.,
Hao, J., Zhang, H., and He, C.: A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1000–1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025, 2017.
Chen, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, M., Fu, J. S., Zhu, J., Liao, H., Li, J., Huang, K., Ge, B., Wang, X., Lam, Y. F., Lin, C.-Y., Itahashi, S., Nagashima, T., Kajino, M., Yamaji, K., Wang, Z., and Kurokawa, J.: MICS-Asia III: multi-model comparison and evaluation of aerosol over East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11911–11937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11911-2019, 2019.
Chen, W. T., Shao, M., Lu, S. H., Wang, M., Zeng, L. M., Yuan, B., and Liu, Y.: Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient carbonyl compounds in Beijing using the PMF model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3047–3062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3047-2014, 2014.
Cheng, K., Wang, Y., Tian, H., Gao, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Zhu, C., and Gao, J.: Atmospheric emission characteristics and control policies of five precedent-controlled toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1206–1214, 2015.
China Meteorological Administration: Hourly meteorological data of all of the sites in China, available at: http://data.cma.cn/,
last access: 5 April 2021.
Cui, Y., Ji, D., Chen, H., Gao, M., Maenhaut, W., He, J., and Wang, Y.:
Characteristics and sources of hourly trace elements in airborne fine
particles in urban Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 11595–11613, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030881, 2019.
Dai, Q., Bi, X., Song, W., Li, T., Liu, B., Ding, J., Xu, J., Song, C., and Yang, N., Schulze, B. C.: Residential coal combustion as a source of primary sulfate in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 196, 66–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.002, 2019.
Dehghani, S., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., and Beverley, A. H.: Health risk implications of potentially toxic metals in street dust and surface soil of Tehran, Iran, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 136, 92–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.037, 2017.
Deshmukh, D. K., Kawamura, K., and Deb, M. K.: Dicarboxylic acids, ω-oxocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, WSOC, OC, EC, and inorganic ions in wintertime size-segregated aerosols from central India: Sources and formation processes, Chemosphere, 161, 27–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.107, 2016.
Durlak, S. K., Biswas, P., and Shi, J.: Equilibrium analysis of the affect of
temperature, moisture and sodium content on heavy metal emissions from
municipal solid waste incinerators, J. Hazard. Mater., 56, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00002-2, 1997.
Doumbia, T., Granier, C., Elguindi, N., Bouarar, I., Darras, S.,
Brasseur, G., Gaubert, B., Liu, Y., Shi, X., Stavrakou, T., Tilmes, S., Lacey,
F., Deroubaix, A., and Wang, T.: Changes in global air pollutant emissions
during the COVID-19 pandemic: a dataset for atmospheric chemistry modeling,
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-348, in
review, 2021.
Feng, J., Chan, E., and Vet, R.: Air quality in the eastern United States and Eastern Canada for 1990–2015: 25 years of change in response to emission reductions of SO2 and NOx in the region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3107–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3107-2020, 2020.
Feng, S., Jiang, F., Wang, H., Wang, H., Ju, W., Shen, Y., Zheng, Y., Wu, Z.,
and Ding, A.: NOx emission changes over China during the COVID-19
epidemic inferred from surface NO2 observations,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090080, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088533,
2020.
Griffiths, J. and Woodyatt, A.: Wuhan coronavirus: Thousands of cases
confirmed as China goes into emergency mode, CNN, Archived from the original
on 28, 2020.
He, J., Gong, S., Yu, Y., Yu, L., Wu, L., Mao, H., Song, C., Zhao, S.,
Liu, H., and Li, X.: Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014–2015 in major Chinese cities, Environ. Pollut., 223, 484–496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.050, 2017.
Horowitz, R. I. and Freeman, P. R.: Three novel prevention, diagnostic, and treatment options for COVID-19 urgently necessitating controlled randomized trials, Med. Hypotheses, 143, 109851, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109851, 2020.
Hu, Y., Lin, J., Zhang, S., Kong, L., Fu, H., and Chen, J.: Identification of the typical metal particles among haze, fog, and clear episodes in the Beijing atmosphere, Sci. Total Environ., 511, 369–380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.071, 2015.
Huang, X., Ding, A., Gao, J., Zheng, B., Zhou, D., Qi, X., Tang, R., Wang, J.,
Ren, C., and Nie, W.: Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction of primary
emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China, Natl. Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa137, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa137,
2020.
Jiang, F., Liu, F., Lin, Q., Fu, Y., Yang, Y., Peng, L., Lian, X., Zhang, G.,
Bi, X., and Wang, X.: Characteristics and formation mechanisms of sulfate and
nitrate in size-segregated atmospheric particles from urban Guangzhou, China,
Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 19, 1284–1293,
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2018.07.0251, 2019.
Kang, Y., Liu, M., Song, Y., Huang, X., Yao, H., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Kang, L., Liu, X., Yan, X., He, H., Zhang, Q., Shao, M., and Zhu, T.: High-resolution ammonia emissions inventories in China from 1980 to 2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2043-2016, 2016.
Kraemer, M. U., Yang, C.-H., Gutierrez, B., Wu, C.-H., Klein, B.,
Pigott, D. M., Du Plessis, L., Faria, N. R., Li, R., and Hanage, W. P.: The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China, Science, 368, 493–497, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4218, 2020.
Li, R., Cui, L., Li, J., Zhao, A., Fu, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Kong, L., and Chen, J.: Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in China during 2014–2016, Atmos. Environ., 161, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.008, 2017.
Li, R., Wang, Z. Z., Cui, L. L., Fu, H. B., Zhang, L. W., Kong, L. D., Chen, W. D., and Chen, J. M.: Air pollution characteristics in China during 2015-2016: spatiotemporal variations and key meteorological factors, Sci. Total Environ., 648, 902–915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.181, 2019.
Liu, B., Wu, J., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Yang, J., Liang, D., Dai, Q., Bi, X.,
Feng, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China, Environ. Pollut., 222, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.005, 2017.
Liu, J., Chen, Y., Chao, S., Cao, H., Zhang, A., and Yang, Y.: Emission control priority of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in different seasons: A comprehensive analysis from health risk perspective, Sci. Total Environ., 644, 20–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.226, 2018.
Liu, K., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Wang, L., Ma, Q., Zhang, L., Li, G., Tian, H.,
Duan, L., and Hao, J.: A highly resolved mercury emission inventory of Chinese coal-fired power plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 2400–2408, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06209, 2018.
Liu, P., Ye, C., Xue, C., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., and Sun, X.: Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4153–4165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4153-2020, 2020.
Liu, T., Wang, X. Y., Hu, J. L., Wang, Q., An, J. Y., Gong, K. J., Sun, J. J.,
Li, L., Qin, M. M., Li, J. Y., Tian, J. J., Huang, Y. W., Liao, H., Zhou, M.,
Hu, Q. Y., Yan, R. S., Wang, H. L., and Huang, C.: Driving Forces of Changes in Air Quality during the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 7, 779–786, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00511, 2020.
Liu, Y. and Wang, T.: Worsening urban ozone pollution in China from 2013 to 2017 – Part 1: The complex and varying roles of meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6305–6321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6305-2020, 2020.
Luo, R., Han, Y., and Liu, Z.: The current status and factors of indoor PM2.5 in Tangshan, China. Procedia Engineer., 205, 3824–3829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.086, 2017.
Manousakas, M., Papaefthymiou, H., Diapouli, E., Migliori, A., Karydas, A.,
Bogdanovic-Radovic, I., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Assessment of PM2.5 sources and their corresponding level of uncertainty in a coastal urban area using EPA PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostics, Sci. Total Environ., 574, 155–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.047, 2017.
Marlier, M. E., Xing, J., Zhu, Y., and Wang, S.: Impacts of COVID-19 response
actions on air quality in China, Environmental Research Communications, 28,
075003, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/aba425, 2020.
Meng, Y., Li, R., Zhao, Y., Cheng, H., Fu, H., Yan, Z., and Bing, H.: Chemical characterization and sources of PM2.5 at a high-alpine ecosystem in the Southeast Tibetan Plateau, China, Atmos. Environ., 235, 117645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117645, 2020.
Miyazaki, K., Bowman, K., Sekiya, T., Jiang, Z., Chen, X., Eskes, H., Ru, M.,
Zhang, Y., and Shindell, D.: Air Quality Response in China Linked to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Lockdown, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089252, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089252, 2020.
Ren, Z., Zhang, B., Lu, P., Li, C., Gao, L., and Zheng, M.: Characteristics of
air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the
typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China, J. Environ. Sci., 23, 228-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60425-1, 2011.
Shao, J., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Lu, X., He, P., Sun, Y., Shah, V., Martin, R. V., Philip, S., Song, S., Zhao, Y., Xie, Z., Zhang, L., and Alexander, B.: Heterogeneous sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during wintertime Chinese haze events: air quality model assessment using observations of sulfate oxygen isotopes in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6107–6123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6107-2019, 2019.
Sharma, S., Mandal, T., Jain, S., Sharma, A., and Saxena, M.: Source
apportionment of PM2.5 in Delhi, India using PMF model, B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 97, 286–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1836-1, 2016.
Shen, Z., Sun, J., Cao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Lei, Y., Gao, J.,
Huang, R. J., Liu, S., and Huang, Y.: Chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples in Northern Chinese cities, Sci. Total Environ., 569, 619–626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.156, 2016.
Shi, X. and Brasseur, G. P.: The Response in Air Quality to the Reduction of Chinese Economic Activities during the COVID-19 Outbreak, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088070, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088070, 2020.
Shi, Z., Huang, L., Li, J., Ying, Q., Zhang, H., and Hu, J.: Sensitivity analysis of the surface ozone and fine particulate matter to meteorological parameters in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13455–13466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13455-2020, 2020.
Sun, W., Shao, M., Granier, C., Liu, Y., Ye, C., and Zheng, J.: Long-term trends of anthropogenic SO2, NOx, CO, and NMVOCs emissions in China, Earths Future, 6, 1112–1133, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000822, 2018.
Tian, M., Liu, Y., Yang, F., Zhang, L., Peng, C., Chen, Y., Shi, G., Wang, H.,
Luo, B., and Jiang, C.: Increasing importance of nitrate formation for heavy aerosol pollution in two megacities in Sichuan Basin, southwest China, Environ. Pollut., 250, 898–905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.098, 2019.
Urrutia-Goyes, R., Hernandez, N., Carrillo-Gamboa, O., Nigam, K., and Ornelas-Soto, N.: Street dust from a heavily-populated and industrialized city: Evaluation of spatial distribution, origins, pollution, ecological risks and human health repercussions, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 159, 198–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.054, 2018.
Venter, Z. S., Aunan, K., Chowdhury, S., and Lelieveld, J.: COVID-19 lockdowns
cause global air pollution declines with implications for public health risk, 117, 18984–18990, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006853117, 2020.
Wang, Y., Ying, Q., Hu, J., and Zhang, H.: Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013–2014, Environ. Int., 73, 413–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.016, 2014.
Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y. M., Wang, W., Song, Z. G., Hu, Y.,
Tao, Z. W., Tian, J. H., and Pei, Y. Y.: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China, Nature, 579, 265–269, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3, 2020.
Wu, L. Y., Tong, S. R., Wang, W. G., and Ge, M. F.: Effects of temperature on
the heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on calcium carbonate,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6593–6605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6593-2011,
2011.
Wu, Q. R., Wang, S. X., Zhang, L., Song, J. X., Yang, H., and Meng, Y.: Update of mercury emissions from China's primary zinc, lead and copper smelters, 2000–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11153–11163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11153-2012, 2012.
Wu, Y., Lin, S., Tian, H., Zhang, K., Wang, Y., Sun, B., Liu, X., Liu, K.,
Xue, Y., and Hao, J.: A quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions and spatial distribution of trace elements from natural sources in China, Environ. Pollut., 259, 113918, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113918, 2020.
Xu, J., Ge, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Zhang, R., and Zhang, Y.: COVID-19 impact on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in a typical city of Northwest China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089035, 2020.
Yao, Q., Liu, Z., Han, S., Cai, Z., Liu, J., Hao, T., Liu, J., Huang, X., and Wang, Y.: Seasonal variation and secondary formation of size-segregated aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions in a coast megacity of North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R, 27, 26750–26762, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09052-0, 2020.
Zhang, K., Ma, Y., Xin, J., Liu, Z., Ma, Y., Gao, D., Wu, J., Zhang, W.,
Wang, Y., and Shen, P.: The aerosol optical properties and PM2.5 components over the world's largest industrial zone in Tangshan, North China, Atmos. Res., 201, 226–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.10.025, 2018.
Zhang, Q., Zheng, Y., Tong, D., Shao, M., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, X.,
Wang, J., He, H., and Liu, W.: Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality
in China from 2013 to 2017, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 24463–24469, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907956116, 2019.
Zhang, X., Murakami, T., Wang, J., and Aikawa, M.: Sources, species and secondary formation of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous precursors in the suburb of Kitakyushu, Japan, Sci. Total. Environ., 763, 143001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143001, 2020.
Zhang, Y., Vu, T. V., Sun, J., He, J., Shen, X., Lin, W., Zhang, X.,
Zhong, J., Gao, W., and Wang, Y.: Significant Changes in Chemistry of Fine Particles in Wintertime Beijing from 2007 to 2017: Impact of Clean Air Actions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1344–1352, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04678, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Liu, D., Tang, A., and Collett, J. L.:
Atmospheric Ammonia in Beijing during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Concentrations,
Sources, and Implications, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 8,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00756, 2020.
Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Geng, G., Shi, Q., Lei, Y., and He, K.: Changes in China's anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-355, in review, 2020.
Zheng, H., Kong, S., Yan, Q., Wu, F., Cheng, Y., Zheng, S., Wu, J., Yang, G.,
Zheng, M., and Tang, L.: The impacts of pollution control measures on PM2.5 reduction: Insights of chemical composition, source variation and health risk, Atmos. Environ., 197, 103–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.023, 2019.
Zheng, H., Kong, S., Chen, N., Yan, Y., Liu, D., Zhu, B., Xu, K., Cao, W.,
Ding, Q., and Lan, B.: Significant changes in the chemical compositions and sources of PM2.5 in Wuhan since the city lockdown as COVID-19, Sci. Total Environ., 739, 140000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140000, 2020.
Zhou, S., Davy, P. K., Huang, M., Duan, J., Wang, X., Fan, Q., Chang, M., Liu, Y., Chen, W., Xie, S., Ancelet, T., and Trompetter, W. J.: High-resolution sampling and analysis of ambient particulate matter in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China: source apportionment and health risk implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2049–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2049-2018, 2018.
Zhu, C., Tian, H., Hao, Y., Gao, J., Hao, J., Wang, Y., Hua, S., Wang, K., and
Liu, H.: A high-resolution emission inventory of anthropogenic trace elements in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China, Atmos. Environ., 191, 452–462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.035, 2018.
Zhu, C., Tian, H., and Hao, J.: Global anthropogenic atmospheric emission inventory of twelve typical hazardous trace elements, 1995–2012, Atmos. Environ., 220, 117061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117061, 2020.
Short summary
Based on a random forest model, the strict lockdown measures significantly decreased primary components such as Cr (−67 %) and Fe (−61 %) in PM2.5 (p < 0.01), whereas the higher relative humidity (RH) and NH3 level and the lower air temperature (T) remarkably enhanced the production of secondary aerosol including SO42− (29 %), NO3− (29 %), and NH4+ (21 %) (p < 0.05). The natural experiment suggested that the NH3 emission should be strictly controlled.
Based on a random forest model, the strict lockdown measures significantly decreased primary...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint