Articles | Volume 21, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11955-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11955-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 10 Aug 2021
| 10 Aug 2021
Impact of wind pattern and complex topography on snow microphysics during International Collaborative Experiment for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic winter games (ICE-POP 2018)
Kwonil Kim
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote sensing (CARE), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Wonbae Bang
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote sensing (CARE), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Eun-Chul Chang
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
Francisco J. Tapiador
Earth and Space Sciences Research Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
Chia-Lun Tsai
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote sensing (CARE), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Eunsil Jung
Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
Gyuwon Lee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote sensing (CARE), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Related authors
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, and GyuWon Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1908, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The WISSDOM is a practical scheme to derive 3D winds by using 11 radars in this study. The observations of shot-wavelength radars (i.e., C- and X-band) can be attributed to additional low-level precipitation and wind information in WISSDOM, which allowed for the capture of stronger updrafts in the convection areas of the squall line. Overall, these results highlight the advantages of using radars with multiple wavelengths in WISSDOM, especially C- and X-band radars.
Wonbae Bang, Jacob Carlin, Kwonil Kim, Alexander Ryzhkov, Guosheng Liu, and Gyuwon Lee
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-179, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysics model-based diagnosis such as the spectral bin model (SBM) recently has been attempted to diagnose winter precipitation types. In this study, the accuracy of SBM-based precipitation type diagnosis is compared with other traditional methods. SBM have relatively higher accuracy about snow and wetsnow events whereas lower accuracy about rain event. When microphysics scheme in the SBM was optimized for the corresponding region, accuracy about rain events was improved.
Wei-Yu Chang, Yung-Chuan Yang, Chen-Yu Hung, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Ali Tokay
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11955–11979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow density is derived by collocated Micro-Rain Radar (MRR) and Parsivel (ICE-POP 2017/2018). We apply the particle size distribution from Parsivel to a T-matrix backscattering simulation and compare with ZHH from MRR. Bulk density and bulk water fractions are derived from comparing simulated and calculated ZHH. Retrieved bulk density is validated by comparing snowfall rate measurements from Pluvio and the Precipitation Imaging Package. Snowfall rate consistency confirms the algorithm.
Sun-Young Park, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Jason A. Milbrandt
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7199–7218, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enhance the WDM6 scheme by incorporating predicted graupel density. The modification affects graupel characteristics, including fall velocity–diameter and mass–diameter relationships. Simulations highlight changes in graupel distribution and precipitation patterns, potentially influencing surface snow amounts. The study underscores the significance of integrating predicted graupel density for a more realistic portrayal of microphysical properties in weather models.
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, and GyuWon Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 845–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since the winds in clear-air conditions usually play an important role in the initiation of various weather systems and phenomena, the modified Wind Synthesis System using Doppler Measurements (WISSDOM) synthesis scheme was developed to derive high-quality and high-spatial-resolution 3D winds under clear-air conditions. The performance and accuracy of derived 3D winds from this modified scheme were evaluated with an extreme strong wind event over complex terrain in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
Jeong-Su Ko, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, Gregory Thompson, and Alexis Berne
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4529–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the performance of the four microphysics parameterizations, the WDM6, WDM7, Thompson, and Morrison schemes, in simulating snowfall events during the ICE-POP 2018 field campaign. Eight snowfall events are selected and classified into three categories (cold-low, warm-low, and air–sea interaction cases). The evaluation focuses on the simulated hydrometeors, microphysics budgets, wind fields, and precipitation using the measurement data.
Paul Joe, Gyuwon Lee, and Kwonil Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-620, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Strong gusty wind events were responsible for poor performance of competitors and schedule changes during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Three events were investigated and documented to articulate the challenges confronting forecasters which is beyond what they normally do. Quantitative evidence of the challenge and recommendations for future Olympics are provided.
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, Jung-Hoon Kim, YongHee Lee, and GyuWon Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-100, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines a strong downslope wind event during ICE-POP 2018 using Doppler lidars, and observations. 3D winds can be well retrieved by
WISSDOM. This is first time to document the mechanisms of strong wind in observational aspect under fine weather. The PGF causing by adiabatic warming and channeling effect are key factors to dominate the strong wind. The values of this study are improving our understanding of the strong wind and increase the predictability of the weather forecast.
Hwayoung Jeoung, Guosheng Liu, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Eun-Kyoung Seo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14491–14507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Radar and radiometer observations were used to study cloud liquid and snowfall in three types of snow clouds. While near-surface and shallow clouds have an area fraction of 90 %, deep clouds contribute half of the total snowfall volume. Deeper clouds have heavier snowfall, although cloud liquid is equally abundant in all three cloud types. The skills of a GMI Bayesian algorithm are examined. Snowfall in deep clouds may be reasonably retrieved, but it is challenging for near-surface clouds.
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, and GyuWon Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1908, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The WISSDOM is a practical scheme to derive 3D winds by using 11 radars in this study. The observations of shot-wavelength radars (i.e., C- and X-band) can be attributed to additional low-level precipitation and wind information in WISSDOM, which allowed for the capture of stronger updrafts in the convection areas of the squall line. Overall, these results highlight the advantages of using radars with multiple wavelengths in WISSDOM, especially C- and X-band radars.
Wonbae Bang, Jacob Carlin, Kwonil Kim, Alexander Ryzhkov, Guosheng Liu, and Gyuwon Lee
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-179, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysics model-based diagnosis such as the spectral bin model (SBM) recently has been attempted to diagnose winter precipitation types. In this study, the accuracy of SBM-based precipitation type diagnosis is compared with other traditional methods. SBM have relatively higher accuracy about snow and wetsnow events whereas lower accuracy about rain event. When microphysics scheme in the SBM was optimized for the corresponding region, accuracy about rain events was improved.
Wei-Yu Chang, Yung-Chuan Yang, Chen-Yu Hung, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Ali Tokay
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11955–11979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow density is derived by collocated Micro-Rain Radar (MRR) and Parsivel (ICE-POP 2017/2018). We apply the particle size distribution from Parsivel to a T-matrix backscattering simulation and compare with ZHH from MRR. Bulk density and bulk water fractions are derived from comparing simulated and calculated ZHH. Retrieved bulk density is validated by comparing snowfall rate measurements from Pluvio and the Precipitation Imaging Package. Snowfall rate consistency confirms the algorithm.
Sun-Young Park, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Jason A. Milbrandt
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7199–7218, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enhance the WDM6 scheme by incorporating predicted graupel density. The modification affects graupel characteristics, including fall velocity–diameter and mass–diameter relationships. Simulations highlight changes in graupel distribution and precipitation patterns, potentially influencing surface snow amounts. The study underscores the significance of integrating predicted graupel density for a more realistic portrayal of microphysical properties in weather models.
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, and GyuWon Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 845–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since the winds in clear-air conditions usually play an important role in the initiation of various weather systems and phenomena, the modified Wind Synthesis System using Doppler Measurements (WISSDOM) synthesis scheme was developed to derive high-quality and high-spatial-resolution 3D winds under clear-air conditions. The performance and accuracy of derived 3D winds from this modified scheme were evaluated with an extreme strong wind event over complex terrain in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
Xuanli Li, Jason B. Roberts, Jayanthi Srikishen, Jonathan L. Case, Walter A. Petersen, Gyuwon Lee, and Christopher R. Hain
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5287–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research assimilated the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite-retrieved ocean surface meteorology data into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) system. This was for two snowstorms during the International Collaborative Experiments for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games' (ICE-POP 2018) field experiments. The results indicated a positive impact of the data for short-term forecasts for heavy snowfall.
Jeong-Su Ko, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, Gregory Thompson, and Alexis Berne
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4529–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the performance of the four microphysics parameterizations, the WDM6, WDM7, Thompson, and Morrison schemes, in simulating snowfall events during the ICE-POP 2018 field campaign. Eight snowfall events are selected and classified into three categories (cold-low, warm-low, and air–sea interaction cases). The evaluation focuses on the simulated hydrometeors, microphysics budgets, wind fields, and precipitation using the measurement data.
Anahí Villalba-Pradas and Francisco J. Tapiador
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3447–3518, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper provides a comprehensive review of the empirical values and assumptions used in the convection schemes of numerical models. The focus is on the values and assumptions used in the activation of convection (trigger), the transport and microphysics (commonly referred to as the cloud model), and the intensity of convection (closure). Such information can assist satellite missions focused on elucidating convective processes and the evaluation of model output uncertainties.
Ki-Hong Min, Kao-Shen Chung, Ji-Won Lee, Cheng-Rong You, and Gyuwon Lee
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-18, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
LETKF underestimated the water vapor mixing ratio and temperature compared to 3DVAR due to a lack of a water vapor mixing ratio and temperature observation operator. Snowfall in GWD was less simulated in LETKF. The results signify that water vapor assimilation is important in radar DA and significantly impacts precipitation forecasts, regardless of the DA method used. Therefore, it is necessary to apply observation operators for water vapor mixing ratio and temperature in radar DA.
Paul Joe, Gyuwon Lee, and Kwonil Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-620, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Strong gusty wind events were responsible for poor performance of competitors and schedule changes during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Three events were investigated and documented to articulate the challenges confronting forecasters which is beyond what they normally do. Quantitative evidence of the challenge and recommendations for future Olympics are provided.
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, Jung-Hoon Kim, YongHee Lee, and GyuWon Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-100, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines a strong downslope wind event during ICE-POP 2018 using Doppler lidars, and observations. 3D winds can be well retrieved by
WISSDOM. This is first time to document the mechanisms of strong wind in observational aspect under fine weather. The PGF causing by adiabatic warming and channeling effect are key factors to dominate the strong wind. The values of this study are improving our understanding of the strong wind and increase the predictability of the weather forecast.
Josué Gehring, Alfonso Ferrone, Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Nikola Besic, Kwang Deuk Ahn, GyuWon Lee, and Alexis Berne
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 417–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-417-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-417-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article describes a dataset of precipitation and cloud measurements collected from November 2017 to March 2018 in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The dataset includes weather radar data and images of snowflakes. It allows for studying the snowfall intensity; wind conditions; and shape, size and fall speed of snowflakes. Classifications of the types of snowflakes show that aggregates of ice crystals were dominant. This dataset represents a unique opportunity to study snowfall in this region.
Hwayoung Jeoung, Guosheng Liu, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Eun-Kyoung Seo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14491–14507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Radar and radiometer observations were used to study cloud liquid and snowfall in three types of snow clouds. While near-surface and shallow clouds have an area fraction of 90 %, deep clouds contribute half of the total snowfall volume. Deeper clouds have heavier snowfall, although cloud liquid is equally abundant in all three cloud types. The skills of a GMI Bayesian algorithm are examined. Snowfall in deep clouds may be reasonably retrieved, but it is challenging for near-surface clouds.
Gwo-Jong Huang, Viswanathan N. Bringi, Andrew J. Newman, Gyuwon Lee, Dmitri Moisseev, and Branislav M. Notaroš
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1409–1427, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1409-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1409-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method for snow rate (SR) estimation using observations collected by NASA dual-frequency dual-polarized (D3R) radar during the GPM Cold-season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx). The new method utilizes dual-wavelength radar reflectivity ratio (DWR) and 2-D-video disdrometer (2DVD) measurements to improve SR estimation accuracy. It is validated by comparing the D3R radar-retrieved SR with accumulated SR directly measured by a Pluvio gauge for an entire GCPEx synoptic event.
Andrés Navarro, Raúl Moreno, and Francisco J. Tapiador
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1045-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1045-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models provide simplified accounts of human–Earth interactions. Most current models treat CO2 emissions as a homogeneously distributed forcing. However, this paper presents a new parameterization, POPEM (POpulation Parameterization for Earth Models), that computes anthropogenic CO2 emissions at a grid point scale. A major advantage of this approach is the increased capacity to understand the potential effects of localized pollutant emissions on long-term global climate statistics.
John Kochendorfer, Rodica Nitu, Mareile Wolff, Eva Mekis, Roy Rasmussen, Bruce Baker, Michael E. Earle, Audrey Reverdin, Kai Wong, Craig D. Smith, Daqing Yang, Yves-Alain Roulet, Samuel Buisan, Timo Laine, Gyuwon Lee, Jose Luis C. Aceituno, Javier Alastrué, Ketil Isaksen, Tilden Meyers, Ragnar Brækkan, Scott Landolt, Al Jachcik, and Antti Poikonen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3525–3542, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3525-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3525-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation measurements were combined from eight separate precipitation testbeds to create multi-site transfer functions for the correction of unshielded and single-Alter-shielded precipitation gauge measurements. Site-specific errors and more universally applicable corrections were created from these WMO-SPICE measurements. The importance and magnitude of such wind speed corrections were demonstrated.
Hae-Lim Kim, Mi-Kyung Suk, Hye-Sook Park, Gyu-Won Lee, and Jeong-Seok Ko
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3863–3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3863-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3863-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The main contribution of our paper is that we present a method to find optimal polarimetric rainfall algorithms on the Korean Peninsula using the 2-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) and Bislsan S-band dual-polarization radar. We believe that this contribution is theoretically and practically relevant because it will help improve rainfall estimation. Our research is of particular interest and use to those who use radar to provide climatic information and forecasting.
J.-E. Lee, G. W. Lee, M. Earle, and R. Nitu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4157-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4157-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
R. Checa-Garcia, A. Tokay, and F. J. Tapiador
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2339-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2339-2014, 2014
Preprint withdrawn
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Characterization of fog microphysics and their relationships with visibility at a mountain site in China
Hunting for gravity waves in non-orographic winter storms using 3+ years of regional surface air pressure network and radar observations
Theoretical framework for measuring cloud effective supersaturation fluctuations with an advanced optical system
Investigating the role of typhoon-induced waves and stratospheric hydration in the formation of tropopause cirrus clouds observed during the 2017 Asian monsoon
How does riming influence the observed spatial variability of ice water in mixed-phase clouds?
Moisture Budget Estimates Derived from Airborne Observations in an Arctic Atmospheric River During its Dissipation
In-cloud characteristics observed in US Northeast and Midwest non-orographic winter storms with implications for ice particle mass growth and residence time
Microphysical view of the development and ice production of mid-latitude stratiform clouds with embedded convection during an extratropical cyclone
Measurement Report: A survey of meteorological and cloud properties during ACTIVATE's postfrontal flights and their suitability for Lagrangian case studies
Clouds and precipitation in the initial phase of marine cold-air outbreaks as observed by airborne remote sensing
Light scattering and microphysical properties of atmospheric bullet rosette ice crystals
Quantified ice-nucleating ability of AgI-containing seeding particles in natural clouds
Estimating the snow density using collocated Parsivel and Micro-Rain Radar measurements: a preliminary study from ICE-POP 2017/2018
Technical note: On the ice microphysics of isolated thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms in southern China – a radar polarimetric perspective
Distinctive aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions in marine boundary layer clouds from the ACE-ENA and SOCRATES aircraft field campaigns
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Cirrus Clouds Based on Global-Scale Airborne Observations and Machine Learning Models
Drivers of droplet formation in east Mediterranean orographic clouds
Observability of moisture transport divergence in Arctic atmospheric rivers by dropsondes
Elucidating the boundary layer turbulence dissipation rate using high-resolution measurements from a radar wind profiler network over the Tibetan Plateau
Environmental controls on isolated convection during the Amazonian wet season
Isotopic composition of convective rainfall in the inland tropics of Brazil
Measurement report: Cloud and environmental properties associated with aggregated shallow marine cumulus and cumulus congestus
Vertical Profiles of Liquid Water Content in fog layers during the SOFOG3D experiment
Lifecycle of updrafts and mass flux in isolated deep convection over the Amazon rainforest: insights from cell tracking
Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)3: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses
Powering aircraft with 100 % sustainable aviation fuel reduces ice crystals in contrails
Supercooled liquid water clouds observed over Dome C, Antarctica: temperature sensitivity and cloud radiative forcing
Role of thermodynamic and turbulence processes on the fog life cycle during SOFOG3D experiment
Characterizing the near-global cloud vertical structures over land using high-resolution radiosonde measurements
Differences in microphysical properties of cirrus at high and mid-latitudes
Sub-cloud rain evaporation in the North Atlantic winter trade winds derived by pairing isotopic data with a bin-resolved microphysical model
Overview and statistical analysis of boundary layer clouds and precipitation over the western North Atlantic Ocean
A set of methods to evaluate the below-cloud evaporation effect on local precipitation isotopic composition: a case study for Xi'an, China
Earth-system-model evaluation of cloud and precipitation occurrence for supercooled and warm clouds over the Southern Ocean's Macquarie Island
Pollution slightly enhances atmospheric cooling by low-level clouds in tropical West Africa
Investigating an indirect aviation effect on mid-latitude cirrus clouds – linking lidar-derived optical properties to in situ measurements
Investigating the vertical extent and short-wave radiative effects of the ice phase in Arctic summertime low-level clouds
Microphysical and thermodynamic phase analyses of Arctic low-level clouds measured above the sea ice and the open ocean in spring and summer
Aircraft observations of gravity wave activity and turbulence in the tropical tropopause layer: prevalence, influence on cirrus clouds, and comparison with global storm-resolving models
Influence of air mass origin on microphysical properties of low-level clouds in a subarctic environment
Sensitivity of convectively driven tropical tropopause cirrus properties to ice habits in high-resolution simulations
Upper-tropospheric slightly ice-subsaturated regions: frequency of occurrence and statistical evidence for the appearance of contrail cirrus
Examination of aerosol indirect effects during cirrus cloud evolution
In situ microphysics observations of intense pyroconvection from a large wildfire
Conditions favorable for secondary ice production in Arctic mixed-phase clouds
Interaction between cloud–radiation, atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics based on observational data from GoAmazon 2014/15 and a cloud-resolving model
Snowfall in Northern Finland derives mostly from ice clouds
Observation of secondary ice production in clouds at low temperatures
In situ and satellite-based estimates of cloud properties and aerosol–cloud interactions over the southeast Atlantic Ocean
Ice fog observed at cirrus temperatures at Dome C, Antarctic Plateau
Quan Liu, Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Yangmei Zhang, Bing Qi, Qianli Ma, Lujie Han, Honghui Xu, Xinyao Hu, Jiayuan Lu, Shuo Liu, Aoyuan Yu, Linlin Liang, Qian Gao, Hong Wang, Huizheng Che, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3253–3267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3253-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3253-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Through simultaneous measurements of aerosol particles and fog droplets, the evolution of droplets size distribution during the eight observed fog events was investigated. The results showed that the concentration and size distribution of pre-fog aerosol had significant impacts on fog microphysical characteristics. The extinction of fog interstitial particles played an important role in visibility degradation for light fogs, especially in polluted regions.
Luke R. Allen, Sandra E. Yuter, Matthew A. Miller, and Laura M. Tomkins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1765–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1765-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1765-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are air oscillations in which buoyancy is the restoring force, and they may enhance precipitation under certain conditions. We used 3+ seasons of pressure data to identify GWs with wavelengths ≤ 170 km in the Toronto and New York metropolitan areas in the context of snow storms. We found only six GW events during snow storms, suggesting that GWs on those scales are uncommon at the two locations during snow storms and, thus, do not often enhance snowfall.
Ye Kuang, Jiangchuan Tao, Hanbing Xu, Li Liu, Pengfei Liu, Wanyun Xu, Weiqi Xu, Yele Sun, and Chunsheng Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1163–1174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel optical framework to measure supersaturation, a fundamental parameter in cloud physics, by observing the scattering properties of particles that have or have not grown into cloud droplets. The technique offers high-resolution measurements, capturing essential fluctuations in supersaturation necessary for understanding cloud physics.
Amit Kumar Pandit, Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas Duncan Fairlie, Kristopher M. Bedka, Melody A. Avery, Harish Gadhavi, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Sanjeev Dwivedi, Kasimahanthi Amar Jyothi, Frank G. Wienhold, Holger Vömel, Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Buduru Suneel Kumar, Tra Dinh, and Achuthan Jayaraman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14209–14238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the formation mechanism of a tropopause cirrus cloud layer observed at extremely cold temperatures over Hyderabad in India during the 2017 Asian summer monsoon using balloon-borne sensors. Ice crystals smaller than 50 µm were found in this optically thin cirrus cloud layer. Combined analysis of back trajectories, satellite, and model data revealed that the formation of this layer was influenced by waves and stratospheric hydration induced by typhoon Hato.
Nina Maherndl, Manuel Moser, Imke Schirmacher, Aaron Bansemer, Johannes Lucke, Christiane Voigt, and Maximilian Maahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13935–13960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is not clear why ice crystals in clouds occur in clusters. Here, airborne measurements of clouds in mid-latitudes and high latitudes are used to study the spatial variability of ice. Further, we investigate the influence of riming, which occurs when liquid droplets freeze onto ice crystals. We find that riming enhances the occurrence of ice clusters. In the Arctic, riming leads to ice clustering at spatial scales of 3–5 km. This is due to updrafts and not higher amounts of liquid water.
Henning Dorff, Florian Ewald, Heike Konow, Mario Mech, Davide Ori, Vera Schemann, Andreas Walbröl, Manfred Wendisch, and Felix Ament
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3632, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using observations of an Arctic Atmospheric River (AR) from a long-range research aircraft, we analyse how moisture transported into the Arctic by the AR is transformed and how it interacts with the Arctic environment. The moisture transport divergence is the main driver of local moisture change over time. Surface precipitation and evaporation are rather weak when averaged over extended AR sectors, although considerable heterogeneity of precipitation within the AR is observed.
Luke R. Allen, Sandra E. Yuter, Declan M. Crowe, Matthew A. Miller, and K. Lee Thornhill
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3808, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3808, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed in-cloud characteristics using in situ measurements from 42 research flights across two field campaigns into non-orographic, non-lake effect winter storms. Much of the storm volume contains weak vertical motions (a few cm s-1), and most updrafts ≥ 0.5 m s-1 are small (< 1 km). Within 2 km of cloud radar echo top, stronger vertical motions and conditions for ice particle growth are more common. This implies the importance of cloud-top generating cells for production of snow particles.
Yuanmou Du, Dantong Liu, Delong Zhao, Mengyu Huang, Ping Tian, Dian Wen, Wei Xiao, Wei Zhou, Hui He, Baiwan Pan, Dongfei Zuo, Xiange Liu, Yingying Jing, Rong Zhang, Jiujiang Sheng, Fei Wang, Yu Huang, Yunbo Chen, and Deping Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13429–13444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By conducting in situ measurements, we investigated ice production processes in stratiform clouds with embedded convection over the North China Plain. The results show that the ice number concentration is strongly related to the distance to the cloud top, and the level with a larger distance to the cloud top has more graupel falling from upper levels, which promotes collision and coalescence between graupel and droplets and enhances secondary ice production.
Florian Tornow, Ann Fridlind, George Tselioudis, Brian Cairns, Andrew Ackerman, Seethala Chellappan, David Painemal, Paquita Zuidema, Christiane Voigt, Simon Kirschler, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3462, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3462, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The recent NASA campaign ACTIVATE (Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment) performed 71 tandem flights in mid-latitude marine cold-air outbreaks off the US Eastern seaboard. We provide meteorological and cloud transition stage context, allowing us to identify days that are most suitable for Lagrangian modeling and analysis. Surveyed cloud properties show signatures of cloud microphysical processes, such as cloud-top entrainment and secondary ice formation.
Imke Schirmacher, Sabrina Schnitt, Marcus Klingebiel, Nina Maherndl, Benjamin Kirbus, André Ehrlich, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12823–12842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During Arctic marine cold-air outbreaks, cold air flows from sea ice over open water. Roll circulations evolve, forming cloud streets. We investigate the initial circulation and cloud development using high-resolution airborne measurements. We compute the distance an air mass traveled over water (fetch) from back trajectories. Cloud streets form at 15 km fetch, cloud cover strongly increases at around 20 km, and precipitation forms at around 30 km.
Shawn Wendell Wagner, Martin Schnaiter, Guanglang Xu, Franziska Nehlert, and Emma Järvinen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3316, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3316, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the interaction between cirrus clouds and solar radiation is critical for modeling the Earth’s climate. A common crystal type found in cirrus clouds is the bullet rosette. Here, atmospheric bullet rosettes measured from jet aircraft are analyzed for their morphological and radiative properties. Atmospheric bullet rosettes are found to be more morphologically complex than previously assumed. This complexity has a significant impact on their radiative properties.
Anna J. Miller, Christopher Fuchs, Fabiola Ramelli, Huiying Zhang, Nadja Omanovic, Robert Spirig, Claudia Marcolli, Zamin A. Kanji, Ulrike Lohmann, and Jan Henneberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3230, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3230, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the ability of silver iodide particles to form ice crystals in naturally-occurring liquid clouds below 0 °C and found that ≈0.1−1 % of particles nucleate ice, with a negative dependence on temperature. Contextualizing our results with previous laboratory studies, we help to bridge the gap between laboratory and field experiments and which also helps to inform future cloud seeding projects.
Wei-Yu Chang, Yung-Chuan Yang, Chen-Yu Hung, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Ali Tokay
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11955–11979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow density is derived by collocated Micro-Rain Radar (MRR) and Parsivel (ICE-POP 2017/2018). We apply the particle size distribution from Parsivel to a T-matrix backscattering simulation and compare with ZHH from MRR. Bulk density and bulk water fractions are derived from comparing simulated and calculated ZHH. Retrieved bulk density is validated by comparing snowfall rate measurements from Pluvio and the Precipitation Imaging Package. Snowfall rate consistency confirms the algorithm.
Chuanhong Zhao, Yijun Zhang, Dong Zheng, Haoran Li, Sai Du, Xueyan Peng, Xiantong Liu, Pengguo Zhao, Jiafeng Zheng, and Juan Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11637–11651, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding lightning activity is important for meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. However, the occurrence of lightning activity in clouds is uncertain. In this study, we quantified the difference between isolated thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms. We showed that lightning activity was more likely to occur with more graupel volume and/or riming. A deeper ZDR column was associated with lightning occurrence. This information can aid in a deeper understanding of lighting physics.
Xiaojian Zheng, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, Timothy Logan, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10323–10347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The marine boundary layer aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs) are examined using in situ measurements from two aircraft campaigns over the eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) and Southern Ocean (SOCRATES). The SOCRATES clouds have more and smaller cloud droplets. The ACE-ENA clouds exhibit stronger drizzle formation and growth. Results found distinctive aerosol–cloud interactions for two campaigns. The drizzle processes significantly alter sub-cloud aerosol budgets and impact the ACI assessments.
Derek Ngo, Minghui Diao, Ryan J. Patnaude, Sarah Woods, and Glenn Diskin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2122, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Key controlling factors of cirrus clouds were individually quantified using machine learning models, based on global-scale in-situ observations compiled from 12 flight campaigns at 67° S – 87° N. Relative humidity shows much larger effects on cirrus occurrences than vertical velocity. Aerosol indirect effects are seen from both large and small aerosols, which affect predictions of cirrus occurrences. Large aerosols significantly improve predictions of ice water content but not small aerosols.
Romanos Foskinis, Ghislain Motos, Maria I. Gini, Olga Zografou, Kunfeng Gao, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Granakis, Ville Vakkari, Kalliopi Violaki, Andreas Aktypis, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Zongbo Shi, Mika Komppula, Spyros N. Pandis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alexandros Papayannis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9827–9842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysis of modeling, in situ, and remote sensing measurements reveals the microphysical state of orographic clouds and their response to aerosol from the boundary layer and free troposphere. We show that cloud response to aerosol is robust, as predicted supersaturation and cloud droplet number levels agree with those determined from in-cloud measurements. The ability to determine if clouds are velocity- or aerosol-limited allows for novel model constraints and remote sensing products.
Henning Dorff, Heike Konow, Vera Schemann, and Felix Ament
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8771–8795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8771-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8771-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using synthetic dropsondes, we assess how discrete spatial sampling and temporal evolution during flight affect the accuracy of real sonde-based moisture transport divergence in Arctic atmospheric rivers (ARs). Non-instantaneous sampling during temporal AR evolution deteriorates the divergence values more than spatial undersampling. Moisture advection is the dominating factor but most sensitive to the sampling method. We suggest a minimum of seven sondes to resolve the AR divergence components.
Deli Meng, Jianping Guo, Xiaoran Guo, Yinjun Wang, Ning Li, Yuping Sun, Zhen Zhang, Na Tang, Haoran Li, Fan Zhang, Bing Tong, Hui Xu, and Tianmeng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8703–8720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains unclear. Here we elucidate the vertical profile of and temporal variation in the turbulence dissipation rate in the PBL over the TP based on a radar wind profiler (RWP) network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the turbulence profile over the whole TP has been revealed. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of clouds acting on the PBL turbulence structure are investigated.
Leandro Alex Moreira Viscardi, Giuseppe Torri, David K. Adams, and Henrique de Melo Jorge Barbosa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8529–8548, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the environmental conditions that control how clouds grow from fair weather cumulus into severe thunderstorms during the Amazonian wet season. Days with rain clouds begin with more moisture in the air and have strong convergence in the afternoon, while precipitation intensity increases with large-scale vertical velocity, moisture, and low-level wind. These results contribute to understanding how clouds form over the rainforest.
Vinicius dos Santos, Didier Gastmans, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Kazimierz Rozanski, Oliver Kracht, and Demilson de Assis Quintão
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6663–6680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present novel findings on convective rainfall, summer rain in the late afternoon, by coupling water stable isotopes, micro rain radar, and satellite data. We found the tallest clouds in the afternoon and much smaller clouds at night, resulting in differences in day–night ratios in water stable isotopes. We sampled rain and meteorological variables every 5–10 min, allowing us to evaluate the development of convective rainfall, contributing to knowledge of rainfall related to extreme events.
Ewan Crosbie, Luke D. Ziemba, Michael A. Shook, Taylor Shingler, Johnathan W. Hair, Armin Sorooshian, Richard A. Ferrare, Brian Cairns, Yonghoon Choi, Joshua DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Chris Hostetler, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, David Painemal, Claire Robinson, Shane T. Seaman, K. Lee Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, and Edward Winstead
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6123–6152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine clouds are found to clump together in regions or lines, readily discernible from satellite images of the ocean. While clustering is also a feature of deep storm clouds, we focus on smaller cloud systems associated with fair weather and brief localized showers. Two aircraft sampled the region around these shallow systems: one incorporated measurements taken within, adjacent to, and below the clouds, while the other provided a survey from above using remote sensing techniques.
Théophane Costabloz, Frédéric Burnet, Christine Lac, Pauline Martinet, Julien Delanoë, Susana Jorquera, and Maroua Fathalli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1344, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1344, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study documents vertical profiles of liquid water content (LWC) in fogs from in situ measurements collected during the SOFOG3D field campaign in 2019–2020. The analysis of 140 vertical profiles reveals a reverse trend in LWC, maximum values at ground decreasing with height, during stable conditions in optically thin fogs, evolving towards quasi-adiabatic characteristics when fogs become thick. These results offer new perspectives for better constraining fog numerical simulations.
Siddhant Gupta, Dié Wang, Scott E. Giangrande, Thiago S. Biscaro, and Michael P. Jensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4487–4510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the lifecycle of isolated deep convective clouds (DCCs) in the Amazon rainforest. Weather radar echoes from the DCCs are tracked to evaluate their lifecycle. The DCC size and intensity increase, reach a peak, and then decrease over the DCC lifetime. Vertical profiles of air motion and mass transport from different seasons are examined to understand the transport of energy and momentum within DCC cores and to address the deficiencies in simulating DCCs using weather and climate models.
Benjamin Kirbus, Imke Schirmacher, Marcus Klingebiel, Michael Schäfer, André Ehrlich, Nils Slättberg, Johannes Lucke, Manuel Moser, Hanno Müller, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3883–3904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A research aircraft is used to track the changes in air temperature, moisture, and cloud properties for air that moves from cold Arctic sea ice onto warmer oceanic waters. The measurements are compared to two reanalysis models named ERA5 and CARRA. The biggest differences are found for air temperature over the sea ice and moisture over the ocean. CARRA data are more accurate than ERA5 because they better simulate the sea ice, the transition from sea ice to open ocean, and the forming clouds.
Raphael Satoru Märkl, Christiane Voigt, Daniel Sauer, Rebecca Katharina Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Theresa Harlaß, Valerian Hahn, Anke Roiger, Cornelius Weiß-Rehm, Ulrike Burkhardt, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Marsing, Monika Scheibe, Andreas Dörnbrack, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Peter Swann, Paul Madden, Darren Luff, Reetu Sallinen, Tobias Schripp, and Patrick Le Clercq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3813–3837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In situ measurements of contrails from a large passenger aircraft burning 100 % sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) show a 56 % reduction in contrail ice crystal numbers compared to conventional Jet A-1. Results from a climate model initialized with the observations suggest a significant decrease in radiative forcing from contrails. Our study confirms that future increased use of low aromatic SAF can reduce the climate impact from aviation.
Philippe Ricaud, Massimo Del Guasta, Angelo Lupi, Romain Roehrig, Eric Bazile, Pierre Durand, Jean-Luc Attié, Alessia Nicosia, and Paolo Grigioni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 613–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds affect the Earth's climate in ways that depend on the type of cloud (solid/liquid water). From observations at Concordia (Antarctica), we show that in supercooled liquid water (liquid water for temperatures below 0°C) clouds (SLWCs), temperature and SLWC radiative forcing increase with liquid water (up to 70 W m−2). We extrapolated that the maximum SLWC radiative forcing can reach 40 W m−2 over the Antarctic Peninsula, highlighting the importance of SLWCs for global climate prediction.
Cheikh Dione, Martial Haeffelin, Frédéric Burnet, Christine Lac, Guylaine Canut, Julien Delanoë, Jean-Charles Dupont, Susana Jorquera, Pauline Martinet, Jean-François Ribaud, and Felipe Toledo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15711–15731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15711-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the role of thermodynamics and turbulence in the fog life cycle over southwestern France. It is based on a unique dataset collected during the SOFOG3D field campaign in autumn and winter 2019–2020. The paper gives a threshold for turbulence driving the different phases of the fog life cycle and the role of advection in the night-time dissipation of fog. The results can be operationalised to nowcast fog and improve short-range forecasts in numerical weather prediction models.
Hui Xu, Jianping Guo, Bing Tong, Jinqiang Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Xiaoran Guo, Jian Zhang, and Wenqing Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15011–15038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effect of cloud remains one of the largest uncertain factors in climate change, largely due to the lack of cloud vertical structure (CVS) observations. The study presents the first near-global CVS climatology using high-vertical-resolution soundings. Single-layer cloud mainly occurs over arid regions. As the number of cloud layers increases, clouds tend to have lower bases and thinner layer thicknesses. The occurrence frequency of cloud exhibits a pronounced seasonal diurnal cycle.
Elena De La Torre Castro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Armin Afchine, Volker Grewe, Valerian Hahn, Simon Kirschler, Martina Krämer, Johannes Lucke, Nicole Spelten, Heini Wernli, Martin Zöger, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13167–13189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we show the differences in the microphysical properties between high-latitude (HL) cirrus and mid-latitude (ML) cirrus over the Arctic, North Atlantic, and central Europe during summer. The in situ measurements are combined with backward trajectories to investigate the influence of the region on cloud formation. We show that HL cirrus are characterized by a lower concentration of larger ice crystals when compared to ML cirrus.
Mampi Sarkar, Adriana Bailey, Peter Blossey, Simon P. de Szoeke, David Noone, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Mason D. Leandro, and Patrick Y. Chuang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12671–12690, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study rain evaporation characteristics below shallow cumulus clouds over the North Atlantic Ocean by pairing isotope observations with a microphysical model. The modeled fraction of rain mass that evaporates below the cloud strongly depends on the raindrop size and distribution width. Moreover, the higher the rain mass fraction evaporated, the greater the change in deuterium excess. In this way, rain evaporation could be studied independently using only isotope and microphysical observations.
Simon Kirschler, Christiane Voigt, Bruce E. Anderson, Gao Chen, Ewan C. Crosbie, Richard A. Ferrare, Valerian Hahn, Johnathan W. Hair, Stefan Kaufmann, Richard H. Moore, David Painemal, Claire E. Robinson, Kevin J. Sanchez, Amy J. Scarino, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10731–10750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present an overview of liquid and mixed-phase clouds and precipitation in the marine boundary layer over the western North Atlantic Ocean. We compare microphysical properties of pure liquid clouds to mixed-phase clouds and show that the initiation of the ice phase in mixed-phase clouds promotes precipitation. The observational data presented in this study are well suited for investigating the processes that give rise to liquid and mixed-phase clouds, ice, and precipitation.
Meng Xing, Weiguo Liu, Jing Hu, and Zheng Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9123–9136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The below-cloud evaporation effect (BCE) on precipitation largely impacts the final isotopic composition. However, determining the BCE effect remains poorly constrained. Our work used a ΔdΔδ diagram to differentiate the below-cloud processes. Moreover, by comparing two different computing methods, we considered that both methods are suitable for evaluation the BCE, except for snowfall events. Overall, our work compiled a set of effective methods to evaluate the BCE effect.
McKenna W. Stanford, Ann M. Fridlind, Israel Silber, Andrew S. Ackerman, Greg Cesana, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Alain Protat, Simon Alexander, and Adrian McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9037–9069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9037-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9037-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds play an important role in the Earth’s climate system as they modulate the amount of radiation that either reaches the surface or is reflected back to space. This study demonstrates an approach to robustly evaluate surface-based observations against a large-scale model. We find that the large-scale model precipitates too infrequently relative to observations, contrary to literature documentation suggesting otherwise based on satellite measurements.
Valerian Hahn, Ralf Meerkötter, Christiane Voigt, Sonja Gisinger, Daniel Sauer, Valéry Catoire, Volker Dreiling, Hugh Coe, Cyrille Flamant, Stefan Kaufmann, Jonas Kleine, Peter Knippertz, Manuel Moser, Philip Rosenberg, Hans Schlager, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Jonathan Taylor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8515–8530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8515-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the DACCIWA campaign in West Africa, we found a 35 % increase in the cloud droplet concentration that formed in a polluted compared with a less polluted environment and a decrease of 17 % in effective droplet diameter. Radiative transfer simulations, based on the measured cloud properties, reveal that these low-level polluted clouds radiate only 2.6 % more energy back to space, compared with a less polluted cloud. The corresponding additional decrease in temperature is rather small.
Silke Groß, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Qiang Li, Martin Wirth, Benedikt Urbanek, Martina Krämer, Ralf Weigel, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8369–8381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aviation-emitted aerosol can have an impact on cirrus clouds. We present optical and microphysical properties of mid-latitude cirrus clouds which were formed under the influence of aviation-emitted aerosol or which were formed under rather pristine conditions. We find that cirrus clouds affected by aviation-emitted aerosol show larger values of the particle linear depolarization ratio, larger mean effective ice particle diameters and decreased ice particle number concentrations.
Emma Järvinen, Franziska Nehlert, Guanglang Xu, Fritz Waitz, Guillaume Mioche, Regis Dupuy, Olivier Jourdan, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7611–7633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7611-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7611-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than other regions. Arctic low-level mixed-phase clouds, where ice crystals and liquid droplets co-exist, are thought to have an important role in Arctic warming. Here we show airborne measurements of vertical distribution of liquid and ice particles and their relative abundance. Ice particles are found in relative warm clouds, which can be explained by multiplication of existing ice crystals. However, the role of ice particles in redistributing sun light is minimal.
Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Valerian Hahn, Guillaume Mioche, Olivier Jourdan, Régis Dupuy, Christophe Gourbeyre, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Johannes Lucke, Yvonne Boose, Mario Mech, Stephan Borrmann, André Ehrlich, Andreas Herber, Christof Lüpkes, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7257–7280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7257-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive microphysical and thermodynamic phase analysis of low-level clouds in the northern Fram Strait, above the sea ice and the open ocean, during spring and summer. Using airborne in situ cloud data, we show that the properties of Arctic low-level clouds vary significantly with seasonal meteorological situations and surface conditions. The observations presented in this study can help one to assess the role of clouds in the Arctic climate system.
Rachel Atlas and Christopher S. Bretherton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4009–4030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer exists between the troposphere and the stratosphere in the tropics. Very thin cirrus clouds cool Earth's surface by scrubbing water vapor (a greenhouse gas) out of air parcels as they ascend through the tropical tropopause layer on their way to the stratosphere. We show observational evidence from aircraft that small-scale (< 100 km) gravity waves and turbulence increase the amount of ice in these clouds and may allow them to remove more water vapor from the air.
Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Ville Vakkari, Ewan J. O'Connor, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Heikki Lihavainen, and David Brus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2483–2498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different long-range-transported air masses can affect the microphysical properties of low-level clouds in a clean subarctic environment. A connection was revealed. Higher values of cloud droplet number concentrations were related to continental air masses, whereas the lowest values of number concentrations were related to marine air masses. These were characterized by larger cloud droplets. Clouds in all regions were sensitive to increases in cloud number concentration.
Fayçal Lamraoui, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Adam B. Sokol, Sergey Khaykin, Apoorva Pandey, and Zhiming Kuang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2393–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role in vertical transport. We investigate the role of different cloud regimes and the associated ice habits in regulating the properties of the TTL. We use high-resolution numerical experiments at the scales of large-eddy simulations (LESs) and aircraft measurements. We found that LES-scale parameterizations that predict ice shape are crucial for an accurate representation of TTL cirrus and thus the associated (de)hydration process.
Yun Li, Christoph Mahnke, Susanne Rohs, Ulrich Bundke, Nicole Spelten, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Christiane Voigt, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Petzold, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2251–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effect of aviation-induced cirrus is closely related to ambient conditions and its microphysical properties. Our study investigated the occurrence of contrail and natural cirrus measured above central Europe in spring 2014. It finds that contrail cirrus appears frequently in the pressure range 200 to 245 hPa and occurs more often in slightly ice-subsaturated environments than expected. Avoiding slightly ice-subsaturated regions by aviation might help mitigate contrail cirrus.
Flor Vanessa Maciel, Minghui Diao, and Ryan Patnaude
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1103–1129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol indirect effects on cirrus clouds are investigated during cirrus evolution, using global-scale in situ observations and climate model simulations. As cirrus evolves, the mechanisms to form ice crystals also change with time. Both small and large aerosols are found to affect cirrus properties. Southern Hemisphere cirrus appears to be more sensitive to additional aerosols. The climate model underestimates ice crystal mass, likely due to biases of relative humidity and vertical velocity.
David E. Kingsmill, Jeffrey R. French, and Neil P. Lareau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses in situ aircraft measurements to characterize the size and shape distributions of 10 µm to 6 mm diameter particles observed during six penetrations of wildfire-induced pyroconvection. Particles sampled in one penetration of a smoke plume are most likely pyrometeors composed of ash. The other penetrations are through pyrocumulus clouds where particle composition is most likely a combination of hydrometeors (ice particles) and pyrometeors (ash).
Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Jan Henneberger, Fabiola Ramelli, Annika Lauber, Robert Oscar David, Jörg Wieder, Tim Carlsen, Rosa Gierens, Marion Maturilli, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15579–15601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand how ice crystals and cloud droplets form in clouds, as their concentrations and sizes determine the exact radiative properties of the clouds. Normally, ice crystals form from aerosols, but we found evidence for the formation of additional ice crystals from the original ones over a large temperature range within Arctic clouds. In particular, additional ice crystals were formed during collisions of several ice crystals or during the freezing of large cloud droplets.
Layrson J. M. Gonçalves, Simone M. S. C. Coelho, Paulo Y. Kubota, and Dayana C. Souza
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15509–15526, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research aims to study the environmental conditions that are favorable and not favorable to cloud formation, in this case specifically for the Amazon region. The results found in this research will be used to improve the representation of clouds in numerical models that are used in weather and climate prediction. In general, it is expected that with better knowledge regarding the cloud–radiation interaction, it is possible to make a better forecast of weather and climate.
Claudia Mignani, Lukas Zimmermann, Rigel Kivi, Alexis Berne, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13551–13568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13551-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13551-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We determined over the course of 8 winter months the phase of clouds associated with snowfall in Northern Finland using radiosondes and observations of ice particle habits at ground level. We found that precipitating clouds were extending from near ground to at least 2.7 km altitude and approximately three-quarters of them were likely glaciated. Possible moisture sources and ice formation processes are discussed.
Alexei Korolev, Paul J. DeMott, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Earle Williams, David J. Smalley, and Michael F. Donovan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13103–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study provides the first explicit in situ observation of secondary ice production at temperatures as low as −27 °C, which is well outside the range of the Hallett–Mossop process (−3 to −8 °C). This observation expands our knowledge of the temperature range of initiation of secondary ice in clouds. The obtained results are intended to stimulate laboratory and theoretical studies to develop physically based parameterizations for weather prediction and climate models.
Siddhant Gupta, Greg M. McFarquhar, Joseph R. O'Brien, Michael R. Poellot, David J. Delene, Ian Chang, Lan Gao, Feng Xu, and Jens Redemann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12923–12943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12923-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12923-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ability of NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites to retrieve cloud properties and estimate the changes in cloud properties due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) was examined. There was good agreement between satellite retrievals and in situ measurements over the southeast Atlantic Ocean. This suggests that, combined with information on aerosol properties, satellite retrievals of cloud properties can be used to study ACI over larger domains and longer timescales in the absence of in situ data.
Étienne Vignon, Lea Raillard, Christophe Genthon, Massimo Del Guasta, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12857–12872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12857-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12857-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The near-surface atmosphere over the Antarctic Plateau is cold and pristine and resembles to a certain extent the high troposphere where cirrus clouds form. In this study, we use innovative humidity measurements at Concordia Station to study the formation of ice fogs at temperatures <−40°C. We provide observational evidence that ice fogs can form through the homogeneous freezing of solution aerosols, a common nucleation pathway for cirrus clouds.
Cited articles
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Gatlin, P., and Tokay, A.: Improvement of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro rain radar using 2D video disdrometer measurements, Atmos. Res., 169, 404–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.002, 2016. a
Aikins, J., Friedrich, K., Geerts, B., and Pokharel, B.: Role of a Cross-Barrier Jet and Turbulence on Winter Orographic Snowfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3277–3300, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0025.1, 2016. a, b
Bae, J.-H. and Min, K.-H.: Analysis of the February 2014 East Coast Heavy SnowFall Case Due to Blocking, Atmosphere, 26, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2016.26.2.227, 2016. a, b
Bailey, C. M., Hartfield, G., Lackmann, G. M., Keeter, K., and Sharp, S.: An objective climatology, classification scheme, and assessment of sensible weather impacts for Appalachian cold air damming, Weather Forecast., 18, 641–661, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0641:AOCCSA>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a, b
Bang, W., Kim, K., Yeom, D., Cho, S.-J., Lee, C.-L., Lee, D., Ye, B.-Y., and Lee, G.: Characteristics Analysis of Snow Particle Size Distribution in Gangwon Region according to Topography, J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 40, 227–239, https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2019.40.3.227, 2019. a
Bang, W., Lee, G., Ryzhkov, A., Schuur, T., and Lim, K.-S. S.: Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics between the Southern Korean Peninsula and Oklahoma Using Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Data, J. Hydrometeorol., 21, 2675–2690, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0087.1, 2020. a
Bao, B. and Ren, G.: Sea-effect precipitation over the Shandong Peninsula, northern China, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 57, 1291–1308, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0200.1, 2018. a
Barnes, H. C., Zagrodnik, J. P., McMurdie, L. A., Rowe, A. K., and Houze, R. A.: Kelvin-Helmholtz waves in precipitating midlatitude cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2763–2785, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0365.1, 2018. a
Battaglia, A., Rustemeier, E., Tokay, A., Blahak, U., and Simmer, C.: PARSIVEL Snow Observations: A Critical Assessment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1332.1, 2010. a
Brandes, E. A., Ikeda, K., Zhang, G., Schönhuber, M., and Rasmussen, R. M.: A statistical and physical description of hydrometeor distributions in Colorado snowstorms using a video disdrometer, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 46, 634–650, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2489.1, 2007. a
Bukovčić, P., Ryzhkov, A., Zrnić, D., and Zhang, G.: Polarimetric radar relations for quantification of snow based on disdrometer data, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 57, 103–120, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0090.1, 2018. a
Bukovčić, P., Ryzhkov, A., and Zrnić, D.: Polarimetric relations for snow estimation-radar verification, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 59, 991–1009, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0140.1, 2020. a
Cho, K.-H. and Chang, E.-C.: Changed Relationship between Snowfall over the Yeongdong region of the Korean Peninsula and Large-scale Factors, J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 38, 182–193, https://doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2017.38.3.182, 2017. a, b, c
Cho, K.-H. and Kwon, T.-Y.: Orographic and Ocean Effects Associated with a Heavy Snowfall Event over Yeongdong Region, Atmosphere, 22, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2012.22.1.057, 2012. a
Choi, D., Hwang, Y., and Lee, Y. H.: Observing Sensitivity Experiment Based on Convective Scale Model for Upper-air Observation Data on GISANG 1 (KMA Research Vessel) in Summer 2018, Atmosphere, 30, 17–30, https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2020.30.1.017, 2020. a
Choi, G. and Kim, J.: Surface Synoptic Climatic Patterns for Heavy Snowfall Events, J. Korean Geogr. Soc., 45, 319–341, 2010. a
Chung, K.-B., Kim, J.-Y., and Kwon, T.-Y.: Characteristics of
Lower-Tropospheric Wind Related with Winter Precipitation in the Yeongdong
Region, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 369–380, 2004. a
Colle, B. A., Stark, D., and Yuter, S. E.: Surface microphysical observations within East Coast winter storms on Long Island, New York, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3126–3146, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00035.1, 2014. a
Durán-Alarcón, C., Boudevillain, B., Genthon, C., Grazioli, J., Souverijns, N., van Lipzig, N. P. M., Gorodetskaya, I. V., and Berne, A.: The vertical structure of precipitation at two stations in East Antarctica derived from micro rain radars, The Cryosphere, 13, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-247-2019, 2019. a
Estoque, M. A. and Ninomiya, K.: Numerical simulation of Japan Sea effect snowfall, Tellus, 28, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v28i3.10285, 1976. a
Friedrich, K., Kalina, E. A., Aikins, J., Steiner, M., Gochis, D., Kucera, P. A., Ikeda, K., and Sun, J.: Raindrop size distribution and rain characteristics during the 2013 great Colorado flood, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 53–72, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0184.1, 2016. a, b
Gatlin, P. N. and Wingo, M. T.: GPM Ground Validation Micro Rain Radar (MRR) ICE POP [indicate subset used], NASA Global Hydrology Resource Center DAAC [data set], Huntsville, Alabama, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/GPMGV/ICEPOP/MRR/DATA101, 2019. a
Gehring, J., Oertel, A., Vignon, É., Jullien, N., Besic, N., and Berne, A.: Microphysics and dynamics of snowfall associated with a warm conveyor belt over Korea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7373–7392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7373-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Gehring, J., Ferrone, A., Billault-Roux, A.-C., Besic, N., Ahn, K. D., Lee, G., and Berne, A.: Radar and ground-level measurements of precipitation collected by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne during the International Collaborative Experiments for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic winter games, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 417–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-417-2021, 2021. a
Grazioli, J., Lloyd, G., Panziera, L., Hoyle, C. R., Connolly, P. J., Henneberger, J., and Berne, A.: Polarimetric radar and in situ observations of riming and snowfall microphysics during CLACE 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13787–13802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, 2015. a
Heymsfield, A. J.: A Comparative Study of the Rates of Development of Potential Graupel and Hail Embryos in High Plains Storms, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2867–2897, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2867:ACSOTR>2.0.CO;2, 1982. a
Houze, R. A.: Orographic effects on precipitating clouds, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000365, 2012. a
Houze, R. A. and Medina, S.: Turbulence as a mechanism for orographic precipitation enhancement, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3599–3623, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3555.1, 2005. a, b, c, d
Ikeda, S., Wakabayashi, R., Izumi, K., and Kawashima, K.: Study of snow climate in the Japanese Alps: Comparison to snow climate in North America, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 59, 119–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.09.004, 2009. a
In, S.-R., Nam, H.-G., Lee, J.-H., Park, C.-G., Shim, J.-K., and Kim, B.-J.: Verification of Planetary Boundary Layer Height for Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS) Using the Winter Season Intensive Observation Data during ICE-POP 2018, Atmosphere, 28, 369–382, https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2018.28.4.369, 2018. a
Jeoung, H., Liu, G., Kim, K., Lee, G., and Seo, E.-K.: Microphysical properties of three types of snow clouds: implication for satellite snowfall retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14491–14507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14491-2020, 2020. a, b
Jung, S. H., Im, E. S., and Han, S. O.: The effect of topography and sea
surface temperature on heavy snowfall in the yeongdong region: A case study
with high resolution WRF simulation, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 259–273, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-012-0026-2, 2012. a, b, c
Jung, S.-P., Lim, Y.-K., Kim, K.-H., Han, S.-O., and Kwon, T.-Y.: Characteristics of Precipitation over the East Coast of Korea Based on the Special Observation during the Winter Season of 2012, J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 35, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.5467/jkess.2014.35.1.41, 2014. a
Jung, S.-P., Lee, C., Kim, J.-H., Yang, H. J., Yun, J. H., Ko, H. J., Hong, S.-E., and Kim, S.-B.: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Snowfall Clouds using Dropsonde Data During ICE-POP 2018, Atmosphere, 30, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2020.30.1.031, 2020. a
Kim, J., Yoon, D., Cha, D. H., Choi, Y., Kim, J., and Son, S. W.: Impacts of the East Asian winter monsoon and local sea surface temperature on heavy snowfall over the Yeongdong region, J. Climate, 32, 6783–6802, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0411.1, 2019. a, b, c
Kim, T. and Jin, E. K.: Impact of an interactive ocean on numerical weather prediction: A case of a local heavy snowfall event in eastern Korea, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8243–8253, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024763, 2016. a
Kim, Y. J., Kim, B. G., Shim, J. K., and Choi, B. C.: Observation and
Numerical Simulation of Cold Clouds and Snow Particles in the Yeongdong
Region, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 499–510, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-018-0055-6, 2018. a, b
Kim, Y.-J., Kim, M.-K., and Lee, J. G.: The Relationship of Froude Number and Developed Cloud Band Locations Near Yeongdong Region Under the Siberian High Pressure System, Atmosphere, 29, 325–342, 2019. a
Kindap, T.: A severe sea-effect snow episode over the city of Istanbul, Nat. Hazards, 54, 707–723, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9496-7, 2010. a
Kneifel, S., Maahn, M., Peters, G., and Simmer, C.: Observation of snowfall with a low-power FM-CW K-band radar (Micro Rain Radar), Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 113, 75–87, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-011-0142-z, 2011. a
Ko, A.-R., Kim, B.-G., Eun, S.-H., Park, Y.-S., and Choi, B.-C.: Analysis of the Relationship of Water Vapor with Precipitation for the Winter ESSAY (Experiment on Snow Storms At Yeongdong) Period, Atmosphere, 26, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2016.26.1.019, 2016. a, b, c
Kristovich, D. R., Clark, R. D., Frame, J., Geerts, B., Knupp, K. R., Kosiba, K. A., Laird, N. F., Metz, N. D., Minder, J. R., Sikora, T. D., Steenburgh, W. J., Steiger, S. M., Wurman, J., and Young, G. S.: The Ontario winter lake-effect systems field campaign scientific and educational adventures to further our knowledge and prediction of lake-effect storms, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 315–332, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00034.1, 2017. a, b
Kumjian, M. R., Rutledge, S. A., Rasmussen, R., Kennedy, P. C., and Dixon, M.: High-resolution polarimetric radar observations of snow-generating cells, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 53, 1636–1658, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0312.1, 2014. a
Kusunoki, K., Murakami, M., Orikasa, N., Hoshimoto, M., Tanaka, Y., Yamada, Y., Mizuno, H., Hamazu, K., and Watanabe, H.: Observations of quasi-stationary and shallow orographic snow clouds: Spatial distributions of supercooled liquid water and snow particles, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 743–751, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2874.1, 2005. a
Kwon, T.-Y., Cho, Y.-J., Seo, D.-H., Choi, M.-G., and Han, S.-O.: Synoptic Environment Associated with Extreme Heavy Snowfall Events in the Yeongdong Region, Atmosphere, 24, 343–364, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2014.24.3.343, 2014. a
Kwon, T.-Y., Park, J.-Y., Choi, B.-C., and Han, S.-O.: Satellite Image Analysis of Low-Level Stratiform Cloud Related with the Heavy Snowfall Events in the Yeongdong Region, Atmosphere, 25, 577–589, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2015.25.4.577, 2015. a
Laird, N. F., Desrochers, J., and Payer, M.: Climatology of lake-effect precipitation events over Lake Champlain, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48, 232–250, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1923.1, 2009. a
Lee, G. W., Zawadzki, I., Szyrmer, W., Sempere-Torres, D., and Uijlenhoet, R.: A general approach to double-moment normalization of drop size distributions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 264–281, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0264:AGATDN>2.0.CO;2, 2004. a, b
Lee, J. G.: Synoptic Structure Causing the Difference in Observed Snowfall Amount at Taegwallyong and Kangnung: Case Study, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 319–334, 1999. a
Lee, J. G. and Lee, J. S.: A Numerical Study of Yeongdong Heavy Snowfall Events Associated with Easterly, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 475–490, 2003. a
Lee, J. G. and Xue, M.: A study on a snowband associated with a coastal front and cold-air damming event of 3–4 February 1998 along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 263–279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2088-6, 2013. a, b, c, d
Lee, J.-H., Eun, S.-H., Kim, B.-G., and Han, S.-O.: An Analysis of Low-level Stability in the Heavy Snowfall Event Observed in the Yeongdong Region, Atmosphere, 22, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.14191/atmos.2012.22.2.209, 2012. a, b
Lee, S. S., Kim, B. G., Nam, H. G., Yum, S. S., Choi, Y. S., and Jung, C. H.: Factors that control heavy snowfalls in the eastern coast of Korea, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 29, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2017.08.18.01, 2018. a, b
Lim, K.-S. S., Chang, E.-C., Sun, R., Kim, K., Tapiador, F. J., and Lee, G.: Evaluation of Simulated Winter Precipitation Using WRF-ARW during the ICE-POP 2018 Field Campaign, Weather Forecast., 35, 2199–2213, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-19-0236.1, 2020. a
Löffler-Mang, M. and Joss, J.: An Optical Disdrometer for Measuring Size and Velocity of Hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0130:AODFMS>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a
Löffler-Mang, M., Kunz, M., and Schmid, W.: On the performance of a low-cost K-band Doppler radar for quantitative rain measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 379–387, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0379:otpoal>2.0.co;2, 1999. a
Maahn, M. and Kollias, P.: Improved Micro Rain Radar snow measurements using Doppler spectra post-processing, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2661–2673, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2661-2012, 2012. a, b, c
Matrosov, S. Y.: Ice Hydrometeor Shape Estimations Using Polarimetric Operational and Research Radar Measurements, Atmosphere, 11, 97, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010097, 2020. a
May, R. M., Arms, S. C., Marsh, P., Bruning, E., Leeman, J. R., Goebbert, K.,
Thielen, J. E., and Bruick, Z. S.: MetPy: A Python Package for Meteorological
Data, UCAR [code], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6WW7G29, 2008–2021. a, b
Medina, S. and Houze Jr., R. A.: Air motions and precipitation growth in Alpine storms, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 345–371, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.13, 2003. a
Minder, J. R., Letcher, T. W., Campbell, L. S., Veals, P. G., and Steenburgh, W. J.: The evolution of lake-effect convection during landfall and orographic uplift as observed by profiling radars, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 4422–4442, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0117.1, 2015. a, b, c, d
Nakamura, K. and Asai, T.: A Numerical Experiment of Airmass Transformation Processes Over Warmer Sea. Part II: Interaction Between Small-Scale Convections and Large-Scale Flow, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 63, 805–827, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.63.5_805, 1985. a
Nam, H.-G., Jung, J., Kim, H.-U., Shim, J.-K., Kim, B.-J., Kim, S.-B., and Kim, B.-G.: An Analysis on the Spatial Scale of Yeongdong Cold Air Damming (YCAD) in Winter Using Observation and Numerical Weather Model, Atmosphere, 30, 183–193, 2020. a
Ohigashi, T., Tsuboki, K., Shusse, Y., and Uyeda, H.: An intensification process of a winter broad cloud band on a flank of the mountain region along the Japan-Sea coast, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 92, 71–93, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2014-105, 2014. a
Park, S. G., Kim, H. L., Ham, Y. W., and Jung, S. H.: Comparative evaluation of the OTT PARSIVEL2 using a collocated two-dimensional video disdrometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 34, 2059–2082, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0256.1, 2017. a
Park, S. K. and Park, S.: On a flood-producing coastal mesoscale convective storm associated with the kor'easterlies: Multi-Data analyses using remotely-sensed and in-situ observations and storm-scale model simulations, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12091532, 2020. a
Peters, G., Fischer, B., Münster, H., Clemens, M., and Wagner, A.: Profiles of raindrop size distributions as retrieved by microrain radars, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1930–1949, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2316.1, 2005. a
Petersen, W. A. and Tokay, A.: GPM Ground Validation Autonomous Parsivel Unit (APU) ICE POP [indicate subset used], NASA Global Hydrology Resource Center DAAC [data set], Huntsville, Alabama, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/GPMGV/ICEPOP/APU/DATA101, 2019. a
Petersen, W. A., Wolff, D., Zavodski, B., and Roberts, J.: International Collaborative Experiment for PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympics (ICE-POP) Collection [indicate subset used], the NASA EOSDIS Global Hydrology Resource Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], Huntsville, Alabama, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/GPMGV/ICEPOP/DATA101, 2018. a, b
Pokharel, B., Geerts, B., Jing, X., Friedrich, K., Ikeda, K., and Rasmussen, R.: A multi-sensor study of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains in Wyoming. Part II: Seeding impact analysis, Atmos. Res., 183, 42–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.018, 2017. a
Rex, D. F.: Blocking Action in the Middle Troposphere and its Effect upon Regional Climate, Tellus, 2, 275–301, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00339.x, 1950. a, b
Rotunno, R. and Houze, R. A.: Lessons on orographic precipitation from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 811–830, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.67, 2007. a
Rutledge, S. A. and Hobbs, P. V.: The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. VIII: A Model for the “Seeder-Feeder” Process in Warm-Frontal Rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1185:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2, 1983. a
Seo, E.-K. and Jhun, J.-G.: A case study of the heavy snowfalls occurred in the Korean peninsula from 29 January to 1 February 1990, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 165–179, 1991. a
Song, J.-A., Lee, J. G., and Kim, Y.-J.: The Study of Correlations between Air-Sea Temperature Difference and Precipitation and between Wind and Precipitation in the Yeongdong Coastal Region in Relation to the Siberian High, Atmosphere, 26, 127–140, https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2016.26.1.127, 2016. a, b, c, d
Souverijns, N., Gossart, A., Lhermitte, S., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Kneifel, S., Maahn, M., Bliven, F. L., van Lipzig, N. P. M., Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Kneifel, S., Maahn, M., Bliven, F. L., and van Lipzig, N. P. M.: Estimating radar reflectivity – Snowfall rate relationships and their uncertainties over Antarctica by combining disdrometer and radar observations, Atmos. Res., 196, 211–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.001, 2017. a, b, c, d, e
Steenburgh, W. J. and Nakai, S.: Perspectives on sea- And lake-effect precipitation from Japan's “Gosetsu chitai”, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E58–E72, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0335.1, 2020. a
Tapiador, F. J., Checa, R., and De Castro, M.: An experiment to measure the spatial variability of rain drop size distribution using sixteen laser disdrometers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044120, 2010. a, b
Testud, J., Oury, S., Black, R. A., Amayenc, P., and Dou, X.: The concept of “normalized” distribution to describe raindrop spectra: A tool for cloud physics and cloud remote sensing, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1118–1140, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1118:TCONDT>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Tokay, A., Hartmann, P., Battaglia, A., Gage, K. S., Clark, W. L., and Williams, C. R.: A field study of reflectivity and Z–R relations using vertically pointing radars and disdrometers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1120–1134, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1163.1, 2009. a
Tokay, A., Wolff, D. B., and Petersen, W. A.: Evaluation of the new version of the laser-optical disdrometer, OTT parsivel, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1276–1288, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00174.1, 2014. a
Veals, P. G., James Steenburgh, W., Nakai, S., and Yamaguchi, S.: Factors affecting the inland and orographic enhancement of sea-effect snowfall in the hokuriku region of Japan, Mon. Weather Rev., 147, 3121–3143, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0007.1, 2019. a
Veals, P. G., James Steenburgh, W., Nakai, S., and Yamaguchi, S.: Intrastorm variability of the inland and orographic enhancement of a sea-effect snowstorm in the hokuriku region of Japan, Mon. Weather Rev., 148, 2527–2548, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0390.1, 2020. a, b
Vignon, Besic, N., Jullien, N., Gehring, J., and Berne, A.: Microphysics of
Snowfall Over Coastal East Antarctica Simulated by Polar WRF and Observed by
Radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 452–476, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031028,
2019. a
Wiley, J. and Mercer, A.: An updated synoptic climatology of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario heavy lake-effect snow events, Atmosphere, 11, 872, https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS11080872, 2020. a
Yu, C. K., Jorgensen, D. P., and Roux, F.: Multiple precipitation mechanisms over mountains observed by airborne Doppler radar during MAP IOP5, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 955–984, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3318.1, 2007.
a
Yuter, S. E. and Houze, R. A.: Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Microphysical Evolution of Florida Cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency Distributions of Vertical Velocity, Reflectivity, and Differential Reflectivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1941–1963, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1941:TDKAME>2.0.CO;2, 1995. a
Yuter, S. E. and Houze, R. A.: Microphysical modes of precipitation growth determined by S-band vertically pointing radar in orographic precipitation during MAP, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 455–476, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.216, 2003. a
Yuter, S. E., Kingsmill, D. E., Nance, L. B., and Löffler-Mang, M.: Observations of Precipitation Size and Fall Speed Characteristics within Coexisting Rain and Wet Snow, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 45, 1450–1464, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2406.1, 2006. a, b, c
Short summary
This study analyzes the microphysical characteristics of snow in complex terrain and the nearby ocean according to topography and wind pattern during the ICE-POP 2018 campaign. The observations from collocated vertically pointing radars and disdrometers indicate that the riming in the mountainous region is likely caused by a strong shear and turbulence. The different behaviors of aggregation and riming were found by three different synoptic patterns (air–sea interaction, cold low, and warm low).
This study analyzes the microphysical characteristics of snow in complex terrain and the nearby...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint