Articles | Volume 18, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11149-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11149-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Aug 2018
Research article |
| 10 Aug 2018
| 10 Aug 2018
Volcanic impact on the climate – the stratospheric aerosol load in the period 2006–2015
Johan Friberg
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Bengt G. Martinsson
Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Sandra M. Andersson
Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
now at: Core service, information and statistics, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Oscar S. Sandvik
Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Related authors
Emma Axebrink, Moa K. Sporre, and Johan Friberg
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1448, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the importance of using high vertical resolution (HR) SO2 data when simulating a volcanic eruptions’ impact on the stratospheric aerosol load and climate, using WACCM, and compare simulations with aerosol observations from CALIOP. Simulations with HR SO2 data match the observations well, whereas simulations with the model’s default low-resolution (LR) data underestimates the aerosol load by ~50 %. The resulting climate cooling is twice as high for the HR than the LR SO2 data.
Johan Friberg, Bengt G. Martinsson, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12557–12570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the short- and long-term stratospheric impact of smoke from the massive Australian wildfires in Dec 2019–Jan 2020 using four satellite sensors. Smoke entered the stratosphere rapidly via transport by firestorms, as well as weeks after the fires. The smoke particle properties evolved over time together with rapidly decreasing stratospheric aerosol load, suggesting photolytic loss of organics in the smoke particles. The depletion rate was estimated to a half-life (e folding) of 10 (14) d.
Bengt G. Martinsson, Johan Friberg, Oscar S. Sandvik, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3967–3984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Large amounts of wildfire smoke reached the stratosphere in 2017. The literature on stratospheric aerosol is mainly based on horizontally viewing sensors that saturate in dense smoke. Using also a vertically viewing sensor with orders of magnitude shorter path in the smoke, we show that the horizontally viewing sensors miss a dramatic exponential decline of the aerosol load with a half-life of 10 d, where 80 %–90 % of smoke is lost. We attribute the decline to photolytic loss of organic aerosol.
Oscar S. Sandvik, Johan Friberg, Moa K. Sporre, and Bengt G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7153–7165, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A method to form SO2 profiles in the stratosphere with high vertical resolution following volcanic eruptions is introduced. The method combines space-based high-resolution vertical aerosol profiles and SO2 measurements the first 2 weeks after an eruption with air mass trajectory analyses. The SO2 is located at higher altitude than in most previous studies. The detailed resolution of the SO2 profile is unprecedented compared to other methods.
Bengt G. Martinsson, Johan Friberg, Oscar S. Sandvik, Markus Hermann, Peter F. J. van Velthoven, and Andreas Zahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10937–10953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10937-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10937-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We find that the aerosol of the lowermost stratosphere has a considerable climate forcing. The upper tropospheric (UT) particulate sulfur is strongly influenced by stratospheric sources the first half of the year, whereas tropospheric sources dominate in fall; 50 % of the UT particulate sulfur (S) was found to be stratospheric at background condition, and 70 % under moderate influence from volcanism. The Asian monsoon is found to be an important tropospheric source of S in the NH extratropical UT.
B. G. Martinsson, J. Friberg, S. M. Andersson, A. Weigelt, M. Hermann, D. Assmann, J. Voigtländer, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, P. J. F. van Velthoven, and A. Zahn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2581–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014, 2014
S. M. Andersson, B. G. Martinsson, J. Friberg, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, A. Rauthe-Schöch, M. Hermann, P. F. J. van Velthoven, and A. Zahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1781–1796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1781-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1781-2013, 2013
Emma Axebrink, Moa K. Sporre, and Johan Friberg
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1448, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the importance of using high vertical resolution (HR) SO2 data when simulating a volcanic eruptions’ impact on the stratospheric aerosol load and climate, using WACCM, and compare simulations with aerosol observations from CALIOP. Simulations with HR SO2 data match the observations well, whereas simulations with the model’s default low-resolution (LR) data underestimates the aerosol load by ~50 %. The resulting climate cooling is twice as high for the HR than the LR SO2 data.
Johan Friberg, Bengt G. Martinsson, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12557–12570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the short- and long-term stratospheric impact of smoke from the massive Australian wildfires in Dec 2019–Jan 2020 using four satellite sensors. Smoke entered the stratosphere rapidly via transport by firestorms, as well as weeks after the fires. The smoke particle properties evolved over time together with rapidly decreasing stratospheric aerosol load, suggesting photolytic loss of organics in the smoke particles. The depletion rate was estimated to a half-life (e folding) of 10 (14) d.
Bengt G. Martinsson, Johan Friberg, Oscar S. Sandvik, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3967–3984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Large amounts of wildfire smoke reached the stratosphere in 2017. The literature on stratospheric aerosol is mainly based on horizontally viewing sensors that saturate in dense smoke. Using also a vertically viewing sensor with orders of magnitude shorter path in the smoke, we show that the horizontally viewing sensors miss a dramatic exponential decline of the aerosol load with a half-life of 10 d, where 80 %–90 % of smoke is lost. We attribute the decline to photolytic loss of organic aerosol.
Oscar S. Sandvik, Johan Friberg, Moa K. Sporre, and Bengt G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7153–7165, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A method to form SO2 profiles in the stratosphere with high vertical resolution following volcanic eruptions is introduced. The method combines space-based high-resolution vertical aerosol profiles and SO2 measurements the first 2 weeks after an eruption with air mass trajectory analyses. The SO2 is located at higher altitude than in most previous studies. The detailed resolution of the SO2 profile is unprecedented compared to other methods.
Franz Slemr, Andreas Weigelt, Ralf Ebinghaus, Johannes Bieser, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Armin Rauthe-Schöch, Markus Hermann, Bengt G. Martinsson, Peter van Velthoven, Harald Bönisch, Marco Neumaier, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12329–12343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Total and elemental mercury were measured in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere onboard a passenger aircraft. Their concentrations in the upper troposphere were comparable implying low concentrations of oxidized mercury in this region. Large scale seasonally dependent influence of emissions from biomass burning was also observed. Their distributions in the lower stratosphere implies a long stratospheric lifetime, which precludes significant mercury oxidation by ozone.
Tomas Landelius, Magnus Lindskog, Heiner Körnich, and Sandra Andersson
Adv. Sci. Res., 15, 39–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
During recent years the strong decrease in the prices of solar panels has lead to an increasing interest in harvesting solar energy. In this paper solar radiation forecasts from a global and a regional numerical weather prediction model are compared. The result is that regional ensemble models can indeed provide added value compared to global models when it comes to forecasting solar radiation available for power production.
Bengt G. Martinsson, Johan Friberg, Oscar S. Sandvik, Markus Hermann, Peter F. J. van Velthoven, and Andreas Zahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10937–10953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10937-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10937-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We find that the aerosol of the lowermost stratosphere has a considerable climate forcing. The upper tropospheric (UT) particulate sulfur is strongly influenced by stratospheric sources the first half of the year, whereas tropospheric sources dominate in fall; 50 % of the UT particulate sulfur (S) was found to be stratospheric at background condition, and 70 % under moderate influence from volcanism. The Asian monsoon is found to be an important tropospheric source of S in the NH extratropical UT.
B. G. Martinsson, J. Friberg, S. M. Andersson, A. Weigelt, M. Hermann, D. Assmann, J. Voigtländer, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, P. J. F. van Velthoven, and A. Zahn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2581–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014, 2014
M. I. A. Berghof, G. P. Frank, S. Sjogren, and B. G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, 2014
S. M. Andersson, B. G. Martinsson, J. Friberg, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, A. Rauthe-Schöch, M. Hermann, P. F. J. van Velthoven, and A. Zahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1781–1796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1781-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1781-2013, 2013
S. Sjogren, G. P. Frank, M. I. A. Berghof, and B. G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 349–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-349-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-349-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Remote Sensing | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
The 2019 Raikoke eruption as a testbed used by the Volcano Response group for rapid assessment of volcanic atmospheric impacts
Does the Asian Summer Monsoon Play a Role in the Stratospheric Aerosol Budget of the Arctic?
Measurement report: Violent biomass burning and volcanic eruptions – a new period of elevated stratospheric aerosol over central Europe (2017 to 2023) in a long series of observations
Radiative impacts of the Australian bushfires 2019–2020 – Part 2: Large-scale and in-vortex radiative heating
Short- and long-term stratospheric impact of smoke from the 2019–2020 Australian wildfires
Quantifying SAGE II (1984–2005) and SAGE III/ISS (2017–2022) observations of smoke in the stratosphere
Stratospheric aerosol size reduction after volcanic eruptions
Evidence of a dual African and Australian biomass burning influence on the vertical distribution of aerosol and carbon monoxide over the Southwest Indian Ocean basin in early 2020
Occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds as derived from ground-based zenith DOAS observations using the colour index
Retrieving instantaneous extinction of aerosol undetected by the CALIPSO layer detection algorithm
Radiative impacts of the Australian bushfires 2019–2020 – Part 1: Large-scale radiative forcing
Australian wildfire smoke in the stratosphere: the decay phase in 2020/2021 and impact on ozone depletion
Five-satellite-sensor study of the rapid decline of wildfire smoke in the stratosphere
The unexpected smoke layer in the High Arctic winter stratosphere during MOSAiC 2019–2020
Changes in stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient after the 2018 Ambae eruption as seen by OMPS-LP and MAECHAM5-HAM
Tropospheric and stratospheric wildfire smoke profiling with lidar: mass, surface area, CCN, and INP retrieval
Quasi-coincident observations of polar stratospheric clouds by ground-based lidar and CALIOP at Concordia (Dome C, Antarctica) from 2014 to 2018
Evidence for the predictability of changes in the stratospheric aerosol size following volcanic eruptions of diverse magnitudes using space-based instruments
Stratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the 2019 Raikoke and Ulawun eruptions and their radiative forcing
Is the near-spherical shape the “new black” for smoke?
Smoke of extreme Australian bushfires observed in the stratosphere over Punta Arenas, Chile, in January 2020: optical thickness, lidar ratios, and depolarization ratios at 355 and 532 nm
Long-term (1999–2019) variability of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as seen by two co-located lidars and satellite measurements
The unprecedented 2017–2018 stratospheric smoke event: decay phase and aerosol properties observed with the EARLINET
Transport of the 2017 Canadian wildfire plume to the tropics via the Asian monsoon circulation
Lidar observations of pyrocumulonimbus smoke plumes in the UTLS over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia) from 2000 to 2017
Long-range-transported Canadian smoke plumes in the lower stratosphere over northern France
Comparison of Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud observations by ground-based and space-borne lidar and relevance for chemistry–climate models
Extreme levels of Canadian wildfire smoke in the stratosphere over central Europe on 21–22 August 2017
Depolarization and lidar ratios at 355, 532, and 1064 nm and microphysical properties of aged tropospheric and stratospheric Canadian wildfire smoke
A climatology of polar stratospheric cloud composition between 2002 and 2012 based on MIPAS/Envisat observations
Accuracy and precision of polar lower stratospheric temperatures from reanalyses evaluated from A-Train CALIOP and MLS, COSMIC GPS RO, and the equilibrium thermodynamics of supercooled ternary solutions and ice clouds
Lidar ratios of stratospheric volcanic ash and sulfate aerosols retrieved from CALIOP measurements
30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia)
Variability and evolution of the midlatitude stratospheric aerosol budget from 22 years of ground-based lidar and satellite observations
Interannual variations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud formation and nitric acid observed by CALIOP and MLS
Spectroscopic evidence of large aspherical β-NAT particles involved in denitrification in the December 2011 Arctic stratosphere
CALIOP near-real-time backscatter products compared to EARLINET data
Characterisation of a stratospheric sulfate plume from the Nabro volcano using a combination of passive satellite measurements in nadir and limb geometry
Dispersion of the Nabro volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer monsoon
Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle events of September–October 1989 on polar stratospheric aerosols: a case study
An assessment of CALIOP polar stratospheric cloud composition classification
On recent (2008–2012) stratospheric aerosols observed by lidar over Japan
Toward a combined SAGE II-HALOE aerosol climatology: an evaluation of HALOE version 19 stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient observations
Possible effect of extreme solar energetic particle event of 20 January 2005 on polar stratospheric aerosols: direct observational evidence
Odin-OSIRIS stratospheric aerosol data product and SAGE III intercomparison
Optical extinction by upper tropospheric/stratospheric aerosols and clouds: GOMOS observations for the period 2002–2008
Optimal estimation retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties from SAGE~II satellite observations in the volcanically unperturbed lower stratosphere
Radiosonde stratospheric temperatures at Dumont d'Urville (Antarctica): trends and link with polar stratospheric clouds
An evaluation of the SAGE III version 4 aerosol extinction coefficient and water vapor data products
Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas J. Aubry, Claudia Timmreck, Anja Schmidt, Lieven Clarisse, Fred Prata, Nicolas Theys, Andrew T. Prata, Graham Mann, Hyundeok Choi, Simon Carn, Richard Rigby, Susan C. Loughlin, and John A. Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5765–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2019 Raikoke eruption (Kamchatka, Russia) generated one of the largest emissions of particles and gases into the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative, an international effort, provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption and assess its climate impact. The eruption led to a minor global surface cooling of 0.02 °C in 2020 which is negligible relative to warming induced by human greenhouse gas emissions.
Sandra Graßl, Christoph Ritter, Ines Tritscher, and Bärbel Vogel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-124, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-124, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
One year of Arctic Lidar data is compared with global modelling of aerosol tracers in the stratosphere. A trend in the aerosol backscatter can be found. These observations are further compared with a model study to investigate the aerosol origin of the observed arctic aerosol. We found a correlation with increased backscatter signal during summer and early autumn and pathways from the Southeast Asian monsoon region and remains of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer in the Arctic.
Thomas Trickl, Hannes Vogelmann, Michael D. Fromm, Horst Jäger, Matthias Perfahl, and Wolfgang Steinbrecht
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1997–2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1997-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1997-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2023, the lidar team at Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany) celebrated its 50th year of aerosol profiling. The highlight of these activities has been the lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosol carried out since 1976. The observations since 2017 are characterized by severe smoke from several big fires in North America and Siberia and three volcanic eruptions. The sudden increase in the frequency of such strong fire events is difficult to understand.
Pasquale Sellitto, Redha Belhadji, Juan Cuesta, Aurélien Podglajen, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15523–15535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Record-breaking wildfires ravaged south-eastern Australia during the fire season 2019–2020. These fires injected a smoke plume in the stratosphere, which dispersed over the whole Southern Hemisphere and interacted with solar and terrestrial radiation. A number of detached smoke bubbles were also observed emanating from this plume and ascending quickly to over 35 km altitude. Here we study how absorption of radiation generated ascending motion of both the the hemispheric plume and the vortices.
Johan Friberg, Bengt G. Martinsson, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12557–12570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the short- and long-term stratospheric impact of smoke from the massive Australian wildfires in Dec 2019–Jan 2020 using four satellite sensors. Smoke entered the stratosphere rapidly via transport by firestorms, as well as weeks after the fires. The smoke particle properties evolved over time together with rapidly decreasing stratospheric aerosol load, suggesting photolytic loss of organics in the smoke particles. The depletion rate was estimated to a half-life (e folding) of 10 (14) d.
Larry W. Thomason and Travis Knepp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10361–10381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10361-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10361-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine space-based observations of stratospheric aerosol to infer the presence of episodic smoke perturbations. We find that smoke's optical properties often show a consistent behavior but vary somewhat from event to event. We also find that the rate of smoke events observed in the 1984–2005 period is about half the rate of similar observations in the period from 2017 to the present; however, with such low overall rates, inferring change between the periods is difficult.
Felix Wrana, Ulrike Niemeier, Larry W. Thomason, Sandra Wallis, and Christian von Savigny
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9725–9743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The stratospheric aerosol layer is a naturally occurring and permanent layer of aerosol, in this case very small droplets of mostly sulfuric acid and water, that has a cooling effect on our climate. To quantify this effect and for our general understanding of stratospheric microphysical processes, knowledge of the size of those aerosol particles is needed. Using satellite measurements and atmospheric models we show that some volcanic eruptions can lead to on average smaller aerosol sizes.
Nelson Bègue, Alexandre Baron, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Gwenaël Berthet, Hassan Bencherif, Corinna Kloss, Fabrice Jégou, Sergey Khaykin, Marion Ranaivombola, Tristan Millet, Thierry Portafaix, Valentin Duflot, Philippe Keckhut, Hélène Vérèmes, Guillaume Payen, Masha Kumar Sha, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Michaël Sicard, Tetsu Sakai, Richard Querel, Ben Liley, Dan Smale, Isamu Morino, Osamu Ochino, Tomohiro Nagai, Penny Smale, and John Robinson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1946, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study treats on the transport of the biomass burning (BB) products, induced during the 2019–20 extreme extreme Australian bushfire events, over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The BB activity in eastern Africa, weak during the wet season, contributed to modulate the atmospheric composition over this region. The simultaneous presence of African and Australian BB products has been recorded at Reunion. This reveals the complex variability of the atmospheric compostion over the SWIO basin.
Bianca Lauster, Steffen Dörner, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Udo Frieß, Myojeong Gu, Janis Puķīte, Uwe Raffalski, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15925–15942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are an important component in ozone chemistry. Here, we use two differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments in the Antarctic and Arctic to investigate the occurrence of PSCs based on the colour index, i.e. the colour of the zenith sky. Additionally using radiative transfer simulations, the variability and the seasonal cycle of PSC occurrence are analysed and an unexpectedly high signal during spring suggests the influence of volcanic aerosol.
Feiyue Mao, Ruixing Shi, Daniel Rosenfeld, Zengxin Pan, Lin Zang, Yannian Zhu, and Xin Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10589–10602, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies generally ignored the faint aerosols undetected by the CALIPSO layer detection algorithm because they are too optically thin. Here, we retrieved the faint aerosol extinction based on instantaneous CALIPSO observations with the constraint of SAGE data. The correlation and normalized root-mean-square error of the retrievals with independent SAGE data are 0.66 and 100.6 %, respectively. The minimum retrieved extinction at night can be extended to 10-4 km-1 with 125 % uncertainty.
Pasquale Sellitto, Redha Belhadji, Corinna Kloss, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9299–9311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9299-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As a consequence of extreme heat and drought, record-breaking wildfires ravaged south-eastern Australia during the fire season in 2019–2020. Fires injected a smoke plume very high up to the stratosphere, which dispersed quite quickly to the whole Southern Hemisphere and interacted with solar radiation, reflecting and absorbing part of it – thus producing impacts on the climate system. Here we estimate this impact on radiation and we study how it depends on the properties and ageing of the plume.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Bernd Kaifler, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Boris Barja, Daniel A. Knopf, Natalie Kaifler, Holger Baars, Patric Seifert, Diego Villanueva, Cristofer Jimenez, Martin Radenz, Ronny Engelmann, Igor Veselovskii, and Félix Zamorano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7417–7442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present and discuss 2 years of long-term lidar observations of the largest stratospheric perturbation by wildfire smoke ever observed. The smoke originated from the record-breaking Australian fires in 2019–2020 and affects climate conditions and even the ozone layer in the Southern Hemisphere. The obvious link between dense smoke occurrence in the stratosphere and strong ozone depletion found in the Arctic and in the Antarctic in 2020 can be regarded as a new aspect of climate change.
Bengt G. Martinsson, Johan Friberg, Oscar S. Sandvik, and Moa K. Sporre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3967–3984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Large amounts of wildfire smoke reached the stratosphere in 2017. The literature on stratospheric aerosol is mainly based on horizontally viewing sensors that saturate in dense smoke. Using also a vertically viewing sensor with orders of magnitude shorter path in the smoke, we show that the horizontally viewing sensors miss a dramatic exponential decline of the aerosol load with a half-life of 10 d, where 80 %–90 % of smoke is lost. We attribute the decline to photolytic loss of organic aerosol.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Ronny Engelmann, Christoph Ritter, Igor Veselovskii, Holger Baars, Henriette Gebauer, Hannes Griesche, Martin Radenz, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Sandro Dahlke, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15783–15808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The highlight of the lidar measurements during the 1-year MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition of the German icebreaker Polarstern (October 2019–October 2020) was the detection of a persistent, 10 km deep Siberian wildfire smoke layer in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) from about 7–8 km to 17–18 km height that could potentially have impacted the record-breaking ozone depletion over the Arctic in the spring of 2020.
Elizaveta Malinina, Alexei Rozanov, Ulrike Niemeier, Sandra Wallis, Carlo Arosio, Felix Wrana, Claudia Timmreck, Christian von Savigny, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14871–14891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the paper, changes in the stratospheric aerosol loading after the 2018 Ambae eruption were analyzed using OMPS-LP observations. The eruption was also simulated with the MAECHAM5-HAM global climate model. Generally, the model and observations agree very well. We attribute the good consistency of the results to a precisely determined altitude and mass of the volcanic injection, as well as nudging of the meteorological data. The radiative forcing from the eruption was estimated to be −0.13 W m−2.
Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Daniel A. Knopf, Igor Veselovskii, Holger Baars, Ronny Engelmann, Andreas Foth, Cristofer Jimenez, Patric Seifert, and Boris Barja
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9779–9807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9779-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9779-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present retrievals of tropospheric and stratospheric height profiles of particle mass, volume, surface area concentration of wildfire smoke layers, and related cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations. The new analysis scheme is applied to ground-based lidar observations of stratospheric Australian smoke over southern South America and to spaceborne lidar observations of tropospheric North American smoke.
Marcel Snels, Francesco Colao, Francesco Cairo, Ilir Shuli, Andrea Scoccione, Mauro De Muro, Michael Pitts, Lamont Poole, and Luca Di Liberto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2165–2178, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 5 years of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) observations by ground-based lidar at Concordia station (Antarctica) are presented. These data have been recorded in coincidence with the overpasses of the CALIOP lidar on the CALIPSO satellite. First we demonstrate that both lidars observe essentially the same thing, in terms of detection and composition of the PSCs. Then we use both datasets to study seasonal and interannual variations in the formation temperature of NAT mixtures.
Larry W. Thomason, Mahesh Kovilakam, Anja Schmidt, Christian von Savigny, Travis Knepp, and Landon Rieger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1143–1158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the impact of volcanic eruptions on stratospheric aerosol loading by space-based instruments show show a fairly well-behaved relationship between the magnitude and the apparent changes to aerosol size over several orders of magnitude. This directly measured relationship provides a unique opportunity to verify the performance of interactive aerosol models used in climate models.
Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Felix Ploeger, Ghassan Taha, Mariam Tidiga, Maxim Eremenko, Adriana Bossolasco, Fabrice Jégou, Jean-Baptiste Renard, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 535–560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-535-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-535-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The year 2019 was particularly rich for the stratospheric aerosol layer due to two volcanic eruptions (at Raikoke and Ulawun) and wildfire events. With satellite observations and models, we describe the exceptionally complex situation following the Raikoke eruption. The respective plume overwhelmed the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere in terms of aerosol load and resulted in the highest climate impact throughout the past decade.
Anna Gialitaki, Alexandra Tsekeri, Vassilis Amiridis, Romain Ceolato, Lucas Paulien, Anna Kampouri, Antonis Gkikas, Stavros Solomos, Eleni Marinou, Moritz Haarig, Holger Baars, Albert Ansmann, Tatyana Lapyonok, Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Silke Groß, Martin Wirth, Maria Tsichla, Ioanna Tsikoudi, and Dimitris Balis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14005–14021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14005-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14005-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric smoke particles are found to significantly depolarize incident light, while this effect is also accompanied by a strong spectral dependence. We utilize scattering simulations to show that this behaviour can be attributed to the near-spherical shape of the particles. We also examine whether an extension of the current AERONET scattering model to include the near-spherical shapes could be of benefit to the AERONET retrieval for stratospheric smoke associated with enhanced PLDR.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Holger Baars, Patric Seifert, Boris Barja, Cristofer Jimenez, Martin Radenz, Audrey Teisseire, Athina Floutsi, Moritz Haarig, Andreas Foth, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Ronny Engelmann, Félix Zamorano, Johannes Bühl, and Ulla Wandinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8003–8015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8003-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8003-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Unique lidar observations of a strong perturbation in stratospheric aerosol conditions in the Southern Hemisphere caused by the extreme Australian bushfires in 2019–2020 are presented. One of the main goals of this article is to provide the CALIPSO and Aeolus spaceborne lidar science teams with basic input parameters (lidar ratios, depolarization ratios) for a trustworthy documentation of this record-breaking event.
Fernando Chouza, Thierry Leblanc, John Barnes, Mark Brewer, Patrick Wang, and Darryl Koon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6821–6839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6821-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6821-2020, 2020
Holger Baars, Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Moritz Haarig, Ronny Engelmann, Dietrich Althausen, Ingrid Hanssen, Michael Gausa, Aleksander Pietruczuk, Artur Szkop, Iwona S. Stachlewska, Dongxiang Wang, Jens Reichardt, Annett Skupin, Ina Mattis, Thomas Trickl, Hannes Vogelmann, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Alexander Haefele, Karen Acheson, Albert A. Ruth, Boyan Tatarov, Detlef Müller, Qiaoyun Hu, Thierry Podvin, Philippe Goloub, Igor Veselovskii, Christophe Pietras, Martial Haeffelin, Patrick Fréville, Michaël Sicard, Adolfo Comerón, Alfonso Javier Fernández García, Francisco Molero Menéndez, Carmen Córdoba-Jabonero, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Daniele Bortoli, Maria João Costa, Davide Dionisi, Gian Luigi Liberti, Xuan Wang, Alessia Sannino, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Antonella Boselli, Lucia Mona, Giuseppe D'Amico, Salvatore Romano, Maria Rita Perrone, Livio Belegante, Doina Nicolae, Ivan Grigorov, Anna Gialitaki, Vassilis Amiridis, Ourania Soupiona, Alexandros Papayannis, Rodanthi-Elisaveth Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Birgit Heese, Julian Hofer, Yoav Y. Schechner, Ulla Wandinger, and Gelsomina Pappalardo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15183–15198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15183-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15183-2019, 2019
Corinna Kloss, Gwenaël Berthet, Pasquale Sellitto, Felix Ploeger, Silvia Bucci, Sergey Khaykin, Fabrice Jégou, Ghassan Taha, Larry W. Thomason, Brice Barret, Eric Le Flochmoen, Marc von Hobe, Adriana Bossolasco, Nelson Bègue, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13547–13567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13547-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13547-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
With satellite measurements and transport models, we show that a plume resulting from strong Canadian fires in July/August 2017 was not only distributed throughout the northern/higher latitudes, but also reached the faraway tropics, aided by the circulation of Asian monsoon anticyclone. The regional climate impact in the wider Asian monsoon area in September exceeds the impact of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer by a factor of ~ 3 and compares to that of an advected moderate volcanic eruption.
Vladimir V. Zuev, Vladislav V. Gerasimov, Aleksei V. Nevzorov, and Ekaterina S. Savelieva
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3341-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3341-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Massive wildfires sometimes generate pyrocumulonimbus clouds (pyroCbs), inside of which combustion products can ascend to the upper troposphere or even lower stratosphere (UTLS). Smoke plumes from pyroCbs occurred in North America can spread in the UTLS for long distances and be observed in the UTLS over Europe and even over Russia. In this work, we analyzed aerosol layers detected in the UTLS over Tomsk (Russia) that could be smoke plumes from such pyroCbs that occurred in the 2000–2017 period.
Qiaoyun Hu, Philippe Goloub, Igor Veselovskii, Juan-Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Ioana Elisabeta Popovici, Thierry Podvin, Martial Haeffelin, Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Christophe Pietras, Xin Huang, Benjamin Torres, and Cheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1173–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1173-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1173-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Smoke plumes generated in Canadian fire activities were elevated to the lower stratosphere and transported from North America to Europe. The smoke plumes were observed by three lidar systems in northern France. This study provides a comprehensive characterization for aged smoke aerosols at high altitude using lidar observations. It presents that fire activities on the Earth's surface can be an important contributor of stratospheric aerosols and impact the Earth's radiation budget.
Marcel Snels, Andrea Scoccione, Luca Di Liberto, Francesco Colao, Michael Pitts, Lamont Poole, Terry Deshler, Francesco Cairo, Chiara Cagnazzo, and Federico Fierli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 955–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-955-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-955-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds are important for stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion. Here we statistically compare ground-based and satellite-borne lidar measurements at McMurdo (Antarctica) in order to better understand the differences between ground-based and satellite-borne observations. The satellite observations have also been compared to models used in CCMVAL-2 and CCMI studies, with the goal of testing different diagnostic methods for comparing observations with model outputs.
Albert Ansmann, Holger Baars, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Ina Mattis, Igor Veselovskii, Moritz Haarig, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, and Ulla Wandinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11831–11845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11831-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11831-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Extremely large light extinction coefficients of 500 Mm-1, about 20 times higher than after the Pinatubo volcanic eruptions in 1991, were observed by EARLINET lidars in the stratosphere over central Europe from 21 to 22 August, 2017. This paper provides an overview based on ground-based (lidar, AERONET) and satellite (MODIS, OMI) remote sensing.
Moritz Haarig, Albert Ansmann, Holger Baars, Cristofer Jimenez, Igor Veselovskii, Ronny Engelmann, and Dietrich Althausen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11847–11861, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11847-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11847-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The worldwide only triple-wavelength polarization/Raman lidar was used to measure optical, microphysical, and morphological properties of aged Canadian wildfire smoke occurring in the troposphere and stratosphere over Leipzig, Germany, in August 2017. A strong contrast between the tropospheric and stratospheric smoke properties was found.
Reinhold Spang, Lars Hoffmann, Rolf Müller, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Ines Tritscher, Michael Höpfner, Michael Pitts, Andrew Orr, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5089–5113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5089-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5089-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper represents an unprecedented pole-covering day- and nighttime climatology of the polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) based on satellite measurements, their spatial distribution, and composition of different particle types. The climatology has a high potential for the validation and improvement of PSC schemes in chemical transport and chemistry–climate models, which is important for a better prediction of future polar ozone loss in a changing climate.
Alyn Lambert and Michelle L. Santee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1945–1975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1945-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1945-2018, 2018
Andrew T. Prata, Stuart A. Young, Steven T. Siems, and Michael J. Manton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8599–8618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8599-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8599-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We have studied the optical properties of ash-rich and sulfate-rich volcanic aerosols by analysing satellite observations of three different volcanic eruptions. Our results indicate that ash particles have distinctive optical properties when compared to sulfates. We expect our results will improve space-borne lidar detection of volcanic aerosols and provide new insight into their interaction with the atmosphere and solar radiation.
Vladimir V. Zuev, Vladimir D. Burlakov, Aleksei V. Nevzorov, Vladimir L. Pravdin, Ekaterina S. Savelieva, and Vladislav V. Gerasimov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3067–3081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3067-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3067-2017, 2017
Sergey M. Khaykin, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Philippe Keckhut, Alain Hauchecorne, Julien Jumelet, Jean-Paul Vernier, Adam Bourassa, Doug A. Degenstein, Landon A. Rieger, Christine Bingen, Filip Vanhellemont, Charles Robert, Matthew DeLand, and Pawan K. Bhartia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1829–1845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1829-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1829-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The article is devoted to the long-term evolution and variability of stratospheric aerosol, which plays an important role in climate change and the ozone layer. We use 22-year long continuous observations using laser radar soundings in southern France and satellite-based observations to distinguish between natural aerosol variability (caused by volcanic eruptions) and human-induced change in aerosol concentration. An influence of growing pollution above Asia on stratospheric aerosol is found.
Alyn Lambert, Michelle L. Santee, and Nathaniel J. Livesey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15219–15246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15219-2016, 2016
Wolfgang Woiwode, Michael Höpfner, Lei Bi, Michael C. Pitts, Lamont R. Poole, Hermann Oelhaf, Sergej Molleker, Stephan Borrmann, Marcus Klingebiel, Gennady Belyaev, Andreas Ebersoldt, Sabine Griessbach, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Thomas Gulde, Martina Krämer, Guido Maucher, Christof Piesch, Christian Rolf, Christian Sartorius, Reinhold Spang, and Johannes Orphal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9505–9532, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9505-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9505-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The analysis of spectral signatures of a polar stratospheric cloud in airborne infrared remote sensing observations in the Arctic in combination with further collocated measurements supports the view that the observed cloud consisted of highly aspherical nitric acid trihydrate particles. A characteristic "shoulder-like" spectral signature may be exploited for identification of large, highly aspherical nitric acid trihydrate particles involved in denitrification of the polar winter stratosphere.
T. Grigas, M. Hervo, G. Gimmestad, H. Forrister, P. Schneider, J. Preißler, L. Tarrason, and C. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12179–12191, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12179-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12179-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The expedited near-real-time Level 1.5 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization version 3 products were evaluated against data from the ground-based European Aerosol Research Lidar Network. The statistical framework and results of the 3-year evaluation of 48 CALIOP overpasses with ground tracks within a 100km distance from operating EARLINET stations are presented.
M. J. M. Penning de Vries, S. Dörner, J. Puķīte, C. Hörmann, M. D. Fromm, and T. Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8149–8163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8149-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8149-2014, 2014
T. D. Fairlie, J.-P. Vernier, M. Natarajan, and K. M. Bedka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7045–7057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7045-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7045-2014, 2014
I. A. Mironova and I. G. Usoskin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8543–8550, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8543-2013, 2013
M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, A. Lambert, and L. W. Thomason
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2975–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2975-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2975-2013, 2013
O. Uchino, T. Sakai, T. Nagai, K. Nakamae, I. Morino, K. Arai, H. Okumura, S. Takubo, T. Kawasaki, Y. Mano, T. Matsunaga, and T. Yokota
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11975–11984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11975-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11975-2012, 2012
L. W. Thomason
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8177–8188, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8177-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8177-2012, 2012
I. A. Mironova, I. G. Usoskin, G. A. Kovaltsov, and S. V. Petelina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 769–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-769-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-769-2012, 2012
A. E. Bourassa, L. A. Rieger, N. D. Lloyd, and D. A. Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 605–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-605-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-605-2012, 2012
F. Vanhellemont, D. Fussen, N. Mateshvili, C. Tétard, C. Bingen, E. Dekemper, N. Loodts, E. Kyrölä, V. Sofieva, J. Tamminen, A. Hauchecorne, J.-L. Bertaux, F. Dalaudier, L. Blanot, O. Fanton d'Andon, G. Barrot, M. Guirlet, T. Fehr, and L. Saavedra
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7997–8009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7997-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7997-2010, 2010
D. Wurl, R. G. Grainger, A. J. McDonald, and T. Deshler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4295–4317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4295-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4295-2010, 2010
C. David, P. Keckhut, A. Armetta, J. Jumelet, M. Snels, M. Marchand, and S. Bekki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3813–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3813-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3813-2010, 2010
L. W. Thomason, J. R. Moore, M. C. Pitts, J. M. Zawodny, and E. W. Chiou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2159–2173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2159-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2159-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Andersson, S. M., Martinsson, B. G., Vernier, J. P., Friberg, J.,
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Hermann, M., Van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Zahn, A.:
Significant radiative impact of volcanic aerosol in the lowermost
stratosphere, Nat. Commun., 6, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8692, 2015.
Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L. J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H.,
Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T.,
Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., and Takahashi,
M.: The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179–229,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073, 2001.
Bönisch, H., Engel, A., Curtius, J., Birner, Th., and Hoor, P.:
Quantifying transport into the lowermost stratosphere using simultaneous
in-situ measurements of SF6 and CO2, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
9, 5905–5919, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5905-2009, 2009.
Bourassa, A. E., Robock, A., Randel, W. J., Deshler, T., Rieger, L. A.,
Lloyd, N. D., Llewellyn, E. J., and Degenstein, D. A.: Large Volcanic Aerosol
Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport, Science, 337,
78–81, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219371, 2012.
Brühl, C., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., and Tost, H.: The role of
carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its
impact on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1239–1253,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012.
Carn, S. A. and Prata, F. J.: Satellite-based constraints on explosive
SO2 release from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 37, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044971, 2010.
Carn, S. A., Paluster, J. S., Lara, L., Ewert, J. W., Watt, S., Prata, A. J.,
Thomas, R. J., and Villarosa, G.: The Unexpected Awakening of Chaitén
Volcano, Chile, Eos, 90, 205–206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO240001, 2009.
Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Ngadi, Y., and
Coheur, P.-F.: Retrieval of sulphur dioxide from the infrared atmospheric
sounding interferometer (IASI), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 581–594,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-581-2012, 2012.
Crutzen, P. J.: The possible importance of COS for the sulphate layer of the
stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 73–76, 1976.
Deshler, T.: A review of global stratospheric aerosol: Measurements,
importance, life cycle, and local stratospheric aerosol, Atmos. Res., 90,
223–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.016, 2008.
Friberg, J., Martinsson, B. G., Andersson, S. M., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.,
Hermann, M., Van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Zahn, A.: Sources of increase in
lowermost stratospheric sulphurous and carbonaceous aerosol background
concentrations during 1999–2008 derived from CARIBIC flights, Tellus B, 66,
23428, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.23428, 2014.
Fromm, M., Lindsey, D. T., Servranckx, R., Yue, G., Trickl, T., Sica, R.,
Doucet, P., and Godin-Beekmann, S.: The untold story of pyrocumulonimbus, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3004.1, 2010.
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and
Ote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev, Geophys., 47, RG1004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
Fyfe, J. C., Gillett, N. P., and Zwiers, F. W.: Overestimated global warming
over the past 20 years, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 767–769,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1972, 2013.
Fyfe, J. C., Meehl, G. A., England, M. H., Mann, M. E., Santer, B. D., Flato,
G. M., Hawkins, E., Gillett, N. P., Xie, S. P., Kosaka, Y., and Swart, N. C.:
Making sense of the early-2000s warming slowdown, Nat. Clim. Change, 6,
224–228, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2938, 2016.
Gettelman, A., Holton, J. R., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Mass fluxes of
O3, CH4, N2O and CF2Cl2 in the
lower stratosphere calculated from observational data, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
19149, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01014, 1997.
Gettelman, A., Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Hoor, P., Birner, T., and Hegglin,
M. I.: the Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, Rev.
Geophys., 49, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000355, 2011.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G. A.,
Russell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B., Canuto,
V., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming, E.,
Friend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N., Koch, D., Lean, J.,
Lerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R., Minnis, P., Novakov, T., Oinas,
V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell, D., Stone,
P., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong, T., Yao, M., and
Zhang, S.: Efficacy of climate forcings, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–45,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776, 2005.
Haywood, J. M., Jones, A., Clarisse, L., Bourassa, A., Barnes, J., Telford,
P., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Agnew, P., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.,
Degenstein, D., and Braesicke, P.: Observations of the eruption of the
Sarychev volcano and simulations using the HadGEM2 climate model, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014447, 2010.
Hoerling, M. P., Schaack, T. K., and Lenzen, A. J.: Global Objective
Tropopause Analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1816–1831,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1816:GOTA>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Hoinka, K. P.: The tropopause: Discovery, definition and demarcation,
Meteorol. Z., 6, 281–303, 1997.
Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B.,
and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33,
403–439, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG02097, 1995.
Hommel, R., Timmreck, C., Giorgetta, M. A., and Graf, H. F.: Quasi-biennial
oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
15, 5557–5584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5557-2015, 2015.
Hoor, P., Fischer, H., Lange, L., Lelieveld, J., and Brunner, D.: Seasonal
variations of a mixing layer in the lowermost stratosphere as identified by
the CO−O3 correlation from in situ measurements, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL 1-1–ACL 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000289, 2002.
Hoor, P., Gurk, C., Brunner, D., Hegglin, M. I., Wernli, H., and Fischer, H.:
Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO
measurements during SPURT, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1427–1442,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1427-2004, 2004.
Hostetler, C. A., Liu, Z., Reagan, J., Vaughan, M., Winker, D., Osborn, M.,
Hunt, W. H., Powell, K. A., and Trepte, C.: CALIOP Algorithm Theoretical
Basis Document – Calibration and Level 1 Data Products, PC-SCI-201 Release
1.0, available at:
http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/resources/pdfs/PC-SCI-201v1.0.pdf
(last access: 26 June 2017), 2006.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K.,
Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and
Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY,
USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013.
Jäger, H. and Deshler, T.: Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area
conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size
distribution measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 35-1–35–4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015609, 2002.
Jäger, H. and Deshler, T.: Erratum: Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass
and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude
balloonborne size distribution measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017189, 2003.
Jäger, H., Deshler, T., and Hofmann, D. J.: Midlatitude lidar backscatter
conversions based on balloonborne aerosol measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
22, 1729–1732, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL01521, 1995.
Kar, J., Vaughan, M. A., Lee, K.-P., Tackett, J. L., Avery, M. A., Garnier,
A., Getzewich, B. J., Hunt, W. H., Josset, D., Liu, Z., Lucker, P. L.,
Magill, B., Omar, A. H., Pelon, J., Rogers, R. R., Toth, T. D., Trepte, C.
R., Vernier, J.-P., Winker, D. M., and Young, S. A.: CALIPSO lidar
calibration at 532 nm: version 4 nighttime algorithm, Atmos. Meas. Tech.,
11, 1459–1479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1459-2018, 2018.
Karl, T. R., Arguez, A., Huang, B., Lawrimore, J. H., McMahon, J. R., Menne,
M. J., Peterson, T. C., Vose, R. S., and Zhang, H.-M.: Possible artifacts of
data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus, Science, 348,
1469–1472, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5632, 2015.
Khaykin, S. M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Keckhut, P., Hauchecorne, A., Jumelet,
J., Vernier, J.-P., Bourassa, A., Degenstein, D. A., Rieger, L. A., Bingen,
C., Vanhellemont, F., Robert, C., DeLand, M., and Bhartia, P. K.: Variability
and evolution of the midlatitude stratospheric aerosol budget from 22 years
of ground-based lidar and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17,
1829–1845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1829-2017, 2017.
Kremser, S., Thomason, L. W., von Hobe, M., Hermann, M., Deshler, T.,
Timmreck, C., Toohey, M., Stenke, A., Schwarz, J. P., Weigel, R.,
Fueglistaler, S., Prata, F. J., Vernier, J. P., Schlager, H., Barnes, J. E.,
Antuña-Marrero, J. C., Fairlie, D., Palm, M., Mahieu, E., Notholt, J.,
Rex, M., Bingen, C., Vanhellemont, F., Bourassa, A., Plane, J. M. C., Klocke,
D., Carn, S. A., Clarisse, L., Trickl, T., Neely, R., James, A. D., Rieger,
L., Wilson, J. C., and Meland, B.: Stratospheric aerosol – Observations,
processes, and impact on climate, Rev. Geophys., 54, 278–335,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000511, 2016.
Kunz, A., Konopka, P., Müller, R., and Pan, L. L.: Dynamical tropopause
based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, D01110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014343, 2011.
Li, C., Krotkov, N. A., Carn, S., Zhang, Y., Spurr, R. J. D., and Joiner, J.:
New-generation NASA Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) volcanic
SO2 dataset: algorithm description, initial results, and
continuation with the Suomi-NPP Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS),
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 445–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-445-2017,
2017.
Lin, P. and Fu, Q.: Changes in various branches of the Brewer–Dobson
circulation from an ensemble of chemistry climate models, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018813, 2013.
Lopez, T., Carn, S., Werner, C., Fee, D., Kelly, P., Doukas, M., Pfeffer, M.,
Webley, P., Cahill, C., and Schneider, D.: Evaluation of Redoubt Volcano's
sulfur dioxide emissions by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 259, 290–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.03.002, 2013.
Martinsson, B. G., Nguyen, H. N., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Zahn, A.,
Heintzenberg, J., Hermann, M., and van Velthoven, P. F. J.: Characteristics
and origin of lowermost stratospheric aerosol at northern midlatitudes under
volcanically quiescent conditions based on CARIBIC observations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005644, 2005.
Martinsson, B. G., Friberg, J., Andersson, S. M., Weigelt, A., Hermann, M.,
Assmann, D., Voigtländer, J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., van Velthoven, P.
J. F., and Zahn, A.: Comparison between CARIBIC Aerosol Samples Analysed by
Accelerator-Based Methods and Optical Particle Counter Measurements, Atmos.
Meas. Tech., 7, 2581–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014, 2014.
Martinsson, B. G., Friberg, J., Sandvik, O. S., Hermann, M., van Velthoven,
P. F. J., and Zahn, A.: Particulate sulfur in the upper troposphere and
lowermost stratosphere – sources and climate forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
17, 10937–10953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10937-2017, 2017.
McCormick, M. P., Thomason, L. W., and Trepte, C. R.: Atmospheric effects of
the Mt Pinatubo eruption, Nature, 373, 399–404, https://doi.org/10.1038/373399a0, 1995.
Medhaug, I., Stolpe, M. B., Fischer, E. M., and Knutti, R.: Reconciling
controversies about the “global warming hiatus”, Nature, 545, 41–47,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22315, 2017.
Meehl, G. A. and Teng, H.: CMIP5 multi-model hindcasts for the mid-1970s
shift and early 2000s hiatus and predictions for 2016–2035, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 1711–1716, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059256, 2014.
Murphy, D. M., Froyd, K. D., Schwarz, J. P., and Wilson, J. C.: Observations
of the chemical composition of stratospheric aerosol particles, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 140, 1269–1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2213, 2014.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T.,
Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and
Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin,
D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia,
Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
and New York, NY, USA, 2013.
Pan, L. L. and Munchak, L. A.: Relationship of cloud top to the tropopause
and jet structure from CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015462, 2011.
Pardini, F., Burton, M., Arzilli, F., La Spina, G., and Polacci, M.:
Satellite-derived SO2 flux time-series and magmatic processes
during the 2015 Calbuco eruptions, Solid Earth Discuss.,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-64, 2017.
Prata, A. J. and Bernardo, C.: Retrieval of volcanic SO2 column
abundance from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
112, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007955, 2007.
Prata, A. T., Young, S. A., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: Lidar ratios of
stratospheric volcanic ash and sulfate aerosols retrieved from CALIOP
measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8599–8618,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8599-2017, 2017.
Rajaratnam, B., Romano, J., Tsiang, M., and Diffenbaugh, N. S.: Debunking the
climate hiatus, Climatic Change, 133, 129–140,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1495-y, 2015.
Ridley, D. A., Solomon, S., Barnes, J. E., Burlakov, V. D., Deshler, T.,
Dolgii, S. I., Herber, A. B., Nagai, T., Neely, R. R., Nevzorov, A. V.,
Ritter, C., Sakai, T., Santer, B. D., Sato, M., Schmidt, A., Uchino, O., and
Vernier, J. P.: Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical depths and
implications for global climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7763–7769,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061541, 2014.
Rieger, L. A., Bourassa, A. E., and Degenstein, D. A.: Merging the OSIRIS and
SAGE II stratospheric aerosol records, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 8890–8904,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023133, 2015.
Robock, A.: Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191–219,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG000054, 2000.
Rollins, A. W., Thornberry, T. D., Watts, L. A., Yu, P., Rosenlof, K. H.,
Mills, M., Baumann, E., Giorgetta, F. R., Bui, T. V., Höpfner, M.,
Walker, K. A., Boone, C., Bernath, P. F., Colarco, P. R., Newman, P. A.,
Fahey, D. W., and Gao, R. S.: The role of sulfur dioxide in stratospheric
aerosol formation evaluated by using in situ measurements in the tropical
lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4280–4286,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072754, 2017.
Sakai, T., Uchino, O., Nagai, T., Liley, B., Morino, I., and Fujimoto, T.:
Long-term variation of stratospheric aerosols observed with lidars over
Tsukuba, Japan, from 1982 and Lauder, New Zealand, from 1992 to 2015, J.
Geophys. Res., 121, 10283–10293, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025132, 2016.
Santer, B. D., Bonfils, C., Painter, J. F., Zelinka, M. D., Mears, C.,
Solomon, S., Schmidt, G. A., Fyfe, J. C., Cole, J. N. S., Nazarenko, L.,
Taylor, K. E., and Wentz, F. J.: Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in
tropospheric temperature, Nat. Geosci., 7, 185–189, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2098,
2014.
Sato, M., Hansen, J. E., McCormick, M. P., and Pollack, J. B.: Stratospheric
aerosol optical depths, 1850–1990, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22987,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD02553, 1993.
Sheng, J. X., Weisenstein, D. K., Luo, B. P., Rozanov, E., Stenke, A., Anet,
J., Bingemer, H., and Peter, T.: Global atmospheric sulfur budget under
volcanically quiescent conditions: Aerosol-chemistry-climate model
predictions and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 256–276,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021985, 2015.
Solomon, S., Daniel, J. S., Neely, R. R., Vernier, J.-P., Dutton, E. G., and
Thomason, L. W.: The Persistently Variable “Background” Stratospheric
Aerosol Layer and Global Climate Change, Science, 333, 866–870,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206027, 2011.
Surono, Jousset, P., Pallister, J., Boichu, M., Buongiorno, M. F.,
Budisantoso, A., Costa, F., Andreastuti, S., Prata, F., Schneider, D.,
Clarisse, L., Humaida, H., Sumarti, S., Bignami, C., Griswold, J., Carn, S.,
Oppenheimer, C., and Lavigne, F.: The 2010 explosive eruption of Java's
Merapi volcano-A “100-year” event, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 241–242,
121–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.06.018, 2012.
Thomas, H. E., Watson, I. M., Carn, S. A., Prata, A. J., and Realmuto, V. J.:
A comparison of AIRS, MODIS and OMI sulphur dioxide retrievals in volcanic
clouds, Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk, 2, 217–232,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2011.564212, 2011.
Thomason, L. W., Ernest, N., Millán, L., Rieger, L., Bourassa, A.,
Vernier, J.-P., Manney, G., Luo, B., Arfeuille, F., and Peter, T.: A global
space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979–2016, Earth Syst. Sci.
Data, 10, 469–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-469-2018, 2018.
Trenberth, K. E.: Has there been a hiatus?, Science, 349, 691–692,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9225, 2015.
Vernier, J. P., Pommereau, J. P., Garnier, A., Pelon, J., Larsen, N.,
Nielsen, J., Christensen, T., Cairo, F., Thomason, L. W., Leblanc, T., and
McDermid, I. S.: Tropical Stratospheric aerosol layer from CALIPSO Lidar
observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011946,
2009.
Vernier, J. P., Thomason, L. W., Pommereau, J. P., Bourassa, A., Pelon, J.,
Garnier, A., Hauchecorne, A., Blanot, L., Trepte, C., Degenstein, D., and
Vargas, F.: Major influence of tropical volcanic eruptions on the
stratospheric aerosol layer during the last decade, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38,
1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047563, 2011.
Wilcox, L. J., Hoskins, B. J., and Shine, K. P.: A global blended tropopause
based on ERA data. Part I: Climatology, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138,
561–575, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.951, 2012.
Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment
of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007.
Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z.,
Hunt, W. H., and Young, S. A.: Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP
data processing algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2310–2323,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1, 2009.
Winker, D. M., Pelon, J., Coakley, J. A., Ackerman, S. A., Charlson, R. J.,
Colarco, P. R., Flamant, P., Fu, Q., Hoff, R. M., Kittaka, C., Kubar, T. L.,
Le Treut, H., McCormick, M. P., Mégie, G., Poole, L., Powell, K., Trepte,
K., Vaughan, M. A., and Wielicki, B. A.: The Calipso Mission: A Global 3D
View of Aerosols and Clouds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1211–1229,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3009.1, 2010.
Xie, S. P., Kosaka, Y., and Okumura, Y. M.: Distinct energy budgets for
anthropogenic and natural changes during global warming hiatus, Nat. Geosci.,
9, 29–33, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2581, 2016.
Yan, X. H., Boyer, T., Trenberth, K., Karl, T. R., Xie, S. P., Nieves, V.,
Tung, K. K., and Roemmich, D.: The global warming hiatus: Slowdown or
redistribution?, Earth's Futur., 4, 472–482, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000417, 2016.
Young, S. A., Winker, D. M., Noel, V., VaughanOmar, A., Hu, Y., and Kuehn, R.
E.: CALIOP algorithm theoretical basis document, Part 5: Extinction Retrieval
and Particle Property Algorithms, Theor. Basis Doc., June, PC-SCI-203 Part 5,
available at: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov (last access: 20 June
2017), 2005.
Zuev, V. V., Burlakov, V. D., Nevzorov, A. V., Pravdin, V. L., Savelieva, E.
S., and Gerasimov, V. V.: 30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric
aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia), Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
17, 3067–3081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3067-2017, 2017.
Short summary
During 2006–2015 volcanism contributed 40 % of the stratospheric aerosol load. We compute the AOD (aerosol optical depth) of the stratosphere (from the tropopause to 35 km altitude) using new techniques of handling CALIOP data. Regional and global AODs are presented for the entire stratosphere in relation to transport patterns, and the AOD is presented for three stratospheric layers: the LMS, the potential temperature range of 380 to 470 K, and altitudes above the 470 K isentrope.
During 2006–2015 volcanism contributed 40 % of the stratospheric aerosol load. We compute the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint