Articles | Volume 15, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11835-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11835-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Oct 2015
Research article |
| 26 Oct 2015
Solar geoengineering using solid aerosol in the stratosphere
D. K. Weisenstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
D. W. Keith
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
J. A. Dykema
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Related authors
Debra K. Weisenstein, Daniele Visioni, Henning Franke, Ulrike Niemeier, Sandro Vattioni, Gabriel Chiodo, Thomas Peter, and David W. Keith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2955–2973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2955-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2955-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores a potential method of geoengineering that could be used to slow the rate of change of climate over decadal scales. We use three climate models to explore how injections of accumulation-mode sulfuric acid aerosol change the large-scale stratospheric particle size distribution and radiative forcing response for the chosen scenarios. Radiative forcing per unit sulfur injected and relative to the change in aerosol burden is larger with particulate than with SO2 injections.
J. Eric Klobas, Debra K. Weisenstein, Ross J. Salawitch, and David M. Wilmouth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9459–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The rates of important ozone-destroying chemical reactions in the stratosphere are likely to change in the future. We employ a computer model to evaluate how the rates of ozone destruction by chlorine and bromine may evolve in four climate change scenarios with the introduction of the eta factor. We then show how these changing rates will impact the ozone-depleting power of the stratosphere with a new metric known as Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Benchmark-normalized Chlorine (EESBnC).
Timofei Sukhodolov, Jian-Xiong Sheng, Aryeh Feinberg, Bei-Ping Luo, Thomas Peter, Laura Revell, Andrea Stenke, Debra K. Weisenstein, and Eugene Rozanov
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2633–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 is the strongest directly observed volcanic event. In a series of experiments, we simulate its influence on the stratospheric aerosol layer using a state-of-the-art aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOCOL-AERv1.0, and compare our results to observations. We show that SOCOL-AER reproduces the most important atmospheric effects and can therefore be used to study the climate effects of future volcanic eruptions and geoengineering by artificial sulfate aerosol.
Claudia Timmreck, Graham W. Mann, Valentina Aquila, Rene Hommel, Lindsay A. Lee, Anja Schmidt, Christoph Brühl, Simon Carn, Mian Chin, Sandip S. Dhomse, Thomas Diehl, Jason M. English, Michael J. Mills, Ryan Neely, Jianxiong Sheng, Matthew Toohey, and Debra Weisenstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581–2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the experimental design of the Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP). ISA-MIP will improve understanding of stratospheric aerosol processes, chemistry, and dynamics and constrain climate impacts of background aerosol variability and small and large volcanic eruptions. It will help to asses the stratospheric aerosol contribution to the early 21st century global warming hiatus period and the effects from hypothetical geoengineering schemes.
J.-X. Sheng, D. K. Weisenstein, B.-P. Luo, E. Rozanov, F. Arfeuille, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11501–11512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We have conducted a perturbed parameter model ensemble to investigate Mt.
Pinatubo's 1991 initial sulfur mass emission. Our results suggest that (a) the initial mass loading of the Pinatubo eruption is ~14 Mt of SO2; (b) the injection vertical distribution is strongly skewed towards the lower stratosphere, leading to a peak mass sulfur injection at 18-21 km; (c) the injection magnitude and height affect early southward transport of the volcanic cloud observed by SAGE II.
F. Arfeuille, D. Weisenstein, H. Mack, E. Rozanov, T. Peter, and S. Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 10, 359–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, 2014
F. Arfeuille, B. P. Luo, P. Heckendorn, D. Weisenstein, J. X. Sheng, E. Rozanov, M. Schraner, S. Brönnimann, L. W. Thomason, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11221–11234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11221-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11221-2013, 2013
Sandro Vattioni, Rahel Weber, Aryehe Feinberg, Andrea Stenke, John A. Dykema, Beiping Luo, Georgios A. Kelesidis, Christian A. Bruun, Timofei Sukhodolov, Frank N. Keutsch, Thomas Peter, and Gabriel Chiodo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-444, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-444, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified impacts and efficiency of stratospheric solar climate intervention via solid particle injection. Microphysical interactions of solid particles with the sulfur cycle were interactively coupled to the heterogeneous chemistry scheme and the radiative transfer code of an aerosol-chemistry climate model. Compared to injection of SO2 we find a stronger cooling efficiency for solid particles only when normalizing to the aerosol load, but not when normalizing to the injection rate.
Yaowei Li, Corey Pedersen, John Dykema, Jean-Paul Vernier, Sandro Vattioni, Amit Kumar Pandit, Andrea Stenke, Elizabeth Asher, Troy Thornberry, Michael A. Todt, Thao Paul Bui, Jonathan Dean-Day, and Frank N. Keutsch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15351–15364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15351-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15351-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 2021, the eruption of La Soufrière released sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, resulting in a spread of volcanic aerosol over the Northern Hemisphere. We conducted extensive aircraft and balloon-borne measurements after that, revealing enhanced particle concentration and altered size distribution due to the eruption. The eruption's impact on ozone depletion was minimal, contributing ~0.6 %, and its global radiative forcing effect was modest, mainly affecting tropical and midlatitude areas.
Debra K. Weisenstein, Daniele Visioni, Henning Franke, Ulrike Niemeier, Sandro Vattioni, Gabriel Chiodo, Thomas Peter, and David W. Keith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2955–2973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2955-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2955-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores a potential method of geoengineering that could be used to slow the rate of change of climate over decadal scales. We use three climate models to explore how injections of accumulation-mode sulfuric acid aerosol change the large-scale stratospheric particle size distribution and radiative forcing response for the chosen scenarios. Radiative forcing per unit sulfur injected and relative to the change in aerosol burden is larger with particulate than with SO2 injections.
J. Eric Klobas, Debra K. Weisenstein, Ross J. Salawitch, and David M. Wilmouth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9459–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The rates of important ozone-destroying chemical reactions in the stratosphere are likely to change in the future. We employ a computer model to evaluate how the rates of ozone destruction by chlorine and bromine may evolve in four climate change scenarios with the introduction of the eta factor. We then show how these changing rates will impact the ozone-depleting power of the stratosphere with a new metric known as Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Benchmark-normalized Chlorine (EESBnC).
Sandro Vattioni, Debra Weisenstein, David Keith, Aryeh Feinberg, Thomas Peter, and Andrea Stenke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4877–4897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4877-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is among the first modeling studies on stratospheric sulfate geoengineering that interactively couple a size-resolved sectional aerosol module to well-described stratospheric chemistry and radiation schemes in a global 3-D chemistry–climate model. We found that compared with SO2 injection, the direct emission of aerosols results in more effective radiative forcing and that sensitivities to different injection strategies vary for different forms of injected sulfur.
Peter J. Irvine, David W. Keith, and John Moore
The Cryosphere, 12, 2501–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2501-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2501-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, a form of solar geoengineering, is a proposal to add a reflective layer of aerosol to the upper atmosphere. This would reduce sea level rise by slowing the melting of ice on land and the thermal expansion of the oceans. However, there is considerable uncertainty about its potential efficacy. This article highlights key uncertainties in the sea level response to solar geoengineering and recommends approaches to address these in future work.
Timofei Sukhodolov, Jian-Xiong Sheng, Aryeh Feinberg, Bei-Ping Luo, Thomas Peter, Laura Revell, Andrea Stenke, Debra K. Weisenstein, and Eugene Rozanov
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2633–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 is the strongest directly observed volcanic event. In a series of experiments, we simulate its influence on the stratospheric aerosol layer using a state-of-the-art aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOCOL-AERv1.0, and compare our results to observations. We show that SOCOL-AER reproduces the most important atmospheric effects and can therefore be used to study the climate effects of future volcanic eruptions and geoengineering by artificial sulfate aerosol.
Claudia Timmreck, Graham W. Mann, Valentina Aquila, Rene Hommel, Lindsay A. Lee, Anja Schmidt, Christoph Brühl, Simon Carn, Mian Chin, Sandip S. Dhomse, Thomas Diehl, Jason M. English, Michael J. Mills, Ryan Neely, Jianxiong Sheng, Matthew Toohey, and Debra Weisenstein
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581–2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the experimental design of the Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP). ISA-MIP will improve understanding of stratospheric aerosol processes, chemistry, and dynamics and constrain climate impacts of background aerosol variability and small and large volcanic eruptions. It will help to asses the stratospheric aerosol contribution to the early 21st century global warming hiatus period and the effects from hypothetical geoengineering schemes.
J.-X. Sheng, D. K. Weisenstein, B.-P. Luo, E. Rozanov, F. Arfeuille, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11501–11512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We have conducted a perturbed parameter model ensemble to investigate Mt.
Pinatubo's 1991 initial sulfur mass emission. Our results suggest that (a) the initial mass loading of the Pinatubo eruption is ~14 Mt of SO2; (b) the injection vertical distribution is strongly skewed towards the lower stratosphere, leading to a peak mass sulfur injection at 18-21 km; (c) the injection magnitude and height affect early southward transport of the volcanic cloud observed by SAGE II.
F. Arfeuille, D. Weisenstein, H. Mack, E. Rozanov, T. Peter, and S. Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 10, 359–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, 2014
F. Arfeuille, B. P. Luo, P. Heckendorn, D. Weisenstein, J. X. Sheng, E. Rozanov, M. Schraner, S. Brönnimann, L. W. Thomason, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11221–11234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11221-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11221-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Stratospheric ozone depletion inside the volcanic plume shortly after the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption
Analysis of the global atmospheric background sulfur budget in a multi-model framework
Effects of denitrification on the distributions of trace gas abundances in the polar regions: a comparison of WACCM with observations
Reconstructing volcanic radiative forcing since 1990, using a comprehensive emission inventory and spatially resolved sulfur injections from satellite data in a chemistry-climate model
Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes
Stratospheric ozone response to sulfate aerosol and solar dimming climate interventions based on the G6 Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations
The outflow of Asian biomass burning carbonaceous aerosol into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring: radiative effects seen in a global model
Mountain-wave-induced polar stratospheric clouds and their representation in the global chemistry model ICON-ART
Co-emission of volcanic sulfur and halogens amplifies volcanic effective radiative forcing
Potential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate geoengineering
Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds
The impact of recent changes in Asian anthropogenic emissions of SO2 on sulfate loading in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and the associated radiative changes
Mechanism of ozone loss under enhanced water vapour conditions in the mid-latitude lower stratosphere in summer
Multi-model comparison of the volcanic sulfate deposition from the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora
Impacts of Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol on the tropical stratosphere in chemistry–climate model simulations using CCMI and CMIP6 stratospheric aerosol data
Potential impact of carbonaceous aerosol on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and precipitation during Asian summer monsoon in a global model simulation
Vortex-wide chlorine activation by a mesoscale PSC event in the Arctic winter of 2009/10
Lagrangian analysis of microphysical and chemical processes in the Antarctic stratosphere: a case study
Aerosol microphysics simulations of the Mt.~Pinatubo eruption with the UM-UKCA composition-climate model
Modeling of 2008 Kasatochi volcanic sulfate direct radiative forcing: assimilation of OMI SO2 plume height data and comparison with MODIS and CALIOP observations
Microphysical simulations of sulfur burdens from stratospheric sulfur geoengineering
The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate
Yunqian Zhu, Robert W. Portmann, Douglas Kinnison, Owen Brian Toon, Luis Millán, Jun Zhang, Holger Vömel, Simone Tilmes, Charles G. Bardeen, Xinyue Wang, Stephanie Evan, William J. Randel, and Karen H. Rosenlof
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13355–13367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption injected a large amount of water into the stratosphere. Ozone depletion was observed inside the volcanic plume. Chlorine and water vapor injected by this eruption exceeded the normal range, which made the ozone chemistry during this event occur at a higher temperature than polar ozone depletion. Unlike polar ozone chemistry where chlorine nitrate is more important, hypochlorous acid plays a large role in the in-plume chlorine balance and heterogeneous processes.
Christina V. Brodowsky, Timofei Sukhodolov, Gabriel Chiodo, Valentina Aquila, Slimane Bekki, Sandip S. Dhomse, Anton Laakso, Graham W. Mann, Ulrike Niemeier, Ilaria Quaglia, Eugene Rozanov, Anja Schmidt, Takashi Sekiya, Simone Tilmes, Claudia Timmreck, Sandro Vattioni, Daniele Visioni, Pengfei Yu, Yunqian Zhu, and Thomas Peter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1655, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol layer is an essential part of the climate system. We characterize the sulfur budget in a volcanically quiescent (background) setting, with a special focus on the sulfate aerosol layer, for the first time using a multi-model approach. The aim is to identify weak points in the representation of the atmospheric sulfur budget in an intercomparison of nine state-of-the-art coupled global circulation models.
Michael Weimer, Douglas E. Kinnison, Catherine Wilka, and Susan Solomon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6849–6861, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6849-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of the number density of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles on associated trace gases in the lower stratosphere using data from a satellite, ozonesondes and simulations by a community chemistry climate model. By comparing probability density functions between observations and the model, we find that the standard NAT number density should be reduced for future simulations with the model.
Jennifer Schallock, Christoph Brühl, Christine Bingen, Michael Höpfner, Landon Rieger, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1169–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the influence of volcanic aerosols for the period 1990–2019 and established a volcanic SO2 emission inventory that includes more than 500 eruptions. From limb-based satellite observations of SO2 and extinction, we derive 3D plumes of SO2 perturbations and injected mass by a novel method. We calculate instantaneous radiative forcing with a comprehensive chemisty climate model. Our results show that smaller eruptions can also contribute to the stratospheric aerosol forcing.
Daniele Visioni, Ewa M. Bednarz, Walker R. Lee, Ben Kravitz, Andy Jones, Jim M. Haywood, and Douglas G. MacMartin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 663–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper constitutes Part 1 of a study performing a first systematic inter-model comparison of the atmospheric responses to stratospheric sulfate aerosol injections (SAIs) at various latitudes as simulated by three state-of-the-art Earth system models. We identify similarities and differences in the modeled aerosol burden, investigate the differences in the aerosol approaches between the models, and ultimately show the differences produced in surface climate, temperature and precipitation.
Simone Tilmes, Daniele Visioni, Andy Jones, James Haywood, Roland Séférian, Pierre Nabat, Olivier Boucher, Ewa Monica Bednarz, and Ulrike Niemeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4557–4579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4557-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4557-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impacts of climate interventions, using stratospheric sulfate aerosol and solar dimming on stratospheric ozone, based on three Earth system models with interactive stratospheric chemistry. The climate interventions have been applied to a high emission (baseline) scenario in order to reach global surface temperatures of a medium emission scenario. We find significant increases and decreases in total column ozone, depending on regions and seasons.
Prashant Chavan, Suvarna Fadnavis, Tanusri Chakroborty, Christopher E. Sioris, Sabine Griessbach, and Rolf Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14371–14384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14371-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14371-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning (BB) over Asia is a strong source of carbonaceous aerosols during spring. Here, we show an outflow of Asian BB carbonaceous aerosols into the UTLS. These aerosols enhance atmospheric heating and produce circulation changes that lead to the enhancement of water vapor in the UTLS over the tropics. In the stratosphere, water vapor is further transported to the South Pole by the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Enhancement of water vapor in the UTLS has implications for climate change.
Michael Weimer, Jennifer Buchmüller, Lars Hoffmann, Ole Kirner, Beiping Luo, Roland Ruhnke, Michael Steiner, Ines Tritscher, and Peter Braesicke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9515–9543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show that we are able to directly simulate polar stratospheric clouds formed locally in a mountain wave and represent their effect on the ozone chemistry with the global atmospheric chemistry model ICON-ART. Thus, we show the first simulations that close the gap between directly resolved mountain-wave-induced polar stratospheric clouds and their representation at coarse global resolutions.
John Staunton-Sykes, Thomas J. Aubry, Youngsub M. Shin, James Weber, Lauren R. Marshall, Nathan Luke Abraham, Alex Archibald, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9009–9029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9009-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9009-2021, 2021
Sabine Robrecht, Bärbel Vogel, Simone Tilmes, and Rolf Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2427–2455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Column ozone protects life on Earth from radiation damage. Stratospheric chlorine compounds cause immense ozone loss in polar winter. Whether similar loss processes can occur in the lower stratosphere above North America today or in future is a matter of debate. We show that these ozone loss processes are very unlikely today or in future independently of whether sulfate geoengineering is applied and that less than 0.1 % of column ozone would be destroyed by this process in any future scenario.
Sandip S. Dhomse, Graham W. Mann, Juan Carlos Antuña Marrero, Sarah E. Shallcross, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Lauren Marshall, N. Luke Abraham, and Colin E. Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We confirm downward adjustment of SO2 emission to simulate the Pinatubo aerosol cloud with aerosol microphysics models. Similar adjustment is also needed to simulate the El Chichón and Agung volcanic cloud, indicating potential missing removal or vertical redistribution process in models. Important inhomogeneities in the CMIP6 forcing datasets after Agung and El Chichón eruptions are difficult to reconcile. Quasi-biennial oscillation plays an important role in modifying stratospheric warming.
Suvarna Fadnavis, Rolf Müller, Gayatry Kalita, Matthew Rowlinson, Alexandru Rap, Jui-Lin Frank Li, Blaž Gasparini, and Anton Laakso
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9989–10008, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9989-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9989-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the impact of Asian anthropogenic emission changes in SO2 on sulfate loading in the Asian upper troposphere–lower stratosphere from a global chemistry–climate model and satellite remote sensing. Estimated seasonal mean direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere induced by the increase in Indian SO2 is −0.2–−1.5 W m2 over India. Chinese SO2 emission reduction leads to a positive radiative forcing of ~0.6–6 W m2 over China. It will likely decrease Indian rainfall.
Sabine Robrecht, Bärbel Vogel, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Karen Rosenlof, Troy Thornberry, Andrew Rollins, Martina Krämer, Lance Christensen, and Rolf Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5805–5833, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5805-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5805-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The potential destruction of stratospheric ozone in the mid-latitudes has been discussed recently. We analysed this ozone loss mechanism and its sensitivities. In a certain temperature range, we found a threshold in water vapour, which has to be exceeded for ozone loss to occur. We show the dependence of this water vapour threshold on temperature, sulfate content and air composition. This study provides a basis to estimate the impact of potential sulphate geoengineering on stratospheric ozone.
Lauren Marshall, Anja Schmidt, Matthew Toohey, Ken S. Carslaw, Graham W. Mann, Michael Sigl, Myriam Khodri, Claudia Timmreck, Davide Zanchettin, William T. Ball, Slimane Bekki, James S. A. Brooke, Sandip Dhomse, Colin Johnson, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Allegra N. LeGrande, Michael J. Mills, Ulrike Niemeier, James O. Pope, Virginie Poulain, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Timofei Sukhodolov, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Fiona Tummon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2307-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2307-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use four global aerosol models to compare the simulated sulfate deposition from the 1815 Mt. Tambora eruption to ice core records. Inter-model volcanic sulfate deposition differs considerably. Volcanic sulfate deposited on polar ice sheets is used to estimate the atmospheric sulfate burden and subsequently radiative forcing of historic eruptions. Our results suggest that deriving such relationships from model simulations may be associated with greater uncertainties than previously thought.
Laura E. Revell, Andrea Stenke, Beiping Luo, Stefanie Kremser, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13139–13150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13139-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13139-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Compiling stratospheric aerosol data sets after a major volcanic eruption is difficult as the stratosphere becomes too optically opaque for satellite instruments to measure accurately. We performed ensemble chemistry–climate model simulations with two stratospheric aerosol data sets compiled for two international modelling activities and compared the simulated volcanic aerosol-induced effects from the 1991 Mt Pinatubo eruption on tropical stratospheric temperature and ozone with observations.
Suvarna Fadnavis, Gayatry Kalita, K. Ravi Kumar, Blaž Gasparini, and Jui-Lin Frank Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11637–11654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11637-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11637-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the model simulations show that monsoon convection over the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and southern flanks of the Himalayas transports Asian carbonaceous aerosol into the UTLS. Carbonaceous aerosol induces enhancement in heating rate, vertical velocity and water vapor transport in the UTLS. Doubling of carbonaceous aerosols creates an anomalous warming over the TP. It generates monsoon Hadley circulation and thus increases precipitation over India and northeast China.
Tobias Wegner, Michael C. Pitts, Lamont R. Poole, Ines Tritscher, Jens-Uwe Grooß, and Hideaki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4569–4577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4569-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4569-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations are used to constrain areas with large backscatter values areas inside the polar vortex. Surface area is derived from these observations and used in heterogeneous modeling. Satellite gas species observations show a decrease in HCl downwind of areas with large surface area density indicating heterogeneous processing inside these areas. This decrease can only be simulated if a realistic surface area is assumed demonstrating the importance of polar stratospheric cloud.
L. Di Liberto, R. Lehmann, I. Tritscher, F. Fierli, J. L. Mercer, M. Snels, G. Di Donfrancesco, T. Deshler, B. P. Luo, J-U. Grooß, E. Arnone, B. M. Dinelli, and F. Cairo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6651–6665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6651-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6651-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated chemical and microphysical processes in the late winter Antarctic stratosphere, for the first time (to our knowledge) coupling a detailed microphysical box model to a chemistry model.
Model results have been compared with in situ and remote sensing measurements of particles along trajectories.
Our goal is to contribute to the most recent discussion of the relative role of PSC and liquid (background) aerosol in the ozone depletion.
S. S. Dhomse, K. M. Emmerson, G. W. Mann, N. Bellouin, K. S. Carslaw, M. P. Chipperfield, R. Hommel, N. L. Abraham, P. Telford, P. Braesicke, M. Dalvi, C. E. Johnson, F. O'Connor, O. Morgenstern, J. A. Pyle, T. Deshler, J. M. Zawodny, and L. W. Thomason
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11221–11246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11221-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11221-2014, 2014
J. Wang, S. Park, J. Zeng, C. Ge, K. Yang, S. Carn, N. Krotkov, and A. H. Omar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1895–1912, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1895-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1895-2013, 2013
J. M. English, O. B. Toon, and M. J. Mills
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4775–4793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4775-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4775-2012, 2012
C. Brühl, J. Lelieveld, P. J. Crutzen, and H. Tost
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1239–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Anderson, S. B., Weatherhead, E. C., Stevermer, A., Austin, J., Brühl, C., Fleming, E. L., de Grandpre, J., Grewe, V., Isaksen, I., Pitari, G., Portmann, R. W., Rognerud, B., Rosenfield, J. E., Smyshlyaev, S., Nagashima, T., Velders, G. J. M., Weisenstein, D. K., and Xia, J.: Comparison of recent modeled and observed trends in total column ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006091, 2006.
Blackstock, J. J., Battisti, D. S., Caldeira, K., Eardley, D. M., Katz, J. I., Keith, D. W., Patrinos, A. A. N., Schrag, D. P., Socolow, R. H., and Koonin, S. E.: Climate Engineering Responses to Climate Emergencies, Novim, available at: http://arxiv.org/ pdf/0907.5140 (last access: 21 October 2015), 2009.
Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R.: Absorption and scattering of light by small particles, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
Brock, C. A., Hamill, P., Wilson, J. C., Jonsson, H. H., and Chang, K. R.: Particle formation in the upper tropical troposphere: A source of nuclei for the stratospheric aerosol, Science, 270, 1650–1653, 1995.
Charlson, R. J., Langner, J., Rodhe, H., Leovy, C. B., and Warren, S. G.: Perturbation of the northern hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, Tellus A, 43, 152–163, 1991.
Cirisan, A., Spichtinger, P., Luo, B. P., Weisenstein, D. K., Wernli, H., Lohmann, U., and Peter, T.: Microphysical and radiative changes in cirrus clouds by geoengineering the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 4533–4548, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50388, 2013.
Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Mlawer, E. J., Delamere, J. S., Iacono, M. J., Cady-Pereira, K., Boukabara, S., and Brown, P. D.: Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 91, 233–244, 2005.
Curry, C. L., Sillmann, J., Bronaugh, D., Alterskjaer, K., Cole, J. N. S., Ji, D., Kravitz, B., Kristjansson, J. E., Moore, J. C., Muri, H., Niemeier, U., Robock, A., Tilmes, S., and Yang, S.: A multimodel examination of climate extremes in an idealized geoengineering experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 3900–3923, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020648, 2014.
Danilin, M. Y., Shia, R.-L., Ko, M. K. W., Weisenstein, D. K., Sze, N. D., Lamb, J. J., Smith, T. W., Lohn, P. D., and Prather, M. J.: Global stratospheric effects of the alumina emissions by solid-fueled rocket motors, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12727–12738, 2001.
De Richter, R., and Caillol, S.: Fighting global warming: The potential of photocatalysis against CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, tropospheric O3, BC and other major contributors to climate change, J. Photoch. Photobio. C, 12, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.05.002, 2011.
Dvortsov, V. L., Geller, M. A., Yudin, V. A., and Smyshlyaev, S. P.: Parameterization of the convective transport in a two-dimensional chemistry-transport model and its validation with radon 222 and other tracer simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22047–22062, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02084, 1998.
Edwards, D. F. and Philipp, H. R.: "Cubic carbon (diamond)", in: Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, edited by: Palik, E., Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA, USA, 1985.
English, J. M., Toon, O. B., and Mills, M. J.: Microphysical simulations of sulfur burdens from stratospheric sulfur geoengineering, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4775–4793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4775-2012, 2012.
Ferraro, A. J., Highwood, E. J., and Charlton-Oerez, A. J.: Stratospheric heating by potential geoengineering aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049761, 2011.
Fleming, E. L., Jackman, C. H., Stolarski, R. S., and Considine, D. B.: Simulation of stratospheric tracers using an improved empirically-based two-dimensional model transport formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23911–23934, 1999.
Filippov, A. V., Zurita, M., and Rosner, D. E.: Fractal-like aggregates: Relation between morphology and physical properties, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 229, 261–273, 2000.
Hamill, P., Jensen, E. J., Russell, P, B., and Bauman, J. J.: The life cycle of stratospheric aerosol particles, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1395–1410, 1997.
Hanson, D. and Mauersberger, K.: Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 855–858, 1988.
Heckendorn, P., Weisenstein, D., Fueglistaler, S., Luo, B. P., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Thomason, L. W., and Peter, T.: The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045108, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045108, 2009.
Hinklin, T., Toury, B., Gervais, C., Babonneau, F., Gislason, J. J., Morton, R. W., and Laine, R. M.: Liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis of metalloorganic and inorganic alumina sources in the production of nanoalumina powders, Chem. Mater., 16, 21–30, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm021782t, 2004.
Jackman, C. H., Considine, D. B., and Fleming, E. L.: A global modeling study of solid rocket aluminum oxide emission effects on stratospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 907–910, 1998.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Johnson, C. P., Li, X., and Logan, B. E.: Settling velocities of fractal aggregates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1911–1918, 1996.
Kajino, M. and Kondo, Y.: EMTACS: Development and regional-scale simulation of a size, chemical, mixing type, and soot shape resolved atmospheric particle model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D02303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015030, 2011.
Karasev, V. V., Onishchuk, A. A., Glotov, O. G., Baklinov, A. M., Zarko, V. E., and Panfilov, V. N.: Charges and fractal properties of nanoparticles – Combusion products of aluminum agglomerates, Combust. Explo. Shock+, 37, 734–736, 2001.
Karasev, V. V., Onischuk, A. A., Glotov, O. G., Baklanov, A. M., Maryasov, A. G., Zarko, V. E., Panfilov, V. N, Levykin, A. I., and Sabelfeld, K. K.: Formation of charged aggregates of Al2O3 nanoparticles by combustion of aluminum droplets in air, Combust. Flame, 138, 40–54, 2004.
Keith, D. W.: Photophoretic levitation of engineered aerosols for geoengineering, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 16428–16431, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009519107, 2010.
Kirk-Davidoff, D. B, Hintsa, E. J., Anderson, J. G., and Keith, D. W.: The effect of climate change on ozone depletion through changes in stratospheric water vapour, Nature, 402, 399–401, 1999.
Kravitz, B., MacMartin, D. G., and Caldeira, K.: Geoengineering: Whiter skies?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051652, 2012.
Kravitz, B., MacMartin, D. G., Robock, A., Rasch, P. J., Ricke, K. L., Cole, J. N. S., Curry, C. L., Irvine, P. J., Ji, D., Keith, D. W., Kristjansson, J. E., Moore, J. C., Muri, H., Singh, B., Tilmes, S., Watanabe, S., Yang, S., and Yoon, J.-H.: A multi-model assessment of regional climate disparities caused by solar geoengineering, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 074013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074013, 2014.
Krueger, A.: Diamond nanoparticles: Jewels for chemistry and physics, Adv. Mater., 20, 2445–2449, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200701856, 2008.
Kuebbeler, M., Lohmann, U., and Feichter, J.: Effects of stratospheric sulfate aerosol geo-engineering on cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L23803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053797, 2012.
Lawrence, C. R. and Neff, J. C.: The contemporary physical and chemical flux of aeolian dust: A synthesis of direct measurements of dust deposition, Chem. Geol., 267, 46063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.02.005, 2009.
Maricq, M. M.: Coagulation dynamics of fractal-like soot aggregates, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 141–156, 2007.
Maricq, M. M. and Nu, N.: The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 1251–1274, 2004.
Marti, J. and Mauersberger, K.: A survey and new measurements of ice vapor pressure at temperatures between 170 and 250 K, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 363–366, 1993.
McClellan, J., Keith, D. W., and Apt, J.: Cost analysis of stratospheric albedo modification delivery systems, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 034019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034019, 2012.
Mercado, L. M., Bellouin, N., Sitch, S., Boucher, O., Huntiongford, C., Wild, M., and Cox, P. M.: Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink, Nature, 458, 1014–1018, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07949, 2009.
Mikhailov, E. F., Vlasenko, S. S., Podgorny, I. A., Ramanathan, V., and Corrigan, C. E.: Optical properties of soot-water drop agglomerates: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006389, 2006.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682, 1997.
Molina, M. J., Molina, L. T., Zhang, R., Meads, R. F., and Spencer, D. D.: The reaction of ClONO2 with HCl on aluminum oxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1619–1622, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01560, 1997.
Moreno-Cruz, J., Ricke, K., and Keith, D. W.: A simple model to account for regional inequalities in the effectiveness of solar radiation management, Climatic Change, 110, 649–668, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0103-z, 2011.
Niemeier, U., Schmidt, H., and Timmreck, C.: The dependency of geoengineered sulfate aerosol on the emission strategy, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 189–194, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.304, 2011.
Pierce, J. R., Weisenstein, D. K., Heckendorn, P., Peter, T., and Keith, D. W.: Efficient formation of stratospheric aerosol for climate engineering by emission of condensible vapor from aircraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043975, 2010.
Pitari, G., Aquila, V., Kravitz, B., Robock, A., Watanabe, S., Cionni, I., De Luca, N., Di Genova, G., Mancini, E., and Tilmes, S.: Stratospheric ozone response to sulfate geoengineering: Results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), J. Geophys. Res., 119, 2629–2653, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020566, 2014.
Pope, F. D., Braesicke, P., Grainger, R. G., Kalberer, M., Watson, I. M., Davidson, P. J., and Cox, R. A.: Stratospheric aerosol particles and solar-radiation management, Nature Climate Change, 2, 713–719, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1528, 2012.
Rannou, P., McKay, C. P., Botet, R., and Cabane, M.: Semi-empirical model of absorption and scattering by isotropic fractal aggregates of spheres, Planet. Space Sci., 47, 385–396, 1999.
Rasch, P. J., Crutzen, P. J., and Coleman, D. B.: Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols: the role of particle size, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032179, 2008.
Rinsland, C. P., Weisenstein, D. K., Ko, M. K. W., Scott, C. J., Chiou, L. S., Mahieu, E., Zander, R., and Demoulin, P.: Post-Mount Pinatubo eruption ground-based infrared stratospheric column measurements of HNO3, NO, and NO2 and their comparison with model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4437, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002965, 2003.
Ross, M. N. and Sheaffer, P. M.: Radiative forcing caused by rocket engine emissions, Earth's Future, 2, 177–196, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000160, 2014.
Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Barker, J. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Wine, P. H., Abbatt, J. P. D., Burkholder, J. B., Kolb, C. E., Moortgat, G. K., and Huie, R. E.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies, Evaluation No. 17, JPL Publication 10-6, 2011.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006.
Shi, Q., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., and Davidovits, P.: Kinetic model for reaction of ClONO2 with H2O and HCl and HOCl with HCl in sulfuric acid solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24259–24274, 2001.
Shrand, A. M., Huang, H., Carlson, C., Schlager, J. J., Osawa, E., Hussain, S. M., and Dai, L.: Are diamond nanoparticles cytotoxic? J. Phys Chem. B, 111, 2–7, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp066387v, 2007.
Solomon, S.: Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008, 1999.
SPARC: SPARC Report No. 4, Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), WCRP-124 WMO/TD No. 1295, SPARC Report No. 4, edited by: Thomason, L. and Peter, Th., WMO, 2006.
Tabazadeh, A., Toon, O. B., Cleg, S. L., and Hamill, P.: A new parameterization of H2SO4/H2O aerosol composition: Atmospheric implications, Geophys. Res., Lett., 24, 1931–1934, 1997.
Tang, M. J., Camp, J. C. J., Rkiouak, L., McGregor, J., Watson, I. M., Cox, R. A., Kalberer, M., Ward, A. D., and Pope, F. D.: Heterogeneous Interaction of SiO2 with N2O5: Aerosol Flow Tube and Single Particle Optical Levitation-Raman Spectroscopy Studies, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 8817–8827, 2014a.
Tang, M. J., Telford, P. J., Pope, F. D., Rkiouak, L., Abraham, N. L., Archibald, A. T., Braesicke, P., Pyle, J. A., McGregor, J., Watson, I. M., Cox, R. A., and Kalberer, M.: Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with airborne TiO2 particles and its implication for stratospheric particle injection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6035–6048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6035-2014, 2014b.
Teller, E., Wood, L., and Hyde, R.: Global Warming and Ice Ages: I. Prospects for Physics-Based Modulation of Global Change, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Publication UCRL-JC-128715, 18 pp., 1997.
Tilmes, S., Muller, R., and Salawitch, R.: The sensitivity of polar ozone depletion to proposed geoengineering schemes, Science, 320, 1201–1204, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153966, 2008.
Tilmes, S., Garcia, R. R., Kinnison, D. E., Gettelman, A., and Rasch, P. J.: Impact of geoengineered aerosols on the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D12305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011420, 2009.
Tilmes, S., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., Salawitch, R., Canty, T., Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., and Chance, K.: Impact of very short-lived halogens on stratospheric ozone abundance and UV radiation in a geo-engineered atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10945–10955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10945-2012, 2012.
Thomas, M. E. and Tropf, W. J.: Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Revisited, in: Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Vol. 3, edited by: Palik, E. D., Academic Press Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA, 1997.
Tsuzuki, T. and McCormick, P. G.: Mechanochemical synthesis of nano particles, J. Mater. Sci., 39, 5143–5146, 2004.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): 2012 Minerals Yearbook: Bauxite and Alumina, US Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/myb1-2012-bauxi.pdf (last access: 21 October 2015), May 2014.
Weisenstein, D. K., Yue, G. K., Ko, M. K. W., Sze, N.-D., Rodriguez, J. M., and Scott, C. J.: A two-dimensional model of sulfur species and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13019–13035, 1997.
Weisenstein, D. K., Ko, M. K. W., Dyominov, I. G., Pitari, G., Picciardulli, L., Visconti, G., and Bekki, S.: The effects of sulfur emission from HSCT aircraft: A 2-D model intercomparison, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1527–1547, 1998.
Weisenstein, D. K., Eluszkiewicz, J., Ko, M. K. W., Scott, C. J., Jackman, C. H., Fleming, E. L., Considine, D. B., Kinnison, D. E., Connell, P. S., and Rotman, D. A.: Separating chemistry and transport effects in 2-D models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004744, 2004.
Weisenstein, D. K., Penner, J. E., Herzog, M., and Liu, X.: Global 2-D intercomparison of sectional and modal aerosol modules, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2339–2355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2339-2007, 2007.
Wilton, D. J., Hewitt, C. N., and Beerling, D. J.: Simulated effects of changes in direct and diffuse radiation on canopy scale isoprene emissions from vegetation following volcanic eruptions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11723–11731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11723-2011, 2011.
Wiscombe, W. J. and Grams, G. W.: The backscattered fraction in two-stream approximations, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2440–2451, 1976.
Short summary
We investigate stratospheric aerosol geoengineering with solid particle injection by modeling the fractal structure of alumina aerosols and their interaction with background sulfate. We analyze the efficacy (W m^-2 of radiative forcing per megaton of injection) and risks (ozone loss, s) for both alumina and diamond particles as a function of injected monomer radius, finding 240nm alumina and 160nm diamond optimal. We discuss the limitations of our 2-D model study and associated uncertainties.
We investigate stratospheric aerosol geoengineering with solid particle injection by modeling...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint