Articles | Volume 23, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Investigating the contribution of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei with largely varying preexisting particles – Part 1: Observational data analysis
Xing Wei
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Yanjie Shen
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang, China
Xiao-Ying Yu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6136, USA
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Huiwang Gao
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Ming Chu
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Yujiao Zhu
Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xiaohong Yao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Yazhou Bay Science & Technology City, Sanya, China
Related authors
Ming Chu, Xing Wei, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Yujiao Zhu, Biwu Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Yele Sun, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6769–6786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 20-bin WRF-Chem model to simulate NPF events in the NCP during a three-week observational period in the summer of 2019. The model was able to reproduce the observations during June 29–July 6, which was characterized by a high frequency of NPF occurrence.
Min Li, Xinfeng Wang, Tianshuai Li, Yujia Wang, Yueru Jiang, Yujiao Zhu, Wei Nie, Rui Li, Jian Gao, Likun Xue, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8407–8425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By integrating field measurements with an interpretable ensemble machine learning framework, we comprehensively identified key driving factors of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), demonstrated complex interrelationships, and quantified their contributions across different locations. This work provides a reliable modeling approach for recognizing causes of NAC pollution, enhances our understanding of variations of atmospheric NACs, and highlights the necessity of strengthening emission controls.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Hengde Liu, Lanxiadi Chen, Hongyong Li, Yujian Bi, Di Wu, Xiangkun Yin, Can Cui, Ping Liu, Yu Yang, Jisheng Zhang, Yanqiu Nie, Lanxin Zhang, Jiangshan Mu, Yuhong Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, Qinyi Li, Yuqiang Zhang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2855, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Rainwater samples collected at the summit of Mount Tai were analyzed for ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Our findings revealed that INP concentrations peaked in spring, driven predominantly by long-range transport of dust aerosols. Mineral dust contributed 43.6 % of annual INPs, with its contribution rising sharply to 71.7 % in spring. Satellite observations further revealed that the long-range transport of dust in spring promotes large-scale cloud formation over the NCP region.
Shubin Li, Yujue Wang, Yiwen Zhang, Yizhe Yi, Yuchen Wang, Yuqi Guo, Chao Yu, Yue Jiang, Jinhui Shi, Chao Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Wei Hu, Jianzhen Yu, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Min Hu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2154, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2154, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates (OSs) are an unrecognized and potentially important component in marine organic aerosols. In this study, we quantified and characterized the OSs over East Asian marginal seas. The chemical nature and spatiotemporal distribution of OSs were modified by the joint influence of marine emissions and transported terrestrial pollutants. The results highlight the vital roles of OSs in shaping organic aerosol formation and sulfur cycle during summer in marine boundary layer.
Wenbin Kou, Yang Gao, Dan Tong, Xiaojie Guo, Xiadong An, Wenyu Liu, Mengshi Cui, Xiuwen Guo, Shaoqing Zhang, Huiwang Gao, and Lixin Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3029–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3029-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3029-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Unlike traditional numerical studies, we apply a high-resolution Earth system model, improving simulations of surface ozone and large-scale circulations such as atmospheric blocking. Besides local heat waves, we quantify the impact of atmospheric blocking on downstream ozone concentrations, which is closely associated with the blocking position. We identify three major pathways of Rossby wave propagation, stressing the critical role of large-scale circulation in regional air quality.
Siyu Meng, Xun Gong, Benjamin Webber, Manoj Joshi, Xiaokun Ding, Xiang Gong, Mingliang Gu, and Huiwang Gao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-13, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The North Pacific Ocean Desert (NPOD), with low phytoplankton biomass, covers about 40 % of the North Pacific. The variations in NPOD seasonal cycle, which have a greater impact than its annual mean changes, are influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation from 1998 to 2021. However, from 2021 to 2100, a weakened NPOD seasonal cycle is expected due to climate change. These changes in NPOD seasonal cycle could affect fisheries and marine ecosystems.
Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, An Ning, Yuyang Li, Runlong Cai, Da Gao, Biwu Chu, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10261–10278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extensively compare various cluster-dynamics-based parameterizations for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and identify a newly developed parameterization derived from Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code (ACDC) simulations as being the most reliable one. This study offers a valuable reference for developing parameterizations of other nucleation systems and is meaningful for the accurate quantification of the environmental and climate impacts of new particle formation.
Xiaohong Yao and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7773–7791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates long-term trends of criteria air pollutants, including NO2, CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5, and NO2+O3 measured in 10 Canadian cities during the last 2 to 3 decades. We also investigate associated driving forces in terms of emission reductions, perturbations from varying weather conditions and large-scale wildfires, as well as changes in O3 sources and sinks.
Wei Sun, Xiaodong Hu, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Caiqing Yan, Likun Xue, He Meng, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation pathways of nitrogen-containing compounds (NOCs) in the atmosphere remain unclear. We investigated the composition of aerosols and fog water by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and compared the formation pathways of NOCs. We found that NOCs in aerosols were mainly formed through nitration reaction, while ammonia addition played a more important role in fog water. The results deepen our understanding of the processes of organic particulate pollution.
Ming Chu, Xing Wei, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Yujiao Zhu, Biwu Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Yele Sun, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6769–6786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 20-bin WRF-Chem model to simulate NPF events in the NCP during a three-week observational period in the summer of 2019. The model was able to reproduce the observations during June 29–July 6, which was characterized by a high frequency of NPF occurrence.
Rui Li, Prema Piyusha Panda, Yizhu Chen, Zhenming Zhu, Fu Wang, Yujiao Zhu, He Meng, Yan Ren, Ashwini Kumar, and Mingjin Tang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3147–3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3147-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3147-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We found that for ultrapure water batch leaching, the difference in specific experimental parameters, including agitation methods, filter pore size, and contact time, only led to a small and sometimes insignificant difference in determined aerosol trace element solubility. Furthermore, aerosol trace element solubility determined using four common ultrapure water leaching protocols showed good agreement.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Yanbin Qi, Lanxiadi Chen, Jiangshan Mu, Ye Shan, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Ping Liu, Can Cui, Ji Zhang, Mingxuan Liu, Lingli Zhang, Yufei Wang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3241–3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations were conducted at the summit of Changbai Mountain in northeast Asia. The cumulative number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) varied from 1.6 × 10−3 to 78.3 L−1 over the temperature range of −5.5 to −29.0 ℃. Biological INPs (bio-INPs) accounted for the majority of INPs, and the proportion exceeded 90% above −13.0 ℃. Planetary boundary layer height, valley breezes, and long-distance transport of air mass influence the abundance of bio-INPs.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, Xiaohong Yao, and Mingjie Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3129–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are important for aerosol climatic effects but are poorly understood. For the first time, an online coupled regional chemistry–climate model is applied to explore the characteristics of emission, distribution, and direct and indirect radiative effects of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific, which reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in perturbing cloud and radiation and promotes understanding of global aerosol climatic impact.
Feifan Yan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Rujin Huang, Hong Liao, Ting Yang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Wenbin Kou, Xinran Zeng, Shengnan Xiang, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution is a major air quality issue deteriorating human health, and previous studies mostly focus on regions like the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. However, the characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations between these two regions are studied less often. Focusing on the transport corridor region, we identify an interesting seesaw transport phenomenon with stagnant weather conditions, conducive to PM2.5 accumulation over this region, resulting in large health effects.
Yangyang Yu, Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Dexun Chen, Yang Gao, Xiaopei Lin, Zhao Liu, and Xiaojing Lv
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-10, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-10, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The hardware-related perturbations caused by the heterogeneous many-core architectures can blend with software or human errors, which can affect the accuracy of the model consistency verification. We develop a deep learning-based consistency test tool for ESMs on the heterogeneous systems (ESM-DCT) and evaluate it in CESM on new Sunway system. The ESM-DCT can detect the existence of software or human errors when taking hardware-related perturbations into account.
Xuelian Zhong, Hengqing Shen, Min Zhao, Ji Zhang, Yue Sun, Yuhong Liu, Yingnan Zhang, Ye Shan, Hongyong Li, Jiangshan Mu, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Jinghao Tang, Can Dong, Xinfeng Wang, Yujiao Zhu, Mingzhi Guo, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14761–14778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is vital for atmospheric oxidation. In research at Mount Lao, China, models revealed a significant unidentified marine HONO source. Overlooking this could skew our understanding of air quality and climate change. This finding emphasizes HONO’s importance in the coastal atmosphere, uncovering previously unnoticed interactions.
Chupeng Zhang, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Yuhang Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Xin Huang, Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Aura Lupascu, Manish Shrivastava, Jerome D. Fast, Wenxuan Cheng, Xiuwen Guo, Ming Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Qiaoqiao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10713–10730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation is an important source of atmospheric particles, exerting critical influences on global climate. Numerical models are vital tools to understanding atmospheric particle evolution, which, however, suffer from large biases in simulating particle numbers. Here we improve the model chemical processes governing particle sizes and compositions. The improved model reveals substantial contributions of newly formed particles to climate through effects on cloud condensation nuclei.
Qi Yuan, Yuanyuan Wang, Yixin Chen, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Liang Xu, Wei Hu, Dantong Liu, Pingqing Fu, Huiwang Gao, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9385–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study for the first time found large amounts of liquid–liquid phase separation particles with soot redistributing in organic coatings instead of sulfate cores in the eastern Tibetan Plateau atmosphere. The particle size and the ratio of the organic matter coating thickness to soot size are two of the major possible factors that likely affect the soot redistribution process. The soot redistribution process promoted the morphological compaction of soot particles.
Yuyang Li, Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Runlong Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Da Gao, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8789–8804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We set up a new parameterization for 1.4 nm particle formation rates from sulfuric acid–dimethylamine (SA–DMA) nucleation, fully including the effects of coagulation scavenging and cluster stability. Incorporating the new parameterization into 3-D chemical transport models, we achieved better consistencies between simulation results and observation data. This new parameterization provides new insights into atmospheric nucleation simulations and its effects on atmospheric pollution or health.
Zhenming Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Yishuai Jin, Yinglai Jia, Yangyang Yu, Yang Gao, Xiaolin Yu, Mingkui Li, Xiaopei Lin, and Lixin Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 705–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the numerical model predictability of monthly extended-range scales, we use the simplified slab ocean model (SOM) to restrict the complicated sea surface temperature (SST) bias from a 3-D dynamical ocean model. As for SST prediction, whether in space or time, the WRF-SOM is verified to have better performance than the WRF-ROMS, which has a significant impact on the atmosphere. For extreme weather events such as typhoons, the predictions of WRF-SOM are in good agreement with WRF-ROMS.
Yu Lin, Leiming Zhang, Qinchu Fan, He Meng, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16073–16090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed 7-year (from May 2014 to April 2021) concentration data of six criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO and SO2) as well as the sum of NO2 and O3 in six cities in South China. Three different analysis methods were used to identify emission-driven interannual variations and perturbations from varying weather conditions. In addition, a self-developed method was further introduced to constrain analysis uncertainties.
Yangyang Yu, Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Lixin Wu, Dexun Chen, Yang Gao, Zhiqiang Wei, Dongning Jia, and Xiaopei Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6695–6708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6695-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6695-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the scientific consequence of perturbations caused by slave cores in heterogeneous computing environments, we examine the influence of perturbation amplitudes on the determination of the cloud bottom and cloud top and compute the probability density function (PDF) of generated clouds. A series of comparisons of the PDFs between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems show consistently acceptable error tolerances when using slave cores in heterogeneous computing environments.
Xiajie Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Nan Ma, Weiwei Hu, Yang Gao, Zhijiong Huang, Junyu Zheng, Bin Yuan, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3743–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model with additional anthropogenic and biomass burning chlorine emissions combined with updated parameterizations for N2O5 + Cl chemistry to investigate the impacts of chlorine chemistry on air quality in China. Our study not only significantly improves the model's performance but also demonstrates the importance of non-sea-salt chlorine sources as well as an appropriate parameterization for N2O5 + Cl chemistry to the impact of chlorine chemistry in China.
Yating Gao, Dihui Chen, Yanjie Shen, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1515–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of observed gaseous amines, NH3, their particulate counterparts in PM2.5 over different sea zones, and the disproportional release of alkaline gases and corresponding particulate counterparts from seawater in the sea zones in terms of different extents of enrichment of TMAH+ and DMAH+ in the sea surface microlayer (SML). A novel hypothesis is delivered.
Ying Zhou, Simo Hakala, Chao Yan, Yang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Biwu Chu, Tommy Chan, Juha Kangasluoma, Shahzad Gani, Jenni Kontkanen, Pauli Paasonen, Yongchun Liu, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, and Lubna Dada
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17885–17906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the connection between new particle formation (NPF) events in terms of frequency, intensity and growth at a near-highway location in central Beijing and at a background mountain site 80 km away. Due to the substantial contribution of NPF to the global aerosol budget, identifying the conditions that promote the occurrence of regional NPF events could help understand their contribution on a large scale and would improve their implementation in global models.
Liang Xu, Xiaohuan Liu, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Daizhou Zhang, Lei Bi, Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Qi Yuan, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17715–17726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different types of marine aerosols and explored the Cl depletion of sea salt aerosol (SSA) in the eastern China seas and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We found that anthropogenic acidic gases in the troposphere were transported longer distances compared to the anthropogenic aerosols and could significantly impact remote marine aerosols. Meanwhile, variations of chloride depletion in SSA can serve as a potential indicator for anthropogenic gaseous pollutants in remote marine air.
Dihui Chen, Yanjie Shen, Juntao Wang, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16413–16425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides solid evidence to demonstrate that atmospheric trimethylamine (TMAgas) and particulate trimethylaminium in PM2.5 (TMAH+) observed in marine atmospheres were uniquely derived from seawater emissions. As sea-derived TMAgas correlated significantly with DMAgas and NH3gas, sea-derived DMAgas and NH3gas can be estimated and can quantify the contribution to the observed species in the marine atmosphere. Similarly, the contributions of primary DMAH+ have also been estimated.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Liya Ma, Yujiao Zhu, Mei Zheng, Yele Sun, Lei Huang, Xiaohuan Liu, Yang Gao, Yanjie Shen, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate three patterns of new particles growing to CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) size, i.e., one-stage growth and two-stage growth-A and growth-B patterns. Combining the observations of gaseous pollutants and measured or modeled particulate chemical species, the three growth patterns were discussed regarding the spatial heterogeneity, formation of secondary aerosols, and evaporation of semivolatile particulates as was the survival probability of new particles to CCN size.
Jingsha Xu, Shaojie Song, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Lianfang Wei, Qiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Lu Lei, Chao Zhang, Xiaohong Yao, Dihui Chen, Weijun Li, Miaomiao Wu, Hezhong Tian, Lining Luo, Shengrui Tong, Weiran Li, Junling Wang, Guoliang Shi, Yanqi Huangfu, Yingze Tian, Baozhu Ge, Shaoli Su, Chao Peng, Yang Chen, Fumo Yang, Aleksandra Mihajlidi-Zelić, Dragana Đorđević, Stefan J. Swift, Imogen Andrews, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Ye Sun, Agung Kramawijaya, Jinxiu Han, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Clarissa Baldo, Siqi Hou, Feixue Zheng, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Yongchun Liu, Markku Kulmala, Pingqing Fu, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6325–6341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An interlaboratory comparison was conducted for the first time to examine differences in water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) measured by 10 labs using ion chromatography (IC) and by two online aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) methods. Major ions including SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ agreed well in 10 IC labs and correlated well with ACSM data. WSII interlab variability strongly affected aerosol acidity results based on ion balance, but aerosol pH computed by ISORROPIA II was very similar.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1016, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are so far poorly understood. An on-line coupled regional chemistry-climate model is developed to firstly explore and characterize the seasonality and annual feature of emission, distribution and radiative effects of marine organic aerosols specifically for the western Pacific over East Asia. This study reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in radiation and cloud and would be valuable for climate research at both regional and global scales.
Cited articles
Ahangar, E. F., Pakbin, P., Hasheminassab, S., Epstein, S. A., Li, X., Polidori, A., and Low, J.: Long-term trends of PM2.5 and its carbon content in the south coast air basin: A focus on the impact of wildfires, Atmos. Environ., 255, 118431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118431, 2021.
Ahmad, I., Mielonen, T., Grosvenor, D. P., Portin, H. J., Arola, A., Mikkonen, S., Kühn, T., Leskinen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Komppula, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Long-term measurements of cloud droplet concentrations and aerosol–cloud interactions in continental boundary layer clouds, Tellus B, 65, 20138, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20138, 2013.
Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227, 1989.
Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.03.001, 2008.
Bauer, J. J., Yu, X.-Y., Carry, R., Laulalein, N., and Berkowitz, C.: Characterization of the Sunset semi-continuous carbon aerosol analyzers, J. Air. Waste. Manage., 59, 826–833, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.826, 2009.
Bennartz, R.: Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number concentration from satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007547, 2007.
Bennartz, R. and Rausch, J.: Global and regional estimates of warm cloud droplet number concentration based on 13 years of AQUA-MODIS observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9815–9836, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9815-2017, 2017.
Birmili, W., Berresheim, H., Plass-Dülmer, C., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Uhrner, U.: The Hohenpeissenberg aerosol formation experiment (HAFEX): a long-term study including size-resolved aerosol, H2SO4, OH, and monoterpenes measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 361–376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-361-2003, 2003.
Boreddy, S. K. R. and Kawamura, K.: Investigation on the hygroscopicity of oxalic acid and atmospherically relevant oxalate salts under sub- and supersaturated conditions, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 20, 1069–1080, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8em00053k, 2018.
Bouzidi, H., Fayad, L., Coeur, C., Houzel, N., Petitprez, D., Faccinetto, A., Wu, J., Tomas, A., Ondracek, J., Schwarz, J., Zdimal, V., and Zuend, A.: Hygroscopic growth and CCN activity of secondary organic aerosol produced from dark ozonolysis of γ-terpinene, Sci. Total Environ., 817, 153010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153010, 2022.
Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Ruuskanen, T. M., Pihlatie, M., Reissell, A., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Dal Maso, M., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Jansson, R., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 863–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-863-2005, 2005.
Bressi, M., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J. P., Fröhlich, R., Petit, J. E., Aas, W., Äijälä, M., Alastuey, A., Allan, J. D., Aurela, M., Berico, M., Bougiatioti, A., Bukowiecki, N., Canonaco, F., Crenn, V., Dusanter, S., Ehn, M., Elsasser, M., Flentje, H., Graf, P., Green, D. C., Heikkinen, L., Hermann, H., Holzinger, R., Hueglin, C., Keernik, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kubelová, L., Lunder, C., Maasikmets, M., Makeš, O., Malaguti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., Nicolas, J. B., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Petralia, E., Poulain, L., Priestman, M., Riffault, V., Ripoll, A., Schlag, P., Schwarz, J., Sciare, J., Slowik, J., Sosedova, Y., Stavroulas, I., Teinemaa, E., Via, M., Vodička, P., Williams, P. I., Wiedensohler, A., Young, D. E., Zhang, S., Favez, O., Minguillón, M. C., and Prevot, A. S. H.: A European aerosol phenomenology-7: High-time resolution chemical characteristics of submicron particulate matter across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 10, 100108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100108, 2021.
Bulgin, C. E., Palmer, P. I., Thomas, G. E., Arnold, C. P. G., Campmany, E., Carboni, E., Grainger, R. G., Poulsen, C., Siddans, R., and Lawrence, B. N.: Regional and seasonal variations of the Twomey indirect effect as observed by the ATSR-2 satellite instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031394, 2008.
Bzdek, B. R., Zordan, C. A., Pennington, M. R., Luther III, G. W., and Johnston, M. V.: Quantitative assessment of the sulfuric acid contribution to new particle growth, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4365–4373, https://doi.org/10.1021/es204556c, 2012.
Cai, M., Tan, H., Chan, C. K., Mochida, M., Hatakeyama, S., Kondo, Y., Schurman, M. I., Xu, H., Li, F., Shimada, K., Li, L., Deng, Y., Yai, H., Matsuki, A., Qin, Y., and Zhao, J.: Comparison of aerosol hygroscopicity, volatility, and chemical composition between a suburban site in the pearl river delta region and a marine site in Okinawa, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 17, 3194–3208, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.01.0020, 2017.
Cai, M., Liang, B., Sun, Q., Zhou, S., Yuan, B., Shao, M., Tan, H., Xu, Y., Ren, L., and Zhao, J.: Contribution of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei activity and its controlling factors in a mountain region of inland China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD034302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd034302, 2021.
Cao, Z., Zhou, X., Ma, Y., Wang, L., Wu, R., Chen, B., and Wang, W.: The concentrations, formations, relationships and modeling of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) aerosols over China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 17, 84–97, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.01.0020, 2017.
Cerully, K. M., Raatikainen, T., Lance, S., Tkacik, D., Tiitta, P., Petäjä, T., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Laaksonen, A., Smith, J. N., and Nenes, A.: Aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN activation kinetics in a boreal forest environment during the 2007 EUCAARI campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12369–12386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12369-2011, 2011.
Chan, C. K. and Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003, 2008.
Chang, R. Y.-W., Abbatt, J. P. D., Boyer, M. C., Chaubey, J. P., and Collins, D. B.: Characterizing the hygroscopicity of growing particles in the Canadian Arctic summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8059–8071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8059-2022, 2022.
Che, Y., Zhang, J., Fang, C., Zhou, X., Xue, W., Hu, X., Duan, J., Li, W., Gao, Y., Lu, G., Zhao, D., and Zhao, C.: Aerosol and cloud properties over a coastal area from aircraft observations in Zhejiang, China, Atmos. Environ., 267, 118771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118771, 2021.
Chen, Y., Wang, X., Dai, W., Wang, Q., Guo, X., Liu, Y., Qi, W., Shen, M., Zhang, Y., Li, L., Cao, Y., Wang, Y., and Li, J.: Particle number size distribution of wintertime alpine aerosols and their activation as cloud condensation nuclei in the Guanzhong plain, Northwest China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037877, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037877, 2023.
Cheng, W., Weng, L.-T., Li, Y., Lau, A., Chan, C., and Chan, C.-M.: Characterization of size-segregated aerosols using ToF-SIMS imaging and depth profiling, Surf. Interface Anal., 46, 480–488, https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5552, 2014.
Cheung, H. C., Chou, C. C.-K., Lee, C. S. L., Kuo, W.-C., and Chang, S.-C.: Hygroscopic properties and cloud condensation nuclei activity of atmospheric aerosols under the influences of Asian continental outflow and new particle formation at a coastal site in eastern Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5911–5922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5911-2020, 2020.
Chu, B., Kerminen, V.-M., Bianchi, F., Yan, C., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric new particle formation in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 115–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-115-2019, 2019.
Chu, M., Wei, X., Hai, S., Gao, Y., Gao, H., Zhu, Y., Chu, B., Ma, N., Hong, J., Sun, Y., and Yao, X.: Investigating the contribution of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei with largely varying pre-existing particles – Part 2: Modeling chemical drivers and 3-D NPF occurrence, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-540, 2023.
Creamean, J. M., Ault, A. P., Ten Hoeve, J. E., Jacobson, M. Z., Roberts, G. C., and Prather, K. A.: Measurements of aerosol chemistry during new particle formation events at a remote rural mountain site, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8208–8216, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103692f, 2011.
Crippa, M., Canonaco, F., Lanz, V. A., Äijälä, M., Allan, J. D., Carbone, S., Capes, G., Ceburnis, D., Dall'Osto, M., Day, D. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ehn, M., Eriksson, A., Freney, E., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Hillamo, R., Jimenez, J. L., Junninen, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kortelainen, A.-M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mensah, A. A., Mohr, C., Nemitz, E., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Pandis, S. N., Petäjä, T., Poulain, L., Saarikoski, S., Sellegri, K., Swietlicki, E., Tiitta, P., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS data sets across Europe using a consistent ME-2 based source apportionment approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6159–6176, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6159-2014, 2014.
Crumeyrolle, S., Mensah, A., Khlystov, A., Kos, G., and ten Brink, H.: On the importance of nitrate for the droplet concentration in stratocumulus in the North-Sea region, Atmos. Environ., 252, 118278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118278, 2021.
Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.
Deng, Y., Kagami, S., Ogawa, S., Kawana, K., Nakayama, T., Kubodera, R., Adachi, K., Hussein, T., Miyazaki, Y., and Mochida, M.: Hygroscopicity of organic aerosols and their contributions to CCN concentrations over a midlatitude forest in Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9703–9723, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd027292, 2018.
Ding, Y., Zhou, Y., Yao, J., Szymanski, C., Fredrickson, J., Shi, L., Cao, B., Zhu, Z., and Yu, X. Y.: In situ molecular imaging of the biofilm and its matrix, Anal. Chem., 88, 11244–11252, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03909, 2016.
Ding, Y., Zhou, Y., Yao, J., Xiong, Y., Zhu, Z., and Yu, X. Y.: Molecular evidence of a toxic effect on a biofilm and its matrix, Analyst, 144, 2498–2503, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an02512f, 2019.
Drugé, T., Nabat, P., Mallet, M., and Somot, S.: Model simulation of ammonium and nitrate aerosols distribution in the Euro-Mediterranean region and their radiative and climatic effects over 1979–2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3707–3731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3707-2019, 2019.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125261, 2006.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Curtius, J., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Kürten, A., Rose, D., Andreae, M. O., Borrmann, S., and Pöschl, U.: Enhanced organic mass fraction and decreased hygroscopicity of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during new particle formation events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040930, 2010.
Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Birmili, W., Junninen, H., Aalto, P., and Kulmala, M.: Non-volatile residuals of newly formed atmospheric particles in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 677–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-677-2007, 2007.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I. H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L. B., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H. G., Canagaratna, M., Maso, M. D., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Fang, X., Hu, M., Shang, D., Tan, T., Zhao, G., Zong, T., Tang, L., Ma, X., Yang, X., Dong, H., Yu, X., Chen, S., Li, X., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Gao, Y., Lou, S., Zhao, C., Zeng, L., Lu, K., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., and Guo, S.: New particle formation and its CCN enhancement in the Yangtze River Delta under the control of continental and marine air masses, Atmos. Environ., 254, 118400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118400, 2021.
Feng, J., Li, M., Zhang, P., Gong, S., Zhong, M., Wu, M., Zheng, M., Chen, C., Wang, H., and Lou, S.: Investigation of the sources and seasonal variations of secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 in Shanghai with organic tracers, Atmos. Environ., 79, 614–622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.022, 2013.
Fiedler, V., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Aufmhoff, H., Hoffmann, J., Schuck, T., Birmili, W., Hanke, M., Uecker, J., Arnold, F., and Kulmala, M.: The contribution of sulphuric acid to atmospheric particle formation and growth: a comparison between boundary layers in Northern and Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1773–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1773-2005, 2005.
Fu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., and Yu, X.-Y.: Does interfacial photochemistry play a role in the photolysis of pyruvic acid in water?, Atmos. Environ., 191, 36–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.061, 2018.
Gao, Q., Liu, Q., Bi, K., Wang, F., Sheng, J., He, H., and Liu, X.: Estimation of aerosol activation ratio and water vapor supersaturation at cloud base using aircraft measurement, J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 32, 653–664, https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20210602, 2021.
Gao, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Variations in Ncn and Nccn over marginal seas in China related to marine traffic emissions, new particle formation and aerosol aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9665–9677, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9665-2020, 2020.
Ge, X., He, Y., Sun, Y., Xu, J., Wang, J., Shen, Y., and Chen, M.: Characteristics and formation mechanisms of fine particulate nitrate in typical urban areas in China, Atmosphere-Basel, 8, 62, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8030062, 2017.
Gong, J., Zhu, Y., Chen, D., Gao, H., Shen, Y., Gao, Y., and Yao, X.: The occurrence of lower-than-expected bulk Nccn values over the marginal seas of China-implications for competitive activation of marine aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 858, 159938, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159938, 2023.
Gong, X., Wex, H., Müller, T., Henning, S., Voigtländer, J., Wiedensohler, A., and Stratmann, F.: Understanding aerosol microphysical properties from 10 years of data collected at Cabo Verde based on an unsupervised machine learning classification, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5175–5194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5175-2022, 2022.
Gordon, H., Kirkby, J., Baltensperger, U., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Curtius, J., Dias, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Dunne, E. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Frege, C., Fuchs, C., Hansel, A., Hoyle, C. R., Kulmala, M., Kürten, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Molteni, U., Rissanen, M. P., Stozkhov, Y., Tröstl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wagner, R., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Yan, C., and Carslaw, K. S.: Causes and importance of new particle formation in the present-day and preindustrial atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 8739–8760, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026844, 2017.
Grosvenor, D. P., Sourdeval, O., Zuidema, P., Ackerman, A., Alexandrov, M. D., Bennartz, R., Boers, R., Cairns, B., Chiu, J. C., Christensen, M., Deneke, H., Diamond, M., Feingold, G., Fridlind, A., Hunerbein, A., Knist, C., Kollias, P., Marshak, A., McCoy, D., Merk, D., Painemal, D., Rausch, J., Rosenfeld, D., Russchenberg, H., Seifert, P., Sinclair, K., Stier, P., van Diedenhoven, B., Wendisch, M., Werner, F., Wood, R., Zhang, Z., and Quaas, J.: Remote sensing of droplet number concentration in warm clouds: A review of the current state of knowledge and perspectives, Rev. Geophys., 56, 409–453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017RG000593, 2018.
Gunthe, S. S., King, S. M., Rose, D., Chen, Q., Roldin, P., Farmer, D. K., Jimenez, J. L., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M. O., Martin, S. T., and Pöschl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in pristine tropical rainforest air of Amazonia: size-resolved measurements and modeling of atmospheric aerosol composition and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7551–7575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7551-2009, 2009.
Hammer, E., Bukowiecki, N., Gysel, M., Jurányi, Z., Hoyle, C. R., Vogt, R., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Investigation of the effective peak supersaturation for liquid-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3580 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1123-2014, 2014.
Han, Y., Iwamoto, Y., Nakayama, T., Kawamura, K., Hussein, T., and Mochida, M.: Observation of new particle formation over a mid-latitude forest facing the north Pacific, Atmos. Environ., 64, 77–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.036, 2013.
Hirshorn, N. S., Zuromski, L. M., Rapp, C., McCubbin, I., Carrillo-Cardenas, G., Yu, F., and Hallar, A. G.: Seasonal significance of new particle formation impacts on cloud condensation nuclei at a mountaintop location, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15909–15924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15909-2022, 2022.
Hu, Q., Li, K., Zhu, Y., Yu, P., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Concentration, size distribution, and formation of trimethylaminium and dimethylaminium ions in atmospheric particles over marginal seas of China, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 3487–3498, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0393.1, 2015.
Hudson, J. G., Noble, S., and Tabor, S.: Cloud supersaturations from CCN spectra hoppel minima, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 3436–3452, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022669, 2015.
Hung, H.-M., Lu, W.-J., Chen, W.-N., Chang, C.-C., Chou, C. C. K., and Lin, P.-H.: Enhancement of the hygroscopicity parameter kappa of rural aerosols in Northern Taiwan by anthropogenic emissions, Atmos. Environ., 84, 78–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.032, 2014.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical science basis, in: Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, in press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Iwamoto, Y., Watanabe, A., Kataoka, R., Uematsu, M., and Miura, K.: Aerosol–cloud interaction at the summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan: Factors influencing cloud droplet number concentrations, Appl. Sci.-Basel, 11, 8439, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188439, 2021.
Jia, H., Ma, X., Yu, F., Liu, Y., and Yin, Y.: Distinct impacts of increased aerosols on cloud droplet number concentration of stratus/stratocumulus and cumulus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 13517–13525, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085081, 2019.
Jiang, S., Zhang, F., Ren, J., Chen, L., Yan, X., Liu, J., Sun, Y., and Li, Z.: Evaluation of the contribution of new particle formation to cloud droplet number concentration in the urban atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14293–14308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14293-2021, 2021.
Jones, A. C., Hill, A., Remy, S., Abraham, N. L., Dalvi, M., Hardacre, C., Hewitt, A. J., Johnson, B., Mulcahy, J. P., and Turnock, S. T.: Exploring the sensitivity of atmospheric nitrate concentrations to nitric acid uptake rate using the Met Office's Unified Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15901–15927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15901-2021, 2021.
Kalivitis, N., Kerminen, V.-M., Kouvarakis, G., Stavroulas, I., Bougiatioti, A., Nenes, A., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Atmospheric new particle formation as a source of CCN in the eastern Mediterranean marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9203–9215, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9203-2015, 2015.
Kalkavouras, P., Bougiatioti, A., Kalivitis, N., Stavroulas, I., Tombrou, M., Nenes, A., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Regional new particle formation as modulators of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number in the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6185–6203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6185-2019, 2019.
Kawana, K., Nakayama, T., Kuba, N., and Mochida, M.: Hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleus activity of forest aerosol particles during summer in Wakayama, Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 3042–3064, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025660, 2017.
Kerminen, V.-M., Paramonov, M., Anttila, T., Riipinen, I., Fountoukis, C., Korhonen, H., Asmi, E., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Swietlicki, E., Svenningsson, B., Asmi, A., Pandis, S. N., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T.: Cloud condensation nuclei production associated with atmospheric nucleation: a synthesis based on existing literature and new results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12037–12059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12037-2012, 2012.
Kerminen, V. M., Chen, X., Vakkari, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Bianchi, F.: Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: Review of field observations, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 103003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c, 2018.
Kim, J., Yoon, Y. J., Gim, Y., Choi, J. H., Kang, H. J., Park, K.-T., Park, J., and Lee, B. Y.: New particle formation events observed at King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula – Part 1: Physical characteristics and contribution to cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7583–7594, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7583-2019, 2019.
Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Lewis, C. W., Bhave, P. V., and Edney, E. O.: Estimates of the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons to secondary organic aerosol at a Southeastern US location, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8288–8300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.045, 2007.
Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., and McCormick, A. V.: Determination of cloud condensation nuclei production from measured new particle formation events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09822, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl037584, 2009.
Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V. M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003, 2004.
Kulmala, M., Petaja, T., Nieminen, T., Sipila, M., Manninen, H. E., Lehtipalo, K., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Junninen, H., Paasonen, P., Riipinen, I., Lehtinen, K. E., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V. M.: Measurement of the nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles, Nat. Protoc., 7, 1651–1667, https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.091, 2012.
Kuwata, M., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Komazaki, Y., Kim, J. H., Yum, S. S., Tanimoto, H., and Matsueda, H.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity at Jeju Island, Korea in spring 2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2933–2948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2933-2008, 2008.
Laakso, L., Merikanto, J., Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., Mabaso, D., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Lee, L. A., Reddington, C. L., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Boundary layer nucleation as a source of new CCN in savannah environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1957–1972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1957-2013, 2013.
Lance, S., Nenes, A., Medina, J., and Smith, J. N.: Mapping the operation of the DMT continuous flow CCN counter, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 242–254, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500543290, 2006.
Lathem, T. L. and Nenes, A.: Water vapor depletion in the DMT continuous-flow CCN chamber: Effects on supersaturation and droplet growth, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 604–615, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.551146, 2011.
Lee, S. H., Gordon, H., Yu, H., Lehtipalo, K., Haley, R., Li, Y., and Zhang, R.: New particle formation in the atmosphere: From molecular clusters to global climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7098–7146, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029356, 2019.
Leng, C., Zhang, Q., Tao, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Xu, C., Li, X., Kong, L., Cheng, T., Zhang, R., Yang, X., Chen, J., Qiao, L., Lou, S., Wang, H., and Chen, C.: Impacts of new particle formation on aerosol cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity in Shanghai: case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11353–11365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11353-2014, 2014.
Levin, E. J. T., Prenni, A. J., Palm, B. B., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Winkler, P. M., Kreidenweis, S. M., DeMott, P. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Smith, J. N.: Size-resolved aerosol composition and its link to hygroscopicity at a forested site in Colorado, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2657–2667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2657-2014, 2014.
Li, J., Wang, X., Chen, J., Zhu, C., Li, W., Li, C., Liu, L., Xu, C., Wen, L., Xue, L., Wang, W., Ding, A., and Herrmann, H.: Chemical composition and droplet size distribution of cloud at the summit of Mount Tai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9885–9896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9885-2017, 2017.
Li, J., Jian, B., Huang, J., Hu, Y., Zhao, C., Kawamoto, K., Liao, S., and Wu, M.: Long-term variation of cloud droplet number concentrations from space-based Lidar, Remote Sens. Environ., 213, 144–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.011, 2018.
Li, J., Li, P., Ren, G., Yuan, L., Li, Y., and Yang, J.: Aircraft measurements of aerosol distribution, warm cloud microphysical properties, and their relationship over the Eastern Loess Plateau in China, Tellus B, 71, 166394, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1663994, 2019.
Li, K., Zhu, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: A comparative study of cloud condensation nuclei measured between non-heating and heating periods at a suburb site of Qingdao in the north China, Atmos. Environ., 112, 40–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.024, 2015.
Li, Y., Zhang, F., Li, Z., Sun, L., Wang, Z., Li, P., Sun, Y., Ren, J., Wang, Y., Cribb, M., and Yuan, C.: Influences of aerosol physiochemical properties and new particle formation on CCN activity from observation at a suburban site of China, Atmos. Res., 188, 80–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.01.009, 2017.
Lin, T., Shu, Z., Wu, H., Tao, T., Cao, N., Zhu, H., Liu, C., Mu, J., and Tian, L.: Variation characteristics and source analysis of cloud condensation nuclei at the ridge of Liupan mountain located in Western China, Atmosphere-Basel, 13, 1483, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091483, 2022.
Liu, A., Wang, H., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Li, B., Chen, K., Cui, Y., He, C., and Dai, M.: Distribution characteristics of aerosol size and CCN during the summer on Mt. Tian and their influencing factors, Atmosphere-Basel, 11, 912, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090912, 2020.
Ma, L., Zhu, Y., Zheng, M., Sun, Y., Huang, L., Liu, X., Gao, Y., Shen, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Investigating three patterns of new particles growing to the size of cloud condensation nuclei in Beijing's urban atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, 2021.
Ma, N., Zhao, C., Tao, J., Wu, Z., Kecorius, S., Wang, Z., Größ, J., Liu, H., Bian, Y., Kuang, Y., Teich, M., Spindler, G., Müller, K., van Pinxteren, D., Herrmann, H., Hu, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Variation of CCN activity during new particle formation events in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8593–8607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8593-2016, 2016.
Makela, J. M., Yli-Koivisto, S., Hiltunen, V., Seidl, W., Swietlicki, E., Teinila, K., Sillanpaa, M., Koponen, I. K., Paatero, J., Rosman, K., and Hameri, K.: Chemical composition of aerosol during particle formation events in boreal forest, Tellus B, 53, 380–393, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530405.x, 2001.
Man, H., Zhu, Y., Ji, F., Yao, X., Lau, N. T., Li, Y., Lee, B. P., and Chan, C. K.: Comparison of daytime and nighttime new particle growth at the HKUST supersite in Hong Kong, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7170–7178, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02143, 2015.
Miao, Q., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Qin, X., Xu, B., Yuan, Y., and Gao, Z.: Measurement of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and CCN closure at Mt. Huang based on hygroscopic growth factors and aerosol number-size distribution, Atmos. Environ., 113, 127–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.006, 2015.
NASA LAADS DAAC: MODIS Level-3 Daily Averaged Product (MYD08_D3), Earth Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD08_D3.061, 2022.
Park, K. T., Yoon, Y. J., Lee, K., Tunved, P., Krejci, R., Ström, J., Jang, E., Kang, H. J., Jang, S., Park, J., Lee, B. Y., Traversi, R., Becagli, S., and Hermansen, O.: Dimethyl sulfide-induced increase in cloud condensation nuclei in the Arctic atmosphere, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2021GB006969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gb006969, 2021.
Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
Pierce, J. R., Leaitch, W. R., Liggio, J., Westervelt, D. M., Wainwright, C. D., Abbatt, J. P. D., Ahlm, L., Al-Basheer, W., Cziczo, D. J., Hayden, K. L., Lee, A. K. Y., Li, S.-M., Russell, L. M., Sjostedt, S. J., Strawbridge, K. B., Travis, M., Vlasenko, A., Wentzell, J. J. B., Wiebe, H. A., Wong, J. P. S., and Macdonald, A. M.: Nucleation and condensational growth to CCN sizes during a sustained pristine biogenic SOA event in a forested mountain valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3147–3163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3147-2012, 2012.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation: Reprinted 1980, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, ISBN 978-0-7923-4211-3, 2010.
Rejano, F., Titos, G., Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Andrews, E., Sheridan, P., Cazorla, A., Castillo, S., Alados-Arboledas, L., and Olmo, F. J.: Activation properties of aerosol particles as cloud condensation nuclei at urban and high-altitude remote sites in Southern Europe, Sci. Total Environ., 762, 143100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143100, 2021.
Ren, J., Chen, L., Fan, T., Liu, J., Jiang, S., and Zhang, F.: The NPF effect on CCN number concentrations: A review and re-evaluation of observations from 35 sites worldwide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL095190, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl095190, 2021.
Riipinen, I., Manninen, H. E., Yli-Juuti, T., Boy, M., Sipilä, M., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Applying the Condensation Particle Counter Battery (CPCB) to study the water-affinity of freshly-formed 2–9 nm particles in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3317–3330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3317-2009, 2009.
Rodelas, R. R., Perdrix, E., Herbin, B., and Riffault, V.: Characterization and variability of inorganic aerosols and their gaseous precursors at a suburban site in Northern France over one year (2015–2016), Atmos. Environ., 200, 142–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.041, 2019.
Rollins, A. W., Browne, E. C., Min, K. E., Pusede, S. E., Wooldridge, P. J., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Liu, S., Day, D. A., Russell, L. M., and Cohen, R. C.: Evidence for NOx control over nighttime SOA formation, Science, 337, 1210–1212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221520, 2012.
Rose, C., Sellegri, K., Moreno, I., Velarde, F., Ramonet, M., Weinhold, K., Krejci, R., Andrade, M., Wiedensohler, A., Ginot, P., and Laj, P.: CCN production by new particle formation in the free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1529–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1529-2017, 2017.
Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Mikhailov, E., Frank, G. P., Dusek, U., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1153–1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1153-2008, 2008.
Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zhang, Y., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China – Part 1: Size-resolved measurements and implications for the modeling of aerosol particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3365–3383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3365-2010, 2010.
Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Su, H., Garland, R. M., Yang, H., Berghof, M., Cheng, Y. F., Wehner, B., Achtert, P., Nowak, A., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Hu, M., Zhang, Y., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China – Part 2: Size-resolved aerosol chemical composition, diurnal cycles, and externally mixed weakly CCN-active soot particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2817–2836, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2817-2011, 2011.
Schmale, J., Henning, S., Decesari, S., Henzing, B., Keskinen, H., Sellegri, K., Ovadnevaite, J., Pöhlker, M. L., Brito, J., Bougiatioti, A., Kristensson, A., Kalivitis, N., Stavroulas, I., Carbone, S., Jefferson, A., Park, M., Schlag, P., Iwamoto, Y., Aalto, P., Äijälä, M., Bukowiecki, N., Ehn, M., Frank, G., Fröhlich, R., Frumau, A., Herrmann, E., Herrmann, H., Holzinger, R., Kos, G., Kulmala, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Nenes, A., O'Dowd, C., Petäjä, T., Picard, D., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U., Poulain, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., Swietlicki, E., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J., Matsuki, A., Yum, S. S., Stratmann, F., Baltensperger, U., and Gysel, M.: Long-term cloud condensation nuclei number concentration, particle number size distribution and chemical composition measurements at regionally representative observatories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2853–2881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2853-2018, 2018.
Sebastian, M., Kanawade, V. P., Soni, V. K., Asmi, E., Westervelt, D. M., Vakkari, V., Hyvärinen, A. P., Pierce, J. R., and Hooda, R. K.: New particle formation and growth to climate-relevant aerosols at a background remote site in the Western Himalaya, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033267, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd033267, 2021.
Shen, C., Zhao, C., Ma, N., Tao, J., Zhao, G., Yu, Y., and Kuang, Y.: Method to estimate water vapor supersaturation in the ambient activation process using aerosol and droplet measurement data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10606–10619, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028315, 2018.
Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079–4091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4079-2006, 2006.
Sihto, S.-L., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Ehn, M., Liao, L., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P. P., Duplissy, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., and Kulmala, M.: Seasonal variation of CCN concentrations and aerosol activation properties in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13269–13285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13269-2011, 2011.
Small, J. D., Chuang, P. Y., Feingold, G., and Jiang, H.: Can aerosol decrease cloud lifetime?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038888, 2009.
Smith, J. N., Dunn, M. J., VanReken, T. M., Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., and Huey, L. G.: Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles formed from nucleation in Tecamac, Mexico: Evidence for an important role for organic species in nanoparticle growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032523, 2008.
Smith, J. N., Barsanti, K. C., Friedli, H. R., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Collins, D. R., Scheckman, J. H., Williams, B. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Observations of ammonium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6634–6639, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912127107, 2010.
Sotiropoulou, R. E. P., Tagaris, E., Pilinis, C., Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M.: Modeling new particle formation during air pollution episodes: Impacts on aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 557–572, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600714346, 2006.
Sui, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., and Yu, X. Y.: ToF-SIMS characterization of glyoxal surface oxidation products by hydrogen peroxide: A comparison between dry and liquid samples, Surf. Interface Anal., 50, 927–938, https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6334, 2017.
Sullivan, R. C., Crippa, P., Matsui, H., Leung, L. R., Zhao, C., Thota, A., and Pryor, S. C.: New particle formation leads to cloud dimming, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 1, 9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0019-7, 2018.
Teng, X., Hu, Q., Zhang, L., Qi, J., Shi, J., Xie, H., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Identification of major sources of atmospheric NH3 in an urban environment in Northern China during wintertime, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6839–6848, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00328, 2017.
Tröstl, J., Herrmann, E., Frege, C., Bianchi, F., Molteni, U., Bukowiecki, N., Hoyle, C. R., Steinbacher, M., Weingartner, E., Dommen, J., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Contribution of new particle formation to the total aerosol concentration at the high-altitude site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 11692–11711, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024637, 2016.
Twohy, C. H.: Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005116, 2005.
Twomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:Tiopot>2.0.Co;2, 1977.
Vakkari, V., Tiitta, P., Jaars, K., Croteau, P., Beukes, J. P., Josipovic, M., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., Venter, A. D., Zyl, P. G., Worsnop, D. R., and Laakso, L.: Reevaluating the contribution of sulfuric acid and the origin of organic compounds in atmospheric nanoparticle growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10486–10493, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066459, 2015.
Wan, Y., Huang, X., Jiang, B., Kuang, B., Lin, M., Xia, D., Liao, Y., Chen, J., Yu, J. Z., and Yu, H.: Probing key organic substances driving new particle growth initiated by iodine nucleation in coastal atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9821–9835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9821-2020, 2020.
Wang, J., Shen, Y., Li, K., Gao, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Nucleation-mode particle pool and large increases in Ncn and Nccn observed over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the spring of 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8845–8861, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8845-2019, 2019.
Wang, M., Kong, W., Marten, R., He, X. C., Chen, D., Pfeifer, J., Heitto, A., Kontkanen, J., Dada, L., Kurten, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Manninen, H. E., Amanatidis, S., Amorim, A., Baalbaki, R., Baccarini, A., Bell, D. M., Bertozzi, B., Brakling, S., Brilke, S., Murillo, L. C., Chiu, R., Chu, B., De Menezes, L. P., Duplissy, J., Finkenzeller, H., Carracedo, L. G., Granzin, M., Guida, R., Hansel, A., Hofbauer, V., Krechmer, J., Lehtipalo, K., Lamkaddam, H., Lampimaki, M., Lee, C. P., Makhmutov, V., Marie, G., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Mentler, B., Muller, T., Onnela, A., Partoll, E., Petaja, T., Philippov, M., Pospisilova, V., Ranjithkumar, A., Rissanen, M., Rorup, B., Scholz, W., Shen, J., Simon, M., Sipila, M., Steiner, G., Stolzenburg, D., Tham, Y. J., Tome, A., Wagner, A. C., Wang, D. S., Wang, Y., Weber, S. K., Winkler, P. M., Wlasits, P. J., Wu, Y., Xiao, M., Ye, Q., Zauner-Wieczorek, M., Zhou, X., Volkamer, R., Riipinen, I., Dommen, J., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Kribi, J., Seinfeld, J. H., El-Haddad, I., Flagman, R. C., and Donahue, N. M.: Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation, Nature, 581, 184–189, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2270-4, 2020.
Wex, H., McFiggans, G., Henning, S., and Stratmann, F.: Influence of the external mixing state of atmospheric aerosol on derived CCN number concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 10805–10808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043337, 2010.
Whitby, K. T.: The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(78)90196-8, 1978.
Wiedensohler, A., Cheng, Y. F., Nowak, A., Wehner, B., Achtert, P., Berghof, M., Birmili, W., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Zhu, T., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Lou, S. R., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Wahner, A., Gunthe, S. S., Rose, D., Su, H., and Pöschl, U.: Rapid aerosol particle growth and increase of cloud condensation nucleus activity by secondary aerosol formation and condensation: A case study for regional air pollution in Northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010884, 2009.
Williamson, C. J., Kupc, A., Axisa, D., Bilsback, K. R., Bui, T., Campuzano-Jost, P., Dollner, M., Froyd, K. D., Hodshire, A. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kodros, J. K., Luo, G., Murphy, D. M., Nault, B. A., Ray, E. A., Weinzierl, B., Wilson, J. C., Yu, F., Yu, P., Pierce, J. R., and Brock, C. A.: A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics, Nature, 574, 399–403, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9, 2019.
Wu, P., Huang, X., Zhang, J., Luo, B., Luo, J., Song, H., Zhang, W., Rao, Z., Feng, Y., and Zhang, J.: Characteristics and formation mechanisms of autumn haze pollution in Chengdu based on high time-resolved water-soluble ion analysis, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 26, 2649–2661, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3630-6, 2019.
Wu, Z., Hu, M., Liu, S., Wehner, B., Bauer, S., Ma ßling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., and Kulmala, M.: New particle formation in Beijing, China: Statistical analysis of a 1 year data set, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007406, 2007.
Wu, Z., Birmili, W., Poulain, L., Wang, Z., Merkel, M., Fahlbusch, B., van Pinxteren, D., Herrmann, H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Particle hygroscopicity during atmospheric new particle formation events: implications for the chemical species contributing to particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6637–6646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6637-2013, 2013.
Yang, J., Li, J., Li, P., Sun, G., Cai, Z., Yang, X., Cui, C., Dong, X., Xi, B., Wan, R., Wang, B., and Zhou, Z.: Spatial distribution and impacts of aerosols on clouds under meiyu frontal weather background over central China based on aircraft observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031915, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031915, 2020.
Yao, X., Lau, N. T., Fang, M., and Chan, C. K.: Real-time observation of the transformation of ultrafine atmospheric particle modes, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 831–841, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500295248, 2005.
Young, L. H., Benson, D. R., Kameel, F. R., Pierce, J. R., Junninen, H., Kulmala, M., and Lee, S.-H.: Laboratory studies of binary homogeneous nucleation from the SO2+OH reaction: evaluation of the experimental setup and preliminary results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4997–5016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4997-2008, 2008.
Yu, F. and Luo, G.: Simulation of particle size distribution with a global aerosol model: contribution of nucleation to aerosol and CCN number concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7691–7710, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7691-2009, 2009.
Yu, F., Luo, G., Nair, A. A., Schwab, J. J., Sherman, J. P., and Zhang, Y.: Wintertime new particle formation and its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei in the Northeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2591–2601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2591-2020, 2020.
Yue, D. L., Hu, M., Zhang, R. Y., Wu, Z. J., Su, H., Wang, Z. B., Peng, J. F., He, L. Y., Huang, X. F., Gong, Y. G., and Wiedensohler, A.: Potential contribution of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6070–6077, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.037, 2011.
Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Singh, B., Wang, H., Lu, Z., Tilmes, S., Emmons, L. K., Vitt, F., Zhang, R., Liu, X., Ghan, S. J., and Rasch, P. J.: Development and evaluation of chemistry-aerosol-climate model CAM5-Chem-MAM7-MOSAIC: Global atmospheric distribution and radiative effects of nitrate aerosol, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002346, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002346, 2021.
Zhang, F., Yu, X., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., and Yu, X.-Y.: Dark air-liquid interfacial chemistry of glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 2, 28, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0085-5, 2019.
Zhou, Y., Hakala, S., Yan, C., Gao, Y., Yao, X., Chu, B., Chan, T., Kangasluoma, J., Gani, S., Kontkanen, J., Paasonen, P., Liu, Y., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Dada, L.: Measurement report: New particle formation characteristics at an urban and a mountain station in northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17885–17906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17885-2021, 2021.
Zhu, J., Penner, J. E., Yu, F., Sillman, S., Andreae, M. O., and Coe, H.: Decrease in radiative forcing by organic aerosol nucleation, climate, and land use change, Nat. Commun., 10, 423, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08407-7, 2019.
Zhu, Y., Sabaliauskas, K., Liu, X., Meng, H., Gao, H., Jeong, C.-H., Evans, G. J., and Yao, X.: Comparative analysis of new particle formation events in less and severely polluted urban atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 98, 655–664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.043, 2014.
Zhu, Y., Li, K., Shen, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Yu, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: New particle formation in the marine atmosphere during seven cruise campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 89–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-89-2019, 2019.
Zhu, Y., Shen, Y., Li, K., Meng, H., Sun, Y., Yao, X., Gao, H., Xue, L., and Wang, W.: Investigation of particle number concentrations and new particle formation with largely reduced air pollutant emissions at a coastal semi-urban site in Northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035419, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd035419, 2021a.
Zhu, Y., Xue, L., Gao, J., Chen, J., Li, H., Zhao, Y., Guo, Z., Chen, T., Wen, L., Zheng, P., Shan, Y., Wang, X., Wang, T., Yao, X., and Wang, W.: Increased new particle yields with largely decreased probability of survival to CCN size at the summit of Mt. Tai under reduced SO2 emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021b.
Zimmerman, N., Jeong, C.-H., Wang, J. M., Ramos, M., Wallace, J. S., and Evans, G. J.: A source-independent empirical correction procedure for the fast mobility and engine exhaust particle sizers, Atmos. Environ., 100, 178–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.054, 2015.
Short summary
We investigate the contribution of grown new particles to Nccn at a rural mountain site in the North China Plain. The total particle number concentrations (Ncn) observed on 8 new particle formation (NPF) days were higher compared to non-NPF days. The Nccn at 0.2 % supersaturation (SS) and 0.4 % SS on the NPF days was significantly lower than on non-NPF days. Only one of eight NPF events had detectable net contributions to Nccn at 0.4 % SS and 1.0 % SS with increased κ values.
We investigate the contribution of grown new particles to Nccn at a rural mountain site in the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint