Articles | Volume 10, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10561-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10561-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
10 Nov 2010
An overview of current issues in the uptake of atmospheric trace gases by aerosols and clouds
C. E. Kolb
Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
R. A. Cox
Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EP, UK
J. P. D. Abbatt
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
M. Ammann
Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
E. J. Davis
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1750, USA
D. J. Donaldson
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
B. C. Garrett
Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
C. George
IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5256, Université Lyon 1. 2, Av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
P. T. Griffiths
Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EP, UK
D. R. Hanson
Augsburg College, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
M. Kulmala
Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
G. McFiggans
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth, Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
U. Pöschl
Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
I. Riipinen
Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
M. J. Rossi
Laboratorium fuer Atmosphaerenchemie, OFLA008, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
Y. Rudich
Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
P. E. Wagner
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
P. M. Winkler
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305-5602, USA
D. R. Worsnop
Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
C. D. O' Dowd
School of Physics and Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Characterization of the particle size distribution, mineralogy, and Fe mode of occurrence of dust-emitting sediments from the Mojave Desert, California, USA
Measurement report: Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) reveal a structural preference – a case study of PM2.5 in Beijing, China
The Impact of Aqueous Phase Replacement Reaction on the Phase State of Internally Mixed Organic/ammonium Aerosols
Probing Iceland's dust-emitting sediments: particle size distribution, mineralogy, cohesion, Fe mode of occurrence, and reflectance spectra signatures
Photoenhanced sulfate formation by the heterogeneous uptake of SO2 on non-photoactive mineral dust
Comparison of water-soluble and water-insoluble organic compositions attributing to different light absorption efficiency between residential coal and biomass burning emissions
Technical note: High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of black carbon particles deposited on northwest Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 1. Continuous flow analysis of the SIGMA-D ice core using a Wide-Range Single-Particle Soot Photometer and a high-efficiency nebulizer
Suppressed atmospheric chemical aging of cooking organic aerosol particles in wintertime conditions
Formation and loss of light absorbance by phenolic aqueous SOA by ●OH and an organic triplet excited state
Nocturnal Atmospheric Synergistic Oxidation Reduces the Formation of Low-volatility Organic Compounds from Biogenic Emissions
Technical Note: A technique to convert NO2 to NO2− with S(IV) and its application to measuring nitrate photolysis
Measurement report: The Fifth International Workshop on Ice Nucleation Phase 1 (FIN-01): Intercomparison of Single Particle Mass Spectrometers
Distribution, chemical, and molecular composition of high and low molecular weight humic-like substances in ambient aerosols
Desorption lifetimes and activation energies influencing gas–surface interactions and multiphase chemical kinetics
Molecular analysis of secondary organic aerosol and brown carbon from the oxidation of indole
Secondary organic aerosol formed by Euro 5 gasoline vehicle emissions: chemical composition and gas-to-particle phase partitioning
Assessment of the contribution of residential waste burning to ambient PM10 concentrations in Hungary and Romania
Source differences in the components and cytotoxicity of PM2.5 from automobile exhaust, coal combustion, and biomass burning contributing to urban aerosol toxicity
Chamber studies of OH + dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl disulfide: insights into the dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism
Low-temperature ice nucleation of sea spray and secondary marine aerosols under cirrus cloud conditions
Temperature-dependent aqueous OH kinetics of C2–C10 linear and terpenoid alcohols and diols: new rate coefficients, structure–activity relationship, and atmospheric lifetimes
A possible unaccounted source of nitrogen-containing compound formation in aerosols: amines reacting with secondary ozonides
Seasonal variations in photooxidant formation and light absorption in aqueous extracts of ambient particles
Variability in sediment particle size, mineralogy, and Fe mode of occurrence across dust-source inland drainage basins: the case of the lower Drâa Valley, Morocco
Gas–particle partitioning of toluene oxidation products: an experimental and modeling study
Chemically speciated air pollutant emissions from open burning of household solid waste from South Africa
Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning
Volatile oxidation products and secondary organosiloxane aerosol from D5 + OH at varying OH exposures
Molecular fingerprints and health risks of smoke from home-use incense burning
High enrichment of heavy metals in fine particulate matter through dust aerosol generation
Production of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) by fast-growing phytoplankton
Technical note: In situ measurements and modelling of the oxidation kinetics in films of a cooking aerosol proxy using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D)
Particulate emissions from cooking activities: emission factors, emission dynamics, and mass spectrometric analysis for different preparation methods
Contrasting impacts of humidity on the ozonolysis of monoterpenes: insights into the multi-generation chemical mechanism
Quantifying the seasonal variations in and regional transport of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: characteristics, sources, and health risks
Opinion: Atmospheric multiphase chemistry – past, present, and future
Distinct photochemistry in glycine particles mixed with different atmospheric nitrate salts
Effects of storage conditions on the molecular-level composition of organic aerosol particles
Characterization of gas and particle emissions from open burning of household solid waste from South Africa
Chemically distinct particle-phase emissions from highly controlled pyrolysis of three wood types
Predicting photooxidant concentrations in aerosol liquid water based on laboratory extracts of ambient particles
Physicochemical characterization of free troposphere and marine boundary layer ice-nucleating particles collected by aircraft in the eastern North Atlantic
Large differences of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and low-volatile species in secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from ozonolysis of β-pinene and limonene
Impact of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources on the molecular compositions of water-soluble humic-like substances in PM2.5 at a suburban site of Yangtze River Delta, China
Technical note: Improved synthetic routes to cis- and trans-(2-methyloxirane-2,3-diyl)dimethanol (cis- and trans-β-isoprene epoxydiol)
Technical note: Intercomparison study of the elemental carbon radiocarbon analysis methods using synthetic known samples
Chemical evolution of primary and secondary biomass burning aerosols during daytime and nighttime
Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from the oxidation of limonene by OH radical: significant contribution of H-abstraction pathway
Measurement report: Atmospheric aging of combustion-derived particles – impact on stable free radical concentration and its ability to produce reactive oxygen species in aqueous media
Photoaging of phenolic secondary organic aerosol in the aqueous phase: evolution of chemical and optical properties and effects of oxidants
Adolfo González-Romero, Cristina González-Flórez, Agnesh Panta, Jesús Yus-Díez, Patricia Córdoba, Andres Alastuey, Natalia Moreno, Melani Hernández-Chiriboga, Konrad Kandler, Martina Klose, Roger N. Clark, Bethany L. Ehlmann, Rebecca N. Greenberger, Abigail M. Keebler, Phil Brodrick, Robert Green, Paul Ginoux, Xavier Querol, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9155–9176, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9155-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9155-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this research, we studied the dust-emitting properties of crusts and aeolian ripples from the Mojave Desert. These properties are key to understanding the effect of dust upon climate. We found two different playa lakes according to the groundwater regime, which implies differences in crusts' cohesion state and mineralogy, which can affect the dust emission potential and properties. We also compare them with Moroccan Sahara crusts and Icelandic top sediments.
Juanjuan Qin, Leiming Zhang, Yuanyuan Qin, Shaoxuan Shi, Jingnan Li, Zhao Shu, Yuwei Gao, Ting Qi, Jihua Tan, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7575–7589, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7575-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7575-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present research unveiled that acidity dominates while transition metal ions harmonize with the light absorption properties of humic-like substances (HULIS). Cu2+ has quenching effects on HULIS by complexation, hydrogen substitution, or electrostatic adsorption, with aromatic structures of HULIS. Such effects are less pronounced if from Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. Oxidized HULIS might contain electron-donating groups, whereas N-containing compounds might contain electron-withdrawing groups.
Hui Yang, Fengfeng Dong, Li Xia, Qishen Huang, Shufeng Pang, and Yunhong Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1556, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric secondary aerosols often contain a mix of organic and inorganic components, which can undergo complex reactions, leading to significant uncertainty in their phase state. Using molecular spectroscopic methods, we demonstrated that the aqueous replacement reaction, unique to these mixed aerosols and promoted by the presence of ammonium, significantly alters their phase behavior. This effect complicates the prediction of aerosol phase states and the corresponding atmospheric processes.
Adolfo González-Romero, Cristina González-Flórez, Agnesh Panta, Jesús Yus-Díez, Patricia Córdoba, Andres Alastuey, Natalia Moreno, Konrad Kandler, Martina Klose, Roger N. Clark, Bethany L. Ehlmann, Rebecca N. Greenberger, Abigail M. Keebler, Phil Brodrick, Robert O. Green, Xavier Querol, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6883–6910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of properties from dust emitted in high latitudes such as in Iceland is scarce. This study focuses on the particle size, mineralogy, cohesion, and iron mode of occurrence and reflectance spectra of dust-emitting sediments. Icelandic top sediments have lower cohesion state, coarser particle size, distinctive mineralogy, and 3-fold bulk Fe content, with a large presence of magnetite compared to Saharan crusts.
Wangjin Yang, Jiawei Ma, Hongxing Yang, Fu Li, and Chong Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6757–6768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide evidence that light enhances the conversion of SO2 to sulfates on non-photoactive mineral dust, where triplet states of SO2 (3SO2) can act as a pivotal trigger to generate sulfates. Photochemical sulfate formation depends on H2O, O2, and basicity of mineral dust. The SO2 photochemistry on non-photoactive mineral dust contributes to sulfates, highlighting previously unknown pathways to better explain the missing sources of atmospheric sulfates.
Lu Zhang, Jin Li, Yaojie Li, Xinlei Liu, Zhihan Luo, Guofeng Shen, and Shu Tao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6323–6337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is related to radiative forcing and climate change. The BrC fraction from residential coal and biomass burning emissions, which were the major source of BrC, was characterized at the molecular level. The CHOS aromatic compounds explained higher light absorption efficiencies of biomass burning emissions compared to coal. The unique formulas of coal combustion aerosols were characterized by higher unsaturated compounds, and such information could be used for source appointment.
Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Remi Dallmayr, Yoshimi Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Nobuhiro Moteki, Tatsuhiro Mori, Sho Ohata, Yutaka Kondo, Makoto Koike, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Jun Ogata, Kyotaro Kitamura, Kenji Kawamura, Koji Fujita, Sumito Matoba, Naoko Nagatsuka, Akane Tsushima, Kaori Fukuda, and Teruo Aoki
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1496, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a continuous flow analysis system to analyse an ice core from northwest Greenland, and coupled it with an improved BC measurement technique. This coupling allowed accurate high-resolution analyses of BC particles' size distributions and concentrations with diameters between 70 nm and 4 μm for the past 350 years. Our results provide crucial insights into BC's climatic effects. We also found that previous ice core studies substantially underestimated the BC mass concentrations.
Wenli Liu, Longkun He, Yingjun Liu, Keren Liao, Qi Chen, and Mikinori Kuwata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5625–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cooking is a major source of particles in urban areas. Previous studies demonstrated that the chemical lifetimes of cooking organic aerosols (COAs) were much shorter (~minutes) than the values reported by field observations (~hours). We conducted laboratory experiments to resolve the discrepancy by considering suppressed reactivity under low temperature. The parameterized k2–T relationships and observed surface temperature data were used to estimate the chemical lifetimes of COA particles.
Stephanie Arciva, Lan Ma, Camille Mavis, Chrystal Guzman, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4473–4485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured changes in light absorption during the aqueous oxidation of six phenols with hydroxyl radical (●OH) or an organic triplet excited state (3C*). All the phenols formed light-absorbing secondary brown carbon (BrC), which then decayed with continued oxidation. Extrapolation to ambient conditions suggest ●OH is the dominant sink of secondary phenolic BrC in fog/cloud drops, while 3C* controls the lifetime of this light absorption in particle water.
Han Zang, Zekun Luo, Chenxi Li, Ziyue Li, Dandan Huang, and Yue Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1131, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric organics are subject to synergistic oxidation by different oxidants, yet the mechanisms of such processes are poorly understood. Here, using direct measurements and kinetic modelling, we probe the nocturnal synergistic oxidation mechanism of α-pinene by O3 and NO3 radicals and in particular the fate of peroxy radical intermediates of different origins, which will deepen our understanding of the monoterpene oxidation chemistry and its contribution to atmospheric particle formation.
Aaron Lieberman, Julietta Picco, Murat Onder, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4411–4419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method that uses aqueous S(IV) to quantitatively convert NO2 to NO2−, which allows both species to be quantified using the Griess method. As an example of the utility of the method, we quantified both photolysis channels of nitrate, with and without a scavenger for hydroxyl radical (·OH). The results show that without a scavenger, ·OH reacts with nitrite to form nitrogen dioxide, suppressing the apparent quantum yield of NO2− and enhancing that of NO2.
Xiaoli Shen, David M. Bell, Hugh Coe, Naruki Hiranuma, Fabian Mahrt, Nicholas A. Marsden, Claudia Mohr, Daniel M. Murphy, Harald Saathoff, Johannes Schneider, Jacqueline Wilson, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Alla Zelenyuk, Paul J. DeMott, Ottmar Möhler, and Daniel J. Cziczo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-928, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-928, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single particle mass spectrometer (SPMS) is commonly used to measure chemical composition and mixing state of aerosol particles. Intercomparison of SPMSs was conducted. All instruments reported similar size ranges and common spectral features. The instrument-specific detection efficiency was found to be more dependent on particle size than type. All instruments differentiated secondary organic aerosol, soot, and soil dust, but had difficulties differentiating among specific minerals and dusts.
Xingjun Fan, Ao Cheng, Xufang Yu, Tao Cao, Dan Chen, Wenchao Ji, Yongbing Cai, Fande Meng, Jianzhong Song, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3769–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Molecular-level characteristics of high molecular weight (HMW) and low MW (LMW) humic-like substances (HULIS) were comprehensively investigated, where HMW HULIS had larger chromophores and larger molecular size than LMW HULIS and exhibited higher aromaticity and humification. Electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed more aromatic molecules in HMW HULIS. HMW HULIS had more CHON compounds, while LMW HULIS had more CHO compounds.
Daniel A. Knopf, Markus Ammann, Thomas Berkemeier, Ulrich Pöschl, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3445–3528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The initial step of interfacial and multiphase chemical processes involves adsorption and desorption of gas species. This study demonstrates the role of desorption energy governing the residence time of the gas species at the environmental interface. A parameterization is formulated that enables the prediction of desorption energy based on the molecular weight, polarizability, and oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the desorbing chemical species. Its application to gas–particle interactions is discussed.
Feng Jiang, Kyla Siemens, Claudia Linke, Yanxia Li, Yiwei Gong, Thomas Leisner, Alexander Laskin, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2639–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the optical properties, chemical composition, and formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) from the oxidation of indole with and without NO2 in the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) simulation chamber. This work is one of the very few to link the optical properties and chemical composition of indole SOA with and without NO2 by simulation chamber experiments.
Evangelia Kostenidou, Baptiste Marques, Brice Temime-Roussel, Yao Liu, Boris Vansevenant, Karine Sartelet, and Barbara D'Anna
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2705–2729, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from gasoline vehicles can be a significant source of particulate matter in urban areas. Here the chemical composition of secondary volatile organic compounds and SOA produced by photo-oxidation of Euro 5 gasoline vehicle emissions was studied. The volatility of the SOA formed was calculated. Except for the temperature and the concentration of the aerosol, additional parameters may play a role in the gas-to-particle partitioning.
András Hoffer, Aida Meiramova, Ádám Tóth, Beatrix Jancsek-Turóczi, Gyula Kiss, Ágnes Rostási, Erika Andrea Levei, Luminita Marmureanu, Attila Machon, and András Gelencsér
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1659–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Specific tracer compounds identified previously in controlled test burnings of different waste types in the laboratory were detected and quantified in ambient PM10 samples collected in five Hungarian and four Romanian settlements. Back-of-the-envelope calculations based on the relative emission factors of individual tracers suggested that the contribution of solid waste burning particulate emissions to ambient PM10 mass concentrations may be as high as a few percent.
Xiao-San Luo, Weijie Huang, Guofeng Shen, Yuting Pang, Mingwei Tang, Weijun Li, Zhen Zhao, Hanhan Li, Yaqian Wei, Longjiao Xie, and Tariq Mehmood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1345–1360, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 are air pollutants threatening health globally, but they are a mixture of chemical compositions from many sources and result in unequal toxicity. Which composition from which source of PM2.5 as the most hazardous object is a question hindering effective pollution control policy-making. With chemical and toxicity experiments, we found automobile exhaust and coal combustion to be priority emissions with higher toxic compositions for precise air pollution control, ensuring public health.
Matthew B. Goss and Jesse H. Kroll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemistry driving dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation and subsequent sulfate particle formation in the atmosphere is poorly constrained. We oxidized two related compounds (dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl disulfide) in the laboratory under varied NOx conditions and measured the gas- and particle-phase products. These results demonstrate that both the OH addition and OH abstraction pathways for DMS oxidation contribute to particle formation via mechanisms that do not involve the SO2 intermediate.
Ryan J. Patnaude, Kathryn A. Moore, Russell J. Perkins, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, and Sonia M. Kreidenweis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we examined the effect of atmospheric aging on sea spray aerosols (SSAs) to form ice and how newly formed secondary marine aerosols (SMAs) may freeze at cirrus temperatures (< −38 °C). Results show that SSAs freeze at different relative humidities (RHs) depending on the temperature and that the ice-nucleating ability of SSA was not hindered by atmospheric aging. SMAs are shown to freeze at high RHs and are likely inefficient at forming ice at cirrus temperatures.
Bartłomiej Witkowski, Priyanka Jain, Beata Wileńska, and Tomasz Gierczak
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 663–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article reports the results of the kinetic measurements for the aqueous oxidation of the 29 aliphatic alcohols by hydroxyl radical (OH) at different temperatures. The data acquired and the literature data were used to optimize a model for predicting the aqueous OH reactivity of alcohols and carboxylic acids and to estimate the atmospheric lifetimes of five terpenoic alcohols. The kinetic data provided new insights into the mechanism of aqueous oxidation of aliphatic molecules by the OH.
Junting Qiu, Xinlin Shen, Jiangyao Chen, Guiying Li, and Taicheng An
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 155–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-155-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-155-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied reactions of secondary ozonides (SOZs) with amines. SOZs formed from ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene and α-humulene are found to be reactive to ethylamine and methylamine. Products from SOZs with various conformations reacting with the same amine had different functional groups. Our findings indicate that interaction of SOZs with amines in the atmosphere is very complicated, which is potentially a hitherto unrecognized source of N-containing compound formation.
Lan Ma, Reed Worland, Laura Heinlein, Chrystal Guzman, Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Keith J. Bein, Qi Zhang, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of three photooxidants – the hydroxyl radical, triplet excited states of organic carbon, and singlet molecular oxygen – in fine particles collected over a year. Concentrations are highest in extracts of fresh biomass burning particles, largely because they have the highest particle concentrations and highest light absorption. When normalized by light absorption, rates of formation for each oxidant are generally similar for the four particle types we observed.
Adolfo González-Romero, Cristina González-Flórez, Agnesh Panta, Jesús Yus-Díez, Cristina Reche, Patricia Córdoba, Natalia Moreno, Andres Alastuey, Konrad Kandler, Martina Klose, Clarissa Baldo, Roger N. Clark, Zongbo Shi, Xavier Querol, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15815–15834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15815-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15815-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of dust emitted from desertic surfaces upon climate and ecosystems depends on size and mineralogy, but data from soil mineral atlases of desert soils are scarce. We performed particle-size distribution, mineralogy, and Fe speciation in southern Morocco. Results show coarser particles with high quartz proportion are near the elevated areas, while in depressed areas, sizes are finer, and proportions of clays and nano-Fe oxides are higher. This difference is important for dust modelling.
Victor Lannuque, Barbara D'Anna, Evangelia Kostenidou, Florian Couvidat, Alvaro Martinez-Valiente, Philipp Eichler, Armin Wisthaler, Markus Müller, Brice Temime-Roussel, Richard Valorso, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15537–15560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large uncertainties remain in understanding secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from toluene oxidation. In this study, speciation measurements in gaseous and particulate phases were carried out, providing partitioning and volatility data on individual toluene SOA components at different temperatures. A new detailed oxidation mechanism was developed to improve modeled speciation, and effects of different processes involved in gas–particle partitioning at the molecular scale are explored.
Xiaoliang Wang, Hatef Firouzkouhi, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Warren Carter, and Alexandra S. M. De Vos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15375–15393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Open burning of municipal solid waste emits chemicals that are harmful to the environment. This paper reports source profiles and emission factors for PM2.5 species and acidic/alkali gases from laboratory combustion of 10 waste categories (including plastics and biomass) that represent open burning in South Africa. Results will be useful for health and climate impact assessments, speciated emission inventories, source-oriented dispersion models, and receptor-based source apportionment.
Jun Zhang, Kun Li, Tiantian Wang, Erlend Gammelsæter, Rico K. Y. Cheung, Mihnea Surdu, Sophie Bogler, Deepika Bhattu, Dongyu S. Wang, Tianqu Cui, Lu Qi, Houssni Lamkaddam, Imad El Haddad, Jay G. Slowik, Andre S. H. Prevot, and David M. Bell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14561–14576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted burning experiments to simulate various types of solid fuel combustion, including residential burning, wildfires, agricultural burning, cow dung, and plastic bag burning. The chemical composition of the particles was characterized using mass spectrometers, and new potential markers for different fuels were identified using statistical analysis. This work improves our understanding of emissions from solid fuel burning and offers support for refined source apportionment.
Hyun Gu Kang, Yanfang Chen, Yoojin Park, Thomas Berkemeier, and Hwajin Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14307–14323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14307-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14307-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
D5 is an emerging anthropogenic pollutant that is ubiquitous in indoor and urban environments, and the OH oxidation of D5 forms secondary organosiloxane aerosol (SOSiA). Application of a kinetic box model that uses a volatility basis set (VBS) showed that consideration of oxidative aging (aging-VBS) predicts SOSiA formation much better than using a standard-VBS model. Ageing-dependent parameterization is needed to accurately model SOSiA to assess the implications of siloxanes for air quality.
Kai Song, Rongzhi Tang, Jingshun Zhang, Zichao Wan, Yuan Zhang, Kun Hu, Yuanzheng Gong, Daqi Lv, Sihua Lu, Yu Tan, Ruifeng Zhang, Ang Li, Shuyuan Yan, Shichao Yan, Baoming Fan, Wenfei Zhu, Chak K. Chan, Maosheng Yao, and Song Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13585–13595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Incense burning is common in Asia, posing threats to human health and air quality. However, less is known about its emissions and health risks. Full-volatility organic species from incense-burning smoke are detected and quantified. Intermediate-volatility volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial organics accounting for 19.2 % of the total emission factors (EFs) and 40.0 % of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) estimation, highlighting the importance of incorporating IVOCs into SOA models.
Qianqian Gao, Shengqiang Zhu, Kaili Zhou, Jinghao Zhai, Shaodong Chen, Qihuang Wang, Shurong Wang, Jin Han, Xiaohui Lu, Hong Chen, Liwu Zhang, Lin Wang, Zimeng Wang, Xin Yang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaofei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13049–13060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Dust aerosols are mainly generated by wind erosion, which may have some chemical selectivity. Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM2.5) aerosols. In addition, estimation of heavy metal emissions from dust generation by air quality models may have errors without using proper dust profiles.
Daniel C. O. Thornton, Sarah D. Brooks, Elise K. Wilbourn, Jessica Mirrielees, Alyssa N. Alsante, Gerardo Gold-Bouchot, Andrew Whitesell, and Kiana McFadden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12707–12729, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12707-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12707-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A major uncertainty in our understanding of clouds and climate is the sources and properties of the aerosol on which clouds grow. We found that aerosol containing organic matter from fast-growing marine phytoplankton was a source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs). INPs facilitate freezing of ice crystals at warmer temperatures than otherwise possible and therefore change cloud formation and properties. Our results show that ecosystem processes and the properties of sea spray aerosol are linked.
Adam Milsom, Shaojun Qi, Ashmi Mishra, Thomas Berkemeier, Zhenyu Zhang, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10835–10843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols and films are found indoors and outdoors. Our study measures and models reactions of a cooking aerosol proxy with the atmospheric oxidant ozone relying on a low-cost but sensitive technique based on mass changes and film rigidity. We found that film morphology changed and film rigidity increased with evidence of surface crust formation during ozone exposure. Our modelling results demonstrate clear potential to take this robust method to the field for reaction monitoring.
Julia Pikmann, Frank Drewnick, Friederike Fachinger, and Stephan Borrmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2172, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2172, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cooking activities can contribute substantially to indoor and ambient aerosol. We performed a comprehensive study with laboratory measurements cooking 19 different dishes and ambient measurements at two Christmas markets measuring various particle properties and trace gases of the emissions in real time. Similar emission characteristics were observed for dishes with the same preparation method, mainly due to similar cooking temperature and use of oil, with barbecues as especially strong source.
Shan Zhang, Lin Du, Zhaomin Yang, Narcisse Tsona Tchinda, Jianlong Li, and Kun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10809–10822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we have investigated the distinct impacts of humidity on the ozonolysis of two structurally different monoterpenes (limonene and Δ3-carene). We found that the molecular structure of precursors can largely influence the SOA formation under high RH by impacting the multi-generation reactions. Our results could advance knowledge on the roles of water content in aerosol formation and inform ongoing research on particle environmental effects and applications in models.
Yangzhihao Zhan, Min Xie, Wei Zhao, Tijian Wang, Da Gao, Pulong Chen, Jun Tian, Kuanguang Zhu, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, Mengmeng Li, Yi Luo, and Runqi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9837–9852, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although the main source contribution of pollution is secondary inorganic aerosols in Nanjing, health risks mainly come from industry sources and vehicle emissions. Therefore, the development of megacities should pay more attention to the health burden of vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and industrial processes. This study provides new insight into assessing the relationship between source apportionment and health risks and can provide valuable insight into air pollution strategies.
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt and A. R. Ravishankara
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9765–9785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9765-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9765-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With important climate and air quality impacts, atmospheric multiphase chemistry involves gas interactions with aerosol particles and cloud droplets. We summarize the status of the field and discuss potential directions for future growth. We highlight the importance of a molecular-level understanding of the chemistry, along with atmospheric field studies and modeling, and emphasize the necessity for atmospheric multiphase chemists to interact widely with scientists from neighboring disciplines.
Zhancong Liang, Zhihao Cheng, Ruifeng Zhang, Yiming Qin, and Chak K. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9585–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that the photolysis of sodium nitrate leads to a much quicker decay of free amino acids (FAAs, with glycine as an example) in the particle phase than ammonium nitrate photolysis, which is likely due to the molecular interactions between FAAs and different nitrate salts. Since sodium nitrate likely co-exists with FAAs in the coarse-mode particles, particulate nitrate photolysis can possibly contribute to a rapid decay of FAAs and affect atmospheric nitrogen cycling.
Julian Resch, Kate Wolfer, Alexandre Barth, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9161–9171, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed chemical analysis of organic aerosols is necessary to better understand their effects on climate and health. Aerosol samples are often stored for days to months before analysis. We examined the effects of storage conditions (i.e., time, temperature, and aerosol storage on filters or as solvent extracts) on composition and found significant changes in the concentration of individual compounds, indicating that sample storage can strongly affect the detailed chemical particle composition.
Xiaoliang Wang, Hatef Firouzkouhi, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Warren Carter, and Alexandra S. M. De Vos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8921–8937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Open burning of household and municipal solid waste is a common practice in developing countries and is a significant source of air pollution. However, few studies have measured emissions from open burning of waste. This study determined gas and particulate emissions from open burning of 10 types of household solid-waste materials. These results can improve emission inventories, air quality management, and assessment of the health and climate effects of open burning of household waste.
Anita M. Avery, Mariam Fawaz, Leah R. Williams, Tami Bond, and Timothy B. Onasch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8837–8854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of fuels like wood which occurs during combustion or as an isolated process. During combustion, some pyrolysis products are emitted directly, while others are oxidized in the combustion process. This work describes the chemical composition of particle-phase pyrolysis products in order to investigate both the uncombusted emissions from wildfires and the fuel that participates in combustion.
Lan Ma, Reed Worland, Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Chrystal Guzman, Keith J. Bein, Qi Zhang, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8805–8821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although photooxidants are important in airborne particles, little is known of their concentrations. By measuring oxidants in a series of particle dilutions, we predict their concentrations in aerosol liquid water (ALW). We find •OH concentrations in ALW are on the order of 10−15 M, similar to their cloud/fog values, while oxidizing triplet excited states and singlet molecular oxygen have ALW values of ca. 10−13 M and 10−12 M, respectively, roughly 10–100 times higher than in cloud/fog drops.
Daniel A. Knopf, Peiwen Wang, Benny Wong, Jay M. Tomlin, Daniel P. Veghte, Nurun N. Lata, Swarup China, Alexander Laskin, Ryan C. Moffet, Josephine Y. Aller, Matthew A. Marcus, and Jian Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8659–8681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient particle populations and associated ice-nucleating particles (INPs)
were examined from particle samples collected on board aircraft in the marine
boundary layer and free troposphere in the eastern North Atlantic during
summer and winter. Chemical imaging shows distinct differences in the
particle populations seasonally and with sampling altitudes, which are
reflected in the INP types. Freezing parameterizations are derived for
implementation in cloud-resolving and climate models.
Dandan Liu, Yun Zhang, Shujun Zhong, Shuang Chen, Qiaorong Xie, Donghuan Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Wei Hu, Junjun Deng, Libin Wu, Chao Ma, Haijie Tong, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8383–8402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, we found that β-pinene oxidation-derived highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) exhibit higher yield at high ozone concentration, while limonene oxidation-derived HOMs exhibit higher yield at moderate ozone concentration. The distinct molecular response of HOMs and low-volatile species in different biogenic secondary organic aerosols to ozone concentrations provides a new clue for more accurate air quality prediction and management.
Mengying Bao, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Yihang Hong, Yu-Chi Lin, Mingyuan Yu, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Rongshuang Xu, and Xiaoying Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8305–8324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction between the sources and molecular compositions of humic-like substances (HULIS) at Nanjing, China, was explored. Significant fossil fuel source contributions to HULIS were found in the 14C results from biomass burnng and traffic emissions. Increasing biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products and anthropogenic aromatic compounds were detected in summer and winter, respectively.
Molly Frauenheim, Jason D. Surratt, Zhenfa Zhang, and Avram Gold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7859–7866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7859-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7859-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report synthesis of the isoprene-derived photochemical oxidation products trans- and cis-β-epoxydiols in high overall yields from inexpensive, readily available starting compounds. Protection/deprotection steps or time-consuming purification is not required, and the reactions can be scaled up to gram quantities. The procedures provide accessibility of these important compounds to atmospheric chemistry laboratories with only basic capabilities in organic synthesis.
Xiangyun Zhang, Jun Li, Sanyuan Zhu, Junwen Liu, Ping Ding, Shutao Gao, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, Ping'an Peng, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7495–7502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results show that 14C elemental carbon (EC) was not only related to the isolation method but also to the types and proportions of the biomass sources in the sample. The hydropyrolysis (Hypy) method, which can be used to isolate a highly stable portion of ECHypy and avoid charring, is a more effective and stable approach for the matrix-independent 14C quantification of EC in aerosols, and the 13C–ECHypy and non-fossil ECHypy values of SRM1649b were –24.9 ‰ and 11 %, respectively.
Amir Yazdani, Satoshi Takahama, John K. Kodros, Marco Paglione, Mauro Masiol, Stefania Squizzato, Kalliopi Florou, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Spiro D. Jorga, Spyros N. Pandis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7461–7477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols directly emitted from wood and pellet stove combustion are found to chemically transform (approximately 15 %–35 % by mass) under daytime aging conditions simulated in an environmental chamber. A new marker for lignin-like compounds is found to degrade at a different rate than previously identified biomass burning markers and can potentially provide indication of aging time in ambient samples.
Hao Luo, Luc Vereecken, Hongru Shen, Sungah Kang, Iida Pullinen, Mattias Hallquist, Hendrik Fuchs, Andreas Wahner, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Thomas F. Mentel, and Defeng Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7297–7319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidation of limonene, an element emitted by trees and chemical products, by OH, a daytime oxidant, forms many highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), including C10-20 compounds. HOMs play an important role in new particle formation and growth. HOM formation can be explained by the chemistry of peroxy radicals. We found that a minor branching ratio initial pathway plays an unexpected, significant role. Considering this pathway enables accurate simulations of HOMs and other concentrations.
Heather L. Runberg and Brian J. Majestic
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7213–7223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging pollutant found in soot particles. Understanding how these change as they move through the atmosphere is important to human health. Here, soot was generated in the laboratory and exposed to simulated sunlight. The concentrations and characteristics of EPFRs in the soot were measured and found to be unchanged. However, it was also found that the ability of soot to form hydroxyl radicals was stronger for fresh soot.
Wenqing Jiang, Christopher Niedek, Cort Anastasio, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7103–7120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) form and evolve from a phenolic carbonyl commonly present in biomass burning smoke. The composition and optical properties of the aqSOA are significantly affected by photochemical reactions and are dependent on the oxidants' concentration and identity in water. During photoaging, the aqSOA initially becomes darker, but prolonged aging leads to the formation of volatile products, resulting in significant mass loss and photobleaching.
Cited articles
Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous interactions of BrO and ClO: Evidence for BrO surface recombination and reaction with HSO3-/SO$_{3}^{2}$, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1681–1684, 1996.
Abbatt, J. P. D.: Interactions of atmospheric trace gases with ice surfaces: adsorption and reaction, Chem. Rev., 103, 4783–4800, 2003.
Abbatt, J. P. D. and Waschewsky, G. C. G.: Heterogeneous interactions of HOBr, HNO3, O3 and NO2 with deliquescent NaCl aerosols at room temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A., 102, 3719–3725, 1998.
Adams, J. W., Holmes, N. S., and Crowley, J. N.: Uptake and reaction of HOBr on frozen and dry NaCl/NaBr surfaces between 253 and 233 K, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 79–91, 2002.
Adams, J. W., Rodriguez, D., and Cox, R. A.: The uptake of SO2 on Saharan dust: a flow tube study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2643–2676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2643-2005, 2005.
Adamson, A. W. and Gast, A. P.: Physical chemistry of surfaces, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 75–86, 1997.
Aguzzi, A. and Rossi, M. J.: The Kinetics of the uptake of HNO3 on Ice, Solid H2SO4/H2O and Solid Ternary Solutions of H2SO4/HNO3/H2O in the Temperature Range 180 to 211 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 3707–3716, 2001.
Aguzzi, A., Flückiger, B. and Rossi, M. J.: The nature of the interface and the diffusion coefficient of HCl/ice and HBr/ice in the temperature range 190–205 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4157–4169, 2003.
Alcala-Jornod, C. and Rossi, M. J.: Chemical kinetics of the interaction of H2O vapor with soot in the range 190 = T/K = 300: A diffusion tube study, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 10667–10680, 2004.
Alejandre, J., Tildesley, D. J., and Chapela, G. A.: Molecular–Dynamics Simulation of the Orthobaric Densities and Surface–Tension of Water, J. Chem. Phys., 102, 4574–4583, 1995.
Allen, H. C., Gragson, D. E., and Richmond, G. L.: Molecular structure and adsorption of dimethyl sulfoxide at the surface of aqueous solutions, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 660–666, 1999.
Allen, M. P., and Tildesley, D. J.: Computer Simulation of Liquids, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 24–32, 1987.
Ammann, M. and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions – Part 2: Exemplary practical applications and numerical simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 6025–6045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-6025-2007, 2007.
Ammann, M., Pöschl, U., and Rudich, Y.: Effects of reversible adsorption and Langmuir-Hinshelwood surface reactions on gas uptake by atmospheric particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 351–356, 2003.
Anonymous Referee #1: Interactive comment on "Alkene ozonolysis SOA: inferences of composition and droplet growth kinetics from Köhler theory analysis" by A. Asa-Awuku et al., Anonymous Referee #}1, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., {7, S4052–S4062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-S4052-2007, 2007.
Anttila, T., Kiendler–Scharr, A., Tillmann, R., and Mentel, T. F.: On the Reactive Uptake of Gaseous Compounds by Organic–Coated Aqueous Aerosols: Theoretical Analysis and Application to the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of N2O5, J. Phys. Chem. A., 110, 10435–10443, 2006.
Archuleta, C. M., DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2617–2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2617-2005, 2005.
Ardura, D. and Donaldson, D. J.: Where does acid hydrolysis take place?, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 857–863, 2009.
Arens, F., Gutzwiller, L., Baltensperger, U., Heinz W. Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on diesel soot particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2191–2199, 2001.
Asa-Awuku, A., Engelhart, G. J., Lee, B. H., Pandis, S. N. and Nenes, A.: Relating CCN activity, volatility, and droplet growth kinetics of $\beta-$caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 795–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-795-2009, 2009.
Asa-Awuku, A., Nenes, A., Gao, S., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Water-soluble SOA from Alkene ozonolysis: composition and droplet activation kinetics inferences from analysis of CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1585–1597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1585-2010, 2010.
Aubin, D. G. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Interaction of NO2 with Hydrocarbon Soot: Focus on HONO Yield, Surface Modification and Mechanism, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 6263–6273, 2007.
Ardura, D. and Donaldson, D.J..: Where does acid hydrolysis take place?, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 857–863, 2009.
Aumont, B., Madronich, S., Ammann, M., Kalberer, M., Baltensperger, U., Hauglustaine, D. and Brocheton, F.: On the NO2 + Soot Reaction in the Atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1729–1736, 1999.
Autrey, T., Brown, A. K., Camaioni, D. M., Dupuis, M., Foster, N. S., and Getty, A.: Thermochemistry of aqueous hydroxyl radical from advances in photoacoustic calorimetry and ab initio continuum solvation theory, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 3680–3681, 2004.
Baldwin, A. C. and Golden, D. M.: Heterogeneous atmospheric reactions – Sulfuric acid aerosols as tropospheric sinks, Science, 206, 562–563, 1979.
Badger, C. L., George, I., Griffiths, P. T., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Cox, R. A.: Reaction uptake of N2O5 by aerosol particles containing humic acid and ammonium sulfate, J. Phys. Chem. A., 110, 6986–6994, 2006.
Bartels-Rausch, T., Huthwelker, T., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Atmospheric Pressure Coated-Wall Flow–Tube Study of Acetone Adsorption on Ice, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 4531–4539, 2005.
Behnke, W., Krüger, H.-U., Scheer, V., and Zetsch, C.: Formation of atomic Cl from sea spray via photolysis of nitryl chloride – determination of the sticking coefficient of N2O5 on NaCl aerosol, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 609–612, 1991.
Ben-Naim, A. and Marcus, Y.: Solvation Thermodynamics of Nonionic Solutes, J. Chem. Phys., 81, 2016–2027, 1984.
Benjamin, I.: Theoretical–Study of Ion Solvation at the Water Liquid–Vapor Interface, J. Chem. Phys., 95, 3698–3709, 1991.
Benjamin, I.: Structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics of the liquid/vapor interface of water/dimethylsulfoxide mixtures, J. Chem. Phys., 110, 8070–8079, 1999.
Berendsen, H. J. C., Postma, J. P. M., van Gunsteren, W. F., and Hermans, J.: Interaction models for water in relation to protein hydration, in: Intermolecular Forces, edited by: Pullman, B., 24, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 331–342, 1981.
Berendsen, H. J. C., Grigera, J. R., and Straatsma, T. P.: The Missing Term in Effective Pair Potentials, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6269–6271, 1987.
Bertram, A. K., Ivanov, A. V., Hunter, M., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: The reaction probability of OH on organic surfaces of tropospheric interest, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 9415–9421, 2001.
Bertram, T. H., Thornton, J. A., Riedel, T. P., Middlebrook, A. M., Bahreini, R., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K. and Coffman, D. J.: Direct observations of N2O5 reactivity on ambient aerosol particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040248, 2009.
Biermann, U. M., Crowley, J. N., Huthwelker, T., Moortgat, G. K., Crutzen, P. J., and Peter, T.: FTIR studies on lifetime prolongation of stratospheric ice particles due to NAT coating, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3939–3942, 1998.
Bougiatioti, A., Fountoukis, C., Kalivitis, N., Pandis, S. N., Nenes, A., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Cloud condensation nuclei measurements in the marine boundary layer of the Eastern Mediterranean: CCN closure and droplet growth kinetics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7053–7066, 2009.
Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Ruuskanen,T., Pihlatie, M., Reissell, A., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Dal Maso, M., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Janssen, R., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 863–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-863-2005, 2005.
Brigante, M., Cazoir, D., D'Anna, B., George, C., and Donaldson, D. J.: Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 by pyrene solid films, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 9503–9508, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp802324g, 2008.
Broekhuizen, K. E., Thornberry, T., Kumar, P. P., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Formation of cloud condensation nuclei by oxidative processing: Unsaturated fatty acids, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D24206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005298, 2004.
Brown, R. L.: Tubular Flow Reactors with First Order Kinetics, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 83, 1–8, 1978.
Brown, S. S., Ryerson, T. B., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Peltier, R., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Dube, W. P., Trainer, M., Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality, Science, 311, 67–70, 2006.
Brown, S. S., Dube, W. P., Fuchs, F., et al.: Reactive uptake coefficients for N2O5 determined from aircraft measurements during the Second Texas Air Quality Study: Comparison to current model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F10, https://doi.org/1029/2008JD011679, 2009.
Buajarern, J. Mitchem, L., and Reid, J. P.: Manipulation and Characterization of Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Sodium Chloride Aerosol Particles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 13038–13045, 2007.
Buch, V., Milet, A., Vácha, R., Jungwirth, P., and Devlin, J. P.: Water surface is acidic, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., , 104, 7342–7347, 2007.
Caloz, F., Fenter, F, Tabor, K. D., and Rossi, M. J.: Paper I: Design and construction of a Knudsen–cell reactor for the study of heterogeneous reactions over the temperature range 130–750 K: Performances and limitations, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 68, 3172–3179, 1997.
Canneaux, S., Soetens, J. C., Henon, E., and Bohr, F.: Accommodation of ethanol, acetone and benzaldehyde by the liquid-vapor interface of water: A molecular dynamics study, Chem. Phys., 327, 512–517, 2006.
Canonica, S., Hellrung, B., and Wirz, J.: Oxidation of Phenols by Triplet Aromatic Ketones in Aqueous Solution, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 1226–1232, 2000.
Canonica, S., Kohn, T., Mac, M., Real, F. J., Wirz, J., and Von Gunten, U.: Photosensitizer Method to Determine Rate Constants for the Reaction of Carbonate Radical with Organic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9182–9188, 2005.
Cantrell, W., Shaw, G., Cass, G. R., Chowdhury, Z., Hughes, L. S., Prather, K. A., Guazzotti, S. A., and Coffee, K. R.: Closure between aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei at Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28711–28718, 2001.
Cape, J. N., Hamilton, R., and Heal, M. R.: Reactive uptake of ozone at simulated leaf surfaces: Implications for 'non–stomatal' ozone flux, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1116–1123, 2009.
Cappa, C. D., Smith, J. D., Drisdell, W. S., Saykally, R. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Interpreting the H/D isotope fractionation of liquid water during evaporation without condensation, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 7011–7020, 2007.
Cappa, C.D., Drisdell, W. S., Smith, J. D., Saykally, R. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Isotope Fractionation of Water during Evaporation without Condensation. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 24391–24400, 2005.
Carignano, M. A., Jacob, M. M., and Avila, E. E.: On the uptake of ammonia by the water/vapor interface, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 3676–3679, 2008.
Carravetta, V. and Clementi, E.: Water Water Interaction Potential – An Approximation Of The Electron Correlation Contribution By A Functional Of The Scf Density-Matrix, J. Chem. Phys., 81, 2646–2651, 1984.
Carslaw, K. S., and Peter, T.: Uncertainties in reactive uptake coefficients for solid stratospheric particles.1. Surface Chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1743–1746, 1997.
Castro, A., Bhattacharyya, K., and Eisenthal, K. B.: Energetics Of Adsorption Of Neutral And Charged Molecules At The Air-Water-Interface By 2nd Harmonic-Generation – Hydrophobic And Solvation Effects, J. Chem. Phys., 95, 1310–1315, 1991.
Chandler, D.: Statistical–mechanics of isomerization dynamics in liquids and transition–state approximation, J. Chem. Phys., 68, 2959–2970, 1978.
Che, D. L., Smith, J. D., Leone, S. R., Ahmed, M., and Wilson, K. R.: Quantifying the reactive uptake of OH by organic aerosols in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7885–7895, 2009.
Chuang, P. Y.: Measurement of the timescale of hygroscopic growth for atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4282, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002757, 2003.
Chughtai, A. R., Jassim, J. A., Peterson, J. H., Stedman, D. H., and Smith, D. M.: Spectroscopic And Solubility Characteristics Of Oxidized Soots, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 15, 112–126, 1991.
Clegg, S. L., Seinfeld, J. H., and Brimblecombe, P.: Thermodynamic modelling of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes and dissolved organic compounds, J. Aerosol. Sci., 32, 713–738, 2001.
Clegg, S. M. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Uptake of gas-phase SO2 and H2O2 by ice surfaces: dependence on partial pressure, temperature and surface acidity, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6630–6636, 2001.
Clement, C. F., Kulmala, M., and Vesala, T.: Theoretical consideration on sticking probabilities, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 869–882, 1996.
Cilfford, D., Bartesis–Rausch, T. and Donaldson, D. J.: Suppression of aqueous surface hydrolysis by monolayers of short chain organic amphiphiles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 1362––1369, 2007.
Clifford, D. and Donaldson, D. J.: Direct experimental evidence for a heterogeneous reaction of ozone with bromide at the air-aqueous interface, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 9809–9814, 2007.
Clifford, D., D. J. Donaldson, D. J., Brigante, M., D'Anna, B., and George, C.: Reactive uptake of ozone by chlorophyll at aqueous surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1138–1143, 2008.
Cooper, P. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous Interactions of OH and HO2 Radicals with Surfaces Characteristic of Atmospheric Particulate Matter, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 2249–2254, 1996.
Cosman, L. M. and Bertram, A. K.: Reactive uptake of N2O5 on aqueous H2SO4 solutions coated with 1–component and 2-component monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 4625–4635, 2008.
Cosman, L. M., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K.: N2O5 reactive uptake on aqueous sulfuric acid solutions coated with branched and straight-chain insoluble organic surfactants, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 2386–2396, 2008.
Crowley, J. N., Ammann, M., Cox, R. A., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, Me. E., Mellouki, A., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and Wallington, T. J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume V – heterogeneous reactions on solid substrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9059–9223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9059-2010, 2010.
Cwiertny, D. M., Young, M. A., and Grassian, V. H.: Chemistry and photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 59, 27–51, 2008.
D'Anna, B., Jammoul, A., George, C., Stemmler, K., Fahrni, S., Ammann, M., and Wisthaler, A.: Light–induced ozone depletion by humic acid films and submicron aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 114, 12, D12301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011237, 2009.
Dabkowski, J., Zagorska, I., Dabkowska, M., Koczorowski, Z., and Trasatti, S.: Adsorption of DMSO at the free surface of water: Surface excesses and surface potential shifts in the low concentration range, J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., 92, 3873–3878, 1996.
Dang, L. X. and Chang, T. M.: Molecular dynamics study of water clusters, liquid, and liquid–vapor interface of water with many–body potentials, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 8149–8159, 1997.
Dang, L. X. and Feller, D.: Molecular dynamics study of water-benzene interactions at the liquid/vapor interface of water, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 4403–4407, 2000.
Dang, L. X. and Garrett, B. C.: Molecular mechanism of water and ammonia uptake by the liquid/vapor interface of water, Chem. Phys. Lett., 385, 309–313, 2004.
Danckwerts, P. V.: Gas-Liquid Reactions, McGraw–Hill, New York, NY, USA, 276 pp., 1970.
Davidovits, P., Hu, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Entry of Gas Molecules into Liquids, Faraday Discussions, 100, 65–82, 1995.
Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Williams, L. R., Kolb, C. E., and Gershenzon, M.: Comment on "Mass accommodation coefficient of water: Molecular dynamics simulation and revised analysis of droplet train/flow reactor experiment", J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 14742–14746, 2005.
Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Winkler, P., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Vesala, T. and Mozurkewich, M.: Mass accommodation coefficient of water vapor on liquid water, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L22111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020835, 2004.
Davidovits, P., Kolb, C. E., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Mass Accommodation and Chemical Reactions at Gas–Liquid Interfaces, Chem. Rev., 106, 1323–1354, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr040366k, 2006.
Davies, J. A. and Cox, R. A..: Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reaction of HNO3 with NaCl: Effect of Water Vapor, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 7631–7642, 1998.
Davis, E. J.: A History and State-of-the-Art of Accommodation Coefficients, Atmos. Res., 82, 561–578, 2006.
Davis, E. J.: Interpretation of Uptake Coefficient Data Obtained with Flow Tubes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 1922–1932, 2008.
Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Matta, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Chughtai, A. R., and Smith, D. M..: Water soluble organic compounds formed by oxidation of soot, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1827–1832, 2002.
de Gouw, J. A. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Reactive uptake of ozone by liquid organic compounds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 931–934, 1998.
Delval, C., Flückiger, B., and Rossi, M. J.: The rate of water vapor evaporation from ice substrates in the presence of HCl and HBr: implications for the lifetime of atmospheric ice particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 3, 1131–1145, 2003.
Delval, C. and Rossi, M. J.: The kinetics of condensation and evaporation of H2O from pure ice in the range 173–223 K: A quartz crystal microbalance study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 4665–4676, 2004.
Demou, E. and Donaldson, D. J.: Adsorption of atmospheric gases at the air-water interface. 4: The influence of salts, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 982–987, 2002.
Dinar, E., Anttila, T., and Rudich, Y.: CCN activity and hygroscopic growth of organic aerosols following reactive uptake of ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 793–799, 2008.
Djikaev, Y. S. and Tabazadeh, A.: Effect of adsorption on the uptake of organic trace gas by cloud droplets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4689, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003741, 2003.
Docherty, K. S. and Ziemann, P. J.: Reaction of oleic acid particles with NO3 radicals: Products, mechanism, and implications for radical-initiated organic aerosol oxidation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3567–3577, 2006.
Donaldson, D. J., Guest, J. A., and Goh, M. C.: Evidence for Adsorbed SO2 at the Aqueous Air Interface, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 9313–9315, 1995.
Donaldson, D. J.: Adsorption of atmospheric gases at the air-water interface. I. NH3, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 62–70, 1999.
Donaldson, D. J. and Anderson, D.: Adsorption of atmospheric gases at the air-water interface. 2. C-1-C-4 alcohols, acids, and acetone, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 871–876, 1999.
Donaldson, D. J., Mmereki, B. T., Chaudhuri, S. R., Handley, S., and Oh, M.: Uptake and reaction of atmospheric organic vapours on organic films, Faraday Discuss., 130, 227–239, 2005.
Donaldson, D. J. and Vaida, V.: The influence of organic films at the air–aqueous boundary on atmospheric processes, Chem. Rev., 106, 1445–1461, 2006.
Donaldson, D. J. and Valsaraj, K. T.: Adsorption and Reaction of Trace Gas–Phase Organic Compounds on Atmospheric Water Surfaces: A Critical Review, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 865–873, 2010.
Drisdell, W. S., Cappa, C. D., Smith, J. D., Saykally, R. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Determination of the evaporation coefficient of D2O, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6699–6706, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6699-2008, 2008.
Eliason, T. L., Aloisio, S., Donaldson, D. J., Cziczo, D. J., and Vaida, V.: Processing of unsaturated organic acid films and aerosols by ozone, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2207–2219, 2003.
Engelhart, G. J., Asa-Awuku, A., Nenes, A., and Pandis, S. N.: CCN activity and droplet growth kinetics of fresh and aged monoterpene secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3937–3949, 2008.
Esteve, W., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E. : Relative rate constants for the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and OH radicals with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on carbonaceous particles. Part 2: PAHs adsorbed on diesel particulate exhaust SRM 1650a, Atmos. Environ., 40, 201–211, 2006.
Ewald, P. P.: The calculation of optical and electrostatic grid potential, Ann. Phys.–Berlin, 64, 253–287, 1921.
Falkovich, A. H. and Rudich, Y..: Analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols by direct sample introduction thermal desorption GC/MS, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2326–2333, 2001.
Falkovich, A. H., Schkolnik, G., Ganor, E., and Rudich, Y.: Adsorption of organic compounds pertinent to urban environments onto mineral dust particles, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D01201, https://doi.org/1029/2003JD003919, 2004.
Ferry, D., Suzanne, J., Nitsche, S., Popovitcheva, O. B., and Shonija, N. K.: Water adsorption and dynamics on kerosene soot under atmospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D23), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002459, 2002.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: The tropospheric chemistry of sea–salt: A molecular level view of the chemistry of NaCl and NaBr, Chem. Rev., 103, 4801–4822, 2003.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts Jr. J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 969 pp., 1999.
Folkers, M., Mentel, T. H., and Wahner, A.: Influence of an organic coating on the reactivity of aqueous aerosols probed by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1644, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017168, 2003.
Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models, J. Geophys. Res{., }110, D11212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005591, 2005.
Fountoukis C., Nenes, A., Meskhidze, N., et al.: Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure for clouds sampled during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007272, 2007.
Fried, A., Henry, B. E., Calvert, J. G., and Mozurkewich, M.: The Reaction Probability of N2O5 with Sulfuric-Acid Aerosols at Stratospheric Temperatures and Compositions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 3517–3532, 1994.
Frinak, E. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Br2 production from the heterogeneous reaction of gas–phase OH with aqueous salt solutions: Impacts of acidity, halide concentration and organic surfactants, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 10456–10464, 2006.
Frinak, E. K., Wermeille, S. J., Mashburn, C. D., Tolbert, M. A., and Pursell, C. J.: Heterogeneous reaction of gaseous nitric acid on γ –phase iron(III)oxide, J. Phys. Chem., 108, 1560–1566, 2004.
Fuchs, N. A. and Sutugin, A. G.: Highly Dispersed Aerosols, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 105 pp., 1970.
Fuzzi, S., Andreae, M. O., Huebert, B. J., Kulmala, M., Bond, T. C., Boy, M., Doherty, S. J., Guenther, A., Kanakidou, M., Kawamura, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Lohmann, U., Russell, L. M., and Pöschl, U.: Critical Assessment of the Current State of Scientific Knowledge, Terminology, and Research Needs Concerning the Role of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Climate, and Global Change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017–2038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2017-2006, 2006.
Gao, R. S., Popp, P. J., Fahey, D. W., Marcy, T. P., Herman, R. L., Weinstock, E. M., Baumgardner, D. G., Garrett, T. J., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Bui, P. T., Ridley, B. A., Wofsy, S. C., Toon, O. B., Tolbert, M. A., Kärcher, B., Peter, T., Hudson, P. K., Weinheimer, A. J., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Evidence that nitric acid increases relative humidity in low-temperature Cirrus clouds, Science, 303, 516–520, 2004.
Garrett, B. C., Schenter, G. K., and Morita, A.: Molecular simulations of the transport of molecules across the liquid/vapor interface of water, Chem. Rev., 106, 1355–1374, 2006.
Gelencser, A., Hoffer, A., Kiss, G., Tombacz, E., Kurdi, R., and Bencze, L.: In–situ Formation of Light-Absorbing Organic Matter in Cloud Water, J. Atmos. Chem., 45, 25–33, 2003a.
Gelencser, A., Hoffer, A., Kiss, G., Tombacz, E., Kurdi, R., and Bencze, L.: In-situ Formation of Light-Absorbing Organic Matter in Cloud Water, J. Atmos. Chem., 45, 25–33, 2003b.
George, C., Ponche, J. L., Mirabel, P., Behnke, W., Scheer, V., and Zetzsch, C.: Study of the uptake of N2O5 by water and NaCl solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 8780–8784, 1994.
George, C., Strekowski, R. S., Kleffmann, J., Stemmler, K., and Ammann, M.: Photoenhanced uptake of gaseous NO2 on solid-organic compounds: a photochemical source of HONO?, Faraday Discuss., 130, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1039/b417888m, 2005.
George, I. J., Vlasenko, A., Slowik, J. G., Broekhuizen, K., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous oxidation of saturated organic aerosols by hydroxyl radicals: Uptake kinetics, condensed-phase products, and particle size change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4187–4201, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4187-2007, 2007.
George, I, J. Slowik, J. G., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Chemical aging of ambient organic aerosol from heterogeneous reaction with hydroxyl radicals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033884, 2008.
Ghosal, S., Hemminger, J. C., Bluhm, H., Mun, B. S., Hebenstreit, E. L. D., Ketteler, G., Ogletree, D. F., Requejo, F. G., and Salmeron, M.: Electron Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solution Interfaces Reveals Surface Enhancement of Halides, Science, 307, 563–566, 2005.
Giese, B., Napp, M., Jacques, O., Boudebous, H., Taylor, A. M., and Wirz, J.: Multistep electron transfer in oligopeptides: Direct observation of radical cation intermediates, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 4073–4075, 2005.
Girardet, C. and Toubin, C.: Molecular atmospheric pollutant adsorption on ice: a theoretical survey, Surf. Sci. Rep., 44, 159–238, 2001.
Golden, D. M., Spokes, G. N., and Benson, S. W.: Very Low Pressure Pyrolysis (VLPP); a versatile kinetic method, Angew. Chem., 85, 602–614, 1973.
Gomez, A. L., Park, J., Walser, M. L., Lin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: UV photodissociation spectroscopy of oxidized undecylenic acid films, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3584–3592, 2006.
Gonzalez-Perez, J. A., Gonzalez–Vila, F. J., Almendros, G., and Knicker, H.: The effect of fire on soil organic matter – a review, Environ. Int., 30, 855–870, 2004.
Goodman, A. I., Bernard, E. T., and Grassian, V. H.: Spectroscopic study of nitric acid and water adsorption on oxide particles: enhanced nitric acid uptake kinetics in the presence of adsorbed water, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6443–6457, 2001.
Gopalakrishnan, S., Liu, D. F., Allen, H. C., Kuo, M., and Shultz, M. J.: Vibrational spectroscopic studies of aqueous interfaces: Salts, acids, bases, and nanodrops, Chem. Rev., 106, 1155–1175, 2006.
Griffiths, P. T., Badger, C. L., Cox, R. A., Folkers, M., Henk, H. H., and Mentel, T. F.: Reactive Uptake of N2O5 by Aerosols Containing Dicarboxylic Acids. Effect of Particle Phase, Composition, and Nitrate Content, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 5082–5090, 2009.
Gross, S. and Bertram, A.: Reactive uptake of NO3, N2O5, NO2, HNO3 and O3 on three types of polycyclic hydrocarbon surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 3104–3113, 2008.
Gross, S., R. Iannone, Song, X., and Bertram, A.: Reactive uptake studies of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7792–7803, 2009.
Grote, R. T. and Hynes, J. T.: G-H theory, J. Chem. Phys., 73, 2715–2732, 1980.
Guimbaud, C., Arens, F., Gutzwiller, L., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Uptake of HNO3 to deliquescent sea-salt particles: a study using the short-lived radioactive isotope tracer N-13, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 249–257, 2002.
Gustafsson R. J., Orlov, A., Badger, C. L., Griffiths, P. T., Cox, R. A., and Lambert, R. M.: A comprehensive evaluation of water uptake on atmospherically relevant mineral surfaces: DRIFT spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and aerosol growth measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3415–3421, 2005.
Gustafsson, R. J., Orlov, A., Griffiths, P. T., Cox, R. A., and Lambert, R. M.: Reduction of NO2 to nitrous acid on illuminated titanium dioxide aerosol surfaces: implications for photocatalysis and atmospheric chemistry, Chem. Comm., 37, 3936–3938, 2006.
Haag, W. R., Hoigne, J., Gassman, E., and Braun, A. M.: Singlet Oxygen in Surface Waters .2. Quantum Yields of Its Production by Some Natural Humic Materials as a Function of Wavelength, Chemosphere, 13, 641–650, 1984.
Hallquist, M., Stewart, D. J., Baker, J., and Cox, R. A.: Hydrolysis of N2O5 on sulphuric acid aerosols, J. Phys. Chem. A., 104, 3984–3990, 2000.
Hallquist, M., Stewart, D. J., Stephenson, S. K., and Cox, R. A.: Hydrolysis of N2O5 on sub–micron sulphate aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 3453–3463, 2003.
Hanisch, F. and Crowley, J. N.: Heterogeneous reactivity of gaseous nitric acid on Al2O3, CaCO3 and atmospheric dust samples: A Knudsen cell study, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 3096–3106, 2001a.
Hanisch, F. and Crowley, J. N.: The heterogeneous reactivity of gaseous nitric acid on authentic mineral dust samples, and on individual mineral and clay mineral components, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 2474–2482, 2001b.
Hanisch, F. and Crowley, J. N.: Ozone: decomposition on Saharan dust: an experimental investigation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 119–130, 2003.
Hanson, D. and Mauersberger, K.: HCl/H2O Solid Phase Vapor Pressures and HCl Solubility in Ice, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 4700–4705, 1990.
Hanson, D., Burkholder, J. B., Howard, C. J., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Measurement of OH and HO2 Radical Uptake Coefficients on Water and Sulfuric Acid Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4979–4985, 1992.
Hanson, D. R. and Lovejoy, E. R.: The reaction of ClONO2 with submicometer sulfuric acid aerosol, Science, 267, 1326–1328, 1995.
Hanson, D. R. and Lovejoy, E. R.: Heterogeneous reactions in liquid sulfuric acid: HOCl + HCl as a model system, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 6397–6405, 1996.
Hanson, D. R. and Kosciuch, E.: Reply to "Comment on "The NH3 mass accommodation coefficient for uptake onto sulfuric acid solutions"," J. Phys. Chem. A., 108, 8549–8551, 2004.
Hanson, D. R.: Surface specific reactions on liquids, J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, 4998–5001, 1997a.
Hanson, D. R.: Reaction of N2O5 with H2O on bulk liquids and on particles and the effect of dissolved HNO3, Geophys, Res. Lett., 24, 1087–1090, 1997b.
Hanson, D. R.: Reaction of ClONO2 with H2O and HCl in sulfuric acid and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. A., 102, 4794–4807, 1998.
Hartkopf, A. and Karger, B. L.: Study of Interfacial Properties of Water by Gas–Chromatography, Acc. Chem. Res., 6, 209–216, 1973.
Hearn, J. D. and Smith, G. D.: A chemical ionization mass spectrometry method for the online analysis of organic aerosols, Anal. Chem., 76, 2820–2826, 2004.
Hearn, J. D., Lovett, A. J., and Smith, G. D.: Ozonolysis of oleic acid particles: evidence for a surface reaction and secondary reactions involving Criegee intermediates, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 7, 501–511, 2005.
Henson, B. F., Wilson, K. R., Robinson, J. M., Noble, C. A., Casson, J. L., and Worsnop, D. R.: Experimental isotherms of HCl on H2O ice under stratospheric conditions: connections between bulk and interfacial thermodynamics, J. Chem. Phys., 121, 8486–8499., 2004.
Hessberg von, P., Pouvesle, N., Winkler, A. K., Schuster, G., and Crowley, J. N.: Interaction of formic and acetic acid with ice surfaces between 187 and 227 K. Investigation of single species- and competitive adsorption, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 2345–2355, 2008.
Hoff, J. T., Mackay, D., Gillham, R., and Shiu, W. Y.: Partitioning of Organic-Chemicals at the Air–Water–Interface in Environmental Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2174–2180, 1993.
Hu, J. H., Shi, Q., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Reactive Uptake of Cl2(G) and Br2(G) by Aqueous Surfaces as a Function of Br– and I– Ion Concentration – the Effect of Chemical-Reaction at the Interface, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 8768–8776, 1995.
Hu, J. H. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Reaction Probabilities for N2O5 Hydrolysis on Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols at Room Temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 871–878, 1997.
Huff, A. K. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Gas-Phase Br2 Production in Heterogeneous Reactions of Cl2, HOCl and BrCl with Halide-Ice Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A., 104, 7284–7293, 2000.
Huff, A. K. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Kinetics and Product Yields in the Heterogeneous Reactions of HOBr with Simulated Sea Ice Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A., 106, 5279–5287, 2002.
Hunt, S. W., Roeselová, M., Wang, W., Wingen, L. M., Knipping, E. M., Tobias, D. J., Dabdub, D., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Formation of Molecular Bromine from the Reaction of Ozone with Deliquesced NaBr Aerosol: Evidence for Interface Chemistry, J. Phys. Chem. A., 108, 11559–11572, 2004.
Huntzicker, J. J., Cary, R. A., and Ling, C. S.: Neutralization of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol by Ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14{, }819–824, 1980.
Huthwelker, T., Ammann, M., and Peter, T.: The uptake of acidic gases on ice, Chem. Rev., 106, 1375–1444, 1980, 2006.
Hynes, J. T.: The theory of reactions in solution, in: Theory of Chemical Reaction Dynamics, edited by: Baer, M., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 171–234, 1985.
Iinuma, Y., Boge, O. Kahnt, A., et al.: Laboratory chamber studies on the formation of organosulfates from reactive uptake of monoterpene oxides, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7985–7997, 2009.
Ismail, A. E., Grest, G. S., and Stevens, M. J.: Capillary waves at the liquid–vapor interface and the surface tension of water, J. Chem. Phys., 125, 014702, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2209240, 2006.
IUPAC: IUPAC Subcommittee for Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation; http://www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2009.
Jammoul, A., Gligorovski, S., George, C., and D'Anna, B.: Photosensitized heterogeneous chemistry of ozone on organic films, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 1268–1276, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp074348t, 2008.
Jang, M., Czoschke, N. M., Lee, S., and Kamens, R. M.: Heterogeneous Atmospheric Aerosol Production by Acid-Catalyzed Particle-Phase Reactions, Science, 298, 814–817, 2002.
Jayne, J. T., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Uptake of SO2(g) by aqueous surfaces as a function of PH – The effect of chemical-reaction at the interface, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 6041–6048, 1990.
Jayne, J. T., Duan, S. X., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Uptake of Gas-Phase Alcohol and Organic–Acid Molecules by Water Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 6329–6336, 1991.
Jayne, J.T., Duan, S. X., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Uptake of gas–phase aldehydes by water surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5452–5460, 1992.
Jones, C. C, Chughtai, A. R., Murugaverl, B., and Smith, D. M.: Effects of air/fuel combustion ratio on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of carbonaceous soots from selected fuels, Carbon, 42, 2471–2484, 2004.
Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., and Klein, M. L.: Comparison of Simple Potential Functions for Simulating Liquid Water, J. Chem. Phys., 79, 926–935, 1983.
Jungwirth, P. and Tobias, D. J.: Specific ion effects at the air/water interface, Chem. Rev., 106, 1259–1281, 2006.
Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Fisseha, R.,Weingartner, E., Frankevich, V., Zenobi, R., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of Polymers as Major Components of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols, Science, Washington DC, USA, 303, 1659–1662, 2004.
Kane, S. M., Caloz, F., and Leu, M.–T.: Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous N2O5 by (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, and H2SO4 Aerosols, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6465–6470, 2001.
Karagulian, F. and Rossi, M. J.: The heterogeneous kinetics of NO3 on atmospheric mineral dust surrogates, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 7, 3150–3162, 2005.
Karagulian, F., Santschi, C., and Rossi, M. J.: The heterogeneous chemical kinetics of N2O5 on CaCO3 and other atmospheric mineral dust surrogates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1373–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1373-2006, 2006a.
Karagulian, F. and Rossi, M. J.: The heterogeneous decomposition of ozone on atmospheric mineral dust surrogates at ambient temperatures, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 38, 407–419, 2006b.
Karagulian, F. and Rossi, M. J.: Heterogeneous chemistry of the NO3 free radical and N2O5 on decane flame soot at ambient temperature: Reaction products and kinetics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 1914–1926, 2007.
Karpovich, D. S. and Ray, D.: Adsorption of dimethyl sulfoxide to the liquid/vapor interface of water and the thermochemistry of transport across the interface, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 649–652, 1998.
Katrib, Y., Le Calve, S., and Mirabel, P.: Uptake measurements of dibasic esters by water droplets and determination of their Henry's law constants, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 11433–11439, 2003.
Katrib, Y., Martin, S. T., Hung, H. M., Rudich, Y., Zhang, H. Z., Slowik, J. G., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Products and mechanisms of ozone reactions with oleic acid for aerosol particles having core–shell morphologies, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 6686–6695, 2004.
Katrib, Y., Biskos, G., Buseck, P. R., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., Mochida, M., Wise, M. E., Worsnop, D. R., and Martin, S. T.: Ozonolysis of mixed oleic-acid/stearic-acid particles: Reaction kinetics and chemical morphology, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10910–10919, 2005a.
Katrib, Y., Martin, S. T., Rudich, Y., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Density changes of aerosol particles as a result of chemical reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-275-2005, 2005b.
Kemball, C. and Rideal, E. K.: The Adsorption of Vapours on Mercury .1. Non–Polar Substances, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Math. Phys., 187, 53–73, 1946.
King, D. A. and Wells, M. G.: Molecular beam investigation of adsorption kinetics on bulk metal targets: Nitrogen on tungsten, Surf. Sci., 29, 454–482, 1972.
Kleffmann, J., Becker, K. H., and Lackhoff, M., et al. : Heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on carbonaceous surfaces, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5443–5450, 1999.
Knopf, D. A., Anthony, L. M., and Bertram, A. K.: Reactive uptake of O3 by multicomponent and multiphase mixtures containing oleic acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 5579–5589, 2005.
Knopf, D. A., Mak, J., Gross, S., and Bertram, A. K.: Does Atmospheric Processing of Saturated Hydrocarbon Surfaces by NO Lead to Volatilization? Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17816, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026884, 2006.
Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D., Zahniser, M. S., Davidovits, P., Keyser, L. F., Leu, M.–T., Molina, M. J., Hanson, D. R., Ravishankara, A. R., Williams, L. R., and Tolbert, M. A.: Laboratory Studies of Atmospheric Heterogeneous Chemistry, in: Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, edited by: Barker, J. R., Adv. Series Phys. Chem., 3 C.-Y. Ng, series editor, World Scientific, Singapore, 771–875, 1995.
Krieger, U. K., Huthwelker, T., Daniel, C., Weers, U., Peter, T., and Lanford, W. A.: Rutherford Backscattering to Study the Near–Surface Region of Volatile Liquids and Solids, Science, 295, 1048–1050, 2002.
Krivacsy, Z., Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., Sarvari, Z., Gelencser, A., Molnar, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Alsberg, T., Hansson, H. C., and Persson, L.: Study of humic-like substances in fog and interstitial aerosol by size–exclusion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4273–4281, 2000.
Kulmala, M. and Vesala, T.: Condensation in the Continuum Regime, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 337–346, 1991.
Kulmala, M., Vesala, T., and Wagner, P. E.: An analytical expression for the rate of binary condensational growth, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 441, 589–605, 1993a.
Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Korhonen, P., Vesala, T., Ahonen, T., and Barrett, J. C.: The effect of atmospheric nitric acid vapour on CCN activation, J. Geophys Res., 98, 22949–22958, 1993b.
Kulmala, M. and Wagner, P. E.: Mass accommodation and uptake coefficients – a quantitative comparison, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 833–841, 2001.
Kuo, I. F. W. and Mundy, C. J.: An ab initio molecular dynamics study of the aqueous liquid-vapor interface, Science, 303, 658–660, 2004.
Kwamena, N. O. A., Thornton, J. A., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Kinetics of surface-bound benzo[α]pyrene and ozone on solid organic and salt aerosols, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 11626–11634, 2004.
Kwamena, N. O. A., Earp, M. E., Young, C. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Kinetic and product yield study of the heterogeneous gas–surface reaction of anthracene and ozone, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3638–3646, 2006.
Kwan, A. J., Crounse, J. D., Clarke, A. D., Shinozuka, Y., Anderson, B. E., Crawford, J. H., Avery, M. A., McNaughton, C. S., Brune, W. H., Singh, H. B., and Wennberg, P. O.: On the Flux of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds from Organic Aerosol Oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L15815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026144, 2006.
Laaksonen, A., Vesala. T., Kulmala, M., Winkler, P. M., and Wagner, P. E.: Commentary on cloud modelling and the mass accommodation coefficient of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 461–464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-461-2005, 2005.
Lambe, A. T., Miracolo, M. A., Hennigan, C. J., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M.: Effective Rate Constants and Uptake Coefficients for the Reactions of Organic Molecular Markers (n–Alkanes, Hopanes, and Steranes) in Motor Oil and Diesel Primary Organic Aerosols with Hydroxyl, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8794–8800, 2009.
Lammel, G. and Novakov, T.: Water Nucleation Properties Of Carbon–Black And Diesel Soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 29, 813–823, 1995.
Laskin, A., Wang, H., Robertson, W. H., Cowin, J. P., Ezell, M. J., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: A New Approach to Determining Gas-Particle Reaction Probabilities and Application to the Heterogeneous Reaction of Deliquesced Sodium Chloride Particles with Gas–Phase Hydroxyl Radicals, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110 10619–10627, 2006.
Lawrence, J. R., Glass, S. V., and Nathanson, G. M.: Evaporation of Water through Butanol Films at the Surface of Supercooled Sulfuric Acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 7449–7457, 2005a.
Lawrence, J. R., Glass, S. V., Park, S.-C., and Nathanson, G. M.: Surfactant Control of Gas Uptake: Effect of Butanol Films on HCl and HBr Entry into Supercooled Sulfuric Acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 7458–7465, 2005b.
Lee, C. Y. and Scott, H. L.: The Surface-Tension Of Water – A Monte-Carlo Calculation Using An Umbrella Sampling Algorithm, J. Chem. Phys., 73, 4591–4596, 1980.
Lemberg, H. L. and Stillinger, F. H.: Central-Force Model For Liquid Water, J. Chem. Phys., 62, 1677–1690, 1975.
Li, L., Chen, Z. M., Zhang, Y. H., Zhu, T., Li, J. L. and Ding, J.: Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on surface of calcium carbonate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2453–2464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2453-2006, 2006.
Li, Y., Davidovits, P., Shi, Q., Jayne, J., Kolb, C., and Worsnop, D.: Mass and Thermal Accommodation Coefficients of H2O(g) on Liquid Water as a Function of Temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 10627–10634, 2001.
Lie, G. C., Clementi, E., and Yoshimine, M.: Study of the structure of molecular complexes. XIII. Monte Carlo simulation of liquid water with a configuration interaction pair potential, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 2314–2323, 1976.
Lie, G. C., Grigoras, S., Dang, L. X., Yang, D. Y., and McLean, A. D.: Monte–Carlo Simulation of the Liquid–Vapor Interface of Water Using an Ab–Initio Potential, J. Chem. Phys., 99, 3933–3937, 1993.
Liu, Y., Gibson, E. R., Cain, J. P., Wang, H., Grassian, V. H., and Laskin, A.: Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reaction of CaCO3 Particles with Gaseous HNO3 over a Wide Range of Humidity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 1561–1571, 2008.
Livingston, F. E. and George, S. M.: Effect of HNO3 and HCl on D2O Desorption Kinetics from Crystalline D2O Ice, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 10280–10288, 1998.
Longfellow, C. A., Ravishankara, A. R., Hanson, D. R., et al.: Reactive and nonreactive uptake on hydrocarbon soot: HNO3, O3, and N2O5, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 24345–24350, 2000.
Lu, H., McCartney, S. A., Chonde, M., Smyla, D., and Sadtchenko, V.: Fast thermal desorption spectroscopy study of morphology and vaporization kinetics of polycrystalline ice films, J. Chem. Phys., 125, 044709, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2212395, 2006.
Magee, N., Moyle, A. M., and Lamb, D.: Experimental determination of the deposition coefficient of small cirrus–like ice crystals near −50 °C, Geopyhs. Res. Lett., 33, L17813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026665, 2006.
Magi, L., Schweitzer, F., Pallares, C., Cherif, S., Mirabel, P., and George, C.: Investigation of the uptake rate of ozone and methyl hydroperoxide by water surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A., 101, 4943–4949, 1997.
Mahiuddin, S., Minofar, B., Borah, J. M., Das, M. R., and Jungwirth, P.: Propensities of oxalic, citric, succinic, and maleic acids for the aqueous solution/vapour interface: Surface tension measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, Chem. Phys. Lett., 462, 217–221, 2008.
Mashburn, C. D., Frinak, E. K., and Tolbert, M. A.: Heterogeneous uptake of nitric acid on Na–montmorillonite clay as a function of relative humidity, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006525, 2006.
Matsumoto, M. and Kataoka, Y.: Study on Liquid Vapor Interface of Water .1. Simulational Results of Thermodynamic Properties and Orientational Structure, J. Chem. Phys., 88, 3233–3245, 1988.
Matsumoto, M., Takaoka, Y., and Kataoka, Y.: Liquid Vapor Interface of Water-Methanol Mixture .1. Computer-Simulation, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 1464–1472, 1993.
Matsumoto, M.: Molecular dynamics simulation of interphase transport at liquid surfaces, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 125, 195–203, 1996.
Matsuoka, O., Clementi, E., and Yoshimine, M.: CI study of the water dimer potential surface, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 1351–1362, 1976.
McFiggans, Artaxo, G. P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The Effect of Physical and Chemical Aerosol Properties on Warm Cloud Droplet Activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2593, -2006m 2006.
McMurry, P. H., Takano, H., and Anderson, G. R.: Study of the Ammonia (Gas)–Sulfuric Acid (Aerosol) Reaction Rate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 347–352, 1983.
McNeill, V. F., Loerting, T., Geiger, F. M., Trout, B. L., and Molina, M. J.: Hydrogen chloride-induced surface disordering on ice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 9422–9427, 2006a.
McNeill, V. F., Patterson, J., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The effect of varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N2O5 to aqueous aerosol, Atm. Chem. Phys., 6, 1635–1644, 2006b.
McNeill, V. F, Geiger, F. M., Loerting, Th., Trout, B. L., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Interaction of hydrogen chloride with ice surfaces: The effects of grain size, surface roughness and surface disorder, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 6274–6284, 2007.
McNeill, V. F.,Yatavelli, R. L. N., Thornton, J. A., Stipe, C. B., and Landgrebe, O.: Heterogeneous OH oxidation of palmitic acid in single component and internally mixed aerosol particles: vaporization and the role of particle phase, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5465–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5465-2008, 2008.
Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Wahner, A.: Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5451–5457, https://doi.org/ 10.1039/a905338g, 1999.
Miet, K., Le Menach, K., Flaud, P.-M., Budzinski, H. and Villenave, E.: Heterogeneous reactivity of pyrene and 1–nitropyrene with NO2: Kinetics, product yields and mechanism, Atmos. Environ., 43, 837–843, 2009a.
Miet, K., Le Menach, K., Flaud, P.-M., Budzinski, H. and Villenave, E.: Heterogeneous reactions of ozone with pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene and 1–nitropyrene adsorbed on particles, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3699–3707, 2009b.
Miller, C. A., Abbott, N. L., and de Pablo, J. J.: Surface Activity of Amphiphilic Helical beta–Peptides from Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Langmuir, 25, 2811–2823, 2009.
Miller, R. L., Tegen, I., and Perlwitz, J.: Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrologic cycle, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D04203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004085, 2004.
Minofar, B., Jungwirth, P., Das, M. R., Kunz, W., and Mahiuddin, S.: Propensity of formate, acetate, benzoate, and phenolate for the aqueous solution/vapor interface: Surface tension measurements and molecular dynamics simulations, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 8242–8247, 2007.
Mmereki, B. T., Hicks, J. M., and Donaldson, D. J.: Adsorption of atmospheric gases at the air-water interface. 3: Methylamines, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 10789–10793, 2000.
Mmereki, B. T., Chaudhuri, S. R., and Donaldson, D. J.: Enhanced uptake of PAHs by organic–coated aqueous surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 2264–2269, 2003.
Mmereki, B. T., Donaldson, D. J., Gilman, J. B., Eliason, T. L., and Vaida, V.: Kinetics and products of the reaction of gas-phase ozone with anthracene adsorbed at the air–aqueous interface, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6091–6103, 2004.
Mogili, P. K., Kleiber, P. D., Young, M. A., and Grassian, V. H.: Heterogeneous Uptake of Ozone on Reactive Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol: An Environmental Aerosol reaction Chamber Study. J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 13799–13807, 2006a..
Mogili, P.K., Kleiber, P. D., Young, M. A., and Grassian, V. H.: N2O5 hydrolysis on the components of mineral dust and sea salt aerosol: comparison study in an environmental aerosol reaction chamber, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7401–7408, 2006b.
Möhler, O., Benz, S., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M.,Wagner, R., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Ebert, V., and Wagner, S.: The effect of organic coating on the heterogeneous ice nucleation efficiency of mineral dust aerosols, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 025007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748–9326/3/2/025007, 2008.
Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by proxies for organic aerosols: Surface versus bulk processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 14667–14676, 2000.
Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of Cl and Br atoms by organic surfaces – a perspective on the processing of organic aerosols by tropospheric oxidants, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4083–4086, 2001.
Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by aerosol-associated unsaturated fatty acids: Kinetics, mechanism, and products, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 6469–6476, 2002.
Moise, T., Rudich, Y., Rousse, D., and George, C.: Multiphase decomposition of novel oxygenated organics in aqueous and organic media, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5203–5208, 2005.
Molina, M. J., Ivanov, A. V., Trakhtenberg, S., and Molina, L. T.: Atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020910, 2004.
Monge, M. E., D'Anna, B., Mazri, L., Giroir–Fendler, A., Ammann, M., Donaldson, D. J., and George, C.: Light changes the atmospheric reactivity of soot, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 107, 6605–609, 2010.
Morita, A.: Molecular dynamics study of mass accommodation of methanol at liquid-vapor interfaces of methanol/water binary solutions of various concentrations, Chem. Phys. Lett., 375, 1–8, 2003a.
Morita, A. and Garrett, B. C.: Molecular theory of mass transfer kinetics and dynamics at gas-water interface, Fluid Dynam. Res., 40, 459–473, 2008.
Morita, A., Sugiyama, M., Kameda, H., Koda, S., and Hanson, D. R.: Mass accommodation coefficient of water: Molecular dynamics simulation and revised analysis of droplet train/flow reactor experiment, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 9111–9120, 2004a.
Morita, A., Kanaya, Y., and Francisco, J. S.: Uptake of the HO2 radical by water: Molecular dynamics calculations and their implications for atmospheric modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D09201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004240, 2004b.
Morris, J. W., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Barney, W. S., Jimenez, J., and Cass, G.: Kinetics of submicron oleic acid aerosols with ozone: A novel aerosol mass spectrometric technique, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1357, https://doi.org/1029/2002GL014692, 2002.
Mozurkewich, M.: Effect of competitive adsorption on polar stratospheric cloud reactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 355–358, 1993.
Mozurkewich, M., McMurry, P. H., Gupta, A., et al.: Mass accommodation coefficient for HO2 radicals on aqueous particles, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4163–4170, 1987.
Muller, B. and Heal, M. R.: The mass accommodation coefficient of ozone on an aqueous surface, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 3365–3369, 2002.
Mundy, C. J., Rousseau, R., Curioni, A., Kathmann, S. M., and Schemer, G. K.: A molecular approach to understanding complex systems: computational statistical mechanics using state-of-the-art algorithms on terascale computational platforms, edited by: Stevens, R. L., SciDAC 2008: Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing, 012014, 12014–12014, 2008.
Nagayama, G. and Tsuruta, T.: A general expression for the condensation coefficient based on transition state theory and molecular dynamics simulation, J. Chem. Phys., 118, 1392–1399, 2003.
NASA.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, JPL Publication No. 06–2; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA, USA, available online at: http://jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov/, 2006.
Ndour, M., D'Anna, B., George, C., Ka, O., Balkanski, Y., Kleffmann, J., Stemmler, K., and Ammann, M.: Photoenhanced update of NO2 on mineral dust: laboratory experiments and model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L05812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032006, 2008.
Niesar, U., Corongiu, G., Huang, M. J., Dupuis, M., and Clementi, E.: Preliminary-Observations On A New Water Water Potential, International J. Quant. Chem., 36(S23), 421–443, 1989.
Niesar, U., Corongiu, G., Clementi, E., Kneller, G. R., and Bhattacharya, D. K.: Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Liquid Water Using the Ncc Ab Initio Potential, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 7949–7956, 1990.
Nieto-Gligorovski, L., Net, S., Gligorovski, S., Zetzsch, C., Jammoul, A., D'Anna, B., and George, C.: Interactions of ozone with organic surface films in the presence of simulated sunlight: impact on wettability of aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 2964–2971, https://doi.org/10.1039/b717993f, 2008.
Nozière, B. and Esteve, W.: Organic reactions increasing the absorption of sulphuric acid aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL02194, 2005.
Nozière, B. and Esteve, W.: Light-absorbing aldol condensation products in acidic aerosols: Spectra, kinetics, and contribution to the absorption index, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1150–1163, 2007.
Nozière, B., Dziedzic, P., and Córdova, A.: Formation of secondary light–absorbing "fulvic–like" oligomers: A common process in aqueous and ionic atmospheric particles? Geophys. Res. Lett., 34{, }L21812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031300, 2007.
Oppliger, R., Allanic, A., and Rossi, M. J.: Real–time kinetics of the uptake of ClONO2 on ice and in the presence of HCl in the temperature range 160 K = T = 200 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 1903–1911, 2007.
Oum, K. W., Lakin, M. J., DeHaan, D. O., Brauers, T., and Finlayson–Pitts, B. J.: Formation of Molecular Chlorine from the Photolysis of Ozone and Aqueous Sea–Salt Particles, Science, 279, 74–76, 1998a.
Oum, K. W., Lakin, M. J., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Bromine Activation in the Troposphere by the Dark Reaction of O3 and Seawater Ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3923, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900078,1998b.
Padró, L. T., Asa–Awuku, A., Morrison, R., and Nenes, A.: Inferring thermodynamic properties from CCN activation experiments: single–component and binary aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5263–5274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5263-2007, 2007.
Parent, P. and Laffon, C.: Adsorption of HCl on the water ice surface studied by X–ray absorption spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 1547–1553, 2005.
Park, J., Gomez, A. L., Walser, M. L., Lin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Ozonolysis and photolysis of alkene–terminated self-assembled monolayers on quartz nanoparticles: implications for photochemical aging of organic aerosol particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 2506–2512, 2006.
Park, S.–C., Burden, D. K., and Nathanson, G. M.: The Inhibition of N2O5 Hydrolysis in Sulfuric Acid by 1-Butanol and 1-Hexanol Surfactant Coatings, J. Phys. Chem. A., 111, 2921–2929, 2007.
Partay, L. B., Jedlovszky, P., Hoang, P. N. M., Picaud, S., and Mezei, M.: Free–energy profile of small solute molecules at the free surfaces of water and ice, as determined by cavity insertion Widom calculations, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 9407–9416, 2007.
Patel, S., Zhong, Y., Bauer, B. A., and Davis, J. E.: Interfacial Structure, Thermodynamics, and Electrostatics of Aqueous Methanol Solutions via Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using Charge Equilibration Models, J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 9241–9254, 2009.
Paul, S. and Chandra, A.: Dynamics of water molecules at liquid–vapour interfaces of aqueous ionic solutions: effects of ion concentration, Chem. Phys. Lett., 373, 87–93, 2003.
Paul, S. and Chandra, A.: Binding of hydrogen bonding solutes at liquid-vapour interfaces of molecular fluids, Chem. Phys. Lett., 400, 515–519, 2004.
Pegram, L. M. and Record, M. T.: Partitioning of atmospherically relevant ions between bulk water and the water/vapor interface, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 14278–14281, 2006.
Perraudin, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave, E.: Kinetic study of the reactions of ozone with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on atmospheric model particles, J. Atmos. Chem., 56, 57–82, 2007.
Persiantseva, N. M., Popovicheva, O. B., Shonija, N. K., et al.: Wetting and hydration of insoluble soot particles in the upper troposphere, J. Environ. Monitor., 6, 939–945, 2004.
Peter, T., Marcolli, C., Spichtinger, P., Corti, T., Baker, M. B., and Koop, T.: When dry air is too humid, Science, 314, 1399–1402, 2006.
Petersen, P. B., Johnson, J. C., Knutsen, K. P., and Saykally, R. J.: Direct experimental validation of the Jones–Ray effect, Chem. Phys. Lett., 397, 46–50, 2004.
Petersen, P. B. and Saykally, R. J.: On the Nature of Ions at the Liquid Water Surface, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 57, 333–364, 2006.
Petzold, A., Gysel, M., Vancassel, X., Hitzenberger, R., Puxbaum, H., Vrochticky, S., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Mirabel, P.: On the effects of organic matter and sulphur-containing compounds on the CCN activation of combustion particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3187–3203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3187-2005, 2005.
Pfrang, C., Shiraiwa, M., and Pöschl, U.: Coupling aerosol surface and bulk chemistry with a kinetic double layer model (K2–SUB): oxidation of oleic acid by ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4537–4557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4537-2010, 2010.
Pohorille, A. and Benjamin, I.: Molecular-Dynamics of Phenol at the Liquid Vapor Interface of Water, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 5599–5605, 1991.
Pohorille, A. and Benjamin, I.: Structure and Energetics of Model Amphiphilic Molecules at the Water Liquid Vapor Interface – a Molecular–Dynamics Study, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 2664–2670, 1993a.
Pohorille, A. and Wilson, M. A.: Molecular Structure of Aqueous Interfaces, Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem, 284, 271–298, 1993b.
Pöschl, U.: Formation and decomposition of hazardous chemical components contained in atmospheric aerosol particles, Journal of Aerosol Medicine–Deposition Clearance and Effects In The Lung, 15, 203–212, 2002.
Pöschl, U., Letzel, T., Schauer, C., and Niessner, R.: Interaction of ozone and water vapor with spark discharge soot aerosol particles coated with benzo[a]pyrene: O3 and H2O adsorption, benzo[a]pyrene degradation, and atmospheric implications, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 4029–4041, 2001.
Pöschl, U., Rudich, Y., and Ammann, M.: Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions – Part 1: General equations, parameters, and terminology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5989–6023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5989-2007, 2007.
Pradhan, M., Kyriakou, G., Archibald, A. T., Papageorgiou, A. C., Kalberer, M., and Lambert, R. M.: Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide by Gobi and Saharan dust aerosols: a potential missing sink for H2O2 in the troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7127–7136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7127-2010, 2010.
Pratt, L. R. and Pohorill e, A.: Hydrophobic effects and modeling of biophysical aqueous solution interfaces, Chem. Rev., 102, 2671–2691, 2002.
Pratte, P., van den Bergh, H., and Rossi, M. J.: The kinetics of H2O vapor condensation and evaporation on different types of ice in the range 130–210K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 3042–3058, 2006.
Preszler Prince, A., Grassian, V. H., Kleiber, P., and Young, M. A.: Heterogeneous conversion of calcite aerosol by nitric acid, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 622–634, 2007.
Quinlan, M. A., Reihs, C. M., Golden, D. M., and Tolbert, M. A.: Heterogeneous Reactions on model polar stratospheric cloud surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 3255–3260, 1990.
Rahman, A., Stillinger, F. H., and Lemberg, H. L.: Study of a Central Force Model for Liquid Water by Molecular–Dynamics, J. Chem. Phys., 63, 5223–5230, 1975.
Remorov, R. G. and Bradwell, M. W.: Langmuir Approach in the Study of Interfacial Mass Transfer, Surf. Sci., 585, 59–65, 2005.
Remorov, R. G. and George, C.: Analysis of chemical kinetics at the gas-aqueous interface for submicron aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 4897–4901, 2006.
Riipinen, I., Koponen, I. K., Frank, G. P., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Vanhanen, J., Lihavainen, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Bilde, M. and Kulmala, M.: Adipic and malonic acid aqueous solutions: surface tensions and saturation vapor pressures, J. Phys. Chem. A., 111, 12995–13002, 2007.
Robbins, R. C. and Cadle, R. D.: Kinetics of the Reaction Between Gaseous Ammonia and Sufuric Acid Droplets in an Aerosol, J. Phys. Chem., 62, 469–471, 1958.
Roberts, J. M., Osthoff, H. D., Brown, S. S., and Ravishankara, A. R.: N2O5 Oxidizes Chloride to Cl2 in Acidic Atmospheric Aerosol, Science, 321, 1059–1059, 2008.
Robinson, G. N., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., and Davidovits, P.: Heterogeneous uptake of ClONO2 and N2O5 by sulfuric acid solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3583–3602, 1997.
Roeselova, M., Jungwirth, P., Tobias, D. J., and Gerber, R. B.: Impact, trapping, and accommodation of hydroxyl radical and ozone at aqueous salt aerosol surfaces. A molecular dynamics study, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 12690–12699, 2003.
Roeselova, M., Vieceli, J., Dang, L. X., Garrett, B. C., and Tobias, D. J.: Hydroxyl radical at the air-water interface, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 16308–16309, 2004.
Roth, C. M., Goss, K.-U., and Schwarzenbach, R. P.: Adsorption of a diverse set of organic vapors on the bulk water surface, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 252, 21–30, 2002.
Rudich, Y.: Laboratory perspectives on the chemical transformations of organic matter in atmospheric particles, Chem. Rev., 103, 5097–5124, 2003.
Rudich, Y., Donahue, N. M., and Menache, M. G.: Aging of Organic Aerosol: Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Field Studies, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 58: 321–352, 2007.
Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Reactive uptake of NO3 on pure water and ionic solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21023–21032, 1996.
Rudolf, R., Vrtala, A., Kulmala, M., Vesala, T., and Wagner, P. E.: Experimental study of sticking probabilities for condensation of nitric acid-water vapor mixtures, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 913–932, 2001.
Reutter, P. H. Su, Trentmann, J., Simmel, M., Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., H. Wernli, H., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: in?uence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7067–7080, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7067-2009, 2009.
Russell, L. M. Hawkins, L. N. Frossard, A. A., Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S.: Carbohydrate-like composition of submicron atmospheric particles and their production from ocean bubble bursting, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 6652–6657, 2010.
Saathoff, H., Naumann, K.-H., Riemer, N., et al.: The loss of NO2, HNO3, NO3/N2O5, and HO2/HOONO2 on soot aerosol: A chamber and modeling study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1957–1960, 2001.
Sage, A. M., Weitkamp, E. A., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M.: Reactivity of oleic acid in organic particles: changes in oxidant uptake and reaction stoichiometry with particle oxidation, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7951–7962, 2009.
Salgado, M. S. and Rossi, M. J.: Flame soot generated under controlled combustion conditions: Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on hexane soot, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 34, 620–631, 2002.
Sander, R.: Compilation of Henry's Law Constants for Inorganic and Organic Species of Potential Importance in Environmental Chemistry: http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/ sander/res/henry.html, 1999.
Santschi, C. and Rossi, M. J.: The uptake of CO2, SO2, HNO3 and HCl on CaCO3 at 300K: mechanism and the role of adsorbed water, J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 6789–6802, 2006.
Saul, T. D., Tolocka, M. P., and Johnston, M. V.: Reactive uptake of nitric acid onto sodium chloride aerosols across a wide range of humidities, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 7614–7620, 2006.
Schenter, G. K., Garrett, B. C., and Truhlar, D. G.: Generalized transition state theory in terms of the potential of mean force, J. Chem. Phys., 119, 5828–5833, 2003.
Schutze, M. and Herrmann, H.: Determination of phase transfer parameters for the uptake of HNO3, N2O5 and O3 on single aqueous drops, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 60–67, 2002.
Schweitzer, F., Mirabel, P., and George, C.: Multiphase Chemistry of N2O5, ClNO2 and BrNO2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 3942–3952, 1998.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from air pollution to climate change, Wiley, New York, USA, 610–611, 1998.
Seisel, S., Börensen, C., Vogt, R., and Zellner, R.: The heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 on mineral dust and γ alumina surfaces : a combined Knudsen cell and DRIFTS study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 5498–5508, 2004.
Shantz, N. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., Slowik, J. G., Vlasenko, A., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Leaitch, W. R.: Slower CCN growth kinetics of anthropogenic aerosol compared to biogenic aerosol observed at a rural site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 299–312, 2010.
Shaw, R. A. and Lamb, D.: Experimental determination of the thermal accommodation and condensation co–efficients of water, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 10659–10663, 1999.
Shi, Q., Li, Y. Q., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Mozurkewich, M., and Kolb, C. E.: Isotope exchange for gas-phase acetic acid and ethanol at aqueous interfaces: A study of surface reactions, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 2417–2430, 1999.
Shilling, J. E., Tolbert, M. A., Toon, O. B., Jensen, E. J., Murray, B. J., and Bertram, A. K.: Measurements of the vapor pressure of cubic ice and their implications for atmospheric ice clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026671, 2006.
Shin, J. Y. and Abbott, N. L.: Combining molecular dynamics simulations and transition state theory to evaluate the sorption rate constants for decanol at the surface of water, Langmuir, 17, 8434–8443, 2001.
Shiraiwa, M., Garland, R. M. and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic double–layer model of aerosol surface chemistry and gas–particle interactions (K2–SURF): Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposed to O3, NO2, H2O, OH and NO3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9571–9586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9571-2009, 2009.
Shiraiwa, M., Pfrang, C., and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic multi–layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM–SUB): the influence of interfacial transport and bulk diffusion on the oxidation of oleic acid by ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3673–3691, 2010.
Shonija, N. K., Popovicheva, O. B., Persiantseva, N. M., et al.: Hydration of aircraft engine soot particles under plume conditions: Effect of sulfuric and nitric acid processing, J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 112, D02208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007217, 2007.
Simpson, A. J., Lam, B., Diamond, M. L., Donaldson, D. J., Lefebvre, B. A., Moser, A. Q., Williams, A. J., Larin, N. I., and Kvasha, M. P.: Assessing the organic composition of urban surface films using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Chemosphere, 63, 142–152, 2006.
Sjostedt, S., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Release of gas–phase halogens from sodium halide substrates: heterogeneous oxidation of frozen solutions and desiccated salts by hydroxyl radicals, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 045007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/045007, 2008.
Smith, J. D., Cappa, C. D., Drisdell, W. S., Cohen, R. C., and Saykally, R. J.: Raman Thermometry Measurements of Free Evaporation from Liquid Water Droplets, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 128, 12892–12898, 2006.
Sokhan, V. P. and Tildesley, D. J.: Molecular dynamics simulation of the non–linear optical susceptibility at the phenol/water/air interface, Faraday Discussions, 104, 193–208, 1996.
Sprik, M. and Klein, M. L.: A Polarizable Model For Water Using Distributed Charge Sites, J. Chem. Phys., 89, 7556–7560, 1988.
Stadler, D., and Rossi, M. J.: The reactivity of NO2 and HONO on flame soot at ambient temperature: The influence of combustion conditions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 5420–5429, 2000.
Stemmler, K., Ammann, M., Donders, C., Kleffmann, J., and George, C.: Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid, Nature, 440, 195–198, 2006.
Stemmler, K., Ndour, M., Elshorbany, Y., Kleffmann, J., D'Anna, B., George, C., Bohn, B., and Ammann, M.: Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4237–4248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4237-2007, 2007.
Stemmler, K., Vlasenko, A., Guimbaud, C. and Ammann, M.: The effect of fatty acid surfactants on the uptake of nitric acid to deliquesced NaCl aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5127–5141, 2008.
Stewart, D. J., Griffiths, P. T., and Cox, R. A.: Reactive uptake coefficients for heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with submicron aerosols of NaCl and natural sea salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1381–1388, 2004.
Stewart, E., Shields, R. L., and Taylor, R. S.: Molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid/vapor interface of aqueous ethanol solutions as a function of concentration, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 2333–2343, 2003.
Stillinger, F. H. and Rahman, A.: ST2 potential, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1545–1557, 1974.
Stillinger, F. H. and Rahman, A.: Revised central force potentials for water, J. Chem. Phys., 68, 666–670, 1978.
Stipp, S. L. S., Eggleston, C. M., and Nielsen, B. S.: Calcite surface structure observed at microphotographic and molecular scales with atomic force microscopy (AFM), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3023–3033, 1994.
Styler, S.A., Brigante, M., D'Anna, B., George, C. H., and Donaldson, D. J.: Photoenhanced ozone loss on solid pyrene films, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7876–7884, 2009.
Sullivan, R. C., Moore, M. J. K., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Roberts, G. C., and Prather, K. A.: Timescale for hygroscopic conversion of calcite mineral particles through heterogeneous reaction with nitric acid, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7826–7837, 2009.
Sumner, A. L., Menke, E. J., Dubowski, Y., Newberg, J. T., Penner, R. M., Hemminger, J. C., Wingen, L. M., Brauers, T., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: The nature of water on surfaces of laboratory systems and implications for heterogeneous chemistry in the troposphere, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 604–613, 2004.
Sun, X. Q., Chang, T. M., Cao, Y., Niwayama, S., Hase, W. L., and Dang, L. X.: Solvation of Dimethyl Succinate in a Sodium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution. A Computational Study, J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 6473–6477, 2009.
Symington, A.: The Heterogeneous Interaction of Organic Acids with Ice Surfaces at Temperatures of the Upper Troposphere, CPGS Dissertation, Newham College, University of Cambridge, 2006.
Tabazadeh, A. and Turco, R.: A model for heterogeneous chemical processes on the surfaces of ice and nitric acid trihydrate particles, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12727–12740, 1993.
Takami, A., Kato, S., Shimono, A., and Koda, S.: Uptake coefficient of OH radical on aqueous surface, Chem. Phys. 231, 215–227, 1998.
Taketani, F., Kanaya, Y., and Akimoto, H.: Kinetics of heterogeneous reactions of HO2 radical at ambient concentration levels with (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl aerosol particles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 2370–2377, 2008.
Taketani, F., Kanaya, Y., Akimoto, H..: Heterogeneous loss of HO2 by KCl, synthetic sea salt, and natural seawater aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1660–1665, 2009.
Tarek, M., Tobias, D. J., and Klein, M. L.: Molecular dynamics investigation of an ethanol–water solution, Physica A, 231, 117–122, 1996a.
Tarek, M., Tobias, D. J., and Klein, M. L.: Molecular dynamics investigation of the surface/bulk equilibrium in an ethanol–water solution, Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions 92, 559–563, 1996b.
Taylor, R. S., Dang, L. X., and Garrett, B. C.: Molecular dynamics simulations of the liquid/vapor interface of SPC/E water, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 11720–11725, 1996.
Taylor, R. S., Ray, D., and Garrett, B. C.: Understanding the mechanism for the mass accommodation of ethanol by a water droplet, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 5473–5476, 1997.
Taylor, R. S. and Garrett, B. C.: Accommodation of alcohols by the liquid/vapor interface of water: Molecular dynamics study, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 844–851, 1999.
Taylor, R. S. and Shields, R. L.: Molecular-dynamics simulations of the ethanol liquid–vapor interface, J. Chem. Phys., 119, 12569–12576, 2003.
Tervahattu, H, Hartonen, K, Kerminen, VM, Kupiainen, K, Aarnio, P; Koskentalo, T, Tuck, AF and Vaida, V,: New evidence of an organic layer on marine aerosols:, J. Geophys. Res. 107(D7), 4053, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000282, 2002.
Thibert, E. and Dominé, F.: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Solid Solution of HNO3 in Ice. J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 4432–4439, 1998.
Thomas, E. R., Frost, G. J., and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by proxies for organic aerosols: Surface–bound and gas–phase products, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3045–3056, 2001.
Thornberry, T. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous reaction of ozone with liquid unsaturated fatty acids: detailed kinetics and gas–phase product studies, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 84–93, 2004.
Thornberry, T. D. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Detailed analysis of the kinetics and products of the reaction of ozone with condensed phase oleic acid, Abstracts of Papers Am. Chem. Soc., 224, U328–U328, 2002.
Thornton, J. A. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N2O5 reaction on sub–micron sea–salt aerosols: Kinetics, products and the effect of surface active organics, J. Phys. Chem. A., 109, 10004–10012, 2005a.
Thornton, J. A. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Measurements of HO2 uptake to aqueous aerosol: Mass accommodation coefficients and net reactive loss, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005402, 2005b.
Thornton, J. A., Braban, C. F., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N2O5 hydrolysis on sub-micron organic aerosols: the effect of relative humidity, particle phase, and particle size, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4593–4603, 2003.
Townsend, R. M., Gryko, J., and Rice, S. A.: Structure of the Liquid Vapor Interface of Water, J. Chem. Phys., 82, 4391–4392, 1985.
Tsuruta, T. and Nagayama, G.: Molecular dynamics studies on the condensation coefficient of water, J. Phys. Chem. B., 108, 1736–1743, 2004.
Ullerstam, M., Vogt, R., Langer, S., and Ljungström, E.: The kinetics and mechanism of SO2 oxidation by O3 on mineral dust, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 4694–4699, 2002.
Ullerstam, M., Thornberry, T., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Uptake of gas–phase nitric acid to ice at low partial pressures: Evidence for unsaturated surface coverage, Faraday Discuss., 130, 211–226, 2005.
Ullerstam, M., Johnson, M. S., Vogt, R., and Ljungström, E.: DRIFTS and Knudsen cell study of the heterogeneous reactivity of SO2 and NO2 on mineral dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2043–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2043-2003, 2003.
Underwood, G. M., Li, P., Al-Abadleh, H., and Grassian, V. H.: A Knudsen cell study of the heterogeneous reactivity of nitric acid on oxide and mineral dust particles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 6609–6620, 2001.
Usher, C. R., Michel, A. E., and Grassian, V. H.: Reactions on mineral dust, Chem. Rev. , 103, 4883–4939, 2003.
Utter, R. G., Burkholder, J. B., Howard, C. J., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Measurement of the Mass Accommodation Coefficient of Ozone on Aqueous Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4973–4979, 1992.
Vacha, R., Slavicek, P., Mucha, M., Finlayson–Pitts, B. J., and Jungwirth, P.: Adsorption of atmospherically relevant gases at the air/water interface: Free energy profiles of aqueous solvation of N2, O2, O3, OH, H2O, HO2, and H2O2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 11573–11579, 2004.
Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., Cancela, A., and Navaza, J. M.: Density, Viscosity, and Surface–Tension of Aqueous–Solutions of Sodium–Sulfite and Sodium-Sulfite Plus Sucrose from 25–Degrees–C to 40–Degrees–C, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1101–1105, 1995.
Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., Rudolf, R., Vrtala, A., and Wagner, P. E.: Models for condensational growth and evaporation of binary aerosol particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 565–598, 1997.
Vieceli, J., Roeselova, M., and Tobias, D. J.: Accommodation coefficients for water vapor at the air/water interface, Chem. Phys. Lett., 393, 249–255, 2004.
Vieceli, J., Roeselova, M., Potter, N., Dang, L. X., Garrett, B. C., and Tobias, D. J.: Molecular dynamics simulations of atmospheric oxidants at the air-water interface: Solvation and accommodation of OH and O3, J. Phys. Chem. B., 109, 15876–15892, 2005.
Vlasenko, A., George, I. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Condensed–Phase Organic Films by Gas–Phase OH, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 1552–1560, 2008.
Vlasenko, A., Huthwelker, T., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid with mineral dust particles: an aerosol flowtube study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7921–7930, 2009.
Vlasenko, A., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., Stemmler, K., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Effect of humidity on nitric acid uptake to mineral dust aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2147–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2147-2006, 2006.
Voigtländer, J., Stratmann, F., Niedermeier, D., Wex, H., and Kiselev, A.: Mass Accommodation coefficient of water: A combined computational fluid dynamics and experimental analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 112{, }D2028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008604, 2007.
Wachsmuth, M., Gäggeler, H. W., von Glasow, R., and Ammann, M.: Accommodation coefficient of HOBr on deliquescent NaBr aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 121–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2-121-2002, 2002.
Wadia, Y., Tobias, D. J., Stafford, R., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Real–time monitoring of the kinetics and gas–phase products of the reaction of ozone with an unsaturated phospholipid at the air-water interface, Langmuir, 16, 9321–9330, 2000.
Wagner, C., Hanisch, F., Holmes, N., de Coninck, H., Schuster, G. and Crowley, J. N.: The interaction of N2O5 with mineral dust: aerosol flow tube and Knudsen reactor studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 91–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-91-2008, 2008.
Wagner, C., Schuster, G., and Crowley, J. N.: An aerosol flow tube study of the interaction of N2O5 with calcite, Arizona dust and quartz, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5001–5008, 2009.
Wagner, P. E.: A constant-angle Mie scattering method (CAMS) for investigation of particle formation processes, J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 105, 456–467, 1985.
Wahner, A., Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Stier, J.: Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 on sodium nitrate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 193, 31103–31112, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100022, 1998.
Walser, M. L., Park, J., Gomez, A. L., Russell, A. R., and Nizkorodov, S.: Photochemical aging of secondary organic aerosol particles generated from the oxidation of d–limonene, Phys. Chem. A, 111, 1907–1913, 2007.
Walser, M. L., Desyaterik, Y., Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S.: High–resolution mass spectrometric analysis of secondary organic aerosol produced by ozonation of limonene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 1009–1022, 2008.
Wei, X., Miranda, P. B., and Shen, Y. R.: Surface vibrational spectroscopic study of surface melting ice, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 86, 1554–1557, 2001.
Wilson, M., Pohorille, A., and Pratt, L. R.: Molecular–Dynamics of the Water Liquid Vapor Interface, J. Phys. Chem. , 91, 4873–4878, 1987a.
Wilson, M. A., Pohorille, A., and Pratt, L. R.: Molecular–Dynamics of the Water Liquid-Vapor Interface, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 134, C505–C505, 1987b.
Wilson, M. A. and Pohorille, A.: Adsorption and solvation of ethanol at the water liquid-vapor interface: A molecular dynamics study, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 3130–3135, 1997.
Winkler, A. K., Holmes, N. S., Crowley, J. N., et al.: Interaction of methanol, acetone, and formaldehyde with ice surfaces between 198 and 223 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 5270–5275, 2002.
Winkler, P. M., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Vesala, T.: Mass and thermal accommodation during gas–liquid condensation of water, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 075701, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.075701, 2004.
Winkler, P.M., Vrtala, A., Rudolf, R., Wagner, P. E., Riipinen, I., Vesala, T., Lehitnen, K. E. J., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Condensation of water vapor: Experimental determination of mass and thermal accommodation coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007194, 2006.
Wooldridge, P., Zhang, R., and Molina, M. J.: Phase equilibria of H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl hydrates and the composition of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1389–1396, 1995.
Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., Kolb, C. E., Gardner, J. A., Watson, L. R., Van Doren, J. M., Jayne, J. T., and Davidovits, P.: Temperature dependence of mass accommodation of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on aqueous surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 1159–1172, 1989.
Worsnop, D. R., Fox, L. E., Zahniser, M. S., and Wofsy, S. C.: Vapor pressures of solid hydrates of nitric acid: implications for polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 259, 71–74, 1993.
Worsnop, D. R., Shi Q., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Swartz, E., and Davidovits, P.: Gas Phase Diffusion in Droplet Train Measurements of Uptake Coefficients, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 877–881, 2001.
Worsnop, D. R., Williams, L. R., Kolb, C. E., Mozurkewich, M., Gershenzon, M., and Davidovits, P.: Comment on "The NH3 mass accommodation coefficient for uptake onto sulfuric acid solution", J. Phys. Chem. A., 108, 8546–8548, 2004a.
Worsnop, D. R., Williams, L. R., Kolb, C. E., Mozurkewich, M., Gershenzon, M., and Davidovits, P.: Comment on "Gas–phase flow and diffusion analysis of the droplet–train/flow–reactor technique for the mass accommodation process, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108: 8542–8543, 2004b.
Wren, S. N. and Donaldson, D. J.: Glancing-Angle Raman Spectroscopic Probe for Reaction Kinetics at Water Surfaces, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 2648–2654, 2010.
Zafiriou, O. C., Joussotdubien, J., Zepp, R. G., and Zika, R. G.: Photochemistry of Natural–Waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, A358–A371, 1984.
Zhu, S. B., Fillingim, T. G., and Robinson, G. W.: Flexible Simple Point–Charge Water In A Self–Supporting Thin–Film, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1002–1006, 1991.
Ziemann, P. J.: Aerosol products, mechanisms, and kinetics of heterogeneous reactions of ozone with oleic acid in pure and mixed particles, Faraday Discussions, 130, 469–490, 2005.
Zientara, M., Jakubczyk, D., Kolwas, K., and Kolwas, M.: Temperature Dependence of the Evaporation Coefficient of Water in Air and Nitrogen under Atmospheric Pressure: Study in Water Droplets, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 5152–5158, 2008.
Zondlo, M. A., Hudson, P. K., Prenni, A. J., and Tolbert, M. A.: Chemistry and microphysics of polar stratospheric clouds and Cirrus clouds, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 51, 473–499, 2000.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint