Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6493-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6493-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Microphysical variability of Amazonian deep convective cores observed by CloudSat and simulated by a multi-scale modeling framework
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
Patrick C. Taylor
Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Mark Branson
Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Ft.
Collins, CO, USA
Related authors
Carola Barrientos-Velasco, Christopher J. Cox, Hartwig Deneke, J. Brant Dodson, Anja Hünerbein, Matthew D. Shupe, Patrick C. Taylor, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3929–3960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3929-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3929-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how clouds affect the climate, especially in the Arctic, is crucial. This study used data from the largest polar expedition in history, MOSAiC, and the CERES satellite to analyse the impact of clouds on radiation. Simulations showed accurate results, aligning with observations. Over the year, clouds caused the atmospheric surface system to lose 5.2 W m−² of radiative energy to space, while the surface gained 25 W m−² and the atmosphere cooled by 30.2 W m−².
J. Brant Dodson, Patrick C. Taylor, Richard H. Moore, David H. Bromwich, Keith M. Hines, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Chelsea A. Corr, Bruce E. Anderson, Edward L. Winstead, and Joseph R. Bennett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11563–11580, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft in situ observations of low-level Beaufort Sea cloud properties and thermodynamics from the ARISE campaign are compared with the Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) to better understand deficiencies in simulated clouds. ASR produces too little cloud water, which coincides with being too warm and dry. In addition, ASR struggles to produce cloud water even in favorable thermodynamic conditions. A random sampling experiment also shows the effects of the limited aircraft sampling on the results.
Baylor Fox-Kemper, Patricia DeRepentigny, Anne Marie Treguier, Christian Stepanek, Eleanor O’Rourke, Chloe Mackallah, Alberto Meucci, Yevgeny Aksenov, Paul J. Durack, Nicole Feldl, Vanessa Hernaman, Céline Heuzé, Doroteaciro Iovino, Gaurav Madan, André L. Marquez, François Massonnet, Jenny Mecking, Dhrubajyoti Samanta, Patrick C. Taylor, Wan-Ling Tseng, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The earth system model variables needed for studies of the ocean and sea ice are prioritized and requested.
Carola Barrientos-Velasco, Christopher J. Cox, Hartwig Deneke, J. Brant Dodson, Anja Hünerbein, Matthew D. Shupe, Patrick C. Taylor, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3929–3960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3929-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3929-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how clouds affect the climate, especially in the Arctic, is crucial. This study used data from the largest polar expedition in history, MOSAiC, and the CERES satellite to analyse the impact of clouds on radiation. Simulations showed accurate results, aligning with observations. Over the year, clouds caused the atmospheric surface system to lose 5.2 W m−² of radiative energy to space, while the surface gained 25 W m−² and the atmosphere cooled by 30.2 W m−².
Sean Horvath, Linette Boisvert, Chelsea Parker, Melinda Webster, Patrick Taylor, and Robyn Boeke
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-297, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-297, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic sea ice has been experiencing a dramatic decline since the late 1970s. A database is presented that combines satellite observations with daily sea ice parcel drift tracks. This dataset consists of daily time series of sea ice parcel locations, sea ice and snow conditions, and atmospheric states. This has multiple applications for the scientific community that can shed light on the atmosphere-snow-sea ice interactions in the changing Arctic environment.
J. Brant Dodson, Patrick C. Taylor, Richard H. Moore, David H. Bromwich, Keith M. Hines, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Chelsea A. Corr, Bruce E. Anderson, Edward L. Winstead, and Joseph R. Bennett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11563–11580, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft in situ observations of low-level Beaufort Sea cloud properties and thermodynamics from the ARISE campaign are compared with the Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) to better understand deficiencies in simulated clouds. ASR produces too little cloud water, which coincides with being too warm and dry. In addition, ASR struggles to produce cloud water even in favorable thermodynamic conditions. A random sampling experiment also shows the effects of the limited aircraft sampling on the results.
Hong Chen, Sebastian Schmidt, Michael D. King, Galina Wind, Anthony Bucholtz, Elizabeth A. Reid, Michal Segal-Rozenhaimer, William L. Smith, Patrick C. Taylor, Seiji Kato, and Peter Pilewskie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2673–2697, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2673-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2673-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we accessed the shortwave irradiance derived from MODIS cloud optical properties by using aircraft measurements. We developed a data aggregation technique to parameterize spectral surface albedo by snow fraction in the Arctic. We found that undetected clouds have the most significant impact on the imagery-derived irradiance. This study suggests that passive imagery cloud detection could be improved through a multi-pixel approach that would make it more dependable in the Arctic.
Cited articles
Andreae, M. O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A. A., Frank, G. P., Longo,
K. M., and Silva-Dias, M. A. F.: Smoking Rain Clouds over the Amazon,
Science, 303, 1337–1342, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092779, 2004.
Arakawa, A.: Modelling clouds and cloud processes for use in climate models,
The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modelling, WMO, Geneva,
Switzerland, GARP Publications Series No. 16, 100–120, 1975.
Arakawa, A.: The cumulus parameterization problem: Past, present, and future,
J. Climate, 217, 2493–2525, 2004.
Avery, M. A., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Ye, H., and Dessler, A. E.:
Large anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapour and ice during the
2015–2016 El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 110, 405–410, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2961,
2017.
Batchelor, G. K.: Heat convection and buoyancy effects in fluids, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 80, 339–358, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708034504, 1954.
Battan, L. J.: Radar Observations of the Atmosphere, University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 324 pp., 1973.
Bodas-Salcedo, A., Webb, M. J., Brooks, M. E., Ringer, M. A., William, K. D.,
Milton, S. F., and Wilson, D. R.: Evaluating cloud systems in the Met Office
global forecast model using simulated CloudSat radar reflectivities,
J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009620, 2008.
Bouniol, D., Delanoë, J., Duroure, C., Protat, A., Giraud, V., and
Penide, G.: Microphysical characterisation of West African MCS anvils, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 323–344, 2010.
Bryan, G. H., Wyngaard, J. C., and Fritsch, J. M.: Resolution requirements
for the simulation of deep moist convection, Mon. Weather Rev., 131,
2394–2416,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2394:RRFTSO>2.0.CO;2,
2003.
Burleyson, C. D., Feng, Z., Hagos, S. M., Fast, J., Machado, L. A. T., and
Martin, S. T.: Spatial variability of the background diurnal cycle of deep
convection around the GoAmazon2014/5 field campaign sites, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., 55, 1579–1598, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0229.1, 2016.
Carpenter, R. L., Droegemeier, K. K., and Blyth, A. M.: Entrainment and
Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part III:
Parcel Analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3440–3455, 1998.
Cetrone, J. and Houze Jr., R. A.: Anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale
convective systems in monsoon regions, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135,
305–317, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.389, 2009.
Chaboureau, J.-P., Guichard, F., Redelsperger, J.-L., and Lafore, J.-P.: The
role of stability and moisture in the diurnal cycle of convection over land,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3105–3117, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.132, 2004.
Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J.,
Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur,
G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., Vössing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and
Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the tropical
stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033641,
2008.
Dai, A., Giorgi, F., and Trenberth,K. E. : Observed and model-simulated
diurnal cycles of precipitation over the contiguous United States,
J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6377–6402, 1999.
Dawson, D. T., Xue, M., Milbrandt, J. A., and Yau, M. K.: Comparison of
evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment
bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms,
Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 1152–1171, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2956.1, 2010.
Del Genio, A. D., Chen, Y., Kim, D., and Yao, M.-S.: The MJO transition from
shallow to deep convection in CloudSat/CALIPSO data and GISS GCM simulations,
J. Climate, 25, 3755–3770, 2012.
Dodson, J. B. and Taylor, P. C.: Sensitivity of Amazonian TOA flux diurnal
cycle composite monthly variability to choice of reanalysis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 121, 4404–4428, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024567, 2016.
Dodson, J. B., Randall, D. A., and Suzuki, K.: Comparison of observed and
simulated tropical cumuliform clouds by CloudSat and NICAM, J. Geophys. Res.
Atmos., 118, 1852–1867, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50121, 2013.
Fu, R., Genio, D., Anthony, D., and Rossow, W. B.: Behavior of deep
convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances,
J. Climate, 3, 1129–1152, 1990.
Fu, R., Zhu, B., and Dickinson, R. E.: How Do Atmosphere and Land Surface
Influence Seasonal Changes of Convection in the Tropical Amazon?, J. Climate,
12, 1306–1321, 1999.
Giangrande, S. E., Toto, T., Jensen, M. P., Bartholomew, M. J., Feng, Z.,
Protat, A., Williams, C. R., Schumacher, C., and Machado, L.: Convective
cloud vertical velocity and mass-flux characteristics from radar wind
profiler observations during GoAmazon2014/5, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
12891–12913, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025303, 2016.
Gilmore, M. S., Straka, J. M., and Rasmussen, E. K.: Precipitation and
Evolution Sensitivity in Simulated Deep Convective Storms: Comparisons
between Liquid-Only and Simple Ice and Liquid Phase Microphysics, Mon.
Weather Rev., 132, 1897–1916, 2004.
Grabowski, W., Wu, X., and Moncrieff, M.: Cloud resolving modeling of
tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part III: Effects of cloud
microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2384–2402, 1999.
Haynes, J. M., Marchand, R. T., Luo, Z., Bodas-Salcedo, A., and Stephens, G.
L.: A multi-purpose radar simulation package: QuickBeam, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 88, 1723–1727, 2007.
Hou, A. Y., Kakar, R. K., Neeck, S., Azarbarzin, A. A., Kummerow, C. D.,
Kojima, M., Oki, R., Nakamura, K., and Iguchi, T.: The global precipitation
measurement (GPM) mission, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 701–722,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00164.1, 2014.
Igel, A. L., Igel, M. R., and van den Heever, S. C.: Make it a double?
Sobering results from simulations using single-moment microphysics schemes,
J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 910–925, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0107.1, 2015.
Itterly, K. F. and Taylor, P. C.: Evaluation of the tropical TOA flux diurnal
cycle in MERRA and ERA-Interim retrospective analyses, J. Climate, 27,
4781–4796, 2014.
Itterly, K. F., Taylor, P. C., Dodson, J. B., and Tawfik, A. B.: On the
sensitivity of the diurnal cycle in the Amazon to convective intensity,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8186–8208, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025039, 2016.
Janowiak, J. E., Kousky, V. E., and Joyce, R. J.: Diurnal cycle of
precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution
global precipitation analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006156, 2005.
Johnson, R. H., Rickenbach, T. M., Rutledge, S. A., Ciesielski, P. E., and
Schubert, W. A.: Trimodal Characteristic of Tropical Convection, J. Climate,
12, 2397–2418, 1999.
Johnston, H. S. and Solomon, S.: Thunderstorms as possible
micrometeorological sink for stratospheric water, J. Geophys. Res., 84,
3155–3158, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC06p03155, 1979.
Khairoutdinov, M., Randall, D. A., and DeMott, C.: Simulations of the
atmospheric general circulation using a cloud-resolving model as a
superparameterization of physical processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2136–2154,
2005.
Khairoutdinov, M. F. and Randall, D. A.: Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM
summer 1997 IOP: Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and
sensitivities, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607–625, 2003.
Khairoutdinov, M. F., Krueger, S. K., Moeng, C.-H., Bogenschutz, P. A., and
Randall, D. A.: Large-Eddy Simulation of Maritime Deep Tropical Convection,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 1, 15, https://doi.org/10.3894/JAMES.2009.1.15, 2009.
Kikuchi, K. and Wang, B.: Diurnal precipitation regimes in the global
tropics, J. Climate, 21, 2680–2696, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2051.1, 2008.
Kooperman, G. J., Pritchard, M. S., and Somerville, R. C. J.: Robustness and
sensitivities of central U.S. summer convection in the super-parameterized
CAM: Multimodel intercomparison with a new regional EOF index, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 40, 3287–3291, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50597, 2013.
Kummerow, C., Barnes, W., Kozu, T., Shiue, J., and Simpson, J.: The Tropical
Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15,
809–817, 1998.
Li, X., Sui, C.-H., Lau, K.-M., and Tao, W.-K.: Tropical convective responses
to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling
study, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 90, 245–259, 2005.
Lin, J. C., Matsui, T., Pielke Sr., R. A., and Kummerow, C.: Effects of
biomass-burning-derived aerosols on precipitation and clouds in the Amazon
Basin: a satellite-based empirical study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006884, 2006.
Lin, X., Randall, D. A., and Fowler, L. D.: Diurnal variability of the
hydrologic cycle and radiative fluxes: Comparisons between observations and a
GCM, J. Climate, 13, 4159–4179,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4159:DVOTHC>2.0.CO;2,
2000.
Liu, C. and Zipser, E. J.: The global distribution of largest, deepest, and
most intense precipitation systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3591–3595,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063776, 2015.
Liu, C., Zipser, E., and Nesbitt, S. W.: Global distribution of tropical deep
convection: Different perspectives from TRMM infrared and radar data,
J. Climate, 20, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4023.1, 2007.
Liu, C., Zipser, E. J., Mace, G. G., and Benson, S.: Implications of the
differences between daytime and nighttime CloudSat observations over the
tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009783, 2008.
Liu, N. and Liu, C.: Global distribution of deep convection reaching
tropopause in 1 year GPM observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
3824–3842, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024430, 2016.
Mace, G. G., Marchand, R., Zhang, Q., and Stephens, G.: Global hydrometeor
occurrence as observed by CloudSat: Initial observations from summer 2006,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL029017, 2007.
Machado, L. A. T., Rossow, W. B., Guedes, R. L., and Walker, A. W.: Life
Cycle Variations of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Americas, Mon.
Weather Rev., 126, 1630–1624, 1998.
Marchand, R., Mace, G. G., Ackerman, T., and Stephens, G.: Hydrometeor
Detection Using Cloudsat–An Earth–Orbiting 94-GHz Cloud Radar, J. Atmos.
Oceanic Technol., 25, 519–533, 2008.
Marengo, J. A., Liebmann, B., Kousky, V. E., Filizola, N. P., and Wainer, I.
C.: Onset and End of the Rainy Season in the Brazilian Amazon Basin,
J. Climate, 14, 833–852, 2001.
Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Machado, L., Manzi, A. O., Souza, R. A. F.,
Schumacher, C., Wang, J., Biscaro, T., Brito, J., Calheiros, A., Jardine, K.,
Medeiros, A., Portela, B., de Sá, S. S., Adachi, K., Aiken, A. C.,
Albrecht, R., Alexander, L., Andreae, M. O., Barbosa, H. M. J., Buseck, P.,
Chand, D., Comstock, J. M., Day, D. A., Dubey, M., Fan, J., Fast, J., Fisch,
G., Fortner, E., Giangrande, S., Gilles, M., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A.,
Hubbe, J., Jensen, M., Jimenez, J. L., Keutsch, F. N., Kim, S., Kuang, C.,
Laskin, A., McKinney, K., Mei, F., Miller, M., Nascimento, R., Pauliquevis,
T., Pekour, M., Peres, J., Petäjä, T., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl,
U., Rizzo, L., Schmid, B., Shilling, J. E., Silva Dias, M. A., Smith, J. N.,
Tomlinson, J. M., Tóta, J., and Wendisch, M.: The Green Ocean Amazon
Experiment (GoAmazon2014/5) Observes Pollution Affecting Gases, Aerosols,
Clouds, and Rainfall over the Rain Forest, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98,
981–997, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00221.1, 2017.
Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Machado, L. A. T., Manzi, A. O., Souza, R. A. F.,
Schumacher, C., Wang, J., Andreae, M. O., Barbosa, H. M. J., Fan, J., Fisch,
G., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A., Jimenez, J. L., Pöschl, U., Silva
Dias, M. A., Smith, J. N., and Wendisch, M.: Introduction: Observations and
Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
4785–4797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016, 2016.
McCumber, M., Tao, W.-K., Simpson, J., Penc, R., and Soong, S.-T.: Comparison
of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical
simulations of tropical convection, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 985–1004, 1991.
Morrison, H.: An Analytic Description of the Structure and Evolution of
Growing Deep Cumulus Updrafts, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 809-834,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0234.1, 2017.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics
on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall
line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137,
991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Nam, C. and Quaas, J.: Evaluation of clouds and precipitation in the ECHAM5
general circulation model using CALIPSO and CloudSat satellite data,
J. Climate, 25, 4975–4992, 2012.
Nesbitt, S. W. and Zipser, E. J.: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and
convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements,
J. Climate, 16, 1456–1475, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456, 2003.
Petch, J. C., Brown, A. R., and Gray, M. E. B. : The impact of horizontal
resolution on the simulations of convective development over land, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 128, 2031–2044, 2002.
Petersen, W. A. and Rutledge, S. A.: Regional variability in tropical
convection: Observations from TRMM, J. Climate, 14, 3566–3586, 2001.
Raia, A. and Cavalcanti, I. F. A.: The Life Cycle of the South American
Monsoon System, J. Climate, 21, 6227–6246, 2008.
Randall, D., Khairoutdinov, M., Arakawa, A., and Grabowski, W.: Breaking the
cloud parameterization deadlock, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1547–1564,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-11-1547, 2003.
Riihimaki, L. D. and McFarlane, S. A.: Frequency and morphology of tropical
tropopause layer cirrus from CALIPSO observations: Are isolated cirrus
different from those connected to deep convection?, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
D18201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013133, 2010.
Sassen, K., Matrosov, S., and Campbell, J.: CloudSat spaceborne 94 GHz radar
bright bands in the melting layer: An attenuation-driven upside-down lidar
analog, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030291, 2007.
Sassen, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, D.: Cirrus clouds and deep convection in the
tropics: Insights from CALIPSO and CloudSat, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00H06,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011916, 2009.
Satoh, M., Inoue, T., and Miura, H.: Evaluations of cloud properties of
global and local cloud system resolving models using CALIPSO and CloudSat
simulators, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012247, 2010.
Schumacher, C., Houze Jr., R. A., and Kraucunas, I.: The tropical dynamical
response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM Precipitation
Radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1341–1358, 2004.
Scorer, R. S. and Ludlam, F. H.: Bubble theory of penetrative convection,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 94–103, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707933908, 1953.
Sherwood, S. C., Hernández-Deckers, D., and Colin, M.: Slippery Thermals
and the Cumulus Entrainment Paradox, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2426–2442, 2013.
Stephens, G. L., Vane, D. G., Tanelli, S., Im, E., Durden, S., Rokey, M.,
Reinke, D., Partain, P., Mace, G. G., Austin, R., L'Ecuyer, T., Haynes, J.,
Lebsock, M., Suzuki, K., Waliser, D., Wu, D., Kay, J., Gettelman, A., Wang,
Z., and Marchand, R.: CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after
the first year of operation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A18,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009982, 2008.
Swann, H.: Sensitivity to the representation of precipitating ice in CRM
simulations of deep convection, Atmos. Res., 47–48, 415–435,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(98)00050-7, 1998.
Tang, S., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Schumacher, C., Upton, H., Jensen,
M. P., Johnson, K. L., Wang, M., Ahlgrimm, M., Feng, Z., Minnis, P., and
Thieman, M.: Large-scale vertical velocity, diabatic heating and drying
profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective
systems observed in the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
14249–14264, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14249-2016, 2016.
Tao, W.-K., Chen, J.-P., Li, Z., Wang, C., and Zhang, C.: Impact of aerosols
on convective clouds and precipitation, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000369, 2012.
Taylor, P. C.: Variability of monthly diurnal cycle composites of TOA
radiative fluxes in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 754–776,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0112.1, 2014a.
Taylor, P. C.: Variability of Regional TOA Flux Diurnal Cycle Composites at
the Monthly Time Scale, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3484–3498,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0336.1, 2014b.
Tian, B., Soden, B. J., and Wu, X.: Diurnal cycle of convection, clouds, and
water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere: Satellites versus a general
circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004117,
2004.
Van Weverberg, K., Vogelmann, A. M., Morrison, H., and Milbrandt, J. A.:
Sensitivity of idealized squall-line simulations to the level of complexity
used in two-moment bulk microphysics schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 140,
1883–1907, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00120.1, 2012.
Waliser, D. E., Li, J.-L. F., Woods, C. P., Austin, R. T., Bacmeister, J.,
Chern, J., Del Genio, A., Jiang, J. H., Kuang, Z., Meng, H., Minnis, P.,
Platnick, S., Rossow, W. B., Stephens, G. L., Sun-Mack, S., Tao, W.-K.,
Tompkins, A. M., Vane, D. G., Walker C., and Wu, D.: Cloud ice: A climate model challenge with signs and
expectations of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A21,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010015, 2009.
Wallace, J. M.: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm
frequency over the conterminous United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 103,
406–419, 1975.
Wang, M., Ghan, S., Easter, R., Ovchinnikov, M., Liu, X., Kassianov, E.,
Qian, Y., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Larson, V. E., Schanen, D. P., Khairoutdinov,
M., and Morrison, H.: The multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF: model
description and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 137–168,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-137-2011, 2011.
Wang, Z. and Sassen, K.: Cloud type and macrophysical property retrieval
using multiple remote sensors, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1665–1682, 2001.
Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z.,
Hunt, W. H., and Young, S. A.: Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP
data processing algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2310–2323,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1, 2009.
Yamamoto, M. K., Furuzawa, F. A., Higuchi, A., and Nakamura, K.: Comparison
of diurnal variations of precipitation systems observed by TRMMPR, TMI, and
VIRS, J. Climate, 21, 4011–4028, 2008.
Yang, G.-Y. and Slingo, J.: The diurnal cycle in the tropics, Mon. Weather
Rev., 129, 784–801,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:TDCITT>2.0.CO;2,
2001.
Yuan, J., Houze Jr., R. A., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Vertical structures of
anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems observed by CloudSat,
J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1653–1674, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3687.1, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Klein, S. A., Liu, C., Tian, B., Marchand, R. T., Haynes, J. M.,
McCoy, R. B., Zhang, Y., and Ackerman, T. P.: On the diurnal cycle of deep
convection, high-level cloud, and upper troposphere water vapor in the
Multiscale Modeling Framework, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009905, 2008.
Zhou, T., Yu, R., Chen, H., Dai, A., and Pan, Y.: Summer precipitation
frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A Comparison of Satellite
Data with Rain Gauge Observations, J. Climate, 21, 3997–4010, 2008.
Short summary
The vertical profiles of convection in the Amazon are sampled using CloudSat, with particular emphasis on day–night contrast. Focusing on vigorous deep convective cores reveals a distinct, previously unreported double-arc reflectivity feature in the contoured frequency by altitude diagram, likely corresponding with two modes of ice hydrometeor phase: snow versus graupel/hail. Replicating this feature in cloud-resolving models requires further improvements in the microphysical parameterization.
The vertical profiles of convection in the Amazon are sampled using CloudSat, with particular...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint