Articles | Volume 23, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report: Exchange fluxes of HONO over agricultural fields in the North China Plain
Yifei Song
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Sinopec, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
Yuanyuan Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Pengfei Liu
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Fengxia Bao
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
Xuran Li
Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Can Ye, Pengfei Liu, Chaoyang Xue, Chenglong Zhang, Zhuobiao Ma, Chengtang Liu, Junfeng Liu, Keding Lu, Yujing Mu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6991–7005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6991-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6991-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates H2O2 chemistry in rural North China. The observed H2O2 showed distinct diurnal variations influenced by photochemical reactions. A box model revealed that H2O2 is primarily produced by HO2 recombination and removed mainly via particle uptake. Reductions in NOx, PM2.5, and alkanes raised H2O2 levels, while cutting alkenes, aromatics, CO, and HONO lowered them. A dual strategy focusing on VOC and NOx control is essential to reduce both H2O2 and ozone pollution.
Chenjie Yu, Paola Formenti, Joel F. de Brito, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bergé, Hichem Bouzidi, Mathieu Cazaunau, Manuela Cirtog, Claudia Di Biagio, Ludovico Di Antonio, Cécile Gaimoz, Franck Maisonneuve, Pascal Zapf, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, John N. Crowley, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Cyrielle Denjean, Olivier Garrouste, Jean-Claude Etienne, Huihui Wu, James D. Allan, Dantong Liu, Yangzhou Wu, Christopher Cantrell, and Vincent Michoud
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2667, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2667, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We presented a field measurement in a Paris suburban forest region to characterise the impacts of photochemical aging process on aerosol physical chemical properties. Photochemical production of organic aerosols increased forest fine particle mass and significantly enhanced absorption of short-wavelength sunlight. This study highlights the critical need to incorporate light absorbing carbonaceous particles formation mechanisms into models to accurately simulate their direct radiative impacts.
Simone T. Andersen, Rolf Sander, Patrick Dewald, Laura Wüst, Tobias Seubert, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Alexandre Kukui, Vincent Michoud, Manuela Cirtog, Mathieu Cazaunau, Astrid Bauville, Hichem Bouzidi, Paola Formenti, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Christopher Cantrell, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5893–5909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements and modelling of reactive nitrogen gases observed in a suburban temperate forest in Rambouillet, France, circa 50 km southwest of Paris in 2022 indicate that the biosphere rapidly scavenges organic nitrates of mixed biogenic and anthropogenic origin, resulting in short lifetimes for, for example, alkyl nitrates and peroxy nitrates.
Simone T. Andersen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Tobias Seubert, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Lucy J. Carpenter, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11603–11618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements of various trace gases in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we were able to gain insight into the sources and sinks of NOx (NO+NO2) with a special focus on their nighttime chemical and physical loss processes. NO was observed as a result of nighttime soil emissions when O3 levels were strongly depleted by deposition. NO oxidation products were not observed at night, indicating that soil and/or foliar surfaces are an efficient sink of reactive N.
Yanyan Xin, Chengtang Liu, Xiaoxiu Lun, Shuyang Xie, Junfeng Liu, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11409–11429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH radicals with C3–C11 alkanes were determined using the multivariate relative-rate technique. A total of 25 relative-rate coefficients at room temperature and 24 Arrhenius expressions in the temperature range of 273–323 K were obtained, which expanded the data available.
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scope of a field campaign in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we measured the reactivity of the nitrate radical NO3 towards biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs; e.g. monoterpenes) mainly below but also above the canopy. NO3 reactivity was the highest during nights with strong temperature inversions and decreased strongly with height. Reactions with BVOCs were the main removal process of NO3 throughout the diel cycle below the canopy.
Wenjie Wang, Bin Yuan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Jipeng Qi, Sihang Wang, Wei Song, Xinming Wang, Chaoyang Xue, Chaoqun Ma, Fengxia Bao, Hongli Wang, Shengrong Lou, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4017–4027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the important role of unmeasured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation. Based on results in a megacity of China, we show that unmeasured VOCs can contribute significantly to ozone fomation and also influence the determination of ozone control strategy. Our results show that these unmeasured VOCs are mainly from human sources.
Can Ye, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Wanyi Qiu, Shule Li, Xinping Yang, Chaoyang Xue, Tianyu Zhai, Yuhan Liu, Xuan Li, Yang Li, Haichao Wang, Zhaofeng Tan, Xiaorui Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15455–15472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, combining comprehensive field measurements and a box model, we found NO2 conversion on the ground surface was the most important source for HONO production among the proposed heterogeneous and gas-phase HONO sources. In addition, HONO was found to evidently enhance O3 production and aggravate O3 pollution in summer in China. Our study improved our understanding of the relative importance of different HONO sources and the crucial role of HONO in O3 formation in polluted areas.
Chaoyang Xue, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Vanessa Brocchi, Stéphane Chevrier, Michel Chartier, Patrick Jacquet, Claude Robert, and Valéry Catoire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4553–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To understand tropospheric air pollution at regional and global scales, an infrared laser spectrometer called SPIRIT was used on aircraft to rapidly and accurately measure carbon monoxide (CO), an important indicator of air pollution, during the last decade. Measurements were taken for more than 200 flight hours over three continents. Levels of CO are mapped with 3D trajectories for each flight. Additionally, this can be used to validate model performance and satellite measurements.
Guo Li, Hang Su, Meng Li, Uwe Kuhn, Guangjie Zheng, Lei Han, Fengxia Bao, Ulrich Pöschl, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6433–6446, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6433-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A large fraction of previous work using dynamic flow chambers was to quantify gas exchange in terms of flux or deposition/emission rate. Here, we extended the usage of this technique to examine uptake kinetics on sample surfaces. The good performance of the chamber system was validated. This technique can be further used for liquid samples and real atmospheric aerosol samples without complicated coating procedures, which complements the existing techniques in atmospheric kinetic studies.
Wenjie Wang, David D. Parrish, Siwen Wang, Fengxia Bao, Ruijing Ni, Xin Li, Suding Yang, Hongli Wang, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8935–8949, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant that is detrimental to human health, vegetation and ecosystem productivity. A comprehensive characterisation of the spatial and temporal distribution of tropospheric ozone is critical to our understanding of these issues. Here we summarise this distribution over China from the available observational records to the extent possible. This study provides insights into efficient future ozone control strategies in China.
Wei Ma, Zemin Feng, Junlei Zhan, Yongchun Liu, Pengfei Liu, Chengtang Liu, Qingxin Ma, Kang Yang, Yafei Wang, Hong He, Markku Kulmala, Yujing Mu, and Junfeng Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4841–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of photochemical loss of volatile organic compounds (VOCS) on O3 formation is investigated using an observation-based model. The sensitivity regime of ozone formation might be misdiagnosed due to the photochemical loss of VOCs in the atmosphere. The contribution of local photochemistry is underestimated regarding O3 pollution when one does not consider the photochemical loss of VOCs.
Wenjie Wang, Bin Yuan, Yuwen Peng, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Suxia Yang, Caihong Wu, Jipeng Qi, Fengxia Bao, Yibo Huangfu, Chaomin Wang, Chenshuo Ye, Zelong Wang, Baolin Wang, Xinming Wang, Wei Song, Weiwei Hu, Peng Cheng, Manni Zhu, Junyu Zheng, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4117–4128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
From thorough measurements of numerous oxygenated volatile organic compounds, we show that their photodissociation can be important for radical production and ozone formation in the atmosphere. This effect was underestimated in previous studies, as measurements of them were lacking.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Chenglong Zhang, Valéry Catoire, Fengxia Bao, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Likun Xue, Jianmin Chen, Keding Lu, Yong Zhao, Hengde Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3149–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were conducted at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m above sea level). We proposed a rapid vertical air mass exchange between the foot and the summit level, which enhances the role of HONO in the oxidizing capacity of the upper boundary layer. Kinetics for aerosol-derived HONO sources were constrained. HONO formation from different paths was quantified and discussed.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Wenjin Zhang, Xiaowei He, Pengfei Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Xiaoxi Zhao, Chengtang Liu, Zhuobiao Ma, Junfeng Liu, Jinhe Wang, Keding Lu, Valéry Catoire, Abdelwahid Mellouki, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1035–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were measured at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai in the summer of 2018. Based on measurements at the foot station, we utilized a box model to explore the roles of different sources in the HONO budget. We also studied radical chemistry in this high-ozone region.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Shuping Zhang, Golam Sarwar, Jia Xing, Biwu Chu, Chaoyang Xue, Arunachalam Sarav, Dian Ding, Haotian Zheng, Yujing Mu, Fengkui Duan, Tao Ma, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15809–15826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Six heterogeneous HONO chemistry updates in CMAQ significantly improve HONO concentration. HONO production is primarily controlled by the heterogeneous reactions on ground and aerosol surfaces during haze. Additional HONO chemistry updates increase OH and production of secondary aerosols: sulfate, nitrate, and SOA.
Yongchun Liu, Zemin Feng, Feixue Zheng, Xiaolei Bao, Pengfei Liu, Yanli Ge, Yan Zhao, Tao Jiang, Yunwen Liao, Yusheng Zhang, Xiaolong Fan, Chao Yan, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Wei Du, Jing Cai, Federico Bianchi, Tuukka Petäjä, Yujing Mu, Hong He, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13269–13286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms and kinetics of particulate sulfate formation in the atmosphere are still open questions although they have been extensively discussed. We found that uptake of SO2 is the rate-determining step for the conversion of SO2 to particulate sulfate. NH4NO3 plays an important role in AWC, the phase state of aerosol particles, and subsequently the uptake kinetics of SO2 under high-RH conditions. This work is a good example of the feedback between aerosol physics and aerosol chemistry.
Tianzeng Chen, Jun Liu, Qingxin Ma, Biwu Chu, Peng Zhang, Jinzhu Ma, Yongchun Liu, Cheng Zhong, Pengfei Liu, Yafei Wang, Yujing Mu, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1341–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1341-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of photochemical aging on the formation and evolution of summertime secondary aerosol were systematically investigated in a suburb of Beijing. Higher PM1 concentration accompanied longer photochemical age (ta). Sulfate and more-oxidized OOA formation were significantly sensitive to the increase in ta, and their contributions were greatly enhanced at elevated ta levels. Our results suggested that photochemical aging process played a crucial role in PM1 and O3 pollution in summertime.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Cited articles
Acker, K., Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Meixner, F. X., Bohn, B., Gilge, S., Plass-Dülmer, C., and Berresheim, H.: Strong daytime production of OH from HNO2 at a rural mountain site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024643, 2006.
Bao, F., Cheng, Y., Kuhn, U., Li, G., Wang, W., Kratz, A. M., Weber, J., Weber, B., Pöschl, U., and Su, H.: Key Role of Equilibrium HONO Concentration over Soil in Quantifying Soil-Atmosphere HONO Fluxes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 2204–2212, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06716, 2022.
Bhattarai, H. R., Wanek, W., Siljanen, H. M. P., Ronkainen, J. G., Liimatainen, M., Hu, Y., Nykänen, H., Biasi, C., and Maljanen, M.: Denitrification is the major nitrous acid production pathway in boreal agricultural soils, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 54, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00125-7, 2021.
Ermel, M., Behrendt, T., Oswald, R., Derstroff, B., Wu, D., Hohlmann, S., Stönner, C., Pommerening-Röser, A., Könneke, M., Williams, J., Meixner, F. X., Andreae, M. O., Trebs, I., and Sörgel, M.: Hydroxylamine released by nitrifying microorganisms is a precursor for HONO emission from drying soils, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 1877, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20170-1, 2018.
George, C., Strekowski, R. S., Kleffmann, J., Stemmler, K., and Ammann, M.: Photoenhanced uptake of gaseous NO2 on solid organic compounds: a photochemical source of HONO?, Faraday Discuss., 130, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1039/b417888m, 2005.
Grant, R. F., Pattey, E., Goddard, T. W., Kryzanowski, L. M., and Puurveen, H.: Modeling the effects of fertilizer application rate on nitrous oxide emissions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 235–248, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0104, 2006.
Han, C., Yang, W., Wu, Q., Yang, H., and Xue, X.: Heterogeneous Photochemical Conversion of NO2 to HONO on the Humic Acid Surface under Simulated Sunlight, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 5017–5023, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05101, 2016.
Jia, C., Tong, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Li, W., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Hu, B., Zhao, P., and Ge, M.: Pollution characteristics and potential sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in early autumn 2018 of Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 735, 139317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139317, 2020.
Ke, J., He, R., Hou, P., Ding, C., Ding, Y., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Tang, S., Ding, C., Chen, L., and Li, G.: Combined controlled-released nitrogen fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching, rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 265, 402–412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.023, 2018.
Kim, M. and Or, D.: Microscale pH variations during drying of soils and desert biocrusts affect HONO and NH3 emissions, Nat. Commun., 10, 3944, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11956-6, 2019.
Kim, S., VandenBoer, T. C., Young, C. J., Riedel, T. P., Thornton, J. A., Swarthout, B., Sive, B., Lerner, B., Gilman, J. B., Warneke, C., Roberts, J. M., Guenther, A., Wagner, N. L., Dubé, W. P., Williams, E., and Brown, S. S.: The primary and recycling sources of OH during the NACHTT-2011 campaign: HONO as an important OH primary source in the wintertime, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6886–6896, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019784, 2014.
Kleffmann, J. and Gavriloaiei, T.: Daytime formation of nitrous acid: A major source of OH radicals in a forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022524, 2005.
Kleffmann, J., Gavriloaiei, T., Elshorbany, Y., Ródenas, M., and Wiesen, P.: Detection of nitric acid (HNO3) in the atmosphere using the LOPAP technique, J. Atmos. Chem., 58, 131–149, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-007-9083-9, 2007.
Laufs, S., Cazaunau, M., Stella, P., Kurtenbach, R., Cellier, P., Mellouki, A., Loubet, B., and Kleffmann, J.: Diurnal fluxes of HONO above a crop rotation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6907–6923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6907-2017, 2017.
Li, D., Xue, L., Wen, L., Wang, X., Chen, T., Mellouki, A., Chen, J. M., and Wang, W.: Characteristics and sources of nitrous acid in an urban atmosphere of northern China: Results from 1-yr continuous observations, Atmos. Environ., 182, 296–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.033, 2018.
Li, X., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B., Fuchs, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Lou, S., Lu, K. D., Rohrer, F., Hu, M., Zeng, L. M., Zhang, Y. H., Garland, R. M., Su, H., Nowak, A., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Shao, M., and Wahner, A.: Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) at a rural site in Southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1497-2012, 2012.
Li, X., Rohrer, F., Hofzumahaus, A., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B., Broch, S., Fuchs, H., Gomm, S., Holland, F., Jäger, J., Kaiser, J., Keutsch, F. N., Lohse, I., Lu, K., Tillmann, R., Wegener, R., Wolfe, G. M., Mentel, T. F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., and Wahner, A.: Missing Gas-Phase Source of HONO Inferred from Zeppelin Measurements in the Troposphere, Science, 344, 292–296, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248999, 2014.
Linn, D. M. and Doran, J. W.: Effect of Water-Filled Pore Space on Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Production in Tilled and Nontilled Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 1267–1272, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800060013x, 1984.
Liu, P., Zhang, C., Xue, C., Mu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Tian, D., Ye, C., Zhang, H., and Guan, J.: The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM2.5 in northern China during winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11503–11520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11503-2017, 2017.
Liu, T., Fan, D., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Li, C., and Cao, C.: Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in central China, Field Crop. Res., 184, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.09.011, 2015.
Liu, Y., Lu, K., Li, X., Dong, H., Tan, Z., Wang, H., Zou, Q., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., Min, K.-E., Kecorius, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, Y.: A Comprehensive Model Test of the HONO Sources Constrained to Field Measurements at Rural North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 3517–3525, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06367, 2019.
Lu, X., Ye, X., Zhou, M., Zhao, Y., Weng, H., Kong, H., Li, K., Gao, M., Zheng, B., Lin, J., Zhou, F., Zhang, Q., Wu, D., Zhang, L., and Zhang, Y.: The underappreciated role of agricultural soil nitrogen oxide emissions in ozone pollution regulation in North China, Nat. Commun., 12, 5021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25147-9, 2021.
Ma, B. L., Wu, T. Y., Tremblay, N., Deen, W., Morrison, M. J., McLaughlin, N. B., Gregorich, E. G., and Stewart, G.: Nitrous oxide fluxes from corn fields: on-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 156–170, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01932.x, 2010.
Ma, X., Huang, J., Zhao, T., Liu, C., Zhao, K., Xing, J., and Xiao, W.: Rapid increase in summer surface ozone over the North China Plain during 2013–2019: a side effect of particulate matter reduction control?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1-2021, 2021.
Maljanen, M. E., Gondal, Z., and Bhattarai, H.: Emissions of nitrous acid (HONO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from horse dung, Agr. Food Sci., 25, 225–229, https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.59314, 2016.
McSwiney, C. P. and Robertson, G. P.: Nonlinear response of N2O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1712–1719, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x, 2005.
Meng, F., Qin, M., Fang, W., Duan, J., Tang, K., Zhang, H., Shao, D., Liao, Z., Feng, Y., Huang, Y., Ni, T., Xie, P., Liu, J., and Liu, W.: Measurement of HONO flux using the aerodynamic gradient method over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin, China, J. Environ. Sci., 114, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.005, 2022.
Nkebiwe, P. M., Weinmann, M., Bar-Tal, A., and Müller, T.: Fertilizer placement to improve crop nutrient acquisition and yield: A review and meta-analysis, Field Crop. Res., 196, 389–401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.07.018, 2016.
Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Ermel, M., Wu, D., Su, H., Cheng, Y., Breuninger, C., Moravek, A., Mougin, E., Delon, C., Loubet, B., Pommerening-Röser, A., Sörgel, M., Pöschl, U., Hoffmann, T., Andreae, M. O., Meixner, F. X., and Trebs, I.: HONO Emissions from Soil Bacteria as a Major Source of Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen, Science, 341, 1233–1235, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242266, 2013.
Pan, S., Wen, X., Wang, Z., Ashraf, U., Tian, H., Duan, M., Mo, Z., Fan, P., and Tang, X.: Benefits of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China, Field Crop. Res., 203, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.011, 2017.
Ramsay, R., Di Marco, C. F., Heal, M. R., Twigg, M. M., Cowan, N., Jones, M. R., Leeson, S. R., Bloss, W. J., Kramer, L. J., Crilley, L., Sörgel, M., Andreae, M., and Nemitz, E.: Surface–atmosphere exchange of inorganic water-soluble gases and associated ions in bulk aerosol above agricultural grassland pre- and postfertilisation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16953–16978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16953-2018, 2018.
Ren, X., Sanders, J. E., Rajendran, A., Weber, R. J., Goldstein, A. H., Pusede, S. E., Browne, E. C., Min, K.-E., and Cohen, R. C.: A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring vertical fluxes of nitrous acid, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2093–2103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2093-2011, 2011.
Scharko, N. K., Schutte, U. M., Berke, A. E., Banina, L., Peel, H. R., Donaldson, M. A., Hemmerich, C., White, J. R., and Raff, J. D.: Combined Flux Chamber and Genomics Approach Links Nitrous Acid Emissions to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in Urban and Agricultural Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13825–13834, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00838, 2015.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, ISBN: 978-1118947401, 2016.
Shcherbak, I., Millar, N., and Robertson, G. P.: Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 9199–9204, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322434111, 2014.
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Liu, P., He, X., Li, X., and Mu, Y.: The seasonal variations and potential sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the rural North China Plain, Environ. Pollut., 311, 119967, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119967, 2022a.
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, C., Liu, C., Liu, P., and Mu, Y.: Rural vehicle emission as an important driver for the variations of summertime tropospheric ozone in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during 2014-2019, J. Environ. Sci., 114, 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.015, 2022b.
Song, Y., Wu, D., Ju, X., Dorsch, P., Wang, M., Wang, R., Song, X., Deng, L., Wang, R., Gao, Z., Haider, H., Hou, L., Liu, M., and Yu, Y.: Nitrite stimulates HONO and NOX but not N2O emissions in Chinese agricultural soils during nitrification, Sci. Total Environ., 902, 166451–166451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166451, 2023a.
Song, Y., Xue, C., Zhang, Y., and Mu, Y.: Measurement Report: Exchange Fluxes of HONO over Agricultural Fields in the North China Plain, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8420431, 2023b.
Sörgel, M., Trebs, I., Wu, D., and Held, A.: A comparison of measured HONO uptake and release with calculated source strengths in a heterogeneous forest environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9237–9251, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9237-2015, 2015.
Stemmler, K., Ammann, M., Donders, C., Kleffmann, J., and George, C.: Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid, Nature, 440, 195–198, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04603, 2006.
Stemmler, K., Ndour, M., Elshorbany, Y., Kleffmann, J., D'Anna, B., George, C., Bohn, B., and Ammann, M.: Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4237–4248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4237-2007, 2007.
Su, H., Cheng, Y., Shao, M., Gao, D., Yu, Z., Zeng, L., Slanina, J., Zhang, Y., and Wiedensohler, A.: Nitrous acid (HONO) and its daytime sources at a rural site during the 2004 PRIDE-PRD experiment in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D14312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009060, 2008.
Su, H., Cheng, Y., Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Trebs, I., Meixner, F. X., Andreae, M. O., Cheng, P., Zhang, Y., and Pöschl, U.: Soil Nitrite as a Source of Atmospheric HONO and OH Radicals, Science, 333, 1616–1618, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1207687, 2011.
Tan, W., Wang, H., Su, J., Sun, R., He, C., Lu, X., Lin, J., Xue, C., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, L., Wu, D., Mu, Y., and Fan, S.: Soil Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen Accelerate Summertime Surface Ozone Increases in the North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 12782–12793, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01823, 2023.
Tan, Z., Fuchs, H., Lu, K., Hofzumahaus, A., Bohn, B., Broch, S., Dong, H., Gomm, S., Häseler, R., He, L., Holland, F., Li, X., Liu, Y., Lu, S., Rohrer, F., Shao, M., Wang, B., Wang, M., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Zhang, Y., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Radical chemistry at a rural site (Wangdu) in the North China Plain: observation and model calculations of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 663–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-663-2017, 2017.
Tan, Z., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Ma, X., Bohn, B., Broch, S., Dong, H., Fuchs, H., Gkatzelis, G. I., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Li, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Novelli, A., Shao, M., Wang, H., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Wintertime photochemistry in Beijing: observations of ROx radical concentrations in the North China Plain during the BEST-ONE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12391–12411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12391-2018, 2018.
Tang, G., Li, X., Wang, Y., Xin, J., and Ren, X.: Surface ozone trend details and interpretations in Beijing, 2001–2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8813–8823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8813-2009, 2009.
Tang, K., Qin, M., Duan, J., Fang, W., Meng, F., Liang, S., Xie, P., Liu, J., Liu, W., Xue, C., and Mu, Y.: A dual dynamic chamber system based on IBBCEAS for measuring fluxes of nitrous acid in agricultural fields in the North China Plain, Atmos. Environ., 196, 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.059, 2019.
Tang, K., Qin, M., Fang, W., Duan, J., Meng, F., Ye, K., Zhang, H., Xie, P., Liu, J., Liu, W., Feng, Y., Huang, Y., and Ni, T.: An automated dynamic chamber system for exchange flux measurement of reactive nitrogen oxides (HONO and NOX) in farmland ecosystems of the Huaihe River Basin, China, Sci. Total Environ., 745, 140867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140867, 2020.
Tian, D., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Mu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, C., and Liu, P.: Effect of nitrification inhibitors on mitigating N2O and NO emissions from an agricultural field under drip fertigation in the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 598, 87–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.220, 2017a.
Tian, D., Zhang, Y., Mu, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, C., and Liu, J.: The effect of drip irrigation and drip fertigation on N2O and NO emissions, water saving and grain yields in a maize field in the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 575, 1034–1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.166, 2017b.
Tourna, M., Freitag, T. E., Nicol, G. W., and Prosser, J. I.: Growth, activity and temperature responses of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in soil microcosms, Environ. Microbiol., 10, 1357–1364, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01563.x, 2008.
VandenBoer, T. C., Brown, S. S., Murphy, J. G., Keene, W. C., Young, C. J., Pszenny, A. A. P., Kim, S., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Maben, J. R., Wagner, N. L., Riedel, T. P., Thornton, J. A., Wolfe, D. E., Dubé, W. P., Öztürk, F., Brock, C. A., Grossberg, N., Lefer, B., Lerner, B., Middlebrook, A. M., and Roberts, J. M.: Understanding the role of the ground surface in HONO vertical structure: High resolution vertical profiles during NACHTT-11, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10155–10171, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50721, 2013.
VandenBoer, T. C., Young, C. J., Talukdar, R. K., Markovic, M. Z., Brown, S. S., Roberts, J. M., and Murphy, J. G.: Nocturnal loss and daytime source of nitrous acid through reactive uptake and displacement, Nat. Geosci., 8, 55–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo2298, 2015.
von der Heyden, L., Wißdorf, W., Kurtenbach, R., and Kleffmann, J.: A relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) LOPAP system for flux measurements of nitrous acid (HONO), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1983–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1983-2022, 2022.
Wang, T., Xue, L., Brimblecombe, P., Lam, Y. F., Li, L., and Zhang, L.: Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects, Sci. Total Environ., 575, 1582–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.081, 2017.
Wang, Y., Gao, W., Wang, S., Song, T., Gong, Z., Ji, D., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Tang, G., Huo, Y., Tian, S., Li, J., Li, M., Yang, Y., Chu, B., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V. M., He, H., Hao, J., Kulmala, M., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Contrasting trends of PM2.5 and surface-ozone concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017, Natl. Sci. Rev., 7, 1331–1339, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa032, 2020.
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wu, D., Wang, M., Lu, K., Mu, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., and Wang, T.: Agricultural Fertilization Aggravates Air Pollution by Stimulating Soil Nitrous Acid Emissions at High Soil Moisture, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14556–14566, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04134, 2021.
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wang, T., Ma, J., Gao, H., Wang, X., and Pu, W.: Large Contribution of Nitrous Acid to Soil-Emitted Reactive Oxidized Nitrogen and Its Effect on Air Quality, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 3516–3526, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07793, 2023.
Weber, B., Wu, D., Tamm, A., Ruckteschler, N., Rodriguez-Caballero, E., Steinkamp, J., Meusel, H., Elbert, W., Behrendt, T., Sorgel, M., Cheng, Y., Crutzen, P. J., Su, H., and Pöschl, U.: Biological soil crusts accelerate the nitrogen cycle through large NO and HONO emissions in drylands, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 15384–15389, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515818112, 2015.
Wong, K. W., Tsai, C., Lefer, B., Haman, C., Grossberg, N., Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Luke, W., and Stutz, J.: Daytime HONO vertical gradients during SHARP 2009 in Houston, TX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 635–652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-635-2012, 2012.
Wu, D., Horn, M. A., Behrendt, T., Müller, S., Li, J., Cole, J. A., Xie, B., Ju, X., Li, G., Ermel, M., Oswald, R., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Hoor, P., Hu, C., Liu, M., Andreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y., Su, H., Trebs, I., Weber, B., and Sorgel, M.: Soil HONO emissions at high moisture content are driven by microbial nitrate reduction to nitrite: tackling the HONO puzzle, ISME J., 13, 1688–1699, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0379-y, 2019.
Wu, D., Zhang, J., Wang, M., An, J., Wang, R., Haider, H., Ri, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhou, F., Tian, H., Zhang, X., Deng, L., Pan, Y., Chen, X., Yu, Y., Hu, C., Wang, R., Song, Y., Gao, Z., Wang, Y., Hou, L., and Liu, M.: Global and Regional Patterns of Soil Nitrous Acid Emissions and Their Acceleration of Rural Photochemical Reactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036379, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd036379, 2022.
Xue, C., Ye, C., Zhang, Y., Ma, Z., Liu, P., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Liu, J., and Mu, Y.: Development and application of a twin open-top chambers method to measure soil HONO emission in the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 659, 621–631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.245, 2019a.
Xue, C., Ye, C., Ma, Z., Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Tang, K., Zhang, W., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Song, M., Liu, J., Duan, J., Qin, M., Tong, S., Ge, M., and Mu, Y.: Development of stripping coil-ion chromatograph method and intercomparison with CEAS and LOPAP to measure atmospheric HONO, Sci. Total Environ., 646, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.244, 2019b.
Xue, C., Zhang, C., Ye, C., Liu, P., Catoire, V., Krysztofiak, G., Chen, H., Ren, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., An, J., Wang, T., Chen, J., Kleffmann, J., Mellouki, A., and Mu, Y.: HONO Budget and Its Role in Nitrate Formation in the Rural North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 11048–11057, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01832, 2020.
Xue, C., Ye, C., Zhang, C., Catoire, V., Liu, P., Gu, R., Zhang, J., Ma, Z., Zhao, X., Zhang, W., Ren, Y., Krysztofiak, G., Tong, S., Xue, L., An, J., Ge, M., Mellouki, A., and Mu, Y.: Evidence for Strong HONO Emission from Fertilized Agricultural Fields and its Remarkable Impact on Regional O3 Pollution in the Summer North China Plain, ACS Earth Space Chem., 5, 340–347, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00314, 2021.
Xue, C., Ye, C., Kleffmann, J., Zhang, W., He, X., Liu, P., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Liu, C., Ma, Z., Liu, J., Wang, J., Lu, K., Catoire, V., Mellouki, A., and Mu, Y.: Atmospheric measurements at Mt. Tai – Part II: HONO budget and radical (ROx + NO3) chemistry in the lower boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1035–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1035-2022, 2022a.
Xue, C., Ye, C., Liu, P., Zhang, C., Su, H., Bao, F., Cheng, Y., Catoire, V., Ma, Z., Zhao, X., Lu, K., Liu, Y., McGillen, M., Mellouki, A., and Mu, Y.: Strong HONO Emissions from Fertilized Soil in the North China Plain Driven by Nitrification and Water Evaporation, Version 3, Research Square [preprint], https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2045348/v3, 2022b.
Zhang, N., Zhou, X., Shepson, P. B., Gao, H., Alaghmand, M., and Stirm, B.: Aircraft measurement of HONO vertical profiles over a forested region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15820, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038999, 2009.
Zhang, Q., Liu, P., Wang, Y., George, C., Chen, T., Ma, S., Ren, Y., Mu, Y., Song, M., and Herrmann, H.: Unveiling the underestimated direct emissions of nitrous acid (HONO), P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2302048120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2302048120, 2023.
Zhang, Y., Mu, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, J., and Zhang, C.: Nitrous oxide emissions from maize–wheat field during 4 successive years in the North China Plain, Biogeosciences, 11, 1717–1726, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1717-2014, 2014.
Zhou, X., Zhang, N., TerAvest, M., Tang, D., Hou, J., Bertman, S., Alaghmand, M., Shepson, P. B., Carroll, M. A., Griffith, S., Dusanter, S., and Stevens, P. S.: Nitric acid photolysis on forest canopy surface as a source for tropospheric nitrous acid, Nat. Geosci., 4, 440–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo1164, 2011.
Short summary
We present measurements of HONO flux and related parameters over an agricultural field during a whole growing season of summer maize. This dataset allows studies on the characteristics and influencing factors of soil HONO emissions, determination of HONO emission factors, estimation of total HONO emissions at a national scale, and the discussion on future environmental policies in terms of mitigating regional air pollution.
We present measurements of HONO flux and related parameters over an agricultural field during a...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint